MAPPING OF THE TERRITORY OF UNTIL 1920

Sossa, R.

State Scientific and Production Enterprise, NVP “Kartographia”, 54, Popudrenka Str., , 02094, Ukraine Fax: (380-44) 568-53-14. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Development of mapping in Ukraine as a component part of human culture is an integral part of general social and cultural process within national culture. Unfavorable circumstances during foundation of (different parts of Ukrainian territory were under , , Austrian-Hungarian Empire) were determinative for development of mapping of the territory of Ukraine. Aside from this a numerous of social and political transformations have led to irrevocable loss of ancient cartographic images. Mapping of Ukrainian lands occurred against a background of political changes in society according to progressive development of methods of creation of maps and evolution of printing industry.

Geopolitical location of Ukraine at the edge of West and East, possession of Ukrainian lands by foreigners has led to distinctions in mapping of West and East parts of Ukraine. To the end of 19th – beginning of 20th century Russian, Austrian and partly German topographic maps were created for the territory of Ukraine. Due to military interests of Russia, Austria- and Germany the territory of Ukraine located to the West of river was much better provided by topographic data than Eastern-Ukrainian lands. It is worthy to notice larger scales, more often updating and republishing of Austrian topographic maps, which can be explained (among other facts) that the territory of mapping was less than Russian part of Ukraine.

Much better are studied cartographic works of 13th-18th centuries that can be explained by significance of the source for historical science. Topographic and thematic maps of 19th beginning of 20th centuries are not enough investigated. Traditionally, better are studied Russian cartographic sources. Polish, Austrian, German cartographic works where Ukrainian lands were represented are waiting for the time of their integrated study.

1. INTRODUCTION

Historical process in cartography involves not only the history of mapping of certain territory and the history of creation of specific cartographic works but also the historical progress of cartographic instruments (measuring equipment), methods and technologies of map compilation, methods of map application, phases of developments of ideas and conceptions as well. Using this principle O.M.Berliant [1] defined historical periods for development of tools for land measuring and surveying, historical periods of map compilation and technologies of map producing and also historical periods of map application. However, historical milestones in development of these component parts of cartography, defined by this author, are not agreed with each other in practice and this make simply impossible to build on their base synthetic periodization of history of cartography.

From one hand cartography is a specific field of activity. Within this activity certain views regarding the process of mapping, its scientific understanding, principles of reflection of processes and reality phenomenon have been formed. From another hand, considering a map as a product of a correspondent time, we can notice that content of cartographic works has been determined by social and political realities and their quality – by technical abilities of production. Just this circumstance stipulates us for considering the periods of development of mapping against general historical process background.

This general views we can find also in the fundamental works on history of World cartography by L. Bagrov and R.Skelton [2,3], on history of World and Russian cartography by G. Liod [4], K.Salischev [5,6]. Periods, that were using to trace the progress of cartography, are coinciding with periods of general history namely as: Prehistoric World, Ancient World Medieval World, New World and Modern World.

The major feature of the history of mapping of Ukraine, which directly arises just from the , is the fact that mapping of Ukrainian territory till 1920 was done, in general, by states to which the territory of Ukraine belonged at certain periods. Trivial exceptions from this are periods of Hetman State (mapping of administrative system) and Ukrainian People’s Republic (activity of the Main Geodetic Administration), when some attempts were

Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference (ICC) Durban, South Africa, 10 – 16 August 2003 ‘Cartographic Renaissance’ Hosted by The International Cartographic Association (ICA) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies done in order to organize national mapping service. Surveying of the territory of Ukraine, that have been done by military topographic service of Austrian-Hungarian and Russian Empires using various organizational, metrical, methodical, technical, financial approaches. Such diverse factors of mapping had challenges the status of cartographic investigation of the territory of Ukraine [7].

Rapid grow from the middle of 19 century of thematic mapping (geological, climatic, demographic, ethnographic, industrial, agricultural, transport etc.) took place in the way affected by above-mentioned factor which has been accompanied by various scientific/ methodological and scientific/organizational features of science progress in different countries. Governmental authorities and scientific institutions of these states have produced thematic maps for the territory of Ukraine. As a rule, there were maps of certain countries, to which Ukrainian lands have belonged. Besides these cartographic works more often the thematic editions covered single geographic regions and administrative units were publishing.

Cartography as a phenomenon of human activity sphere (science, industry, communication) is an element of general culture, mentality of population. Historically, Ukraine geopolically is situated between West and East, between Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Geopolitical dualism of Ukraine intensified by long-term subdivision of its west and east lands between states, that belongs to different worlds, somehow encouraged the formation of some features of Ukrainian cartography. The specific feature of mapping of Ukrainian lands that were attached to Russia was the domination of centralized statesmanlike approach in organization of geodetic and cartographic works. Mapping of Ukrainian lands belonged to Poland and Austrian-Hungarian Empire is remarkable for extension of private initiative and commercialization of cartography in general. During studying the mapping of the territory of Ukraine in 19-20 centuries it is necessary to take into account, among others, also the ethic/psychological factors (mentality, ethic and self- consciousness, ethic self-identification of personality, Ukrainian national character, psychical structure with its elements as behavior, national traditions, customs etc.). The last arise when general geographic and thematic maps have been developed and used.

Studying of the history of mapping of Ukrainian territory from ancient time till 1920 allowed defining the various stages.

2. PRIMITIVE CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGES IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

They have appeared long time before literature and consolidated peoples ideas about surroundings. Now are known not more than 10 cartographic images from prehistoric time that have been ever found on the territory of Ukraine. The most remarkable among them is the image from the late Paleolithic era that has been drawn on the piece of mammoth tusk. It was found in 1966 ashore river Rosava not far from the village Mezhirych in Cherkass Region. The age of this image is about 15 thousands years (Fig.1).

Figure 1. Mezhirych image 3. MAPPING IN ANCIENT TIMES

Ukrainian lands were represented on small-scale Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman maps. These very schematic maps gave the first cartographic ideas about our lands. Information about north coast is possible to be found in ancient Greek periples – work of antique descriptive cartography.

4. MAPPING IN THE MIDDLE AGES

In early Middle Ages the territory of Ukraine was represented on primitive so-called “monastic maps” – “Mappa Mundi”, in descriptions and maps by Arabic geographers. At the end of 13-16 centuries the portolan-maps with character drawing of compass network were widely spread. There were a lot of maps of the Black Sea among them.

The cartographic images from the period of Kiev Rus’ are not found yet.

Mapping of Ukrainian lands from the later 15 century can be characterized by coming into and spreading in European cartography of Ptolemaus maps and inventing of engraving and printing. Starting from the 16 century representation of Ukrainian lands in European editions became step-by-step more detailed and precise – the scale became larger, more settlements, rivers, geographical names found their representation on maps, became available the multisheets maps of . At the same time the maps for the territory of Ukraine are developed by foreign cartographers – Polish, Lithuanian, in particular. The first printed native maps can be dated as 17 century: plan-picture of Kyiv inside the book by A. Kalnofoisky “Terraturgima” (1638) and maps of Lavra’s (the biggest monastery) caves in “Kievo- Pechershy Paterik” (1661).

5. MAPPING IN THE NEW AGES

From the middle of 17 century the creation of maps based on high precision astronomic measuring of co-ordinates and instrumental surveying.

In the middle of 17 – later 18 centuries the need in maps for military activity and economic land development was growing. In the middle of 17 century the larger part of the territory of Ukraine belonged to the Polish Realm. The maps for Ukrainian lands of 17 century developed by Polish cartographers were more detailed and précised than others. This could be explained by the fact that cartography in Poland (especially military cartography) at that time was in big progress. The highest achievement of Polish military cartography in mapping of Ukrainian lands were maps by French military engineer G. Boplan who at that time served for Polish King. The most important cartographic work of G. Boplan was “Delineatio specialis et accurate Ukrainae. Cumsuis Palatinatibus ac Distictibg adiacentibus” – special map of Ukraine at the scale 1:450 000 (Fig. 2).

It is maps by G. Boplan, which were made on the base of instrumental surveying, opened a new stage in mapping of Ukrainian land. These maps were widely used in European cartography during the late 17 – early 18 centuries and their importance in popularization of the is considerable.

Intensive progress in Russian cartography started at the edge of 17-8 centuries – from the reformatory epoch of Peter I. During that time the first nautical charts of Azov and Black seas and hydrographic maps of navigable rivers were drawn and semi-instrumental surveying on the base of defined astronomic co-ordinates within the territories of regiments (administrative units at that time) were done. The considerable progress gained the military mapping – creation of maps of defense lines, border zones, city maps with fortification works. From 1765 in Russia the great volume of general land surveying have been conducted. These works consisted in large-scale mapping of lands. However, in Ukraine such works were done only in single provinces. Most of Russian maps of 18 century were hand written.

Ukrainian geographic names on Polish and Russian maps were, in general, represented in Polish/Russian manner. Especially big twisting of the names could be found from the late 18 century when Western Ukrainian lands were mapped by Austrian cartographers.

Three divisions of Rech Pospolita (1772, 1793, 1795) have changed the political map of the territory of Ukraine – the largest part of the lands to the right of Dnieper river turned to Russia, in 1972 Galychyna turned into Austria, and later – Bukovyna and Holmschyna. The end of 18 century can be defined as expansion of Russia to the south in Black Sea direction and this stipulated creation of the great number of city maps in the Black Sea region.

Topographic and thematic mapping can be considered as separate types of mapping. Topographic surveying from the end of 18 – beginning of the 19 centuries already based on constructed triangulation networks. Austrian surveyors from 1772 and Russian from 1825 conducted triangulation works on the territory of Ukraine. Topographic mapping were conducted first at all for the military purposes mainly by military topographic services of Austrian-Hungarian and Russian empires. The great importance for cartographic works had the foundation and activity of The Corp of Military Surveyors in Russia (topographic mapping) and Military geographic Institute in Austria (topographic and reference maps). During 19 century the extensive works on topographic surveying were conducted and every time the maps were created in larger scale, with higher precision and more detailed.

Thus to the end of 19 – beginning of 20 centuries for Ukrainian lands were produced Russian (at the scales 1:420 000, 1:126 000, 1:84 000), Austrian (at the scales 1:300 000, 1:144 000, 1:75 000), partially German (1:300 000, 1:100 000) topographic maps. As a result of military interests of Russia, Austrian-Hungarian Empire and Germany the topographic coverage of the territory of Ukraine to the West of River were better than the territory of Eastern Ukraine. It is worse to notice the larger scales, more often updating and republishing of Austrian topographic maps. The better topographic coverage could be explained by the fact that the territory of mapping was much lesser than Russian.

The period of 1918-1919 was a short period of independence of Ukraine when the first attempts to create the national mapping service were done. The Main Geodetic Administration was established within the Military Ministry with the purpose of cartographic coverage of all needs of the country and also the establishing of the Corp of Ukrainian Geodesists as national cartographic authority was planned.

Thus, mapping of the territory of Ukraine from the ancient time till 1920 is an integral part of the history of society in general and of the process of development of methods of cartographic representation of geographic space with its complexity in particular.

Mapping of Ukrainian lands took place against the backdrop of political changes in society and in accordance to the progressive development of methods of map producing and development of printing industry.

Figure 2. G. Boplan’s “Delineatio specialis et accurate Ukrainae. Cumsuis Palatinatibus ac Distictibg adiacentibus” (1650, Gdansk) 6. REFERENCES

[1] O.M.Berliant, Kartographia (Rus.), 336 p. (2002) [2] L. Bagrow, R.A.Skelton, History of cartography (1964) [3] L.Bagrow, R.A.Skelton, Meister der Kartographie 594 s. (1994) [4] G.M.Liod, Kartoznavstvo (Ukr.) (1951) [5] K.A.Salischev, Osnovy kartovedenia: istoria kartographii I kartographicheskie istochniki (Rus.), 183 p. (1962) [6] K.A.Salischev, Kartovedenie (Rus.), 400 p. (1990) [7] R.S.Sossa, Istoria cartographuvannia teritorii Ukrainy. Vid naidavnishykh chasiv do 1920 (Ukr.), 248 p. (2000) MAPPING OF THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE UNTIL 1920

Sossa, R.

State Scientific and Production Enterprise, NVP “Kartographia”, 54, Popudrenka Str., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine. Fax: (380-44) 568-53-14. E-mail: [email protected]

Biography

Rostyslav Ivanovych Sossa, candidate of geographical science, was born in 1956 in the village Dubrova of Ternopyl Region, Ukraine. In 1979 he graduated the Geographical Faculty of Kyiv State University and started to work for Scientific and Editorial Mapping Enterprise (Kyiv) of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography of the USSR as an engineer-cartographer, editor, chief editor.

In 1991-1994 he worked as director for small-scale enterprise “Mapa Ltd.”. From 1994 he works as director for the Sate Scientific and Production Enterprise “Kartographia” (Kyiv).

He is the author and editor of a number of cartographic works. Among them are: tourist maps (“Ukrainian Carpathian Mts” –1987, “L’viv” – 1989), educational wall maps on (1990), atlas “. Eastern Diaspora” (1992, 1993), educational atlases for the territory of Ukraine.

He is the author of more than 60 scientific works, including monograph “History of the mapping of Ukraine. From ancient time till now” (2000), bibliographic indexes “Cartographic works published by State and Production Enterprise “Kartographia” (1945-2000)” (2001) and “Cartographic works for the territory of Ukraine (1945-2000)” (2000). His scientific research concerns the questions on development and foundation of the national cartography and history of the mapping of Ukraine.

In 2003 for his contribution into cartographic science and industry he was awarded to the state order “For Merit”.