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Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China

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Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China December 2018 Acknowledgements This study was made possible thanks to a generous grant from the Pegasus Liberty Foundation, a charitable foundation based in the United States. The lead author is W. Courtland Robinson, PhD, who has worked in the field of refugee and migration research, programs, and policy since 1979, both in the United States and internationally. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of International Health, Health Systems Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He has a joint appointment in the Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health and is also core faculty with the Center for Humanitarian Health. Since 2010, he has been involved in the estimation of the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, labor and sex trafficking, forced labor, and forced marriage in East and Southeast Asia. The co-author is Casey Branchini who recently completed a PhD at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her dissertation focused on the health impact of labor rights violations against migrant workers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She received her MHS from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2008 and also worked at the U.S. Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons as a Foreign Affairs Officer. Also contributing to the report was Lisa Weissberg (background literature review and population data for Myanmar and China and Karla Percy (qualitative data analysis). For the study team, we acknowledge La San Aung for serving as a field liaison between Johns Hopkins and KWAT in Myitkyina and border areas. For KWAT, we acknowledge the leadership of Shirley Seng and Moon Nay Li. Field supervision of the study was provided by Awn Nang. Interviewers included Awn Nang (Data Manager), Doi Bu Nan, Jar Latt, Kumhtat Lu Ja, Lu Mai, Yaw Lwi, Ze Tse, Jay Doi, and Nan Pyung. Finally, we want to thank the many hundreds of people who contributed their time and their experiences to help us better understand the complex dynamics of migration and displacement, marriage, childbearing, and force and coercion that create risk and vulnerability for Myanmar women on both sides of the Myanmar-China border. i Table of Contents List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. v Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………. vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… 1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 3 A. Demographics: Myanmar (Kachin and North Shan State) and China (Yunnan Province)…….…. 3 B. Internal and International Migration……………………………..……………………………………………………. 5 C. Marriage and Childbearing of Foreigners in China………..………………………………………………………. 8 D. Trafficking and Forced Marriage………………………………………………..……………….………………………… 10 CHAPTER 3: STUDY METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 12 A. Key Terms and Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 B. Overview of Study Design and Methodology………………………………….…………………………………….. 13 C. Qualitative Research………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………… 14 D. Quantitative Research………………………………………………………………..………………………………………… 17 E. Training and Implementation……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 CHAPTER 4: PREVALENCE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES………………………………….…………………………… 24 A. Prevalence of Forced Marriage, Trafficking into Forced Marriage, and Forced Childbearing……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….. 24 B. Population Estimates – Study Sites……………………………………………………………..……………………….. 28 C. Extrapolating Estimates Forced Marriage and Human Trafficking…………………………………………. 34 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS – VICTIM PROFILES, PATHWAYS, AND RISK FACTORS………………..………………… 46 A. Profile of Victims………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………… 46 B. Causes and Pathways into Forced Marriage and the Factors Influencing Risk………………………. 51 C. Transit Routes and Key Stakeholders……………………………………………………………………….………….. 61 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………….…..……………… 67 ii List of Tables Table E.1. Definition of Key Terms..................................................................................................... vi Table E.2. Study Methodology............................................................................................................ vii Table E.3. Forced Marriage in China................................................................................................... viii Table E.4: Trafficked into Forced Marriage in China.......................................................................... ix Table E.5: Forced Childbearing and Trafficked into Forced Childbearing........................................... ix Table E.6: Population Estimates: Returnees from China to Kachin State and N. Shan State, 2013 - xi 2017.................................................................................................................................................... Table E.7: Population Estimates: Myanmar Migrants in Yunnan Province, 2017............................... xi Table E.8: Extrapolations to Larger Areas of Kachin State, Northern Shan State and Yunnan xii Province.............................................................................................................................................. Table 2.1: Myanmar, Kachin State, and Northern Shan State Populations, Disaggregated by Sex.... 4 Table 2.2: Myanmar Population Living Abroad and In China, Disaggregated by Sex, 2014…………….. 7 Table 2.3: Kachin State and Northern Shan State Population Living Abroad and in China, 2014……. 7 Table 2.4: Registered Marriages in China, 2010-2016………………………………………………….………………… 9 Table 2.5: Marriages between Chinese Residents and Myanmar Foreigners in Baoshan, Yunnan…. 10 Table 2.6: Cases of Trafficking in Persons of Myanmar Citizens, by Form of Exploitation, 2012- August 2015………………….……………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………….. 11 Table 3.1: Definitions of Key Terms used in Reference to Forced Marriage……….…………..……………… 12 Table 3.2. Overview of Study Design…………………………………….…….………………………………………… 13 Table 3.3: Categories of Key Informants, by Country of Interview………….………..…………………………. 15 Table 3.4: Profile of Key Informants, by Country of Interview………………….…………………..…………….. 15 Table 3.5: Profile of In-Depth Interview Respondents…………….…………………………………………………… 16 Table 3.6: CKIE Sampling Sites, by Administrative Unit…………………………….…..………..…………………… 18 Table 3.7: Profile of CKIE Respondents, by Country of Interview……………………………………….…..……… 19 Table 3.8: Profile of Household Survey Respondents, by Country of Interview……………………………… 22 Table 4.1: The Forced Marriage Construct…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Table 4.2: Trafficking into Forced Marriage Construct…………………………………………………………………… 26 Table 4.3: Trafficking Process Elements………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 Table 4.4: Experiences of Forced Childbearing, by Country of Interview……………………………………….. 27 Table 4.5. Estimated Total Study Site Population in Kachin State, 2017………………………………………… 28 Table 4.6. Estimated Migrant Population in China from Study Sites in Kachin State, 2017……………. 28 Table 4.7. Estimated Forced Marriage/Human Trafficking Among Migrants in China from Study Sites in Kachin State, 2017………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29 Table 4.8: Returnees to Study Sites in Kachin State, 2013-2017…………..……………………………………… 29 Table 4.9. Estimated Total Study Site Population in N. Shan State, 2017…………………………………….. 30 Table 4.10. Estimated Migrant Population in China from Study Sites in N. Shan State, 2017…………. 30 Table 4.11. Estimations of Forced Marriage and/or Human Trafficking among Migrants in China from Study Sites in N. Shan State, 2017……………………………………………………………………………………….. 31 Table 4.12: Returnees to Study Sites in N. Shan State, 2013-2017…………………….………………………… 31 Table 4.13. Estimated Total Study Site Population in Yunnan Province, 2017…………………..…………. 33 Table 4.14. Estimated Myanmar Migrant Population in Study Sites in Yunnan Province, 2017.…….. 33 Table 4.15. Estimations of Forced Marriage/Human Trafficking Among Migrants in Study Sites in Yunnan Province, 2017…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33 Table 4.16: Extrapolations: Migrants from Kachin State and N. Shan State in China, 2017.…………… 44 iii Table 4.17: Extrapolations: Returnees from China to Kachin State and N. Shan State, 2013–2017… 44 Table 4.18: Extrapolations: Myanmar Migrants in Yunnan Province, 2017………………………….………… 45 Table 5.1: Characteristics of Victims of Forced Marriage, by Country of Interview………………………… 47 Table 5.2: Migration Arrangements among Victims of Forced Marriage, by Country of Interview... 49 Table 5.3: Marital Arrangements among Victims of Forced Marriage, by Country of Interview…….. 50 Table 5.4: Experiences of Abuse and Controlling Behavior, by Type of Marriage…………………………… 51 Table 5.5: Marital Arrangements among Ever-Married Household Survey Respondents, by Type of Marriage…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52 Table 5.6. Relationship between Marital Violence and Forced Marriage…………………………………….. 57 Table 5.7: Forced Marriage and Childbearing …………………………………………………………………………….. 59 iv List of Figures Figure E.1. Map of Study Areas in Myanmar and China…..…..…..…..…..………..…..…..…..…..…..…..……. vi Figure E.2: Rate of Forced Marriage and Forced Childbearing in the Study
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