(Entered atthe Post OfIlce of New'Ycirk, N. Y., as Second·QIass:Matter.]
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. ART. SCIENCE. MECHANICS,. CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES.
VOJ. XLVlII.-No.eERlEs.] 1S_] [$3.20 perAIIDllm· [NlIW NEW YORK, MAROH 31, 1883. [1'08rAGE PREPAID.]
IMPROVED FILTERS. which is in a loosely moving stat the next llner imptlrities e ; our issue of Janua y 7, 1882, we gave an illustrated of r In r are arrested a little further away, where. the current wate descripthn of the" Multifold Filter," manufactured by the being. lowel', the sand is not so much di.sturbed; finer s par Newark Filtering Company. That filter was ·composed.of ticles again are stopped further away. by the . stil denser I stlperposed compartment�, the s n s several a d in which wa sand; and so tbe process goes on by gradations, till the water . -- wasbedby means of traveling jets of water comes Band w ich is motionless and compact.' In this . into h plan of washing is the i nvention of Mr. Clark, d. The P. of compact san adjacent to the outlet, the fine and last iie Rahway, N. J., while the multi old construction of the fll� maini llg impurities. are obst ucte an d pure water passes f r d, tel' was invented by Mr. J. W. yatt, of Newnrk. Th the D, into the outlet pipe, H e through tubes, C, E. multifohl jet washer filter was a very excellent filtering de This description applies to each of the three varieties of "Vi e , and vcry likely no chau e in the system of filtering Hyatt filters here shown. It s c g permit a larger amourit of would have been adopted by this company had it not been water to be filtered by a given quantity of sand tban is for tbe inventive activity Mr. Hyatt, the president si of J. W. possible. where the lt and impurities are permitted to il1 c It of �the company. The results of his invention in th di a cumulate in dense I;ltratum upon the motionless surface rection are seen in three styles of tllters here illust ated, and of a 1l1t13r'b ed At the same nd is r . time the sa in condition which a e styled the Hyatt filters. to be .more easily cleansed, the implt itie being lOosely dis r r s In these machines the movement of the water throu�h the tributed among the particles of sand instead' of adhering filter and the means of removing impurities arrested by together in a mo e or less tenacious mass. the r the filtering medium are striking I:.nd novel. The filtering process having thus been expl ine , the a d . While these filters are adapte to the use of animal char method of cleansing the sand the c d from ac umulated impuri coal, �ood charcoal, and various other filtering materials, ties will·be described. As a rule the sand in a filtellshould there are v4l.ry few cases where anything like tile qnantity be thoroughly wa�hed at least once a day, although this de and quality of water can be filtered by these substances so pends upon the character and amount of impurities which the efficiently and c o ic ly as by t use of' s water contains. In w t e on m al he uitable sand. warm ea her; especially, cleansing Where sand can always be. kept clean and without waste as i should be donefrequently prevent de omposi n of , to e tio the or can be done Hyatt filters, it is the m st effective and ganic matter remaining in the sand, whic makes in the o h filters at the same time least expensive of all filtering substances which are ouly cleansed at long interval� fountains of filth for purifying large quantities of water. instead of purity. The econ my of sand for lterin is shown, for instaLlce, In was ing Hyatt filter No. 1, o fi g h the handle of the compound the fact that the san in a filter containiilg bush s cock, A, is turned by d 50 el to the left as far as it will go. This shuts cos.ts but It mere trifle, while bushels of animal charcoal off the water from the valve , an permits it 50 B, d to enter would cost about *150. The Band will last for many years through the small valves, F, which are distri buted at regu without deterioration, while the charcoal, which while fresh, la.1'. iptervals in the bottom of the filter bed. From these is excellent for decolol'izing water, will become unfit for TRE HYATT FILTER NO.1. valves tbe water rUSches upward through the sand, loosening
use in three mouths. and carry:ng with it of the two or aU therefo e . speale lit d ur ie W"fJ 8ba11. r s an imp it s that have in i is ' article of sand as the been etaine in the sand h r d filtering agent employed. while filtering, and discharg - yat filter No. is ing them tb ugh the cent l The H t 1 ro ra especially adapted to houses, pipe , G, rom which it issues f smull ste m boilers, laun ries, one of the ing t a d by open s in he e c. and wlle ever tbe quan A, t ; r compound cock, into the tity of"iVater to be filtered is waste pipe, V. Five or ten supplied through a t inch minute!'for washing is u8u\\lly pipe under a of five quite sufficient; and if tbis pre;'�ure be or six atmo p e es , done regularly eac h r or les�. h ,quy, tbe operation is as follows : filter will be kept s Its in lhemo t The water is admitted by the perfect order and will do its mpoun coc ,A and passes wo co d Ji , rk for a' practically in o gh valve, Wlil.to the tllr u the definite period, as .there is no sand. The cours the waste of sand, and th filter � e 'Water, during the operation const ucte of bituminized is r d of lterin , is indi ated by the iron and no workin parts fi g c has g arrows shown in the cnt. A. liable et out of to g order. por ion of the asses A t water p fter washing, the handle M1 upward from B, ed 'right until it the valve, en turn to t1!,e tirely through the sand by the s�ops, and filtering is at once side of the filter' to the top, resumed. the dis Some of thes filters are ar! and then descends to e charge pipes. Other portions ranged for the introduction of tray-erse the sand from the side the unfiltered water over the at various heights, between sand instead of at the bottom. the top and bottom and all It is then l e ed downward , fi t r escapin through the perfor br g p g and discharged t ou h er t s In a ed di charge tubes, C,' D. foratt'd metal' .below. a The upward cnrrent of water filter of the form and capacity enterillg from the valve, B, of house filter No.1, tllis ar loosens up the sand and keeps rangement will give finer fil it a state of mild ebullition tration but less quuntity of iQ a for a distance laterally some water. The plan of washing
tbing less than one-fourth of the sa5d is, .however, as above the the filter. The describ . diameter of ed sand is loosened the most and . Hyatt filter No. 2 is Ufde has the greatest motion next in diameters of a 40, 50,96, od to the side of the filter, while 120 inches respectively. Tbey further away it gradually are worked";tn gangs or series moves slower, and becomes of. from num two to ten in clo�era8 the distance increases ber, as may be . The d�sired., froul the si , until motion method of lLerlng is the same de fi ceases, and the sand compacts as has been oescrihed 'In No• 1 th�,.wat·er passin up together more' and· ino re by . ; g trom the pl'essure of itbe water t i e pasSing bi' nl t val vQ,':s,and passing through.· h o ou By t is acr �s to the tlet screens. in llrst part of By r ce arroWs piau, the tile eferen to the operation; the '" shown in t cuts and 'to he filteriug' COBra- he t .lmpurit ies wa·ter' are: de!lcription of No. &&t in the- filter I,. this "'talned in distribuwd con� . filtration ,Will a meibodQf be dition by the portion of sand .. em :ru llYA:r:r I'IL'lU NO 2. (Oontin'/.i¢ pagtl194.)
© 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 192 J'tituJifit !mttitau. [MARCH 31, 1883. EDUCATION FOR MECHANICS. SITES FOR WATER SUPPLIES.
The question of the extent of the benefits of education to The transition from a village to a city is so rapid in this the working mechanic is an old one. Many place too high country as to seem to be due to toe agency of the " magic a value upon the utility of learning. To them knowledge lamp," and yet all the privileges and conveniences enjoyed seems all powerful; it is a key that unlocks every door. by the old are demanded by the new communities. Un It is among those of lesser culture that this opiuion mostly doubtedly among the most important-- of th�se, and one to MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. obtains. They overestimate the value of science, while the which attention is forcibly drawn as spring opens and hnild PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT better educated fall into the opposite error, and undervalue I ing operations are resumed, is that of a perfect supply of No. 261 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. it. As usual, the truth is to be found in the middle. Edu· water. cation of whatever nature exerts a certain influence upon In selecting a locality whence to obtain this supply, all our actions, but is not responsible for everything. O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. Those it wpuld be judiciouR to insist upon certain conditions which who are wanting in it are apt to attribute all their troubles are vital to success. Absolute purity of the source 8houlil be to this deficiency. How often does some inefficient me- the first cbaracteristic. The entire watershed should be '.I'EKlnS FOR '.I'HE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. chanic say that he would have done much better if lIe bad carefully examined, and everything avoided that would even One copy. one year po�tag'e included ...... •...... •...... S3 �O One copy, six months postage included ....•...... 1 60 only been educated. He cannot see that his faults are be liable to produce corruption. In the case of wells, chemi (Jlnb•• -One extra copy of 'l'Hm SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied positive and inherent. Those who possess education, find.- �al analysis will take the place of inspection. After hnving of gratis for every ClulJ fivesubscribers at $3.2U each: additional copies at ing tbat their natural faults still impede their progress, obtained a source now pure, the possibilities of contamina game proportionate rate. POlStage prepaid. Remit oy postal order. Address come to the conclusioll that what they have learned is of tions in the future should be looked to. It is a well known little value. and frequently demonstrated law that security breeds negli ;\IUNN & CO., 261 Broadway, corner of Warren street, New York. In the ca;;e of the mecbanic it is not 'I'he Scientific American Supplement easy to determine gence, and in the case of water supplies this is often tested. just what knowledge is worth. After he lIas learned bis Imperceptibly Is a distinct paper from tbe SOlE�'l'IFI(, AME!{lCAN.'l'HE SUPPLEMENT the water will become unwholesome, and yet is iSSU2d weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size trade mechanically, it is worth his while to go further and its true character will remained concealed until disease is SCIEN'I'n'le of with AMEHICAN. 'rorms subscription for SUP.PLEMEN'l" read up what has been written about it. While many of traced to it, when an examination reveals impurities which $5.00a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country the best workmen do not use book knowledge at all, the have crept in and been steadily increasing. COJnbined Itnte�. -'l'he SCIEN'l'IFIC AMERICA:X and SUPPLI1;MICN'!' typical intelligent workman is always 11 reader. He re- For many reasons the quantity of the supply sbould be for on 01 seven dollars. will be sent one year postage free. receipt Both ceives a scienti fic jouI'llal and possesses balf a dozen books sufficient, not only for present needs, but to allow for growth papers to one address or differentaddresses as desired. The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order. or registered letter. treating of lathe work and kindred subjects. They describe and increased consumption. After these comes the next Address MUNN &CO" 261 Broadway, corner of Warren street,New York. case-hardening compounds, braziug and welding fluxes, and factor, one that is, unhnppily, often mnked as first-that of Scientific ,lmerican EXt,ort Edition. give hints on lathe management, on cutting angles of tools cost. 'fhe works should be huilt economically, but when poor 8cn:N'1'IFIC for different metals, and the like. Every day he may to 'l'he An.III:RICANExport Edition is a large and splendid peri. have work is liable risk thc whole, the economy is false. 'D�e odical. issued once BtIDonth. Each number centains about (IDe hundred to go througb some of the operations they tell of, yet rarely attention should be pairl to so constructing the first sYl:$tem large quarto Dages, ,)rofusely illustrated. emhracing: fl.': :Most 01 the plate� and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the SCIII:r-:'!'IFIC or never will he leave the beaten track. But although he that it could, when the time came, be increased by the ex AMI(RICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable information: (2.) may not follow them in practice, he always reads them. penditure of a moderate percentage of the first cost. COIIlmercial. trade. and manufacturing'announcements of leading houRes. He does good work in the shop, and reads intelligently at Terms for �Jxport Edition, $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the .... I .. � who home. If any qllestion comes up with bis employer about world. Single cl)pies 50 cents. Manufacturers and others desire The Great Statue or Libt>rty. to secure foreign tradQ may have Iarge. and handsomely displayed an mechanical points, be will bring him the next day some of A singular problem in engineering is presented to tbe nouncements published in this edition at a very moderate cost. bis books or papers as authorities, yet his shop work is The SCIE:,\TIFIC AM 11:IIICAN Export Edition has a large guararlteed circu committee which has in charge the construction of the ped- lation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address"\lU� lII & done on principles learned by hard experience, and not by York. estal for the great statue Liberty in New York harbor. CO., 261 Broadway, corner of Warren street, New book theory. His books and his scientific journal do not of About eighty thousand dollars out of the necessary two hun seem to help him there. Clever as the man may be, be dren and fifty thousand have becn raised, but nothing has NEW YOHK, SATlJHDAY, MAHCH 31, 1883. would seem at first sight to lack the faculty'of applying his been done about the work . It is probable that operatIOns book knowledge. Yet if we go a litlIe deeper into tbe sub- would be begun at once with the funds in hand, if it were ject, it may appear tbat it is because of his excellence as a Contents. not that no plans have been made, and no architect or engi mechanic that he rejects the book in practice. The ha!'d neer has been engaged to make' them, the committee not (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) school of experience bas taught him two lessons. One has having been able to find any member of these profesliiions ...... 195 been a right way of doing things; the other has been the Agricultural inventions ...... 202 God in nature ...... 1�82 195 . willill!r� to contribute tbem for nothing, or ra':her for the American pig iron in ...... a o der im r ved . · 197 � �"· . 1,09Rl danger of trying to improve on that wa".J In the apprcn. Ammonia at great heights ...... 19R l.l:e�>iin� 8 to·.vesP, ,'Omprov·e·m. e· nt·*. Ammoniacal liquor a fertilizer .. dr Ob tre tme t ... . "great credit" which, "if prOI)erly done," they will "1'e- Analysis of water...... 19J ITrum?nP�t� ., n!!'g'� a s ,, 'n, RunsstafO. .1' . ....: II�B4 ticeshi p of the mechanical arts the work of generations of Answers to cOtTespondents.. ... 193 I flect upon the designer and engineer." s e l w . I������� ?�i�:J�r"'::::::::: :::: M;t mechanics is imparted to the leamer. The evolution of so 1��h';:� s�lfb :t ���:�:::: :::: Ind"x of inventions , , 203 As the value of the drawings and superintendence for the Artesian well at Denver ...... 201l�� Indl"estionand disease::::':::::: 199 many minds and years should be treated with reverence...... 197 . 193: pedestHl aloue, to say nothing of the responsibility of seeing Artificial colfee ...... �arlll�engi �eer's propbecies .. . To institute a genuine and valuable improvement is far from e lle ea a eb .... ·' .. safely upon it, would be about twenty-five �\!i':��.A,0� �1h' 8) t!J ct · ·��'- .be stattie 1rf.."ri'ii��)!J!. . . . . llilt : 2 : easy . pltteed Rasic furnace linings ...... 19B Mecba���alr�ve�lfon�"..� .. 02 I thousand dollar�) we that the eommittee will look long Battery for g",vane' cau�ery· . . . 194 a pr ms...... 196 i fear ... 197 Utc h . . iI All th s proves the dignity of the p held by the Bohemian waxwing. the . . Natural an,l artIfiCIalparaffines .. 197 ' � before they find the individuals whom they seek. The task t s t ... mechanic. He has a knowledge of shop o k that is de- i2Z ��:�;f :i1r:r�� �'i..� *:'j ::::: i�l i w r itself, independent of any consideration of proper payment . . . . . ����;h�;';'S�';t;'�';,IllIC�:.�YlU����Bustness and p"rsonal ...... 'O� Nordenfeltgun, the· ...... 12B rived, as just. stated, from generations of the world's work. ' ...... Il14 . fill t"eu time and responsibility involved, is not one that the Car coupling. imllroved*...... 201 Notttnl'hamworms ...... ' Car window. defiector* ...... 201 O'd cburch in Arizona, an ...... 194 His knowledge of tlns work IS, then, f the vcry b est. His Carbonicoxide in furnaces ...... 199 Opera seats. bat holder for ...... 198 • • 0 most skillful engineer would wish to undertake hastily. ines a � �l · · ..... acquamtanee WIt 1 d'ffI erent metaI' s, WIthI tIe treat ment f 8g������i��?�n��� � .::: i� ��:if��;\i:r';,�� d � i��ide i�� I 0 The statue weighs, complete, only about eighty tons, but Covenants in lease, fulfilling. . ... 197 Rpimers' fanning apparatus-::::: 1"4 different steels and irons, is perfect. His application of it is Cra dl eand eeesaw, com bmed' ... -"01 Saf t d . f I 196 IJresents an immense surface to the wind, and stands, more· c · Sit:8Io/;���r,;;';,,;��r�s::.::.::::: 192 an instinct. He will seldom find in his course of re:lding a ��':,��{���iii;;"'.:':���.�� ",:: Slates bad for the eyes 201 over, on a comparatively small base. :: of 192 justification for leaving the way be is accustomed to. His ElectrL'al units of measuremen::::t 201��� Stat,ue Liberty, the Gre;;i . . ' . . � , � . "02o TT.:::: , . ConS1 d' ermg t'·ua t 't' 1 IS nott ex reme ly easy t cons tI ue t a Ena,'neerl'ng invention" ...... Steam plowing in Scotland & S. ,00I B pecI l lan. hhe k nows so we thI at tI b00 k scan scalce' 0 u , ne .. Stee from hosphorized iro';- ... 9 f'
© 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 31, 1883.] ASPECTS OF THE PLANETS FOR APRIL. JUPITER scriptions of cork machinery in the back numbers of the VENUS SCIENTIFIC AMERIC'AN.-J. - cost ' to er t is evening star, tbe third in the order of rising, ,but he holds A. R. 'l'be ec an is morning star, and takes the lead of the planets tbat sing the palm among the planets and the myriad stars as the most electrical telephone for three miles, instruments, poies, and shine while they anticipate the rising of the great lumi brilliantly beautiful of the silining host. lle distinguishes wires, and all included, would be abo'ut $15� per mile.-A. nary that will eclipse their lesser light. She is still travel· himself by no noteworthy deeds, but pursues the even tenor C. L.-Dentiphones, or audipbones, are made in this country. SUPPLEMENT, ing on the eastward track that brings her nearer to the sun, of his way with majestic mien, accepting with royal grace -H. S.-See 357, electrical balance for show· of as she fulfills her course from western elongation to superior the honors due to his position as the giant member of the sys ing presence metals under surface of the ground. There is conjunctiou. Though her fair face is becoming "fine by tem, the finest exemplification of nature's fashioning hand, no other instrument for indicating the existence of precious degrees and beautifully less," she continues to grace the The right ascension of Jupiter is 5 h. 36 m. ; his declina metals.-E. L. R-The Edson automatic steam recorder breaking of the dawn, and wins the admiration of every ob· tion is'23° 15' north; hi" diameter is 35 2"; and his place is will tell you whether yoUI' fireman does his duty at night. server who watches her progress "under tbe opening eye in Taurns. A. L -For drawings of a timber drying apparatus see l'ecent number of SCIENTIFIC AMERHJAN SUPPLEMENT.-G·. lids or' the morn." Jupiter sets on the 1st at twenty·five minutes past 12 M, Various forms of nut locks are in use.-T. M.-You can Venus varies her course with an incident on the 10th. She o'clock in tbe morning; he sets on the 30th a few minutes A. of h o loc t evening. obtain the telescupe glasses at almost any optical store,-W. is in conjunction with Lambda Aquarii, a star t e fourth before 11 'c k in he E. M.-;-Common wbiting and alum in equal p rt magnitude in Aquarius, being twenty-six minutes south of URANUS a s makes Ii the star. The nearest approach is at eleven o'clock in the good filling for safes. is evening star, and may still be seen by the unaided eye as morning. But planet and star will be neal' elilough before .. t .. .. .a faint star in clear weather on moonless nights. His position sunrise to form an interesting picture. Venus will be far Steel fi'om Phosphorized Cast Iron. varies little from that pOinted out for March, being half a enough above the horizon for favorable observation soon A paper by M. Delafonu haR recently appeared in JJIe degree farther north. He is in Virgo, a littl northwest of after o'clock, and will then be seen west of the star and e Annales des Mi nes on the preparation of steel from iron of four Beta Virginis, and may be best observed in the east about 8 it. 11th, s eu tl;)is kind, and he finds tbat the problem is completely Folved, appro�hing On the morniug of the it will be e o'clock. th star passed east both ' in the Bessemer converter, as well as in at p}.ttnet and have each other, Venus being 'The right ascension of Uranus is 11 h. 26 m. ; his declina· t�e ol'dlnal'Y of the star. Observers will note the rapid progress of Venus furnace, when basic linings magnesian lime are employed. tion is 4° 31' north ; and his· diamet.er is 3'8". of At the end of the month she will be in north· The remova1 of phosphorus is as satisfactory as could be de· northward. Uranus sets on the 1st at o'clock in the morning; he sets degrees rt than 5 sired, and the silicium is almost entirely removed, while the ern declination, nearly twelve fa her north at on the 30th at five minutes past 3 o'clock. the beginning of the month. sulpbur is also to a great degree separated. The basic steel THE MOON. The right a8cension of Venus is now 22 h. 10 m., her de is found to be' purer and more uniform in texture than acid clination is 11 ° 37' south, and her diameter is ] 6'8". The April moon fulls on the 22d, at forty-three minutes steel. The soundness of basic steel is more uniform than rises 1 t eight m t past 6 o'clock in the morning. The old moon is in conjunc th'at of acid steel. Tires of both are found to be statically Venus on the s inu es after four o'clock in toe morning; on the 30th she rises at thirty-eight minutes tion with Venus on the 4th, Mars on the 5th, and Mercury and dynamically alike. The formation ,of bubbles and blis· the 7th in t r is the tem after three o'clock. on the 6th. The new moon of is near Neptune and tel'S he basic ingots has been avoided hy a ing MARS Saturn on the 9th. The conjunction with Saturn will be the perature before casting. In the furnace the ba;:ic process m is morning star, but is too .near the sun and too insignificant most interesting phenomenon of the month, the two days' goes on more easily than in the converter, and the re oval in size to be of much account. A better time is coming, old crescent passil.lg forty·one minutes north of the planet, of phosphorus is likewise more com plete. Meta!.lurgists ha ve and, before many months bave passed, he will become all and the time of neal�st approach being about a quarter after then at the present time two different processes of formIng of mi nt as he approaches 8 o'clock in the evening. Tbe conjunction is much closer steel, either iElthe converter or in the furnace: in the one object pro ne interest opposition. Like Venus, he is moving rapidly northward. At the close than tha.t of the 13th of February, when the moon and Sat pure kinds of cast iron are treated in tbe apparatus with acid of the month be will be in northern declination, baving urn, imprisoned in the halo surrounding her, formed a lining, in the other impure products are subjected to ba'sic traveled nine'degrees north during the month. The farther charming celestial picture. On the l,3th the moon is in con· linings. The question then arises, if, under otherwise equal north the planets are in this latitude, the more favorably junction with Jupiter, and ou tbe 18th completes the plane conditions, a complete refining follows as well with a basic they are situated for observation, and the longer is the cir tary circuit by drawing near to Uranus. O� the 22d the lining as with an acid, why should not the basic lining ve cuit they make above the horizon. moon is eclipsed. The eclipse is invisible in this portion of simply employed, so that the steel of greater purity fur The right ascension of Mars is 23 h. 6 m., his declination the world, but may be seen on the Pacific coast, the Pacific nisbed by that method be obtained ? (s 6" 57' south, alld his diameter is 4'3". Ocean, and Asia. Observers here will not lose much, for To this it may be replied that when the furnace is used. it Mars rises on tbe 1st at ten minutes before five4l'clock in less than dne-tenth of the moon's diameter will be eclipsed. would in many cases be advisable to replace Ute acid lining the morning; on the 30th he rises a quarter efore four T,he moon occults Beta CapricOl'ni, a star of the third mag with a basic one, whereby, in fact, the work would offer no B otherwise ' em o'clock. nitud'e, on the 1st at seven minutes after I) o'clock in the obstacle. It is quite where the converter is MERCURY morning, the star being bidden for twenty·two minutes. ployed. Here tbe cast iron canuot be worked with a basic (s morning star until the 16th, and evening star for the rest 'l'he occultation takes place soon after sunrise, and is invisi lining so advantageously as wlwn the acid lining is em ployed. ch in silicium, which t diffi of the month. On the 16th, at six o'c�ock in the morning, ble, but the neal' approach of moon and star will afford ma It is ri introduces grea basic employed. If, he is in sup�!ior conjunction with the sun, passing behind terial for interesting study. culties when lite liniug is- hvwevet·, p ri on bis eastel'll ...... be possible so to regulate the smelting furnace thegreat luminary, and ap ea ng side to play it . � TO. (l ONl)E;r,rIS. contaius less .silicium, the intermolecular hi8 sbort role of evening- star. SOME t OlmESP tbat the iron e 80111r t e . . I.;uminous paint " is used to illuminate the combustion may be so · r�gulated sufficient Ilels'an acitive member of th community. On h E H. P.-" that no 27th, rushing ea&tward, at full tilt, with a seeming intention faces of clocks and Watches. It is a compound of lime .and heat shall be developed 'to maintain the metal and slag in a to get as far away from the sun as possible, he encounters sulphur in vamish:-R H.-There is no difference, in result, liquid state. Thus it is that the preparation of pure cast-iron Neptune, plodding 'Yestward with tortoise pace, making between Qne square foot and one foot square. One square in basic converters presents difficulties. A mixed process every effOrfin his power to approach the sun as near as pos- foot may be contained in a figure of any desired shape con· lllay, it is true, be employed ; the scorification, first in ' an converter, n . ic sible, the former moving with it velocity of nearly thirty taining 144 squar-e inches; for example, a pal'!lllelogram 24 acid and t\Jen a further refining i a bas COli' miles a second ; the fa tter moving with a velocity of three inches long and six inches wide ; while 0lle foot square is verter; only this process would be costly and complica1ed. miles and a half in a second. They have a conjunction at understood to represent a figure measuring 12 inches on The future will decide what is best to be done in thisresp� the respectful di8tallce of 3' 7', and are bidden from terres- each of its sides. -0. R -The top of a locomotive wheel The white raw iron employed at. Creusot in the��'; � 3=C; 1·30=SI.; trial gazers by their neal' proxirnity to the sun. They, how- does not go around its a?,le, when running, any faster tban has the average composition : l·&�: .Wj} ; S, ever, win distinction, for the meeting of the planet that the bottom of the wheel.-S.-Will take no more. pickets to 2'50-300 Pj and 0'20 while the basic (l) illd:&.cid '(2) steel travels nearest to the s1l1 and the one that travels on the fence the bill than to carry the fence on the straight line contain: , 2. system's remotest boun�l'is the sole planetalY conjunction shown in your diagram. -H. B. L.-The cannon ball fired Carbon ...... , ...... ••• ...... 0'43 0'40 the rear o . on the meager annals of the month. Mercury is speeding from f a train moving sixty miles an hour will Silicium ...... 0'30 trace. faster than either Venus or Mars, for during the pass the mile post.-J. A. M.-The profession of civil en· Manganese ... . •. 00...... 0'76 0'66 north Phosphorus ...... ,...... ,..... 0'06 0'075 month his northern declination increases twenty·three de- gineering offers inducements for young men to study. Tbere are good colleges o s relating to Sulphur ...... 1...... 0'029 0'04 grees. and many good bo k engineer· Tbe right ascension of Mercury is 23 b. 59 m. ; his decIina- ing.-O. R-You cannot run au electric light without con· The basic lining, consisting of dolomite treated with tar. 2° 33' ut siderable expense for machinery or for batteries.-W. D. has the composition : CaO=53; MgO=35'8; and SiO, =7 '7; tion is so h, and his diameter is 5'6". T. h 1st at twenty-one Ordinary nut coal is the best for the purpose.-G. R .:... while the slags at the end and Mercury rises on t e minutes past five B. of the decarburation (1) de· o'clock in the morning; on the BOth be sets at twelve minutes Butter can be made from fresh milk by means of an ordinarv phoRphorization (2) have the following constitution: past eight o'clock in the evening. cburn.-J. B.-Railway ties made of paper pulp ha e L. ; 1. 2. ropo - . . hest-- Silicic acid ...: .... •••• . . . . •• ...... • ...... NEPTUNE b'een p sed. H S ...:.The method of preserving and . 22 12 Hme and m.. gn esia ...... : . transporting fresh fruit is by means of the refrigerator cars. 47 54 is evening star, and leads the quartett of giant planets in Iron and manganese oxides ...... Splendid fruit is thus brought from 11 11 California. to the Ne w Phosphoric acid ...... the t1' rne 0f rI' s' lUg an d se tt'mg. e IS now so ar f rom th e' 12 16 H· f York market.-F. E. S.-Solid iron columns are stronger Alumina and chromium sulphates " . . .• ...... earth, and so near the sun, that large telescopes find it diffi- 5. 5 than hollow iron colunws�pHhesame diameter; Qut the same cult to pI·ck hl'm up, u llS course among . e s.ars IS as ac· . . ' btl' th t' weight of metal that is cQl:lt�ined in the solid columt{, if it A Marine Engineer's Prophecies. curately mapped out as if he were visible to the unaided eye. were put into the form of a hollow columi), would be much Mr. James R. Thomsen, of tbe builders of the steam· His conjunction with Mercury has already been referred to. olle Rtronger than tbe solid coiumn.-J. W. P.-Better write to ship Servia, at the launch of the AUlania, another large first The right ascension of Neptune is 3 h., his declination is ' the Secretary of the Interior.-C. R-There are various t �tate 15° 19' north, and his place is in Taurus. . class steamer for the Cunard Coinpany, lately made he forms of sneep shears made with guards to prevent inJury ment, prophetically, that. coming Atlantic steamship Neptune sets on the 1st at a quarter after nine o'clock in ' the to the sheep.-C. L. F. -One way to make electrical belts is would be propelled by twin screws at twenty knot� avernge the evening; on the 30th he sets at half· past seven o'clock. to sew a strip of copper &nd a stri p of zinc inside the speed, and would carry no cargo, her profit lying thl) fact SATURN of ill cloth in such a manner that the zinc and copper will make t that she would fif y per cent more trips. She would is evening star, and sbines in the western sky for about three both be in contact with the surface of the skin. An carry neither masts nor sails, �r twin machinery reducing bours artel' sunset, when his pale disk dips below the hori· amateur can produce good pictures with a pOl·table photo. the probabilities of accidents, and, of course, increasing her zon. He is now nearly south of the Pleiades, and presents graphic apparatus, such as you speak of.-There is no safety, while obvhting the necessity of the old·lime auxiliary no features of special intereAt to the ordinary observer. simple photo .en/Zraving for: process, such as yO\� call -sail power, There were fiHy large steamships built on the Even the telescopist will have to take a season of rest, for he ,-F. S. M.-There is no especial place where you can Clyde last year, and about one·hal f of that nnmber were is approaching the sun so closely that he wiil soon be hidden go to study inventing. As for mechanical electricity, fitted with corrugated steel furnaces, which are said to effect from' view. Hidden, b�t not lost, for next autumn at oppo· I he best way w ill be to attend some polytecbnic schooL -So a saving of from ten to fourteen per cenr. . sition will be more magnificent than he was during the R.-You can buy at the drug 8tor . . ' he rubber cement es -C T. .. tel .. past autumn and winter. -The nineteenth century closes December 31, 1899, and NE W subscribers to the SCIENTIFIC A}iERtCAN and 'ScmN The right ascension of Saturn is 3 h .. 26 m. ; bis declination the twentietb century commences .Tanuary 1, 1900.-E. TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, who may desire to bave com· is 16° 49' nortl� ; his diameter is 16", and he may be found in B.-There is no way to prevent the lead from coming off. plete volumes, can have the ith r O. back numbers of e e 'pa per the constellation Taurus. -F. C. K-Powder exploded on the top of a ro('k under sent to thcm to the commencement of tbe year. Bound at r on the 10 o o water will r a tbe m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SCIEN'l'lFIC S u n sets 1st about a quarter before 'cl ck ·in b e k up rock ; but a ore economical mode volumes of the .the evening; on t e 30th he sets twelve minute� past 8 is to drill the rock with the ordinary submarine drills, lind SUP:PJ.EMENT fo\' 1882, may be ba atthis h at AlnlmlCAN ' d office. o'clock. then blast it in the usual way.-E. C. S - ou will find de- t n th ou h news agents, , Y or ob ai ed r g
© 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [MARCH 31, 1883.' FANNllJG ' APPARATUS. OOD.&I"'iloD o� the SUIl. NEW on which are fixed all the pieces that are necessary for tbe r te an an ki In a paper p esen d to the French Academy (OompUiJ yre give engraving of improved fanning apparatus wor ng of the apparatuR. The bead of the screw traverses 186) Faye gives purposes, Rendu8, xcvi., his reasons for believing that designed for cooling and to be used in hotels, this tablet and terminates in a wheel, C. It, foHows, from n our su and the other large self-luminous heavenly bodies restaur ants, pri.vate residences, offices, and in all other the well known properties of the screw, that the tablet, have not yet' arrived at either a solid or a liquid state, but are places where it is desirable to keep -the air in circulation: which cannot revolve because of tbe two slides, H, may be rise gaseous all the way to tbe centers. Otherwise, he says, the It may be made in various sizes, and driven by any avail- made to or descend by turning the wheel, C, in one di 01' h heat radiated from ,them would not he so' quickly replaced' able motive power; the smaller sizes being propelled by a rection t e other. Beneath the tablet and toward tbe larger by heat from within, and the surface, consequently, would spring or weight, and the ones by steam or water extremities, at F, are situated tbe zincs and carbons. There soon become covered with a solid, non-Iumi!lous crust. power, gas or caloric engines, according to locality, extent are tbree of the former on each side, with fou alternating etc. carbons. r Cagniard-Latour has, however, proved by means of some of use, These seven plates together do not take up much very remarkable experiments that a gaseous mass can ac- The apparatus consists of a fan formed of a series of space in the box. but leave room for two quite thick sheets' CIl' quire the d,Ilnsity of a liquid without changing its state of wings blades mounted on a shaft and inclosed in a cas- of rubber, I I, and four ebonite tro ughs. These latter are' aggregation, provided both temperature and pressure are of different heights, those (L) containing the exciting liquid the high enough at one time. If, then, external strata of the (solution of bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid) being in an as solar atmosphere, where all matter is elementary or dis- -_- nearly as high the external case, and the other!!,' M, being sociated state. should cool sufficiently for the elements to about half the beight. enter into chemical combination, if the vapors of metallic When it is desired to use the pile, the tablet is raised by calcium, . magnesium, and silicium, mixed with oxygen revolving the screw, and the trougb�, L, half full of liquid, there, on cooling should form clouds of lime, magnesia, and are placed against the extremities of the box and secured in sinca, for example, these clouds would sink to the ir:terior, position by means of the troughs, M. Then, by revolving again at where they would be dissociated, wbile the same the screw in the opposite direction, the tablet is made to de- time t,hey would drive the hotter particles upward, so that scend, and the zincs and carbons are caused to enter the an approximately uniform temperature would be maintained liqnid gently without splashing. If the circuit is closed, the until the whole mass had gradually cooled to such an extent current then begins to pass. The intensity of the latter is as to assume the liquid and afterward the solid state. regulated by plunging tbe zincs to various ' depths into the Faye bases his hypothesis on the spectroscopic observa- liquid. of spots, Wben the tions of many years, and on Carrington's study sun operation is terminated. and it is desired to carry which show that the currents are all in zones parallel to the the pile to another place. the tablet is raised high enough to while equator, there are non'e from the equator tow,ard the free the extremities of the carbons and zincs, and the re the - pole. Bt-sides this, the tiattening of the sun and slow spective pOSitions of the troughs, L aud M, are changed. poles explained motion of sun spots near the are more easily Then, by reversing the motion of the screw so as to cause e pre on this hypoth sis of Faye than on those hitherto in vogue: the tablet to descend, the sheets of rubber, I, are ssed .. , • I • against the �dges of the troughs containing the liquid with Dlumlnatlnc Gall In Rnula. sufficient firmnessto-form hermetical c'overs to them. The The Chemical Society in St. Petersburg recently appoint- case may then be closed preparatory to removal. It may be ed a committee to determine what was to be �nderstood by easily seen that no liquid call flow out, owing to the fact "illuminating gas of best quality." From their report we that the troughs that contain it are tightly closed, and that abstract the following points; i the �mall portion that drips from the zincs and carbons A apparatus, as 1. good illuminating gas must give, wben burning I cannot injUl'e the rest of the inasmuch it· is I tr ughs, ahout 100liters per hour in a bat wing burner, an illumina- caught, in the "o M. tion equivalent to 10 normal spermaceti candleR, that blirn The zincs and carbons employed are about fourteen centi· 7'78 grammes pel' hour. meters in, width in each direction. The three zincs on each [One bundred liters equals 3'53 cubic feet, while, 7'78 side, as well as the four carbons, are united for quantity, in grammes = 120 grains. Thil' requirement corresponds very, sllch a way that two elements of wide surface are obtained. 14 nearly witb our candle gas. -ED. ] The terminals that are observed on the upper side of the 2, Since the material used in making_ gas, as well as the tablet pel'lllit of employing at will one or the other of the the contrary, way in which it is made, has an effect on the value of the .REIMERS' FANNING APPARATUS. elements only. On the two elements mounted used the conducting gas, it will be necessary, after a standard· has been fixed on for tension may be by attaching wires for tbe quality of the gas, for the city to establish an in- to one of the terminals of each of the elements, communica- spector to coDstantly watch the quality of the gas sent out. . a r llip op n a u tion being established on anotber band by a wide band of ing, tbe casing h ving discba ge es e ing in v rio s , __ S. Not only the illuminating power of the �a}� , l.I.lUi��'; · '.. . . .' ' e� -: 1Il� position, is of importance toconsumets who use it indoors; y as F'i .a a The carbons are platinized, and, toward their upper ma be suspended, in g. 1, placed beneath t ble or ,part, hence the comptroller or inspector m'ust also test it with , as F Bt1llltl as ig are invested with a layer of copper to which is ,!oldered tha reo tioor in ig. 2, or supported by a ard, in F . 3. f four each element gard to its chemical purification, and for this purpose also a A patent has lately iJeen granted or this invention to MI'. strip of metal that llnites the carbons of must standard be fixed upon. Jacob Reimers, of No. 1,325 Sturtevant St, Davenport, Iowa. to form a single one. This arrangement, which secures a After estimating the quality of the gas, attention must, continuity of the contacts, is of a nature to keep tbe resist- 4. .. , I ,.. metbods also be given to the of illumination, since a 'good NEW PILE FOR GALVANO CAUTER't. ance of the pile cofistant, and consequently to contribute to illumination depends, not on the quality of the gas alone, the constancy of the currents. but on 6tber causes, as, for example, on the pressure, the Mr. Chardon, a French manufactuJ;,er of electrical appa- Although this apparatus has been introduced but a sport state of the p"i pes,_tpe condition of the burners, etc. ratus for medical and surgical purposes, has recently devised time, it is being used' in some of the hospitals at Lyon!!, a m t n f Brussels, 5, The society advises sending co pe e t scienti:fic per- a pile which is specially designed or the practice of galvano Montpellier, and and, if we mistake not, at the sou to Paris and other cities where such inspection is carrip.d cautery, and which does away with some of the serious incon- Bichat Hospital in Paris.-L'Electri cien. on, to study the methods and means employed. venieuces inherent to other piles of the kind that have An Old Church In Arizona • • ,.I .. hitherto been employed. Nottlnghalll WOr:mIl. In this npw apparatus, which is shown in the annexed cut, The most interesting of all sights is the grand old mi�si()n on the Pa In all angling localities, tbe merits of Nottingham worms the elements are inclosed in au easily transportable box or church of San Xavier: nine miles from Tuoson, 1654, for angliug purposes are fully recognized ; but only a com , case, and are so constructed that there shall be no danger of pago reservation. This mission waif-founded in when paratively few people are aware of the trouble that the Papago (or Pima) Indians were supposed to have is expended u pon them. Tbis industry affords em accepted the Christian religion. The Church of ployment to a large number of persons throughout San Xavier was begun ahout the ,vear 1700 aud fin a considerable part of tbe year, who, every favor ished in 1798, excepting one of the towers, w bich is able night, collect the worms from their happy yet unfinished. The style of architecture is Moor hunting grounds in the meadows. Natnrally, the ish. The lines are wonderfully perfect. It is in supply in wet weather is more abundant than when the form of a cl'oss, 70 x 115 feet, and has a well is e the atmoBpher� dry, although SOlVe sort of a bar formed dom . A balustrade surmounts all the walls. veat can even then be obtained by watering the The front is covered witb scroll work, intricate. in ground. The wormers are provided with lanlerns, teresting, and partly decayed. Over tlie front is a and have to exercise some considerable agility in life-size bust of St. Xavier. The interior is literally
© 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 31, 1883-] lKPROVED FILTERS. water .then rises till the upper compartment is filled. Then thoroughly wash them once a day. The average waste of (Continued j'l' om jirstpage .) the valve, F, is closed, and valve, G, at the top of the pipe, water in cleaning tb e sand in either style of these jilters is 'clearly understood. In filters of 40 and 50 inches diameter, H, is opened. Tue contents of the filter can then only es about ODe per cent of the whole amount filtered. These the inlet is at one side of tue bottom and the outlet on the cape by way of the pipe, H, tbrough its bnmches, wuich remarks apply to the average water requiring filtration; but opposite side, so that tue water must he subjected to the fil- reach nearly to the bottom of the filter. The pressure of a larger percentage of water for washing. would be de tering action of a sufficient quantity of sand. But in filters water coming into tue filter forces the water and sand in manded to filter the water in some of the Western rivers, of larger diameter the water is admitted through tbe center, a steady stream up through the pipe, H, and discharges the containing large quantities of clay. and passes upward and outward to [he circumference, as will whole into the upper compartment. Water also coming In most cases filters above 40 inches in diameter are built be explained in description of filter No. 3. The distin- into tbe pipe, H, by the aperture, 0, under the uead, aids entirely of boiler iron, and constructed for high or low feature of filter No. 2 is the process of watihing the i the flow of sand upward, and also assists in washing its par pressure, as may be required. They are thoroughly bitumi guishing sand. They are set up in series of two or more, because one ticles free from the accumulated impurities. The water in nized interiorly to prevent rusting, and, it is believed, will upper receptacle, as it receives the incoming flow, effects of them, in turn, contains no sand, but is idle wuile the the last as long as the best constructed water mains ; and as others are filtering, For example, in a series of three filters, II complete separation of the impurities gathered in the sand, there is no waste of sand. there is nothing .to repair, except as suown in the cut, two of them are filled with sand and and they flow away with the excess of water into the over the ordinary wear of water valves, thus confining' the cost K. :.re used simultaneously while filtering, the third standing flow trough, I, and out through the waste pipe, In from of maintEjnance to the expense of one man about fifteen min idle and containing only water. ten to fifteen miuutes, according to the supply of water, utes a day to do the washing of each filter. In washing, suppose the last in the series of three to he all of the, sand in the filtel' (about 500 bushels in this size) It will be seen that, with tuese water purifiers, the Newark �he idle one. The outlet valve, D, in the first filter, is closed; is discharged and thoroughly cleansed into the upper Filtering Company have the means ,)f filtering river, pond, �he waste valve, I, and the valve at the top of the pipe, E, tank. Now the filter below contains only water. To give or lake water in any quantities, large or small, and in all :are opened. The water coming in through the valve, B. can it back its sand the supply pipe is closed, the valve, F, situations and under any pressure required. Whether for :then only escape through the pipe, E. 'l' his pipe in large in the head, and valve, L, :�ding to tbe· waste pipe are house purposes, hotels, steam boilers, manufacturing indus- filters is .made· tapering and terminat tries, villages, or cities, they can meet ing very neal' the bottom of the filter. any want, and claim the ability to fil Through this pipe the water rushes up ter a greater quantity of water, at less into and through the horizontal pipe, cost of installation and maintenance. than can be done by any other known H, and discharges into the top of the third filter. In doing so the water means of mechanical filtration. carries with it the sand from the first These filters are patented in the filter, conveying ' it all into the third United States, Canada, and prlncipill filter in about ten minutes. This carry European countries. ing process is facilitated by a current ••••• of water forced from the upper part of God In Nature. the filter through the small pipe, C, In a recent scientinc lecture Profes loosening up and helping to separate sor C. A Young. the astronomer, of the impurities from the sand during its Princeton College, used tue following passage through the pipe, H. As the language : "Do not understand me at sand falls into the water in the tuird all as saying that there is 110 mystery filt�r, tbe separated impurities flow about the planets' motions. There is out with the excess of water through just the one single mystery-gravita the open valve, I, into the waste pipe; tion-and it is a very profound one. the sand, being thoroughly wasbed, How it is that an atom of matter can settles and remains in the filter. Now, attract another atom: no matter how thjs washing of the sand from the first great the disturhance, no matter what filterinto the third, being accomplished, intervening substance there may be; the valves, C and E, in the first filter, how it will act upon it, or at least and waste valve, I. in the third, are behave as if it acted upon it, I do not closed; the inlet valve, A, in the third know, I cannot tell.' Whether they filter and its outlet valve on the op are pushed together by means of an posite side ar� opened, and filtration is intervening ether, or what is the ac· immediately commenced. Next the tion, I cannot understand. It stands middle filter, or number two, may be with me along with the fact that when . washed, its contents'being washed into I will that my arm shall rise, it rises. the first filter precisely as had heen It is inscrutable. Ali the explana done in the preceding case. Follow tions that have been given of it se © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC (MARCH 31, 188S. Safety Devices fo r Ve88e)8.-0ftlclal Requl�ment8. ' RULE 14:-AIl life�rafts and floats . colllPosed of hollow down this precipice only about 125 fathoms. Among pther At the amiual meeting of the Board of Supervising In spec cyli.nders must be rated in their canying capacity according points noted in the animals found at great deptbs is their tori of .SteamYesseIs, held in Washington, January, Feb to the cubical dimensions of such cylinders, in the ratio of (generally) red or orange-yellow color; supposed to be a ruary, 1883, in pursuance of Section 4,405, Revised Statutes one person to every three cubic feet for ocean steamers, and means of defense by rendering invisible. The bottom of the of t\'le United States, the following devices were approved two cubic feet for lake, bay, sound, and river steamers. Arctic belt is a coarse gravel or sand ; but that of the Gulf by the board, and have also received the approval of tbe Sucb life-rafts and floats must be suitably equipped with Stream is of sand so fine tbat the grains can only be dis Secretary of the TreaBury : life·lines and oars. tinguisbed with the microscope. Mixed with minute sbells, Holman's life-preserving bed (when constructed of at least All rubber or canvas life· rafts shall be kept inflated at all this sand seemB to form a bed as level and hard as any floor. fifteen pounds, of solid cork and cork sbavings, as a life·pre times. Bowlders are sometimes found on tbis bottom among tbe . server or ,float for/one person, on lake, bay, sound, and RULE 23.-Steamers required to be provided with double dense animal a;nd vegetable life -with which it is carpeted ; river). acting steam fire pumps, or other equivalent for throwing they have probably dropped from ice cakes. The dredges Life-preserver, invented by Eliza P. Coggswell (when con· water, sball be equipped according to tbeir tonnage as fol sometimes brougbt up a rock, possibly of Pliocene age, filled taining not less than six pounds of granulated cork, prepared lows: with fossil sbells, like those now found on the bottom. The in paraffine solution, and having a buoyancy of not less than For a steamer of not more than two hundred tons burden, absence of all vertebrate fossils is remarked on. The dredges, twenty-four pounds, on lake, bay, sound, and river), with four inches stroke and two inches diameter of plunger, or also, never brought up any evidence of the existence of dead the furtber qualification that .neither the board nor the Secre its equivalent. vertebrates, though the water swarmed with sharks, dol tary of the Treasury " means to assert or admit, or in allY Of more than two hundred and not over five hundred tons phins, etc., nor was any evidence of man's existence met way imply,. that Mrs. CoggsweU is the inventor, and legally burden, seven inches stroke and four inches diameter of with, except an India-rubber doll, dropped frotn some ves ent,Hled to a patent or other privilege." plunger, or its equivalent. Sfll. Yet tbe territory dredged was in the track of European Renton safety boat plug; James Snelgrove, automatic Of more than five hundred and not over one thousand vessels, many of which must bave gone down there and boat plug; Daniel B. Eddy, patent sea life-boat ; Dean & tons burden, seven inches stroke and six inches diameter of lives been lost. Such facts led Professor Verrill to doubt Co., improved diagonal life'-boat (t'or lakes, bays, ll,ndsounds); plunger, 01' its e © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 3I, 1883.] 19'1 Bolton on Chem'ical Symbols. he tells us, ten thousand miles in th e pursuit; of birds, made Dr. no report of the species, which Bonaparte did not observe I At a recent meeting of th,e New York Academy of Sci- east of the MississippL Audubon met with it in Maine, and ences, Prof. Carrington Bolton, of Trinity College, gave " Flying." H. it has sinee been seen at'rare intervals in the Northern states, an interesting sketcIt of the history of chemical syn;o01s To the of the Scien t(fie American : Editor Massachusetts being usually its southern limit for New Eng- from early times to the present day. Until less than a cen Notwitbstanding all your amusing correspondent has cited land. tury ago letters were rarely used , and the hieroglyphics as- , iu the issue of Feb. 22, concerning that remarkable turkey is interesting to note the superstition with which this sumed many curious and grotfsque forms, which served that It the albatross still remaius, I think, the largest flying bird, bird was in more ignorant limes associated. His visits to rather to conceal than elucidate the subject treated of. Dr. is, it is the largest bird whose effortsat flying may be taken Europe are historically recorded, and were looked upon as Bolton exhibited several rare old oooks cont!iining lists of as a high example of the expenditure of vital energy for the precursors of war and pestilence, at times appearing in symbols, some of which he had transferred to large sheets of is, in short, the highest that particular form of locomotion; iL such numbers (as an old writer observed) as to obscure the paper and hung about the room. One peculiarity of ancient as such, type of "flying creature " considered essentially sun. alchemistic nomenclature was personification', using names aBd in flying will undouhtedly surpass any other large bird. Preferring the inhospitable forests which cireumscrihethe of persons and animals for metal, or compounds; thus, gold spreads Though less perhaps in weight than the turkey, he pole, he Jives far from the haunts of men, only occasionally and silver were called the king and queen, antimony the a far greater .fly ing surface to the air and performs the mere permitting them to form � brief acquaintance by his infre- wolf, iron was Mars, and sal ammoniac was theeag le, while act of fly ing in a far more representative manner than other quent visits to their latitudes. the name of Mercury was given not merely to the fleet birds of greater strength. HERRICK. F, H. footed god, but also to quicbilver and to a planet. The In the article to which Mr. Goodsell refers I think neither Burlington, Vt., March 16, 1883. well known symbol of the sun (a toothed wheel) was used weight uor bulk, or more properly speaking volume, is meant, • I •• for gold, that of the moon for silvel', etc. But in additiO( but rather that the albatross is simply tbe largest approxi e � Natural and Artificial Par nes. to these, many substances had more symbols than they ha mation to a flying machine that Nature has given u�, and as � names, nearly 90 being used for sodium chloride, such lis the best model, and in so far he is undoubtedJy right. F. Krafft, of Basel, Switzerland,· coutrit)tites an 'ltr�}eio , Bolton has attempted the classification of alcbemistic Ohemiker Zeiturfg Dr. In the next paragraph, however, your correspondent states the on the identity of normal pal'affines symbols, making five groups. Itl one class the lirst'let ter that which is far more open to criticism. with the paraffines from brown coal, from which we trans or letters were used; in anotber they were pictorial, as waved " The hird," he says, speaking in a very general way, "has late the following: lines for water, etc. ; in another they were symbolic, like that the same relative advantage with his wings in the air as the Owing to their chemical actions and composition, we are of the sun for gold, of the moon for silver, etc. ; in the fourth JIlan has with his legs on the ground, bas he not?" wont to consider the paraffines as mixtures of the higher they were purely arbitrary, and no conne ction could be de Well, I should say most emphatically not, and at the same members of the marsh gas series, C ..+H ".t.. (Marsh tected between sign and signification. In the fifth class he tilDe I believe this - same misconception lies at the base of gas, CH., the first member .of the series, is also called placed mixed symbols, as when a inverted delta or triangle methane, most devices for flying that have been condemned on their and the other members, C.H., CsH., C.H,o, etc., combined with R is used for aqua regia, delta and F for first trial. There is no use in being scienti.y halves, and are called homologues of methane.)> On comparing the oh aqua fortis, etc. I think, bad Lhe author of that interesting comparison be servations made from time to time on the paraffines with re The various attempts to establish a scieutific set of sym tween the five turkeys and the man made a simpl� �ht, cent iuvestigat ions made on synthetic homologues of me bols were described, and their faults noticed. until, flnally, � illustrating what.the turkeys may be fmriy estimat do thnne, this hypothesis of their identity gains much additioI).al Dalton, in 1787, hit upon the present simple and expressive at one end of the rope and what the man will no at the strength. In order to settle the question more definitely, Mde, which is hardly capable of further improvement. other, he would have seen the absurdity of the situation. Liitzelschwab has carefully studied one of the commercial .. 4 .... And yet the birds do have in a certain sense greater muscular paraffines, which melted between 52° and 54° (125�0 to C. On the Ammonia the Air and in Rain, etc., at power than the man ; but this assertion must not be taken 129° Fahr.), but began to soften at a lower temperature. In . He Heights. with too broad a meaning; it only means -that they have submitted it to systematic recrystallization from alcohol and Great It has long beeu known that the sUlall traces of ammonia greater proportional strength for a particular purpose ; in ether, combined with fractional distillation, first in copper in tIle air arecarried dow n to the soil bymet eoric precipitates, other words, exerted tllrough a particular set of muscles; or, retorts, then in glass vessels heated in metal baths and under and Schlosing has shown that it is fixed directly by the to..be still more precise, of the total amount- of vitn] energy reduced pressure to prevent any change in composition from oxi dizing action of the soil and of the leaves. In connection of his system the bird can use a far greater proportional part the action of heat. From the lower boiling portion of this with these investigations he also called attention to the 'lea in the exercise of those particular muscles adapted to loco paraffine separated the normal hydrocarbons, •• •• and we C H as the great reservoir which supplied the air with ammonia. motion than man or any vertebrate animal can do ; and for C •• previously prepared by me, and also the two follow H.o, He devised an ingenious method, which enabled to tunately for the mechanic, to make things consistent, we find ing, homologues, C •• . and C •• which were readily and Moo H . H,., operate on 'l arge quautities,of air, and with it he examined conversely that Nature has also madea far greater proportion easily identified a� ': normal " substances, calculating their the currents of air circulating near the ground. of the entire rnachine,ry of the bird system subservient to properties by interpolation in the table that I had previously Recently Muntz and Aubel' (Oomptes Rendus, xcv., 788) th,is method of expending its energy. A muscle burns more gi ven for this series. The results of this investigation, as have been estimating the amount of ammonia in the air on or less carbon and develops 'more or less heat in propor compared with my previous experiments, can be seen in the the top Pic du Midi, which is 2,877 metel's (nearly two tion,,;io its size. In no ether aniB!lal do find any ' of W'l) muscles followi�.t8lilles: , JIliles) above the level of .the sea. The tests were made thtl: bit'd, I. ISOLA'rED FROM COMMERCIAL PA RAFFINE. Yl.I;j;,lll,l.f""�,�S��U!l- cleB ()f morning and evening in a laboratory especially erected for '�consequentlyGQlPjU'il no such relative expenditure of the total energy the purpose. average was l'35 milIigrammes 100 system,. It is for tllese reasons that t.he comparisOll The in pf tile cubic meters. These numbers,�although so extremely small, instituted was absurd. Mathematically speaking, the quanti ------do not differ perceptibly from those obtained at the earth's ties compared were not homogeneous. Aerial navigation is 1 -- snrface. probably not beyond the contrivauce of human iIlgenuity ; Melting point ...•...... 439 44° 50° or 51° 55%° 56° 60° 61° Specific grav ity .. _., _. 07or778 07786 or 07or793 . 0'7792 They also made 13 analyses of rain, 7 of snow, and 5 of aerial fliAA�.however is, and is evidently not within the de Boilinll; p nt , , •• . .. . . 224° to 226° 243° to 245° 261° to 26 279° to 28 ° oi 3° 1 fog. In rain water they found between 0'34 and 0'80 milli sign of Nature. JARVIS PA.TTEN. gramme per liter, in fog 0'19 to 0'64 milligram me, and iIi F. II. ARTIFICIAL 'NORMAL PARAFFINES. U. S. Army. snow 0'06 to 0'14 milligramrne of ammonia per liter. • Ie. . e ••H,o' C.,H... . C ••H,. . '. ,. The Bohemian Waxwing. C ..H4•• C I"Fulfilllug the Covenants lu a Lease. ------the Editor of the Scientific American : To The absurdity of some of the " covenants " in leases is Melting point...... 4 4 ° 57° 6 Th. is erratic straggler from the north being rarely met . sufficiently illustrated by tbe advertisement of an out-going Specific gravity .....••• 0�7 �, 8o.� 0�771',186 0 7790 0 17 W'796 . 243° 26 ° 9° ra with, and his hahits as yet but imperfectly understood, it Boiling point. •• . ••••.•• 224J.2° 27 tenant, w 0h a d vertlses for fi veh undd re ts an d"auou t t en' 1 may not be amiss to record his visits to our latitude, which times that number of weeds, he baving covenanted to leave are both irregular and infrequent. [Degrees given in table are Centigrade, and boil ing points the premises in the same state as he found them. The rats I have observed two small flocks of this species, (AmpeUs were measured under a pressure of 15 mm., or about one- adds the humorous advertiser, must be able-bodied and no garrulus, L.) in �he neigh borhood of Burlington, Vt , which hal f inch.] cri pples. The advertisement is a practical, albeit humorons, may have been the terminus of their southern migration, in The perfect coincidence of the properties of these sub- commentary on many of the usual covenants contained in leases. The t ndency of dern legislation, and of modern the first instance on November 24, 1882, and latterly on the stances throughout both seri�s, establishes their identity with e m.o 21st of January. Their low, plaintive note, a sort of con- great certainty. These four preparations obtained by us legal procedure, says t he Building Times (London), is to versational undertone, first attracted my attention. Like amounted to (tbout 8 or 12 per cent each, and together made prune the redundancy.which once was the delight of the other denizens of the frozeu zone, they have not yet acquired up aoout 40 per c�nt of the whole material used. Traces legal profession and .the despair of litigants. The covenants a fear of man, and seem wholly indifferent to his presence. of homologues melting at bigher and at lower tempera- were mostly of a sort which no person could keep altogether in effect they were are general\y broken. The In �ne instance a,party of eight individuals were perchedon tures were noticed. 'l'he larger intermediate portion and and ad the lower branches of a cedar, leisurely preening themselves, of course still- contained a considerable quantity of the vertisement we have alluded to is the reductio ad aosu1'dum, making their toilet evidently before resuming 'flight. Though above hydrocarbons, and perhaps others of the uneven mem- obsolete covenants and p�ovisos are, we trust, in a fair way close upon them, their sleepy eyes took no apparent notice, bel'S. Absolute prQof.bf this would be tedious and off!?rs to be consigned to the same place as many other legal and when wishing to see them fly, I had almost to shake no special interest, is still less ri�ed, at pre�oot, for absurdities. a\:\d"t� .. 4 • , .. them from their perch. They take to flight �imult!tneously, such a study of the lower incIting,' and ordin ary liquid'paraf- AI1;iftcial Coffee. and are off in a flash, uttering, as they whirl past your head, fines, unless it should be necessary prepare them in a , � to prkJe of coffee it would bardly their characteristic note of zi-zi. pure state on a large scale for special' uses. At the pres!)ut low seem the best time to bring out a new substitute, but aM. Sornnui It has been suggested that these birds are either forced .to All the lower members of the series obtained as secondary of Pavia, in the Ann. di OMm. appl. Fa rm. et Me d., an t�ir southern migration by the scarcity of food in their' products from the action of strong heat on the higher nor· nounces-that he has discovered quite a new and serious polar home, or else are brought down by the great cold mal paraffines, when freed from adherent olefines, are of adulteration of coffee, which is heing practiced by the n1nnu waves which are known to arise in high latitudes. Their cou�se themselves normal. For scientific purposes the arti- facture of artificial-berries. ) These berries are composed of trig appearance, when they reach us, at least, would sug�est ficial products deserve the preference becanse they �lone are the meal of beans and acorns, with chicory and some quartz' anything but a scauty diet; yet, as the fo'od question is para- perfectly pure paraffines. powder to bring the mixture to the requisite speciflc gravity mount among all animals, it may, in this case partially deter� On the other hand, the important question presents itself .' . A dough is made of these ingredient�. wInch IS cut by a mine their movements. of how commercial paraffineis made from brown coal, and . ' . . r ' • • " " . special machIne mto the shape of cofl'. et: 'ulltTleS, and after rhese dwellers of the hyperborean regIOns forsake theIr mdirectly what IS the ,best way to make It from thIS source. . ' • d rymg h as exact y eib lr·co or. Sor n ni say I Ie h f das oun Alaskan and Siberian evergreens, aud, bome, perhaps, on the _ From the foregoing it will be, seen that the paraffines are I 1 . � � . . . as much as 5o per cen t 0f eseth artl ficIal bernes nnxe d WIt h crest 0 f a wave, suddenly alIght before your' door.. mIxtures. of no less complIcated. nature than has been ge n· I, . . ' . ' , . . th e genullle. n " roastlDg'. th ey ta e JUSt th,e same co1 0 r as he name chatterer, wlllch has been frequentIy applIed to eraIly supposed. 0" k ' . I . . . ' '. . . ' . ' th em, f as Itr as the speclCs ' . . . t e h genUIoe b' ut t - d Iscovere< y b k soa mg m wat er IS concerned, IS a cruel satIre on The proof that has been adduced of the IdentIty of theIr ' -b ey. ,a� r.e'. ' 1 . .. ' . ;w Be b t ' I't s remark a y 81 ent I' R. ' 1 h en h f teal errles soon faII ,0 p!eces. ' hl '1 h a b t TIIe B 0 h emJan waxwing IS constItuents rec!l 1 S f the act t hI at was recent y mentIOne' d b Y' the personification of mystel'Y, and seems to go about with me also, that the higher members of the natuml fatty acids; - ...... a bundle 9'fsecrets under its wing. As e�idence of this, but from capric to steari,) acid, are all normal. Tbe inevitable THE Belgian Aca.demy of Sciences offers a prize of $600 especinIIy, of course, owing to his circumpolar residence, we explanation of what at first seems strange, is that nonnal for the best treatise on the destruction of fishes I)y. the polIn see bow long it, has taken to collect the litt]!) information we substances are theii· isomers, . more permanent than and hence tion of rivers. Tho�e competing for the prize must send in now have respecting his history. WIlson,' who traveled, as the greater tendency to their production. their work before October 1885. © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [MARCH ' 3r, .I88�. IItPBOVED HAT HOLDER, Trea�ellt tor ..... e lIties -.4 B,.4roplaobla. minutes, when the converter is emptied, and the mettd At,a recent meeting of tbe Lower Rhenisb Philosopbical We give an engraving of a very simple, inexpensive, and treated with a mixture of from two to three parts of lime arid and Medical Association, beld at Bonn, Professor Bioz de efficient holder to be applied to the bac.ks of opera seats, one part of ferric oxide free from silicic acid. The quantity scribed an interesting series of experiments carried on under churcb pews, seats' of public halls, to the sides of railroad of flux iu the first blowing amounts to twice the weight · of coaches, and to be used wherever a thing of this kind is ap silicium and phosphorus contained in the original charge, bis direction, with a view of testing various antidotes t6 the poison of serpents. He remarked that numerous plicable. It is formed of Bessemer steel wire bent into the while the quantity used in tbe ,second operation depends on specifics are heard of among the native pupulation of India, form of the treble clef in music, the straight portion being se the durability of the converter. The object of the addition whicb', as a rule. are found to be of themselves inoperative. cured to the back of the seat by suitable fastepings, which per of tbe second flux is to obtain a slag containing 'm ore than Professor Binz stated his opinion that when a real Indian mit of swinging it out for use or out of the way and against 36 per cent of lime and magnesia. The basic flux may be poisonous snake has bitten a person-in the usual manner, the back of the seat when not in use. The upper loop of the r:eplaced partially or wholly by manganese' ores, cryolite, spirits can only serve to prevent or to alleviate the spasms of. bolder is capable of springing sufficientlyto receive the brim fluor spar, and causJic or carbonated alkalies, while phos Bu:ffooation wbich are induced hy the action of the poison on of any hat, and the lower coil will receive an umbrella or phorite or bone-black, mixed with clay or asphalt, is used tbe respiratory nerves. Atropine and other sp(lcificsagainst cane, as shown in the,engraving, The wire is in a single. as a lining. After the decarburation of the iron batb the' -imminent results of an analogous character, caused by nar piece, and where it crosses itself is left free to move, so as oxidation of the remaining phosphorus is effected hy the in cotic influences, have been found ineffective against this troduction of oxidizing agents, as .ferric and manganic ox deadly virus. The most favorable tests made were with ides, into the iron. This operation takes the place of the cbloride oflime. a filteredsolution of which was injected into after blow. tll,esame place wbere the fatal virus had previously been in .... t ed. In seventeen trials made in succellsion, the pOi- Purl(ylnK Carbon., Dl. ulphJde. . . m i Ad ani al survived without the slightest disturbance of Palmieri recommends the following practical method of its ,bealthy condition. In five succeeding experiments. when purifying carbon disulphide on a large scale. After remov ",uelatively insufficient dose of the antidote was ,adminis ing the water tbat usually covers the commercial article, 2 tered, or when animals suffering from disease were operated or 3 per cent of debydrated copper sulpbatll are added and upon, the chloride of lime served only to retard tbe fatal then shaken. , After the blackened sulphate settles and no effects of the poison. The suggestion was made by Pro more odor of sulphydric acid is observed, it is filtered or fessor Binz that the adoption of tbis treatment in cases of decanted. the bites of dogs suffering from rabies might possibly be To get absolutely pure the carbon disulphide is rectifieg attended with favorable results, inasllluch as chloride of over anbydroit us copper sulphate, when it 100'es all unpleasan17 lime has been shown to have mucb greater power than any odor. To preserve it odorless it must be left in contact with' . of the caustic substances now usually applied to dog bites, copper SUlPha. . ich can be regenerated by igniting, treat which have been proved to be scarcely, if at all, effective iug with sulph., id, and igniting it again.-J. Prac. Ohem. against the consequences of snake bites.-Lancet. .. THE NORDENFELT'. ... GUN. AmmonIacal LIquor as a Fertilizer. T� has been adopted by the British Admiralty. Jo wrnal des Us ines a Gaz, Tbe on the subject of the use of The r�rt uf trials proved that the hardened st('Je1 bullet of ammoniacal liquor as a manure, states that it was so highly 7!4 ounces weight,_at a range of 300 yards, penetrated. at an appreciated by the Belgian agriculturists that the entire pro angle of 45 deg. , the side aod boiler of a torpedo boat, ail duction of the gas works at Malilles was bought up in the represented by a -fifinch steel plate 18 illches ill front of a crude state at the rate of 1 fro 25 c. per hectoliter (say $1 per second steel plate Ys inc,b thick. When firing directly end 100 gallons) on the spot. Upon newly cleared ground the on at a torpedo boat, the hullet penetrated the steel bow liquor was used just as it left the works; but for irrigation plate hI inch thick. at an angle of 10 deg., and four bUlk purposes it was diluted with three or four times its bulk of heads at right angles; striking the bviler, the bullet then in water. 'J'he effect produced on the soil by the use of the dented the half inch steel plate representing it. to a depth of ' liquor is stated to be exactly the same as when stable dung half au inch. a subsequent trial at Portsmouth, under (which is usually considered to be the best kiud of manure) similar conditions;At the plate was perforated altogether. is employed. The writer found that in rainy seasons- the The accuracy was found-moRt satisfactory, the mean devi 'liqttormight be used in an undiluted condition ; and wben ation at 300 yards, of 10 rounds fired slowly, being 5'6 spread over the ground in the proportion of about 1,500 gal inches, while the mean deviation of 24 roul)ds fired in rapid lons to the acre, a perfect dres>!ing-was ohtained. In dry , volleys waelS 3 inches. weather, however, the liquor had to be diluted witl1,.anequal <�..t ."',¥,:,:fire..��h.o t'e A.1p-,*d(1!LfJS Shots''ln bulk of wat/;jr, and a double- quantity .m the �J1' 'f'l'1I" ���feeommtlfdil�ItSl!ilt"1lf":�: l'; e t .11'Y sec()n�s., f5'uring another Irb e�n was fired at , sea to produce similar results. But even in this condition it lower end of the wire is provided with a book which may from H, M. S. Medway when running at a speed of 9 knot�. was found to possess the same value for .a gricultural pur- be brought into engagement with the adjace In this case the target was the bow of a model torpedo boat ; nt loop, It poses as stable manure. may be provided with a simple round knob to gi ve it a finish, during a mn of 1 min. 45 sec. and over a range of from 500 and to prevent the clothing, from catching in it. These yards to 100 yards, 115 hits were made out of 135 shots fired, BUGGY.. BOW�.'i � SPRING. holders are nickeI plated and nicely finished, and an or equal to 65 hits per minute, In a suhsequent trial at Spit The engraving shows a device to be attached to the rear nament to the seat rather than otherwise. This improve head in July, 1880, the gun was placed on board H. M. 8. bow of a bUggy top for the purpose of guarding against tbe ment is heing put in theaters of ;;everal large cities, and it Iris. , On tbis occasion two runs were made at a speed of breaking of the bow when the top is suddenly thrown back, is now regulady manufactUl'ed in Baltimore. 17·2 knots, dir!lctly against the bow of a torpedo boat model. and to carry the weight of Ihe top wben down. This useful invention bas, been patented by Mr, 'George Firing frOIn 700 yards distance until close up, both runs The device consists of a curved spring of steel or other W. Lindsey, of Baltimore, Md. (P. O. Box 797), occupying 2 min. 19 secs, , 110 shots hit the targlit out of 213 suitable material, pivoted at its lower end on the bolt, which .. at this high speed 48 hits per ... . rounds fired, so that even forms the pivot on wbich the bows are hinged, and fastened Basic Furnace Llnlng8. minute were recorded. Running past the torpedo boat at at it!! upper end to the rear bow by means of a clip. The It appears. from a recent paper issued by Junghaug and 200 yards range and at a speed of 17 knots, 58 rounds were Dingler's Po lytechnisc1ws Jo these, 38 shots hit the torpedo spring is a curve, of which the rear bow is the chord, their Uelsmann, in urnal, that soda and fired in.22 seconds"anct of only points of contact being at the ends of the spring, and potash carbonates , are used instead of the corresponding boat, being at the rate of 103 hits per minute, the curve lies wholly on the rear side of the bow. chlorides of those metals, and that The four barrel gun is illustrated by the perspective view. the durability' of the lin ing is said to be increased by the addition of cryolite. The following modification of the usual method of preparing the lining has been found to answer admirably : The raw or cal cined masses of lime, dolomite, or magnesite are ground and mixed with the flux ; th'e mixture is then burnt to dust and worked up into hricks, the dust being rendered plastic with tar treated with 3 per cent of flux. When the flux is made up of alkaline carbonates, ground calcined phosphate or bone black, with tlte addition of a few per cent of the alka line carbonates, are used in the preparation of basic bricks, muffies, etc; Andre states that the basic masses are to be burnt at a high temperature, then pounded and ground, and the powder thus obtained is formedo into bricks by the addi tion of freshly prepared lime sulphate. Two per cent of the lime sulphate suffices to form a pla�tic material. Borsig proposes to mix. dolomitic limestone, either in a crude, cal cined, or finely divided form, with from 2 to 2,5 pel' cent of crude boracic acid, or 3 per cellt of fused and pounded borax. The mixture is used in a dry or wet condition for lining fumaces or for the preparati()ll of bricks. According to the Society ltoELKAliEY'B BUGGY BOW SPlUliG. of Mines of Horde, and the R/lenish Steel Works at Ruhrort. limestone, free from mag NORDENFELT GUN. THE nesia, contain,ing not more than from 15 to 20 per cent of When tbe top is thrown back, instead of the bow striking silicic acid, alumina, iron oxide. and manganese oxide may The gun consists of �rectangular framework of wrougbt iron , tbe pivot of the brace, the interposed spring strikes the be used for the preparation of basic on linings. The' quantity the si6es of which are connected hy three plates or transoms. pivot and receives the force of the' blow. The bows are of iron oxide present should not exceed 6 per cent. It was, The four barrels are placed side by side in tbe frame, their rigid, and it frequently happens that when the top is thrown further, found that phospborus can be got away in the slag nfuzzle ends passing through the front cross piece, while back suddenly the force of the fall breaks the bow. . whereas without the after blow, by the use of fluor spar equivalent the breech ends are screwed into the middle transom. when the device shown ill used, the yielding spring acts as a to one-tentb part of the tribasic lime phosphate formed. In In rear of the middle cross piece is tbe action block, which cushion. and breakage is impossible. When the top is down stead of fluorspar, alkalies, alkaline earths, or cryolite may is capable of movement backward and forward. In front of the weight is, bor�e by the spring, which re�ts on the bolt, be used. The depbosphorization is also effected by blowing this action block are four breech plugs, corresponding to forms yielding taking the strain caused air into a reverberatOlY furnace having a basic Im-, and a sllpport, off hearth. the barrels. These are of steel pierced with a channel, 'in l?Yany sudd�n jar from inequalities in the roadway pasSed mediately before the, introduction of the metal into the con· which a firingpin or striker moves freely, and they ar� fur over. verter lined witb basic bricks, .it is recommended toadd lime nisbed with an extractor on the right side. Behind each This useful invention bas been patented by Mr. Samuel or a mixture of eight parts of lime and one of ferric oxide. pluuger is a hammer, witb a projecting tenon, and behind McElhaney, of Po , The mass i air iu for t lo lll. s heated and , blown from six to en the hammer a strong spiral spring. © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 3 I, 1883.J 199 THE ARCHER F�BK. Carbonic OxIde Common Furoace8. alld BlIea.e. In IndiCetitton' . Ph renolQ{Jieal l'be archer fish (TlXJX)te8jaculator) belongs to a group or According to Mr. J. Lowthian. Bell, every furnace wherein Dr. Henry Reyilolds hns an article ill the sub-family of the scale-finned fishes (Squamipinne8), so called a high temperature is attained is virtually a carbonic oxide Jo urnal on indigestion which seems to defioe the nature and because the " verLica! fins are more or less densely covered gas furnace. He shows that carbon ic acid, the product of symptoms of the complaint very closely. with small scales." The princi pal characteristic of this fish is the perfect 'c ombination of carbon and oxygen, cannot exist Many sufft'ring from dyspepsia will find their own feel the. elongated lower jaw. The inbabitants of Java, its at a high temperature, in consequence of dissociation taking ings described in the following extracts, taken from Dr. native island, keep these fish in their houses as pets. place. Therefore, if a great heat is desired from ' solid fuel, Reynolds' paper, and we hope some will derive benefit from They are sometimes twenty centimeters in length. The it is impossible to avoid the w.aste represen ted by the formation hi� hints: coloring of the upper part of the fish is greenish-gray, of carbonic oxide at some region above the fuel, an<;l where The important relation of indigestion to many diseases the under part silvery ; there are . four short, wipe bands ' -there is usually no provision for using it. It has long been which people suff51r is not sufficiently realized. Difficulty across the back, dark brown. with a shade of green. known tbat carbonic acid breaks up at higb temperatures; in breathing, occurring spontaneously, or 011 slight exertion, . With few exceptions, all of the scale·finned fishes are but Mr. Bell has shown that the same effect is produced at may be caused by indigestion. found in the upper stratum of the water and near the shore ; comparatively moderate temperatures-a view in which be Indigestion causes alterations in the general nutrition of some of them descend into the ocean, and others occasion· is supported by M. Berthelot. He mentions the, well known the body, which are manifested in various ways, among ally wandel' out into the sea, following ships for their refuse, phenomenon of the carbonic o,xide flamejust above an ordi· which are the fol lowing: Anremia, or a depraved state o( or chasing other prey. Most of them, especially the beauti· nary open coke fire; and says that this is not merely due to the the blood, itivolving a defiCiency of the red globules of the fully colored species, belonging' to this family, are found, as fact that tbe gas can onJy inflame in contact with fresh air, blood, and causing persons thus affected to be unnaturally a rule, iu the vicinity of reefs, or above shallow places, play- but also that it could not burn in the hot fire below. Thus pale, especially about the lips; decay of the teet b ; graYue$! ing in the sunshine. Their beauty is very . much heightened every furnace is a carbonic oxide gt!nerator; the only differ of the hair; excessive liability t<:l, inflammation, from slig$ by motion. ence betwt!en those which avowedly produce gall ,and those cap-ses; of the mucous membranes, cspecially the eyes ,aad s Heuglin says that in the Red Sea they are commonly ob- in which tbe work is don�y the primary burniIig of so�d throat ; to which may be added, in cases of ,tho e predis served·in the deep chasms or well-like. de posed to such affections, 'Uability to pressions hetweellthe coral reefs, wbere gout and rheumatism, and affections of the water is always clear and quiet, al the lungR or kidneys. Consumpti� though there may Qe Ii high sea outside. has frequently been regarded as due in , When a ship anchors in a dark night many cases to long continued derange between the reefs, the presence of these ment of the digestion, whereby the ftsli may be perceived by their phos general nutrition of the system has 1>e �orescence. come impnired. They may be observed, often at a con; The inflammation of the mucous siderable depth, faintly glowing spots; membrane of the tbroat, kllown as sUddenlY they disperse like scattering "clergyman's Bore throat," Is a pro �rks, move slowly to and fro, gather dnct of indigestion, and the removal gether in g r 0 u P I'l, and separate of the cause by the adoption of a Buita , again. ble dietary, exer�ise in the opim air, Nearly all the fishes of this family and observance of the laws of health are carnivorous, feeding upon small generally will be the best treatment medusre, coral insects, etc These fish, for it. Heuglin says, play around the coral Indigestion is tbe cause of various bi'anches in the same manner as birds alterations in the skin manifested by hover around trees upon the land. general coldness or chilliness, e�pecial In crowds they stand still for a few ly of the extremities; by changes in a minutes before a branch of coral, its color or. texture, wMch may be suddenly dart forward, bite at the coral earthy or stlllow in tint; or dry and insects on the hranches, and hasten as coarse, and by various eruptiolls, if iOilpired by a spirit to another place, . among which are the well known ecz� to 'go tbrough the same play, and be ma, acne, impetigo, and nettle rash. gin again the same chase, Mo;;t of the cases of skin disease affect· As soon as the archer fisn sees a fly ing children are best tre�ted by atten or any other insect sittj�g �on a plant tion to the diet, making the diet easily hanging over thtl w� ..pproacbes digestible, and sufficiently limited to --to-WlUlla &8S" 066 tAMEI£dd>!I,-!falt insure complete digestion. meters, and spurts from its mouth a drop The causes of indigestion may be due of ' water, so violently and witb such to the food or condition of the stom accuracy that it seldom misses its ach. The food may be defective in prey. quality. Th ere may be excess or de It has this habit even in captivity, ficiency of the normaI ingredients, sac and the ,,Japanese make a household · charine, starcby, albuminous, or fatty, pet of it. They keep the fish in water or some of the naturally indigestible basins, and place iIT the middle of the materials whicb form a part of all food. vessel a stick, sometimes reaching out Tbe food may be introduced in an inc over the water si)ttycentimeters. In the digestible form on account .of defects stick wooden pins are fixed, and i,nsects in the cooking of it, or imperfect mas are fastened upon thelI4 Soon after this tication, or from· its having undergone is done, the fishswims around the stick, putrefaction or fermentation, which comes up to the surface of the water, arrests the functions of the stomach, raises its eyes toward the surprised in Imperfect ma�tication of food is a very sect, suddenly spurts a drop. of water common cause of indigestion among upon it, throws it down, and swallows it Americans. if its shot is successful ; if not, it swims Eating too much is probably the most ·arou'nd the stick and tries again. The comrri�n of all causes of indigestion. certainty with which they tbrow this The secretion of the gastric juice in jet of water upon their-'victim!! 'is won the stomach seems to be proport.ioned · derful. to the amount of material required for In order to observe this, Hommel the nourishment of the system. Food thrust a needle tbrough a �y ,a nd fas taken in excess of this amount acts as tened it to the sticl... Without illter it foreign substallc� ' undergoing fer· mission, rapidiy, and in regular order, ·mentation and putrefaction, and occa· all of his fish attempted to throw the fly sioning much disturbance in tbe sy s- down, without once missing the ir aim THE ARCHER FISH. tem. as they shot the drops of water upon it. Much may be done. for the cure of appear to be the most turn to good account what the Insects natural food for this spe- fuel being that- the former. indigestion by eating very' abs temiously of suitable food, ciea. and.seem to be preferred to every other kind of food. latter produce to waste . The lesson tv be drawn from these tborough ly masticated, taking exercise in the 'open 'air, '1!M.erleben, by A, E. Brehm. . s -From . observations is that the only way to burll coal or coke to ad- breathing pure air, and observing the law of health gene. .. •., .. vantage is to first convert it into carbonic oxide, and after- rally. The amount of food should be reduced until the Wisdom a . 01' Pl nt . ward burn every atom thereof in the right place ..Unless quantity is' reached which the stomach can digest without 1s an example of the curious property of plants in select. ' this sequence of operations is followed by design, it will evincing any symptoms of indigefition. ing from a soil only those materials propel' for their nourish- assuredly be o1>served by nature. According to this view, ...... The .Marsellles Tea Trade. me!}t, the ice plant, which is found abundantly on the Med· the gas furnace is les8 revolutionary in principle than has ite:rranean coaRts, is one of the most striking. It has lately been supposed ; it is simply a method of regulating and ren Within the last few years there has qeen a singular de forme!! the snbject of some experiments by M. Mangon, who daring profitable a natural and otherwise wasteful process, velopmen t of tbe te.a trade at the port of Marseilles. In 1850 has cultivated it for many years. Its popular name is de· • I • I • tbe arrivals did not exceed 12,000 kilogl'ammes, most of rived from the little vesicles filled with water which cover A FRENCH surgeon says, that on chloroforming some mice which came from the warebouses of the Hanseatic towns' its stem, and have much the appearance of frozen dew- and lifting them by their tails, they tried to bite,'but on and from London, Ten years later the direct r�lations with drops. laying them again in a horizontal position, they resumed the East ,caused a great movement .of tea to Marseilles, the Analysis shows that it sucks up from the soil a large quan· insensibility. Acting 00 this hint, when a patient sh owed annual imports being 229,114 kilogrammes, of which 223,813 tity of soda, potash, and olher alkaline salts; indeed, it may signs of collapse under a dose of chloroform, he dropped came directly from Ohina. Binct! Ihen the trade bas been be said that the plant represents a solution of alkaline salts the patient's head over the bedside and rai�ed the feet quite very greatly Oil the increase, the qllantity for 1881 being held togetbilr by a vegetable tissue only, weighing two pCI' high. The patient at once becoll.e · conscious ; when. laiej 3, 198,430 kilogrammes, of which 2,878,675 were from China. cent of its mass. M. Mangon believes that the plant might straight on the bed he became insensible again, and a re Of this quantity 52,593 kilogrl\mmes were for home con; be usefulif planted on unproductlve suils where such salts turn to lowering the head and raising the feet for ten minutes sumption, the duty upon which amounted to 111,471 f. The are in excess, thereby rendering the ground suitable for ordi" was required to counteract t1e chloroform. It is thought that imports of tea for tbe whole of the ' French ports were may be used safety. . nary cultivation. by this treatment anresthetica with great 3,572,268 kilogrammell. © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 200 rMARCH 3I, I883. 1titufifit !mtritlltJ. � �-�--�---. Steam Plowing In Scotland and the United States. making tanks upon land for the purpese of retaining water and they find that deep plowing greatly enhances tbe quan At tbe recent session in Chicago of tbe National Agricul- for tbe use of stock, I will mention yery interesting inci- tity produced per acre. Another thing, the climate tbere is a tural Convenlion, a variety of other interesting topics were dent. Tbe engines wbich have been introduced by the Duke such that they cannot get the same power oui of horses prac discussed, includiug tbat of steam plowing. Among those of Sutberland have been used in New Zealand for the pur- tically that we can, and it costs more to feed their horses. I present was Mr. George Greig, of Scotland, whose long ex- pose of making tanks for storing water. A macbine bas have given this matter a good deal of study, and !rave en perience with steam plows enabled bim to give some very been constructed with something oftbc,cbarac terof a scoop. deavored to learn all I could in regard to what has been done practical and useful information. He gave a description of This scoop is arranged upon wheels under tbe engine and in England nnd Scotland, and I have learned something the great farm of tbe Duke of Sutberland, in the counties of controlled by the man who sits upon it. The engine is furtber from the gentleman's remarks this afternoon. But Ross and Sutberland, comprising one million four bundred placed upon that end of the ground intended to be excavated, wbat I have learned convinces me that the English plowing tbousand acres, and of the efforts of tbe Duke to accomplish and tbis machine runs down aud fills itself, and is run up apparatus, tbe cable system, a wire rope steam plow, where t.he reclamation of this land, heretofore, a vast waste, by the again and is emptied by the action of one man. The suc- the engine is stationed at each side of the field, never can be use of steam power. cess of the first machine taken to New Zealand was such a practical success in a general way in this country ; but a The land is laid out in forty acre fields, with roads for the that a large demand sprang up for them, and great tracts steam plow for this country must be a traveling locomotive cultivating engines at eaeh side. The steam cultivator con- of country in Australia, which formerly could not be grazed, enginc-that has been moderately successful. There have sists of two engines and tbe plow, wbich is intended to are now being stocked with sbeep. been experiments in that direction which show that it is pos travel between them. The engines are conRtructed very The cost of the entire set of maehinery for ditching by sible to do it, but it has not yet been found praclical to do much in the same way as the ordinary steam CUltivating steam, including two engines of fourteen horse power, with it. Tbe steam plow was tried here in Chicago, and it worked engines of tbis class. Each engine is fitted with a drum a ditcher, would come to abont $10,000. pretty well on dry, hard ground, plowing at the rate of upon which the rope wbich hauls the implement is coiled, The steam culti vating engines are from six to twenty tbree acres an hour. I think there were eight plows ; they and they work alternlttely, pulling tbe plow backward and horse power. These small engines are in use in many por- made a track six feet in diameter, and everybody was con forward. The plow here is the great object of interest. It tions of Scotland, where the fields,lW not exceed ten acres vinced tben that it was Ibe coming way fOI' plowing. The if entirely of a novel cbaracter, and has cost, in its develop- in extent. next year, I think it was, it was tried at the agricu1tural ex ment' to its preseut perfection, not less than £10,000 in ex- The expense of plowing an acre of ordinary land in Scot· position at Freeport, and there they found some soft, wet periments. The result of ils action in the soil is very much land with horses, common plow, and common attendant,s I ground, and when they got into tbat fieldthere was no fric like that of ordinary trenching by man ual labor. is pro- estimate at per acre. tion to hohl the drum against the ground, and the drum gavtl n $3 vided to take two furrows about twenty inches broad. Tbe Mr. Grinnell (of Iowa): Since we have got tbese broad way, and the result was the plow stopped. They put on first one cuts off the vegetable matter and throws it into tbe Clydesdale horses and tbe French hOl'ses-" necks clothed more steam and turnedtbe plow faster, but it wouldn't work. bottom of tbe trench, while the second one takes up the with thunder," and all that sort of thing-and our farmer At Decatur, about tbe same results followed, and one or two subsoil from below and places it upon the top of- the vege- boys to ride the plow, we plow for seventy-five cents an more experiments have been made to bring out a locomotive table matter, the depth of the two furrows being from two acre, and tbere are plenty of people wbo want tbe job at steam plow. nnd one-half to three feet. Tbe first plow is provided with a that rate. That being the case, do you think we can be It is hardly _b while to go into details in regard to discolter, which is set to work at a lower level than the seduced into introducing stearlt plows when we have Clydes- them alli. but it is evident, from the experiments lUld fail share, and thus carries the firstplow over any bowlder with dale horses? ' ures .e past, that Ihe direction in which furtber efforts wbich it might otherwise get en,gaged. Tbe second plow Mr. Greig : I am not prepared to recommend the applica- should� made is by some means of putting snow shoes on is hung on the end of a strong lever, whicb is held down tion of steam plowing when land can be plowed for less than the engine. IwiJ] further illu�trate what I mean in this way: with a given tension from the rope, so as to engage the one dollar an acre. I suppose most every farmer here has beard of, if not tried, stones passed over by the first plow and drag them out. For ordinary surface cultivation I am not prepared to tell the experiment of wooden clogs upon horses' feet, for the Small Rtones are thrown to the surface, and large ones are you that steam plows bave supplanted horses 01' mules; but purpose of hauling a load of hay on soft meadow ground. dragged up and left to be hauled out by tbe wire rope on its when you want very deep CUltivation, such as is required It is a matter of common practice with some farmers, wbere return journey. The cost of trenching land by this system for grading roads, sugar cane crops, and that sort of thing, they have FOft meadow, in order to haul bay off of it, to put to a depth of two and one-balf to three feet has been found, I am quite satisfied that steam cultivation will compete with on the horses' feet wooden clogs, and tbey found where a with tbe latest improvements, not to exceed £4 pel' impcriotl horses very successfully. And one of the. advantages of team cOldd hardly get over the ground wilbout the clogs they acre, and this includes the payment of men in the trencb steam cultivation is, that you get n mudl better kind of cul- could do so without any trouble amI baul a load with the tbrowing up tbe stones, which fall back into the furrow after tivation than you can with horses; you plow deeper and it clogs. I sllppo�e, in connection with that, they bad broad the plow has passed. To do this trenching entirely hy gives you a mixture of soils, and you get much better results tires on the wheels. Ita man wants to travel over snow, manual labor, to leave it in It condition as efficient as tbe than could he gained by simply turning afUl·row. We can after a snowstorm, he pu ts on snow shoes. This distrihutes steam operation, would cost at the present time not less than run a cultivator at the rMe of six miles an hOllr, but we don't his weight over a larger surface, ,ind he succeeds in walking £25 to £30 an acre. profess to run a plow Hta high speed. I will mention a very on top of the snow, where otherwise he would sink be fore The next operation in connection with tbe reclamation is jntel'esting thing that hasonly now come to light. Hereto· getting out of sight of his sta.rting point. There are a great the clearing of thc stones, fifty tons to the acre. The device fore we have been restricted in the breadth of tbe implemEjnt.. many men working at the problem of a traveling steam was a Eteam sledge which carries {rmn -four' M tons-of only plow; �omEta eir eff()iis fi:):ing to get somethi'ng five :We f"t'ftw.rli9ld ee,'lll cuf'acertairi nuri!.l)�r or-furrows. rrw'Si:rugtli stone. This sledge bas been so constructed tbat when it Our plowing macbine has always been under the power of very ligbt.-something that don't weigh anything. Now, it reaches the end of a field with its load, and tbe motion is the engine. If we could cut the number of furrows the en- is evident that an engine, to have force, must have weigbt; reversed, it turns a somersault of its own accord'and leaves gine could plow, we would be able to double the work and it is evident tbat a pony never can pull the load that a heavS the load behind it, returning to be refilled. This sledge was reduce tbe cost one-half. We have now hit upon a plan by Clydesdale horse can ; is evident that a beavy Clydesdale I it. not only found to be a very economical way of carting off whicb we can work more tban one implement on the same horse must bave greater width to support him ou soft ground the stones, but n great benefit in consolidating and level- road ; and I have no doubt that in the conrse of two or three than a pony. If you want tc) have a good engine of twenty ing the sUI'f'lt�e of the land on its passage. years you will find that steam plows will be corning into use to.ns weight, you must have broad feet for it to rest on. The next operation is the liming of the land, at the rate in America. With a couple of engines and a 'steam plow Now, if some practical m\ans can be brought out to dis· of from foul'to fivetons an acre. The lime is brought from you ean turn from twenty to thirty acres of prairie land in tribute that heavy weigbt over a broad surface and a flat sur England, a distance by sea of five hundred miles, then car- a day, and you would consider tb�t a good day's work. I face of ground,' it will be practical to make a traveling loco ried by railway twenty miles. A small engine of four horse am quite satisfied, from what I have heard of the prairie motive steam plow with the capacity of going over suft power and of tbree tons weight answers tbe purposes of land and the manner iu whicb you plow, that thirty 01' forty ground witbout miring, and you will have something that carting, reaping, rolling, and driving. With it the lime is acres will be within the power of the engine under this new can be nsed wherever desired. You can me heavier imple taken from the railway st.ation to the fields and deposited at syBtem. ments than you do now ; you can use a kind of implement the end of each field in large heaps, to be again drawn into Mr. Grinnell : 'f he preparation of the soil costs $ 1 6, and tbat would nnt be safe fOl' a moment now, or at all practi IiBes through the fields with the wire rope and larger en- liming $5. That makes about $21 or $22 an acre. The cable. I believe. Mr. President, that the subject of steam gines, using the stune sledge as the carting machine. The question is, then, how in tbe world you can induce anybody tillage is one of the most important, and will soon claim as sledge has a capacity for six tons, and when it arrives at to stay in Scotland, where it costs for tbe preparation of mucb attention as any other subject wbich can he brougbt tbe part of tbe field wbere the lime is required, it tips out the soil or an acre-wbat persuasion is used, it. $21 $22 what before this convention; and I think, in connection with your in the same manner as has been described with the stones. forcible argument or ent.reaty, to keep tbem from leaving proposed exhibition next year, it would be a very desirable The fencing is made in the usual way with stones taken the country? I don't understand it. thing, and of great importance to the general interesls of the from the land, and where there are no stones iron fencing of MI'. Greig : agricultural classes, tbat encouragement be offered in the I must tell the gentleman, in answer to his a novel description has been devi:sed in order tbat it may be question, that I have been standing in Scotland as if on a way of a premium for something of this kind. folded down on the ground when necessary, 80 as to allow hot brick. It was only circumstances I eould not overcome We may add as a postscript to tbe foregoing tbat tbe steam the steam plow ropes or cartages to pass over it at any point. which prevented my being in America years ago. plow has, within the past few weeks, hcen set to work in The standards, which are fixed in stone, are hinged at the Mr. Charles H. Wood (of Cbicago) : This subject of steam California, with much success. A l-:cen" number of the bottom, so that when the holt wbich fastens the stay is , , 10 1 Stockton In dependent gives this report : ditching is one with which I am so to speak a ed to the taken oul, the fence falls over. This fence has been found muzzle, and I am going to answer some of the questions the " I saw the steam plow work yesterday. Engines, 2; dis to be great economy where large snow storms occur; throllgb gentleman from Io,!"asuggests. He WaS comparing the cost tance apart, 460 yards; width of land Ptowed at each passage, being laid down all winter and lifted up in spring, the snow of plowing in Scotland with the cOst of plowing here iu 4 feet ; number of plow� used, 8; 4 nsed at a time; there in this way cannot injure it. America, which he places at 75 cents an acre. It is only sboulrl be 5, making 10 in all, but 2 are being tempered ; The execution of the under drainage on the redaimed fair to remark that the work required to do tbe plowing that time of cutting a furrow, from 4 to 5 minutes; power of en lands bas given rise to greater difficultytban tbe other opera- is done in England and Scotland would cost, with our im- gines each, 40 horse; character of land, tough, black sod, tions, in as far as no direct effort was made to accomplish plements and our experience, and the same expense of feed- salt grass growing; depth of furrow, 6 incbes; every part this by steam power. Until lately there was no known im- ing and wages, probably $1.50 to $2.00 an acre. They do of the machinery working well ; cost of fuel, $5 pel' day fo. plement that would have coped successfully with the it more thoroughly, and the soil is more difficult to work. both engines; capacity, from 40 to 60 acres per day in sandY' bowlders which are to be met with in a drain four feet and In regard to the applicability of the English steam plow to soil. The writer is of the opinion tbat, with very few aItera a balf deep. I feel sure, however, tbat in the future the American uses, there are parties who have faith in its tions on the plows, the machines will prove an immense suc pl1w which I have described for trenching, with very sligbt success bere. Some have been introduced in the Red River cess, and will supply a long needed want for plowing land modification, will successfully Cllt out drainage to a depth region, and one 01' two in other places. Several years ago-- in California. Land plowed by tbis macbine will produee not exceeding five feet, and at a price not exceeding one- fifteen or twenty-one or two sets of English plowing tackle at h�ast one-fourth more crop for a period of six or seven tenth part the cost of manual labor. were brought into Illinois, and, I tbink, all of Ihem have been years than by· the ordinary plowing in nse in tbis State. " In the view of putting it under crops, the surface cultiva- abandoned, except one which has been operated on a sugar •••• .. tion of the land has also been undertaken by steam, and for plantatioll south of New Orle�ns by J� awrence. It has to the 111 illin.q sackclotb or eanvas can Mr. ACCORDING Wo rld, this purpose a novel implement was produced in the sbape been demonstrated in that.regi on, by actual results, that the be made perfectly impervious to moisture equal to leather of a machine which ,yorks very mnch on the prineiple of yield of sugar per acre has been increased from ten to fifteen by steeping it in a decoction of one pound of oak bark with the American disk harrow. Tbis implement runs over the hundred pounds under steam plowing wbere the ordinary fourteen pounds of boiling water. The cloth has to soak land at a rl1.te of six miles an hour, and pulverizes it to an crop without it was about 1,000 or 1,200, which makes au twenty-four hours, when it is taken out, passed through extent to make a seed bed for the smallest and finestseeds. increase of forty or fifty per cent. Tbat is not a fair gange running water, and hung up to dry. This quantity is suffi- The primary object of t.b e 'reclamati ons has been fully of what it wonld be worth in our prairie country, because cient for eight yards of stuff. The flaxand hemp fibers, in realized, as far as the farms tbat bave in be{)n operated upon down there the great .advantage is that tbey can do the work absorbing the tannin, are at the· same time better fitted to are now self·sustaining'. Referring to the possibility of more thoroughly and plow deepcrtban they ean with horses resist wear. This recipe is useful to millers who sack flour. © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 31, 1883.] I titntific � tutrilltl. 201 Electrical Units of' Meafllurement. RECENT INVENTIONS. a passenger car, showing the deflecting devices applied. The Improved Car Coupling. Electrical inv:entor claims that by the use of his deflectors the travel· Several correspondents of the Review have dealt This invention, although applicable as a coupling for ing public are not only rendered more comfortable, but that with the vexed question of the "U[]it " of measurf>ment for railroad cars generally, will be found particularly adapted it is a great saving to railroad com panies, as they preserve the general supply of electromotive force, and have en to freight cars, and, taken as a whole, forms a strong, relia the upholstering of We cars from cinders and dust. deavored to translate the technical expressions in use among ble pin-and-link coupliug, which may either be operated elect.ricians into equivalents comparable with the ordinary automatically or by hand from opposite sides of the car, or Combined Cradle and SeesaW. measurement of gas. Mr. Moulton, F.R. S. , has proposed from ,the top of it, and avoids all risk of accideut to train that the charge for domestic supply shall be based on the' This is a combined cradle and seesaw, in which side rock men. It may be readily applied to the draw heads in com consumption of "1,000 �v atts for one hour. " It appears, ers are used that make the undulating motion in line mon use with the ordinary form of coupling link, and pro however, that a " watt " is not a quantity at all, but is sim with the body, so that when using the device as a cradle the vides for uncoupling standing cars which are not required ply a rate of doing elect rical work. Another writer says tossing of the body and the turning of the head of the chi ld to be immediately sepa that the usual methods of measurement are something analo from side to side are avoided. The chairs or seats are ad rated, and holds the gous to calling " a cubic foot of gas at normal pressure the justable. Springs are used to ease the motion, and a pulley link in position in one amount which will run through a certain pipe in twelve drawhead and the minutes at the rate of 5 cubic feet an hour." He tbiIi� coupling pin raised in new term , the " vomb," would be euphonious and,impres an adjacent d r a w sive for an electrical unit. In this way a "megvomb " and head, ready for coup " megwatt " are brought to mean the same thing, and are ling at any time that somehow shown to be equivalent in incandescent lights to may be required by about 30 cubic feet of 15 candle ga�, or with arc lights to merely dropping the about 100 cubic feet of gas. It is confessed tbat there is a raised pin. Tbe pin is chance of great confusion among the electrical units. Ii operated by means of would appear, from these and similar letters, that the con thc lever, which can be fusion is not only coming, but has arrived. Quite lately one moved by a person at of the most important electric light companies was reported the side or top of the car. The pin is retained in an ele to have offered to supply electrical energy at the rate of 6d. vated position by a pivoted bar which is pushed back as the per 1,000 " erg hours. " We now learn from an electrician link enters the drawhead, thus permitting the pin to drop and cord are employed to work the teeter. When the device that there is no apparent way of connecting hours with . through the link. The same pivoted bar also holds the link is used as a see saw the seats are separated, as in the engrav· "ergs." As a way of escape from impending bewilder ing: hut when it is used as a cradle, the two seats are fastened in position to be engaged by the drawhell4 of the adjacent ment, we are bidden to "study the eonlomb, volt, ampere, together. By adjusting the seats at different distances a car. The coupling is also provided with'.device for hold ohm, watt, and above all the vomb." It will then be ju�t light child and a beavy one may balance each other. The ing the lever and pin in an elevated position, indepElndently possible for the student to understand a bill for a domestic cradle is provided with a treadle, which enables it to be ope of the pivoted bar. Thi& is to permit the cars t�'be IIn supply of electromotive force for lighting. The main fact rated by foot. This useful invention has been patented by coupled when desirable, without separating them'. This to be gathered, from this interesting discussion is that, what Mr. J. Wayley Hill, of Cairo, Ill . invention has been patented by Mr. E. D. Cain, of Winthrop, ever the unit may be called, its price is proposed to be Missouri. equivalent to common coal gas at 8s. 9d. per 1,000 cubic Improvement in Heatlnll; Stoves. feeL To this would have to be added the consumer's ex IDlproved Injector. penses for renewals of lamps, which are assumed to add This a hollow side perforated cone, used to admit air The engraving shows a steam injector which will force a another lR. to the cost per 1,000 cubic feet for equivalent laterally to the center of fire and solld stream of water under any pressure of steam. The gas l hting. -Jour a of Gas Lightin,q. into the combustion chamber above iq; n l body of the injector has a removable cap at its upper end to facilitate cleaning. The the fuel, so that a more perfect com ..•• 1 .. steam supply pipe extends bustion may take place in all parts A NeW" Test Co r 'V aste Pipes. th rough the top and con of the fire. The air which is ad- nects with the lifting tube, mitted is so warmed by its contact A Boston paper relates a discovery which may prove to be and also with the inclined with the inner surface of the cone a better test for leaky waste pipes than heretofore used. The. forcing tube. W ater that it more readily supports com invention is accorded to a woman. Noticing at), offensive supply pipes communicate bustion, and but little is carried up odor in her parlor, she suspected a defect in the waste pipes, with the water chamber of by the draught before its oxygen and sent to the agent to request that a plumber might be the lifting tube. It will be has been utilized. This devicc sent to examine them. The agent was incredulous, and re econom�es fuel, and increases the seen that this injector is fmed. She tried tljie peppermint test. To make bel' proofs efficiency of the stoic to whi�h it dDuble. The vt'rtical one more convincing, the woman, after borrowing two cats is applied. It is very simple and lifts the water and the in- frol!l her friends, purchased some oil of valerian, and, sta inexpensive, and is applicable to Gl ined one forces it into tioning the animals in the parlor, went up stairs and poured stoves and furnaces of various kinds. A patent bas been the boiler. Both tnbes are supplied with suitable regUlating the valerian into the basin in the samc way that the pepper issued to Mr. John Kilshaw, of St. Paul, Minn., for this and waste valves. All of the parts of this apparatus are ac mint had been previously applied, and then descended to cessible. It will deliver either hot or cold water, and works invention. watch the result. Cats are extremely fond of tho odor of equallx well whether hot or cold. We are informed that it valerian, and it was not long before both of them began to Improvf'd Car Coupling. is giving excellent satisfaction wherever it is used. This in sniff �be air, and move toward the door of a closet through To the under side of diverging tim- vention has beeo. patented by Mr. OrRon H. Wheeler, of the cars are secured the ' which the waste pipe ran. The door was opened for them, Charlesworth, Mich. bel'S, between which are held the hollow tapering bell- and they immediately sprang npon a ccrtain shelf, where mouthed castings, which' constitute the drawheads of the they remained purring with satisfaction. A third time the Car WindoW" Deflector. cars. These drawheads have vertical movement at their woman went to the agent, who, though still unbelieving, out r ends be ween the timbers, so that the hook d connect i A car window deflector to prevent dust and cinders from e t e - consented to send a plumber to make further nvestigations, ing bars will ente the drawbeads wben the cars are bro ght n liS entering the car and for keeping up a circulation of air in : � a d on cutting away the plastering so to expose the pipe, ,42 together forcoup l g, whether the cars are of the sam belght a joint was f(Jund etely separated at the placc wbere the same has been patented by Mr. Henry B. Mears, of 1 9 � ll : compl r not and for th s purpose the drawheads are cast WIth trun- had indicated. Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The deflector consists of -D ; I the cats nions, and the timber� have recesses wbich receive tbe trun two sashes one of which is attached rigidly to slide bars in -----" ���- � nions. S rings hold the ,outer ends of the rawheads ele such a ma ner that it may be slid backward and forward p � � vated agamst the bottom edge of the cars, as Illustrated, hut Slates Bad Co r the Eyes. in the space in the side of the car. The other sash is at- . per It the drawhe ds to be moved downward. Buffer tached to this rigid sash by spring hinges. The sashes � � Professor H. Cohn, of Breslau, believes that the nse of spnngs are placed In reo are pressed out of the opening or space inside of the car by . slates by school children tends to produce shorr-sightedness; cesses agamst winch the an elliptic spring attached to the back of the sash, and which : and would SUbstitute either pen and or an artificial white trunmons come when tbe ink liberates the hinged sash so that it will be sWllng olltward to slate with black pencil, manufactured in Pilsen, and already cars ate in motion. The the extent permitted by the coil springs upon which it is ; introduced into a few German schools. In 1878 Horner in c()uplmg bars are each hinged. Strips are provided which retain the deflectors found (Vie1·teijahrschrift offe ntl. Gesundheitspjlege, x, 4) that a ifl se attached : f ormed with two hooks, their ontward position, and stop block likewi Band E conld be read, if black on white ground. 496 cm. ; i of the blind and closes WbICh are adapted to en- to the sill, which limits the movement if white on black, 421 cm. ; and if gray on black, 330 cm. ; gage with eacb other for and ascribed the greater difficulty with white let ters to irradi connecting the car�, anq J ation. The reflection of light from the surface of slates is, they reach back tliroVl:\ � it is said, enough aloue to canse their disuse. The school the drawheads, and I1rc board of Zurich has forbidden the use of the slate after the provided at their rear ends, first term (primary year), and many teachers and oculists outside of the drawbeads, advocate the substitution of white-boards for bJaekhoards. with coiled springs which The noise of slates; dirty habits formed by erasures ; bad po furnish a yielding draw. Flat springs are secured in the throats sitions favored by reading the less legible script ; a heavy of the draw heads. for cansing the connecting bars of the hand ; . and the habit of twisting, Icarned with a pencil, and oPP(Jsing cars, as the cars are backed together for coupling, to be unlearned with a pen-these, it is said, are obviated by to engage each other on entering the opposing drawheads, the use of pen andin k at the outset. The obvious objec and to keep the hooks engaged with each other until the tions are, that children can occupy I hemselves better with bars are forced apart for uncoupling. The means for forc slates, and from pencil to pen is from the easier to the ing the connecting bars apart for uncoupling consists of a harder. vertically movable bar having a slot through which the con necting bar of the car passes to hold it in place. This in the space between it and the sill. For moving deflectors the vention has been patented by Mr. Wanton Barber, of Artesian We l at Denver inward and retaining them to ·the angle required, levers llre C. l Villisco, Iowa. provided which are operated from the interior of the car by While the miners were sinking :I blind shaft for coal in a key. The deflectors are arranged on both sides of the �,.+.--.-�--- -- North Denver, Colorado, a stream of water was struck windows, but only those deflectors are brought into use w hic h ForDlation of' the Solar System. at a depth of 375 feet. This is the first artesian well opened are located toward the head of the train, the other deflectors At it recent meeting of the London PhYSical Society, Mr. in the State, although nearly $100,000 lIas been expended remaining in the recess provided for them till the direction Braham gave an experimental demonstration of the vorticel by the Government and corporations in experimental sink of the train is changed, when they come into use and the theory of the formatIOn of the solar system ':Jy rotating a ings. It is proposed to systematically establish wells in, the others are shut back into the recess. drop of castor oil and chloroform in water until threw off neighborhood of the accidental discovery, with a view to · . it The accompanying engra,ving representoR two windows of other drops 'If! planets. I developing the rich lands there for horicultural purposes. © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 202 , tj,utifit �lUtrjtaU. [MARCH 31, 1883_ ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. box on for holding the stuffing the supporting table are to any elevation that may be required, and further it An improved harness loop has been patent. provided, and the same revolve on its longitudinal axis. may be swunl: to the right or left., when it is desired to Messrs. Oulumbus B. Tucker,o f Angerona, ed by Mr. Henry A. Pott, of Cape Girardeau, Mo. The The invention further consists in an enlargement formed distribntethe straw in forming the stack. Va., aad Josephus Tucker, of Coolville, 0., have invention consists in a double loop for a harness, hav. W. in the lower part of the steam supply pipe for collecting patented an improved car coupling, which possesses the Mr. William Sinclair Oraig, of Oourtney, ing an intermediate, a top, and a bottom plate, con the water of condensation. feature of having neither springs nor leverB. 'l 'he parts Texas, is the inventor of a new cotton chopper which nected togetber by the side plates, and having tbe top An electric device for regulating the ven- are autom atic ill their 8ction and very simple in arrange- consists of two hoes secured to a pair of bars, which and bottom plates located out of the plane of the rivet, tilation and heat of incubators is the subject of a patent ment. are separated and held in position by a spring. These whereby the strain upon the strap or trace is thrown reeemly granted to Mr. l<' rank Rosebrook, of Elmira, Mr. Eberhardt Nicolaisen, of New York pivoted bars are attached to the axle of the sulky, and npon the center of the rivet instead of one end, and be of N. Y . y the li se the electric appUance of Mr. ose ing city; has patented an electric mail conveyer, the ob- . . � are slotted so that they slide up and down to conform thus equalized, there is less danger of the parts brook It� s 1 Imed that the destructIOn of eggs WIll be ject of which is to cOllstruct an electrical railway for � � � to the unevenness of the ground. 'I' h!>number of parts separating under strain. greatly dlml lsbed, and the hatchmg process aceele. the conveyance of mail matter from station to station, � compriSing the machine are very few and the arrange- . Mr. Mathias Pab�t, of Washinglon, D. O. , rated. The lDvention of the incnbator has pr ved a and to provide for the automatic transfer of the cars � ment of them very simple. has patented a means for preventing overflow from back great boon to the hen; she has been relIeved by It of a from the main track to the side tracks of the several II . An improved straw stacker has been pa- water. This invention, which takes advantage of the monotonous portIOn of her Iif", and now comes in an statiolls. ten ted by Messrs. Lewis W. Berger, Edward A. Peters principle of equal izing the level of the high water by electric contrivance which, by mecbanical means, still An improved nut locking device has been and Oliver 1'. Chaney, of Groveport, The inve.tion means of a stand pipe; consists in makin� this stand further facilitates the hatching process. O. patented by Mr. George Cade, of Milan, Tenn. flxed consists in an elevator frame mounted upon a four pipe detachable, with its lower end adapted to be fitted A A novel device in the form of washer is so placed under the nut that in screwing the an auxiliary wheeled vehicle, and so constructed that it may be raised into the mouth of the sewer with a water light joint by latter to the rail, the nut is permitted to mrn readily rifle barrel for guns has beell patented by Mr. Harry T. to any inclination and held in any pOllition. The ma- simply telescoping into the sewer. By this means, when RobinsoL, on the bolt. When in position the nut is held fast by Martin, of Fort Neb. The invention relates chine is designed with the object of receiving tile straw the water rises in the sewer from wbatever cause, it for a tumbler, so that it cannot become loose by any jar to a buehing the breech of the rifle barrel, said bush as it comes from the thrashing machine and forming it simply rises in this tube to its own level WithOllt flood ing extending a short distance along tbe ing the cellar, and damaging any good s tbat may ring motion of tbe rail. By raising the tumbler it is barrel beyond into a stack near by. be the cartridge chamber, and stored therein. possible to so disengage the washer as to permit the having a flange at the base An improvement designed to promote the corre g to of nut to be turned off as desired. spondin the flange the large cartridge, by A corset of improved make has been patent strength of the individual teeth ha.rrows has been whicb means a smaller cartridge may be used than the of ed by Mr. Richard V. Cable, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. An improved automatic switch stand has patented by Mr. John L. McKay, of Fra nklin, Tenn. one for which the nfle was originally intended, and The improvements consist in providing upward exten· been patented by Messrs. Oliver J. 'f rue, of Port Clin This invention consists in harrow teeth constructed in expense thus much saved in case the rifle Is to be used sions of the breast swells toprevent the dress falling in ton, and Henry H. Houghton, of Elyria, O. The object an approximately V.shaped form, one prong being per- in gallery practice. A spring or springs to secure the above the npper edge of the corset, and in the construc of the invention is to provide for automatically replac pendicular and the other arm being inclined. The for. barrel is also bushin� in the provided, and a shell ex tion and attachment of skirt snpporters, to prevent the ing the tongues after they have been displaced by a ward arms of one row of teeth are connected to one tractor contrived to be worked by tbe rifle shell ex waist line being unnecessarily enlarged, and at tfte �ame train from the siding, or one coming in the same d irec_ beam of the harrow, and ilierear arms of the same row tractor. time the weight of the skirts is mostly thrown npon the tion on the main line, so that the switch will be in connected to a second beam, and so on to the third, so An improved screen cleaning device has shoulders of the wearer. proper order for the next train running in the reverse that the teeth of one row alternate with the teeth of the ' direction of the train that has displaced the longues. been patented by Mr. Thomas Holman, of S alem, Ore, adjacent row. An improved sewer and drain tile for sur- The object of the invention is praiseworthy, and we A frame of any a�prcJvedform is furnished with a re A novel bundle carrier for harvesters has face or snbsoil drainage or sewage, which is well adapt hope it may be practically tested. Ciprocating inclined "creen sliding on ways. This screen ed for dIfferent local ities and under varying condi heen patented by Mr. James Reid, of Union City, tions is operated by a spur wheel that gears with a pinion W. J. An improved packing, possessing flex ibili Mich. 'f he invention consists in a bundle carrier for of use, has been patented by Mr. George M. rorter, actuating a crank, which crank is connected with the of !r inceton, I l. The inve tion consists in a pipe con ty, durability, and self-lubricating qual ities, and de harvesters, constructed with gear wheels connected } � . � screen by a rod, or it may be reciprocated by any other Slst Of a serl s of tIle seotIOns, each open at the toP. signed to be applied to valve stems, stuffing boxes, etc" with the harvester mechanism aLd carrying a swinging � . � . snitable mechanism. A roller rnbbing frame, arranged and prO Ided W th a half ba d at o ,e end, made m te has been patented by Mr. William P. Woodruff, of New shaft having curved arms to carry the bundles, a q pro- V I � : beneath the ll screen, may be stationarY or may be reo i - I gr�l there wIth ; these sec lOns bemg a apted to reo York city. The packing is composed of canvas or vided at its i,mer end with a trip arm to turn the ng . 5 . ciprocated in direction of the screen by a shaft connect ., Calve a cover or top tIle havmg Its ends fittmg� under the other cloth, asbestos paper, and sheet rubber, or India ing shaft, to raise its arms to receive a bundle aniFtOde- ing it with a crank wheel. The sifting screen is half band of two adjoining lower tile sections. rubber cloth wound in alternate sectioIlS around a core press the said arms to discharge the bund e. To the � cleaned by its contact with the rubbers, which are l of fragmentary metal. Between the different materials rear part of the harvester frame is hinged a table to re- Messrs. E. B. Greene and O. J, Emerson, mounted transversely with the screen and in such rela used in making up the packing a thin layer of plum ceive the bundles singly, and drop them in groups at Jr., of Westfield, Mass., have recently patented an im to tion thereto as to clean the scr een without irijuring it. bago mixed wit.h tallow is interposed prevent the th rear of the arv ster. To the end of the shaft that proved metronome, or an instrnment for beating time, These rnbbers are in the form of rollers, and are alter ? � :, layers adhering and for rendering the packing flexible. ' drIves the carrIer IS attached a curved arm to push the object being to simulate by a beater or baton the or nately flxed and rotatable. bundles An improved car coupling has been patent the forward as they are dleposited upon the re- dinary movements ?i ven by hand, so as to indicate di An improved rice beating machine, the ob ed by Mr. William T. Van Dorn, of Lincoln, Neb. The ceiving table, and make room for tbe bundles following. rectly the length of each note in a bar of music. The ject of which is to facilitate the treatment of rice, to invention consists in a coupling bar having at its end a An improved tobacco planter has been pa- invention consists in a shaft to which is attached a beater remove the inner skin. and to clean and polish the ker or baton which is operated downwardly proj ecting catch, which engages with a tonted by Mr. Sidney S. Neblett, oJI Whittle'S Mills, Va. by a cylinder that is rotated nel after the rice has been hulled has been patented by bevel coupling pin locat"d horizontally in the draw by spring powe . The cylinder is provided with pins The invention consists of a frame : Mr. James Decker, of Surrency, Ga. To the central with a crosspiece at . pin of head . The coupling bar is forced down on the by a the top, provided with a central openin� through which on Its surface slmllarto the arrangement a barrel in a bar of the frame of the machine is journaled a crank of novel construction regu voted bar situated in the top of the drawhead, which passes a spring-actuated perfomtor, designed to open a. mnsic box. n escapemen: Pi shaft, to thejJl iddle portion of which is attached a pul A; latter is furnished with a coil spring. The advantage hole in the ground for the admission of lates the rotat IOn of the cylmder. ley to receive a driving bell, To the cranks of the shaft the plant. At claimed for this simple invention is, that the coupling the lower extremity of another movable a A patent has been obtained for the manu are pivoted the upper ends of pitmen, the lower ex bar is pivoted may be readily applied to the pin and link coupling bar funnel-shaped device or holder, in which the facture of anhydrous snlphide of zinc by Mr. Thomas tremiiies being pivoted to bars which slide up and down plant is use. now in general inserted. This holder is then slid down until the plant Macfarlane, of Acton Vale, Qlwbec. 'f he invention along the central brace of the frame, and to which bars Mr. Benjamin Bennett, of Hyde Park, Pa .• is deposited in the opening in the ground. The - consists in producing zinc sulphide through the inter at their lower ends the beaters or pestles are attached. open has patented an improveiJ car brake. '1 '0 the platform illg is then fllled with earth by means of a scraper which vention of the ammoni.acal liquors of gas works, which Tbe mortar is cylindrical, and is pivoted at its center in of the car is attached the permallent portion of a rose is located at the extremity of a third rod or handled bar. consists in treating the latter with sulphide of harinm, such a way as to be revolved by means of worm clutch, and the movable portion of the clutch is at The device is of a si mple construcLion, and obviate§ then removing the precipitated carbonate of baryta, and w.heels which are actl,ated rotatingshafr. By.tbla · t� tached to a staff, 80 a8 to turn witb. it by a square or by necessity of the operator stooping When'setti�g -o;'t the decomposing th" ammonia liquid filtrate with a salt of arrangement all the rice in the... mortar is brought in other form, but to slide freely up and down on the same. plant. zinc, so as to obtain a preCipitated zinc sulphide. This contact with the pesIle. pivoted foot lever is inserted through a slot in the is rendered auhydrous bymixinjl; it, when dried, with a A A new machine for beveling the edges of .... flxed portion, so that by pressing the lever down with salt of ammonia, and heating the mixture in a furnace,. circular, oval, or similar shaped mirrors or plain glass MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. I the foot the movable portion wiil be raised, disenga::;ing which removes the water of the sulphide without oxi- with curved or partly curved edges, has been patent the staff, so that the brakes will be disconnected from A novel toy pistol, adapted to explode caps dating the compound. ed by Mr. Thomas F. Gilroy, of New York city. The the wheels. When the foot is removed from th� lever, and project marbles throngh the air by a compressed novel folding desk has been patented by invention consists in an abrading wheel mounted rigid A the weight of the �ovable portion will bring it into en_ coiled spring in the barrel, has been patented by Mr. Magnus Hafgar, of Chicago, lll. A desk is pro_ ly on a vertical shaft, so as t.o rotate in a horizontal Mr. J. gagement with the lower portion of the clutch, when the Otto C. Butterweck, of St. Louis, Mo. vided with two hinged or pivoted swinging end wings plane. Its lower end rests upon a pivoted lever, the brake will be rearly for .operation. coffee . which have lheir outer surfaces or sides ornamented to latter of which is provided with an adjustable balanc An improved or tea pot has been pa ... represent the fron t of a closed desk. The desk itself, ing weight for regnlating the pressure of the wheel on tented by Mr. Patrick H. O'Hara, of Pbiladelphia, Pa. .. .. as well as the wings, is furnished with pigeon holes, MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. the glass. The ablading wheel is set in action by a The object of the invention is to extract from tea. coffee, compartments, draw rs, etc., to receive books and belt which passes around a series of pulleys located on or other material aIt their essential strength, retaining � An improved drag saw machine, in which papers. When the wmgs are swung open they will rest the supporting shaft. A sponge is fastened on a rod at the same time all the fragrane.e and aroma. the saw issuspended at its shank by a pendulum and - transversely against the ends of the desk, alld there so as to press against the periphery of the abrading An improved earring fastener has been pa has a handle attached for workiug it, has been patented mef.ting will be at the front of the desk By this ar wbeel, to prevent the water from being thrown off by tented by Mr. George Krementz, of Newark, N. J, the : by Mr. JOllll C. Wygant, of OutviiJe, O. The inven rangement the desk when folded occuples v ry centrifugal force. The �lass to be beveled is held be object of which is to facilitate the opening closing and ?llt � tion further consists iu the manner of adjnstin� and . " httle space, but when open presents a very lIDposmg tween clasping plates, and is pressed upon the levolving rend ermg secure t,h e'ft' as enmg. controllh:rg the pendulum. fro stone, the pressure and degree of bevel being regulated Mr. William E. Goodenough, of ewark, ::� Oharles R. Groff, of St. Paul, Minn. A novel combination tool has been patent- by a feeding screw. � . ' N. J., has recelved a patent for an extenSIOn photo. N. J. ss for preparin ed by Mr, Harry U. Kistner, of Bordentown, An improved animal trap has been patented bas recentl patented a proc� a cOffee graph frame, the object of which is to provide frames � ? . . This implement is one of those useful articles which compound mtended as an artlCle of merchandl�e, Slml by JIIIr. Talton B. Turley, of La Mine, Mo. It consists in for photographs and other pictures, so constructed tlu;t almost every person has occasion to use very often. lar to the essence of c ffee now so extensively sold by a cylindrical or other shaped vessel resting upon a tank they can be adjusted to receive pictures of different ? The same handle accommodates a n umber of tools, grocers. The ingredIents used are coffee roasted and filled with water, and provided with a tilting pivoted sizes. among which are a cork screw, gimlet, skate sharp- ground, which is boiled in water to tbe proportion of platform. At the further end of this platform, upon a An improved hand truck has been patented ener, etc. two quarts to one pound coffee. AHer the coffee has slid in� hook arranged above the platform, is fastened by lII r. James H. Strugnell, of Toronto, Ontario, Can communication between - boiled sufficiently, alcohol or cologne spirits are added, A means of a rail the bait. The bait hook is made to when the slide balt ada. 'l'he invention consists cleats attached to the road train and any station on the line or any telegraph in after whicl> the liquid is again boiled for a short time, is pulled upon by the animal, as he sinks downward under sides of the side bars of the truck, and of a rope office witbin the circuit through an electric wire. has re when glycerine and burnt Rugar are added, which com with the swinging platform, in order that he may not or belt whicb is attached to the cleats and is used to cently been paten ted by Mr. W. T. Waters, of Atlanta, plete the process of manufacture and renders the article be startled and turn back before it is too late. A small truck. hold the load on the ready for bottling. Connected witlt the mannfacture of Ga. An insulated conductor is suspended along the side taQk of water is likewise placed near the platform as Mr, W. H. Murphy, of Brenham, Texas, the coffee compound, the invlmtor nses a novel vessel of the road, on which a conductor on rollers travels with an addi tional bait, and for some kinds of animals a pin has recent1Y�llatel1ted a shaker or knodler for the mix for boiling and treating the ingredients. the train . Connection between the rolling conductor is inserted under the platform, which holds it to be with ing of drinks or liquids. In form it is similar to those by and one of the cars by a rod propels the former. The drawn by the trapper when .the animal is In a proper An improved padlock has been patented used in most bar rooms, but it has the advantage of a improvement pertains particularly to the construction position to be caught. spring is arranged above the Mr. Thomas Donahue, of· Terryville, Conn The in A strainer attached to the vessel, tbrough which the liquid of the movablf' roller. platform which prevents it. f om turnmg too far on its vention consists in a padlock, the operation of wbich r is strained after sbaking. A machit;lefor scrubbing floors is the recent pivot, and which throws it back into place when the is somewhat as follows: To release the shackle the Mr. Marion E. Porter, of Leon, Iowa, has invention of Mr. Patrick Gallagher, of New York city. animal has been preci�itated into the tank below. notched key is inserted and the key turning the tumblers, patented a cooking attachment for oil stoves, the ob the notches are brought into line beneath the pawl, so A barrel-shaped tank for holding tbe soapsuds is mount ------..� .. ------ject of which is to that the pawl falls in the notches. By further move ed on ro:lers, and just outside this cylindrical tank and AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. provide a new attachment for oil stoves, whereby an iucreased quantity of food can be ment of the key the t.umblers engaging the pawl carry attached to it is run a vertical shaft. to the lower end cooked the bolt backward , thereby releasing the sbackle, which of which are attached the scrubbing brushes. Theile Messrs. Richard E. Oaviness and George than heretofore on an oil stove. An ingen iously arranged transmitter of heat is provided, which diffuses is immediately thrown upward by the spring. Upon brushes are made to revolve by turning a crank which McCormick, of Beckwith, Iowa, bave patented an im. . the heated air evenly throughout the attachment on the shackle being pushed down to its place a�ain, the is geared to the shaft. This machine both scrubs and proved trip wire for check row corn planters. The in block in which it flts, and which carries the spring, is dries the floor, and will be found specially useful for vention relates to a trip wire for clleck row corn plant which the articles to be cooked are placed. moved down into itA place, and the boit springs forward polishing waxed floors, and cleaning large halls, piazzas, ers, ccnstructed with eyes at regular intervals, and hav Mr. William J. Morand, of Passaic, N. J" and locks the sb ackle. The whole is of a simple con etc. ing rings secured in them. 'rhe rings are grooved to has invented a machine for rolliug bnttons on whi ps, struction , while at the same time the lock is not acted An improved street sweeping machine has prevent them from slipping in the eyes of'the trip wire. the object of which is to facilitate the rollin� and finish upon by the weather, and cannot be read ily picked. been patented by Mr. Patrick Ryan, of New York city. Mr. Arthur W. Oash, of Decatur, Ill. , is ing of the buttons on wbips. The machine has twO i The invention relates to that, class of street sweeping the patentee of a new and ingenious check rower for parallel rollers provided with a driv ng mechanism, and An improved cooper's bevel, to be nsed in a machines which carry the sweepings iuto a receiver corn planters, in which he provides for lengthenill� short roller pivoted to a swinging lever, whereby the tbe manufacture of tubs and tanks, has been patented forming part of the machine, from which the dirt is the stroke of the seed slide, and obtains a posi tive and buttons are rolled and flnished while the whips and by Mr. John F. Lonergan, of St. Louis, Mo. The ob dumped at intervals into piles. The brush is supported direct action from the reel shaft to the seed slide. Owing buttons are revolved by the rollers. ject of tbe invention is to furnish an instrument by in a frame and connected with the axle of the vehicle to the simplicity of the arrangement of the several parts Mr. Benjamin N. ShelJey,of Anderson, Ind. , which the angles in a variety of sizes may be obtained, by a chain and cog wheel, by�means of which it is ro of the mach ine, it is not liable to get out of working is the patentee of a new wheel intended for any l © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 31, 1883.] cftitufifit �tutritau. 203 stereopticons, etc., MINERAI.S, E'l'c.-Specimens have been Mag © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 204 'titnti£it �mttitan. [MARCH 31, 1883. Keg. nall. A. A. Southwick ...... 274.045 Sawmill feed roll. '1'. M. Chapman ...... 273.817 DESIGNS. CET, THE BEST AND CHEAPEST. Knife: · See· Pocket knife. Saw set and jointer; combined. J. W. Pugh ...... 274.030 Chain link. ornamental. 10. L. Lederer ...... 13,718 'TRADE ..;;J �MAIlf(� Knob attachment. E. L. Phipps ...... 273.763 Sawing clapboards or rift siding, machine for. S. Chain, ornalflental, W. Ballou .... , ...... •...... 13,714- Knob attachment. door. C. B. Brown ...... 273.943 Babcock ...... , ...... 273.701 Chain. ornamental. W.' \V. Briggs ...... 13.715 Knob, -dbor; {); Rebstock ...... 273.893 Scale. spring, J. S. George ...... 273.720 Cretonne. G. W. �' rles ...... 13.732 Lacinl< hook. M. N. Bray ...... 273.707 ScooP. weighinl<•• J. & H. FriedHi.nder...... 273.979 Dish. china or earthenware. J. Cbetwynd ...... 13.716 Si lver Finish.. Lacing' stud. 1\1. N. Bray ...... 273,706 Scraper. road. W. Ellis. Jr...... •. 273,830 Fringe, J. Goodman ...... 13,717 Ladder. step. W. V":rnnm...... 273.782 Screwdriver and borer. convertible. II. V. Smith . 274.042 Jewelry. H. Untermeyer ...... 13.780. 13.731 Lamp. J. Kirby, Jr ...... 274.003 Screw. jack. B. F. . Reeves ...... 273,984 Oil cloth. C. '1' . & V. E. Meyer ...... 13.720 to 13,728 Il��..J��f'lY&:CO;",J I Iii""'; Lamp. electric arc. Piette & Krizik ...... 273.888 Seaming machine. can. Smith & Doig ...... 273.774 Statuary, monumental, M. Muldoon ...... 13,727 •• J. A..(Cincinnati, F� Ohio."Y U. S. db A.co., ... Lamp holder and bracket. W. Kirk ...... 273.857 Secondary battery. C. F. Brush ...... 274.082 Stove. W. L. McDowell ...... 13.719 Exclusive Agents and ImDo:oters for Ow United States, of the : 273,704 .....0 ••••• 273,855 . . Lamp, incandescent electriC, A. Bernstein ...... Secondary battery. N. S. Keith ...... �tove, laundry, J. Ringen ...... 13,728 OElLEB�ATED . Land roller. A . J. Stevens...... 273.909 Seeding machine. '1'. '1'. �l !ller ...... : ..... 273.755 'I'ype; J. A. St. John ...... 13,729 Lantern; ·F. Dietz ...... 273.71 1. 273.712 Sewer, Bryant & Tostevin ...... 273.945 PERWarra INted BAND SAW in.BL ADES, n supe,"io, ..to all others qtlaUty,j1n. Lantern,-tubUlar. J, H. Stone ...... 273.910 Sewing machine, J. Keith ...... 273.854 n . TRADE MARKS. �t���{:e�i:ft:',!��)��::�;I� t��:=��d'f!a��::a: . . . 273.749 . . : ...... : .... 273.754 Lash cutter� G. J. Mack ...... Sewing machine. J. H. MerrilL ...... Alcohol, wood. American Chemical Company ...... 10.117 H. . . . 273.940 . . . 274.056. �74.054 Lawn sprinkler, Bonninghausen ...... Sewing machine, C. E. Tibbles ...... Cigarette paper, L. Lacroix. Fils ...... 10,095 l.. a.ather skiving maohine, C. Amazeeu...... 273,931 Sewing machine bobbin winder, A. Dearborn.... 274,088 a: Drugs and chemicals. C. Lowe & Co ...... 11),104 IV. . . 273.089 Sewing machine buttonhole attaohment. Level, plumb, L. Eveland ...... ,t. P. Hal· Flour. wheat. H. B. Crosby & Sou ...... 10.112 ...... 273,71 3 ...... Life boat. D. Dwyer ...... lenbeck .... . Zn.727 Ink, writing, Carter, DiDsmore & Co ...... 10.099, 10.101 IMting jack. I. L. I.andis ...... 274.007 Sewing machine foldiDll"ind binding attachment. Liniment for internal or external use, C. A. Lister and drill. combined. J,. Kirlin ...... 274.004 W. Pretty. Jr ...... , ...... 273.890 Vogeler Company ...... 10.116 Y " ...." 2';4.077 I,ock. see Nut lock. Sewil\g ma.chine ruffier. E. S. entzer .. Licorice paste, D. V. Arguimbau ...... 10,109, lO,Hl Lock. W. C. & E. 1. Blount...... 273.939 8ewing machine shuttle. G. H. Thomas ...... 273.781 Licorice paste in sticks, V. Arguimbau ...... 10,110 J. W. . . 273,747 1;>. Locomotive boilers, apparatus for washing out,. Sewing machine shuttle. rotary, Lonsdale . . . Lubricant.s, Leib Lubricating Company ...... 10,113 '1'. McKenna...... 273,753 Sewing machine treadle. C. lil. Tihbles ...... 274.058 -'iedical tea. A. Sicre...... 10,106 Loom let-off mechanism: locking attachment for. Sewing machine treadle. J. D. Weed ...... 273.921 Mucilage. Carter, Dinsmore & Co ...... 10.100. 10.102 • ...... 273.889 T. Platt...... Sewing machine trimming attachment. C. Ii.Bay- Mustard, Wolff& Reessing ...... 10.108 - , ...... 213.986 J,ubricalor. See Axle lubricator. Wrist pin lubri ley ...... """1:'.' Oils. l-Ubncating. Bliven & Carrington ...... 10.108 W. A. W"ANTED. cator. 8ewing machine trimming attachment. Oils, inbricating. Leib Lubricating Company ....•.•. 10.114 Wood Working Machine Manufacturer to make and in� . . . . new Magneto-electric signaling apparatus '1' . A. Ed!- �eely ...... 10,107 troduce a Saw Table Gauge. Can be used on anf . 274.IYJ5 Perfnmery. He Tetlow & Bro ...... cut-off saw or table, metal or paper cutter. An indis� . . . SOh ...... ; ...... 273,714 Sewing machine welt guide. C. Turner ...... '. 273.915 Tobacco. plug. R. A. Patterson & Co ...... 10.096 pensable tool for box factories. It is self-measuring, Mat. 'See Slop jar mat. Sheep wash. J. Dunlap ...... 273.972. Tubing (of rubberorgas-tlght composition). Union and can be chang-ed instantly to cut different 1pngths at Q. same tlme. Addres . Match making machine. G. L. Jaeger ...... 273.848. 273.849 Sheet metal can, F. A. \Valsh ...... 273.783 Tubing Company ...... 10.115 ,� ��\i ���ed�6f ci OhIO. 6 . . . � Match splint machine. B. T. Steber ...... '.' 273.908 Shirt. Z. Bauer ...... 273.802 Waterproof jackets. pants. and coats. H. M. Saw- � ��!\f. G. A. . . 273,826 Measuring vesselS, apparatus. for cutting the Shirt, DubreuiL ., ...... yer ...... 10,105 scales on gJass, R. M. Atwater ...... 273,795 Shirt, I. Sperling ...... , ...... 273,906 Whalebone. B. Seligman ...... 10.097 Meat. preparation of extracts of. Barff & Wire .... 273.800 Sbow and storage case. D. R. Reynolds ...... 274.032 Writingfiuid. Carter. Dinsmore & Co ...... 10.098 Mechanical movement. C. MOllfl,on ...... 27:3.816 Showcase, screw, W. I. Gardiner ...... 273.834 Medlcal .compound. J. Michells ...... 274.014 Show-stand. J. Danner ...... 274.C87 Micro·scope, L. D. �lclntosh ...... 273752 Signal. See Alarm signal. ��lNl'U�Z�un1�.._----- Milk and cream ·gaujl'�, J. M. Burnett...... 273.947 Sink. J. A. Talpey ...... 273.780 Inside I:Jage� each i se io ...... "5 Ii Milk cooler, M. O. Roberts ...... :273,764 Skin puncturing- device or recuscitator. W. Ben- n n cents a Uacli: Pag·c. · eaeh iUl'iell't.'tioll...... $1 .00 a l ine. 'lUI. See DiSintegrating mill. Grlndingml1:. nett...... 3.702 .. 27 (About eight words to a line.) Monkey wrench, R. If. Seymour ...... 273.899 Rleeve adjuster. C. C. Shelby ...... 273.770 Engraving" may head adve1' tisernent8 at the sarne rate Motion; device for converting. G. J. Altham ...... �73,699 Slop jar mat., A. 1. Grigll;s...... 273,726 per line. by measurement. as the letter press. Adver ti8ements must be 1'eceived at publication Qflice as early Motion, mechanism for converting, B. Miller .. 274,094 Smelting furnace, copper, J. B ..F' . JIerresholl. ... . 273.840 WITIlERBY. RUGG & RICH A UDSON. Manufacturers aB Thu1'8day lIuYrninq to apoear in next issue. of Patent Wood Working Machinery of every descrip- Motion. traesmlttlng, L. n. Goodwink' ...... 273.982 Smoking pipe. J. Cole ...... 278.709 ------.--======--=-====....::: I tion. Facilities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied )Iotor. See Hydraillic motor. Soap sheets. making. II. Buczkowski...... 213.946 . COLONY HAND by R. Ball & ('0., Worcester. M"R. Send for Catalogue. Mower and reaper, H. A. T-ly!e...... 273,9n4 Spinning mule, S.·,Jackson · ...... 213,997 . PUNCH . . 273.705 Spring. See Car spring. Vehicle spring. I . Mower. lawn. J. J. Berrigan ...... No. punches >.( hole in :\Iusicleaf holder; G. "leely...... 274.037 Sprinkler. aee Lawn sprinkler. i. fr ed \y. . ��s f6; :\-{usical lnstrument, mechanical, .T. McTammany, Stand. ·See Show stand. -Waf'lh st.and. one�j��� size 1� hole.� $16.�� Jr...... 273.870 Steam generator, J, C. Stead...... We also make small ?Ii . 278.731 273 8 1 shears for plate to Nut and bolt. He A. Harvey; ...... Stone, composite. Drake & Weems ...... 2 thick. Send for circular. ),i Nut lock. C. IV. Meason ...... : ...... 273.871 Stopper. See Bottle stopper. Old Colony Rivet Co., Nut lock. I. P. Pillsbury ...... 274.025 stove. L W. Ilarlow ...... 273.720 . Kingston, Mass. .• . . . 273.794 Stove. J.·W. Thomas ...... 2'3.U12 NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURINC CO. Oil. etc carr. F. A.·Assmann ...... can. ,J . C. Thickins ...... 274.054 Stove, G. IV Walker ...... 274,062 N Oil . MANU��:'U!!:�:iR<,;� :��KING 011 can faucet. P. Ely...... 273,831 Stove. oil. J. E. Fleming ...... 273,717 Ores of the precious metals. machinery for sepa' Stove ovens. attachment for cooking, E. L. THEAn IllustratedELECTR WeeklyICAL Journal REVIE of'W, · rating. T. P. Benton ...... 273.708 Maranville ...... 274.009 ELECTRIC LIGHT, TELEPHONE MACHINELathes, Planers, Drills, TOOLSShapers, ele. . . . . 273,803 . . 273.851 Overshoe. P. D. Beard ...... SUQmarine boat. J. Jopling ...... AND TELEGRAPH NEWS. Pa.ckage ·for coft'e e and other materials, J. T. Sugar.- maching for cutting, granulating, and dis- ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE ON APPLICATION. Subscri ption, only per Annum, (Oooke ...... 273.819 integrating b!ocks or cakes of. C. C. ;\llller.. .. 273.875 $3 W...... 274.044 . . . .. 273.784 to any part of the United States', and Canada. postage Package tie, D. Smith ...... Surface gauge. \\'aterman & Kelley ...... prepaid ty the puhlishers...... 273,768, 273,7G� Pad. See }�urniture pad. Harness pad. Suspender end, C. C. Shelby ...... Paper bag. D. Shirley ...... 273,902 Switch. ; See Railway switch...... 273.963 . Paper bag holder. G. W. ('ook ...... Tl)ble. '.- �Jj)xtensi9�tabJ� 1'0t�er:s,ta1?le. W. , Paper, manufacture of jmpression, Smith . ... 27 I t�r, QombinaiIon, If. R. Spelman .. Paper pulp engine roll. C. S. Barton ...... 273;801 Tablet for teaching penmanship, E. L. Requa..... 274.031 Pavements. paving material for street. E .. · C. Tag or tlcket'fastener, H. H: Cauffman...... 273.708 Boyce...... 274,096 Tank . .!·See Portable tank. PATENT RIGHT FOR SALE, -P ea huller. W. T. Crutchfield ...... 273.900 Telegraph. printing. W. J. Burnside...... 273.810 For a Pprtable Electric IAghter. A scientific and eco PhotographiC camera. S. V. Allen...... 274.079 Telegraphic receiving instrument. E. M. Hamil- nom ical apparatus for domestic use. For particulars, .. 273.995 ...... 273.728 address to A. GIRARDOT. 292 Halsey St., Newark. J. Photogl·aphs. coloring. J. W. Hyman ...... ton.. N. Pile c!rlver. steam. T. M. Skinner ...... 273.904 Telephone transmitter. R. D. Woodworth ...... 274.075 -AND- Pillow, J. E. Everiss ...... 273,974 Temperature regulator. automatic, A. :\lorel ...... 273.757 �i'FIRE VERMIN'i� Pipe. See Smoking pipe. Theater stagc. C. A. Needham ...... 273.880 Rider's New and Improved PROOF . . 273.738 F'. 273.983 CO,MPRESSION � �ipe. manufa6£llr{) of. W. Ireton ...... Thill carrier for harness. A. Hake ...... Sample and Circular Free by mail. P1aning rnachin�, metal, F. B. ""IHes ...... 273,873 'l'hilJ coupling, C. A. Buffington...... 273,808 11 <1. . 273,911 ...... 273.791 MINERAL WOOL CO., 22 Courtlandt St., N. Y. Plant protector. A. Thalhei);)ler ...... Thill coupling. M. E. Zeller... . Planter and marker. corn. H. C. Pratt ...... 274,027 Thlll supporter. E. H. & C. Morgan...... 273.877 A PRA CTICAl, SUC(:ES",. Planter check rower. corn, J. F. Ebert ...... 273,827 ThimbJes, manufacture of sewing, W. n.Whiting. 273,924 New and Ilnpl'oved Designs. Planter, corn .•J. S. Ward ...... 274.065 Thrash-ing and separating machine, grain, .T. Mil- HotAir Pmllnill[Ell[illO VAN DUZEN'S PAl'. LOOSE PULLEY OILER. Thousands in satisfactory every Planter. hand. D. A. Flummerfelt ...... 273.977 ler ...... 214.097 INTERCHANCEABLE PLAN day use. Entire reliability and con· G. W. 10.294 MANUFACTURED BY stancy demonstrated in a two years' Plan t.er, seed. Brown (r)...... Tie. See Bale tie. Cattle tie. Package tie. test by (would be) Eastern skeptics. Planter, seed, J. E. Lowder ...... 273,748 Tongs or wrenches, attachment for pipe, C. H. Economy shown uyreasonable prices Plow. W. C. Hawkins ...... 273.987 Mmer' ...... 273,874 E and perfect performance. Send for A DELAMATERA W our H Catalogue No. 55." 273.97 1 A...... 274.069 DELc.H. M T R IRON& Co.• Proprietors. ORKS, Plow. sulky. C. B. Douglas ...... Torpedo. fioating, Weeks ...... ______V AN DUZE>I & 'I'IFT. Cincinnati. O. Plow wheel. E. E. Swan ...... �73.779 �·orpedo. rocket, A. Weeks...... 274.067 Pocket knife. G. W. Korn...... 273.858 Torpedoes. device for launching rocket.. A. No. 16 Cortlandt St.. New York, N. Y. Pocket knife and rule. combined. E. S. Glover .... 273.981 Weeks...... 27,1.068 AND FINE GRAY IRON ALSO STEEL Pocl © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC MARCH 31, 1883.] Jtitutifit �lUtritan. 205 the steam at five-eighthsof the piston stroke. huee El.OSE'S fourths and seven-eighths cams. Necessary imperfec 9!I���...... U� N I TED tions in the operations ofcut... ofi"cams. DrawiDt- represent· STATES ing the motion which a crank imparts to a connecting rod. Plotting out the motion of a shaper link quIck return. Mechanical Drawing Self· Taught. Plottinl,l out the Whitworth quick return motion em JUST READY. ployed In machines. FindingJ<;XAMPLES the curves n; for moulding cutters. CHAP. XIII. LISE-SHADING BROADWAY, • ))l'nwing 8elf-Taught: AND DRAWING FOR LINl<�-SHADlj;D ENGRAVIKGs.-Ar Mechallical Comprising rangement pulleys to guide one $5,000 ACCIDEKT lliSURANCE. WEEKLY NDEMN ITY. lIIEl1BERSHlP FEE, $4. ANNUAL InstructionR in the Selection and Preparation of Draw to of idie bolts from pulley . one th$,·d ing Instruments. Elementary Instruction in Practical another; representation of a cutting tool for a p1an... COST ABOUT $10, whwh �20.. aboitt · .I the rate charged by stock companies. Mechanical Drawjng; together with Examples in Simple a w fO n a i i Write for Cil'cnlar Application Permits. :;:. ����:ve��� :ff�d . �fa��g: For "e�:ra���: � C. n. PEET (of Rogers, P t andCo.), President.Blanks. EuropeanJ. n. I'I TCHED, Secretp.ry. Geometry and Elementary Mechanism, including theto� wax process. Engraving made by the wax process ee & Screw 'llhreads, Gear Wheels, Mechanical Motions, a r d e i n ' ' t��r B:fllfn� �� ti��� M{!ril�"e:J �f N*�� ag:1t pll��ep�ac��at�8��i�n���'�'�'�lh�p� i��� COLOHING DRAWl l\GS.-Colorc�!ingthe��V�fV. journals of shafts��; Maker's Assistant," .. The Slide Valve." gIllustrated simple shading; drawi:Q,gcast iron, wrought iron, steel, U $��. i p�a����� :ny and copper. POints to be observed in coloring and 1Jn��JJ thei:���V� worl4. �;i�� ;��e�J ���It� shading; colored drawings to be glued around their edges to the drawing board i f,o maintain an eTen shade Free Seed for TRIAL. CONTENTS.-CHAP. I. THE DRAWING BOARD.-The of color : mixing colors. To graduate the depth of tint e e e e n� u.�'�''�.'C;:'.�U'VU"�'.::�yUV'� T square. The triangles. Curves. Selecting and test for a cylindrical surface. The size and use of brushes; R.:���fo ��iYth"i�u';f:r;,.�:t �{�fc� uality ing drawing instruments. J�ead pencils. Mixing India light in shading ; example for shadin!!"a Medart pulley. a ial ink. The drawing paper. Tracing paper. The ink. Brush shading. To show by the shadmg that the SUT- a pot,sir;a:ge n;��gfl��fEarly�':r2 Redv��1��f!� Globe, Round�0��g Danvers��g;f!r andCra.cker and-p" Onto ..it.inl!r ; Ma.rbjiii ;-vi.eh"adi.; Testing and selecting India'rHE ink. PRI�P DraughARATIONtsmen's AND Meas �:���::�t�Ifg�Yo¥��S��� i e f I2ets. uring rules. CHAP. II. U81'� p�:�r�� ���¥�e? :�a��f:fJ Early Corn ; Da.nvers Ca.rrot ; Cocoa.nut Squa.sh ; Tailbys a.nd Improved i t i n ��i��e a White Spine Cucumber ; Suga.r Pumpkin ; Improved America.n. Sa.voy, \?��� �fn �1 ni�l 5il��gn{�� l:\���p��a��t ����e����� Tottle�. and Premium Fla.t Dutch Cabba.ge. l pen�:�.TIf points.fb�� ���Preparing�;IJ6�'lt�; the circle pen /:)r use. The shape XV. }JX,\,��"P :�LI�T���S OF E\GI�I� WORK.-Drawingst�1fE: of an My large Seed Cata ogue free for circle pen points. Shaping circle pens for very sma.l automatic high speed engine i side and end vieVrsof the to all who write for it. JSlIleli J. H. G''''lfOl'Y, Marhlehead, Mass. circles. A form of pen point, recently introduced i form� engine ; vertical section of the cylinder through the ing the pen point. The method of oilstoning circle pen valve face. Valve motion: governor. Pillow bOX, block points. The needle point and pen point. How to use crank pin. wheel. and main journal. Side and �dge view the circle pen. German instrument to avoid slipping of of the connecting rOd. A two hundred horse power a needle pOint. How to use the lining pen. Applying horizontal steam boiler for a stationary engine; cross the ink to the bow�pen. Using a straight line or lining sectional view of the boiler shell. Side elevatio pen with a '1'square. CHAP. tIL LI;-;l<;SAND CPHVKS. view of the hoiler, and setting. Working drawi Explanation of simple geometrical terms j Aradi us; ex one h ndred horse power engine ; plan and side planation of conventional dotted lines. lineA at a the bedU plate, with the main bearing and guide are ; right angle to another ; a pOint; parallel lines. line cross sections of the bed plate i side elevat�QU" e in d i n g cy!indert with end view of the same. clteHmches ott�lde..1h.e �::g��� �Jc�� j :e����rs !�Ir��� :i!� c����CI6i and horizontal cross section of the cylinder ; steam che,t arc; a quadrant of a circle.�t A sector of a circle ; a line:� and the valves ; cam wrist plate and cut-offmechani sm ; tangent to a circle; a Remi·circle ; center of a circle ; shaft for the camcenter plate j crossthe bead; side view and sec pEJ?:6?a":.r-6��9:'���-=· n t i t tion through the of eccentric and strap. Con L .A.Forthe 1'7 DMerchant :El. on our New PlanE TS' � For the Ma rket Cardener I r���u�� ��l�! ��Jn goiii�� �oC ��a ;C: 'c:�tJ� lr�� struction of the conneetingrOd. INDEX. . Crown by ourselves 011 For the Private Family j EE wliich an arc of a circle has been struck ; the degrees of � The abo"e. 01" any of owr books,sent by rna'll, at the EE our own VurJlls freeEE publi ation price, free oj os ge any addlress in the S DS I I S DS I S DS a circle. "1'heTo protrac tor. To findthe angle ofone one to line c p ta to ;rtradeHandsome list. IllustratednAVID Catalogue I,AN DRand E'I'HRUral Register& 80NS, SEtoED all. GROW Merchants,"lt8, sendPHll,ADEI,l us your business'HlA, cards PA. for to another. find the angles of three lines the world. . other. Acute angles and obtuse angles. Triangles; right angle trianglei obtuse angle triangle j equilateral �Our. large CA'l'ALOGUE OF PRACTICAl, A"D SCIEN triangle; isoscele3 triangle. Scalene triang:e i a quad TlFIC BOOKS, and our other catalogues, the whole cover rangle; quadrilateral or tetragon. Rhomboid; trape ing every branch of SCIE.\;CE ApPLII�D TO THE ARTS, zoid ; trapezium. 'I'he construction of polygons. The sent free and free of postage to any one, in any part of names of regular polygons. The angles of regular poly� the world, "ho will furnish his address. i HENRY CAREY & CO., gonsa the ellipse.for Form of a true ellipse. The use of BAIRD trammel drawing an ellipse. 'rodraw '1'0 a parabola Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers, mechanically.CHAP. To draw a parabola by1.INES lines. A:":Ddraw LINE· a 810 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, 1� A. heart cam. IV. SHADOW To SHADI�G.-Section lining or cross-hatching. repre- tn y o w ; a week your H.own HALLET town. &Terms and $5 outfit � �����:�Fh1���s g:e �tr�rn (��e�� $66 tree. Address Co., Portland, Me. :���sent pieces put together and havingl�: slots) or�� keyways ��g�:: AUTOMATIC DAMPER RECULATORS AND WEICHTED CACE COCKS. through them. Effects of shading or cross-hatching. PATENT COLD e v e c n c n r t o Lines in .sectional shading or cross-hatching made to ��e frt;J':: �::tg :g�"6i�':1'���: ag� t�:i�:��i��� ej:fl'f�R\�L �W2'izJ1t��8?�:�2 Ji01a���st���[, ��l�:�g�e� :r� denote the material of which the piece is composed-Line- E lead. wood. steel, brass, wrought iron, cast iron. EconomyWA ! StrengthA! Dura- shading. The shade line to indicate the shape of piece ; TCH C S S representation of a washer. A key drawn with a shade b!l!ty ! ELEGANT DESIGNS I line ; shade line applied to a nut ; a German pen regu- GUARANTEED for 20 Yea.r. l E 1ated to draw lines of various breadths. Example of _____ s ti e a Bell on - to manu!actur� and royalty, some IND PO U�� IND•• A. l�r�:�i���fo�� f:d gi�� A c�ft���Yfa]��'lfit��shacf�cen-�� NT. E JWOd �rad.e. u. S. twoter; cylindricalpieoe pieces thatcurved join each outline. other ; a 1athe WartABOi cle D SSartIcle' su�table fC?r�heIII notion In liAiNMANUFAOTURERS jI I: S OF�' k� a to having a pinI,ine -shading If lS satIsfactory, we WIll sell It every CIty � applied a ball or sphere ; app,led to a in a socket the U. S. Send932 s.am SpI"ingple to . shown in section. A piece of tube, whpre the thickness E. IVINS, Garden St., PhIladelphia, Pa. of the tube is shown j where the hollow or hole is sef'll, STEAM ENGINES e ��II��t����e w e t The �Iackln!! Attachment for Shoe BrllSh4's, �6'ur��� line-shading���°th� g;ivn �; s1j,��ln�� b:Jlj �� . on 185 AiD BOILERS. ample of to denotl'.'he relative distancesto of Illustrated pa!,"eInterest of last number, will be let on CARRY ENGINES and BOILERS IN STOCKfor IMMEDIATE DELIVER various surfacesrepresented from the eye. �Line-shading denote I royalty, or a part E.can beWOOD, purchased. Address ------.-�- -... -- . that the piecer irregular. is V.of wood ; shade-DIMENSlines bein�IONS. L. Eastland, Texas. - regular O CHAP. MARKING WESTINGHOUSE, JR., BAGA EY, H.. H. WESTINGHOUSE, PAINTERS, AND GRAINERS, GEOItGE RALPH It�Tm k i A CTlJRERS, President. Sec'y & Treas.L Super1Jntendent. .;': :b�1. F'i1::;"�� ���ws����eplan �fire gene-;e'i,� sen31.4C!- l\TF Cross' Process viewsA��:!.�gl of a::, mechanICala fllZure drawre1?reing'sent elevation a ; j for catalo�ue of Improved of Trans.. ral view ; to It solid cylinder. To ferrlng the NaturalJOHN R. Grain of Different330 Woods.St., representto the dilfsquare.erent SIdes A of cube ; the use of a �------. ------CROSS, Ohio ------Chicago, III. Machine Company cross denote a representtriangular ring piece requires I The Westinghouse two or three views. To rectana gularhaving hexaaon Will make Special Contracts with ll'lnnufactul'el's of Hill"h cross section; examples; a e l?iece in two to DRIVE DIRECT i O h f:e dr:..�i�;. p d I OUR !i\peed Machinery, with r!�irilever.�ne;i �eP�:���f £h� :i��1� �f:w gf i a Best method of projecting one vIew from an- I WESTING HOUSE ENGINE g�Go'\'s.-To:[.:{,�. represent tEi�JL� the threadg �;g ;:i��1rof a small�� screw:�D�' AV'bo' t WitKout the use of Belts. h::�\�!��i���sf�ZtUii� CORRESPONDENOE SOLIOITED. ;';i�d�X=,\'2JFranklin institute or United States standard for bolts lUus trated and nuts; hexagonal or hexa.!ton heads of bolts. Com- Send for circular to parison ofhexagonand square heads of bolts; chamfers. Ii ; b f t s ______The Westi nghouse Machine Company, gon��� ��;���l!'1'0���s . f:r��tn� 3l�:;:� �e��to �f g��the�: I Works at Pittsburg, Pa. I,JBERTY ST., NEW YORK. Western Office,14 So. Canal St.,Chicago . head.s. draw a square-hcaded boltthe; draw . II $ per day at home. Samples worth tree. 9!'} & 94 divideend view of a hexagon head. len�t,hUse of triangle to 5to $2 &; Portland.$5 ------. . 0 Address STINSON Co., Me. - J • circles.T jjScales giving the of the sides of ----C h Icago. , une------, 1 ) d ha t e b d hi ch r 8 I 882 ��lf�cl:'·on �acg si-:Ie m:a8s1��; ac�0 � 'the co����� r� ------We are MORE THAN SATISFIED with our Pictet Refrigerating Machi nes, t i e f w .JI r��:�t;���� �:t� © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 206 Ititufifit �tutritllU. [MARCH 31, 1883. In!Jifie Puu-e,each insel'tion --- 1ti ce ts a line. m!I.!ft _ n UacA.. Pn�e, eftch inse."Unlt - - $1.00 a line. RUBBERSteam Packing, BiLTiNG�PACkING,Caskets and Rings, , (About eight words to a line.) Piston Packing, Car SpringHOSE.s, i En gravings may head advertisements at the same rate Lead ing Hose, Wagon Springs, line, by meamrement, as the letter pres,l . Adver· pertis'ffM nts must be received at publicatirm offi ce as early Steam Hose, Wri nger Rolls, as Thursday mO'l'ning to appear in next issue. Drill Tubes, Suction Hose, Crain Pump Valves, Corrugated Rub- ' Ball Valves, ber Matting. TRADE MARK. TRADE MARK. I PATENT RED STRIP RUBBER BELTINC. PATENT CARBOLIZED RUBBER FIRE HOSE, Maltese Cross Brand. Over two million feet in use. Balwr Fabric Cotton.Lined Fire Hose. Lin'en Hose, Plain and Rubber·Lined. A PEl{CHA RUBBER lU'F'G CO., 23 Park Place, New 4{{ & e ;\'4 .r.r ALL CONDITIONS. BL.A.ST. GOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1878. NOWILL ADJUS LIFT WATERTMENT 25 FEET.FOR VARYINGSEND FOR DESCRIPTIVESTEAM PRESSU CIRCULAR.RE. IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED, Horizontal Steam Engines, PHILADA., OFFICES12TH &; THOMPSON AND STS' WARERNEW YORK, OO109 LIBERTYMS : ST. Has Fewer Parts than any other Blower. For best Automatic Cnt-olfor BAKER'S P. H. M. ROOTS, Manufacturers, •A BOSTON, 7 OLIVER ST. CHICAGO, 84 MARKET ST• &. F. Plain Slide Valve of Suo AUGUSTA, GA., 1026 FENWICK ST. ST. LOUIS, MO., 709 MARKET ST. CONNERSVILLE, IND. , _� perior Design, DENVER, COl.., 488 BLAKE ST. SAN FRANCISCO, 2 C�LIFORNIA 8T� S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt.,6 Cortland St.,S Dey St., ' """""" Warranted absolutely pu e RICHMOND, VA., 1419 MAIN ST. COOKE & CO., Sellin", Agts., 6 Cortland Street, �. Complete in Every Resped, ". Oocoa,Bro akfast Cocoa... J A.S. BEGGS & CO., Selling Agts. S Dey Street, ADDRESS from which the excess of N'E""'" YOB.:H.. Oil has been removed. It has three I tAMBER'l'VILLEJ, AMBERTVIJ,LE, IRON 1V OJ:I{S, N. J. times the strength of Cocoa mixed HARTFORD SENn FOR PRICED CATALOGUE. with Starch, Arrowroot or Sugar, and is therefore far more eccilomi.. cal. It is delicious, nourishing, STEAM BOILER BARREL, KEG, strengthenill'g,easily digested, and F. Brown's Patent HOGSHEAD, admirably adapted fo r invalids as Inspeotion & Insuran6e A"D well as for persons in health. FRICTION Stave Machinery. Sold by Grocers everywhere. COMPANY. Over 50 manufactured by CLUTCH. E. HOLMES, W. B. FRANllLIN.V. Pres't. J. Dl. ALIJEN, Pres'&. & B. J. B. PIERCE. See·y. --_. _------& COLUMBIA BICYCLE. SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY MAClIIVE OllIPANY, &, C This easy runniuil.staunch. and du.. Washington Avenne, Philadelphia, rable roadster Is the favorite with 430 d a i g e �� l�e te� t �a�g�ft�i l\ie iri�;;���� Engineers & Machinists, tained in a Bicycle. Send 3c. stamp , Blowing Engines and Hydraulic Machinery. . i alri\ n:i���ti���taining pr ce Sole makers of the . . �� � Porter·Allen Automatic Cnt-Olf Steam Engine. ��i 'P HE ill' F'G CO., sp .ectacles, e l'OPE. PE A G ASSES Telescop s, . 5!17·Wl'sh!ngt6jfSt.,Boston, Mass. R L M't croscopesR.t &Photo J... for amateurs, etc. w ------_ (fT(JJB�()K,pl>ic OUtfits Manufacturing Opticians. Phila., Pa. An engIne that works 1thout O ;;end for I st ated Price Catalogne• Boiler. Always ready to be started J?.A. 'I'::ElN'I' P- llu r ...iU , ands�/�':��: �6 i. ���luPi'wer. CONVENIEM)E. Self · Oiling Loose Burnscommon Gas and Air. No TOO_EX'S P.A.T:ENT steam. no coal, no ashes, no fires\ Fully tested by several years'Ulfe �bPuUele.y. : r insurance. IUld ��m� r�� �t�� d:��� AsbestosMade of Felt and Lined Asbestos. Removable For Covering, SATISFAC RY RES S mm.,£;��k,., use on bTEA�� BOILERS and � 'I' HE NEW 0'1"1'0 SI LEVI' HAS E�HI �]�. PIPES, RefrIgerators, Meat - guaranteed, if directio . e followed. Orders filled for Cars Ice Hou1'!'es and HOT and __ Pulleys from 61n. to �o diameter. COL'6 A'l'ERW PIPES. Easily applied by any one. Address CHALlU!<:RS-",PENVE CO., I J LANE " .�DLEY CO., �a hn St., New York. CINCINN I, o Wr OHIO, T�:E MANuFli6'.!!tJRERS Shafting, Steam nes, Boilers, Best l! OR Water EleVators, For Conveying CURTIS PRESSURE REGULATOR, Water and LiquId. FOR STEAM AND WA'l'ER, l>.atent Ollcl'll, 1 11. ROCK DRIllS 8. AIR COMPRESSORS brh'utorll, et<>... Is made entirely of Meta!. Occupies the PARKINGER PLACE:SOLL ROCK DRILLNEVV co. , YORK. N".A.�.A.N" ... Z>B.:EYFUS same space as a Globe Valve. It has no 1 Seodto' datalogu.: 92 &. 94 Liberty St., �'or steep or fiat roofs. Applled by ordinary workmen glands or paCking, and is a lock·up valve. New Yo rk. at one-thirdROO the cost of tin.FINC Circu'ars and samp.es free.. CUR'I' IS STEAIU TRAP FOR SALE OR LEASE. Agents ,,·anted. T. NEW. 32 John Street, New York. u c a A well equipped Machine Shop and '}I'oundry,In com· :::� ��!:t�;\��� �i:��:;g?�: aW�lJ� plete �l}'l>'il d =l-� 'jENKINS PATENT VALVEc'" �"'� water as fast as it comes. Is very access t\71'l,",fEfJ i�&INE CO., Columbia, pa.l!I .� c)" "", THE STANDARD' c\o-O ible for cleaning the valve, being on the MANurACT uRED O F QUICK outside. Send for Circular to I. Adjustable Stroke ltTIS ltEGUI,A'I'OR CO., �: ��: CI PROVIDE"'M.NCE, A. I.DARIUS. ( STREET), I@: BEST STEAM METAL. Beverly St., Boston, .ll.lass. R. 1t\\111'� ii4 Six minutes walk IV tation . I�: JENKINS BROS.7I JOHN S:NY. ', iii'W Original and Only of the Y SI-IAPERS SILK·PRODUCING BOMBYCES AND iiI' THE SUEZ CANAL. - INTERESTING Can lie Changed wItHe ill nIotion. h p a B d account of the methods used in the construction of this E. GOUI,() & EBERHARD'!" �� ';;iat��!�� ��� I�";�;t�';f ;�ort �llrr: a:gg;r,; HAWithKRIS-(]OULI;: Harris' "at.ented Improvements, ENGINE important work ; with four ergravinJ,ls gfving views of No. N. J. R. R. Ave., i d E n fI'.,,,, 10 to 1.000 H. P. the canal ano excavating apparatus. Contained in SCI 111 N);;WAltK, N. J. �tig :�d ���! �:it�;i��nl�}i������r� ���E:� Sh��: ENTIFIC AM "RICAN SUPPLE!lfE! © 1883 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC