DOCSLIB.ORG

A Brief Survey of American Political Extremism from Post World War I To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Brief Survey of American Political Extremism from Post World War I To 191 A BRIEF SURVEY OF AMERICAN POLITICAL EXTREMiSM FROM PO$T WORLD WAR I TO 1960 John H. George Department of Goverment, Central State College, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034 Contrary to widespread belief, the decade of the sixties was not one of un­ precedented extremist activity. During the 20th Century there were three periods prior to 1960 in which extremists of the left and right were both numerous and active. Too easily forgotten or overlooked, it seems, are the post World War I "Red Scare" period, the overt fascism of the 1930's, the large size of the Communist Party USA in the thirties and forties, and the McCarthy era of the early fifties. The principal reason that the sixties appeared to be overburdened with extremism is directly related to advancements in the communications media. Many Americans believe that the period 20th CENTURY EXTREMISM PRIOR TO 1960 of the 1960's represents an era of unprece­ During the 20th century, prior to 1960, dented extremist activity. The early part of there have been in the United States three the decade saw a revival of the extreme right periods which were high points of the ex­ sparked by the appearance of the John Birch treme right and three which were high Society (which was founded in December points of the extreme left. 1958, but did not achieve national notorietY until 1960), and by the middle of the de­ Periods of extreme rightist activity cade over 1,000 far right groups were in I. Post World War I to the early 20's: Red Scare period, Palmer Raids, and strong re­ operation. The middle and late '60's saw, surgance of the Ku Klux Klan. in addition to the continuing actions of the 2. Mid·1930's to early 40's, period of overt far right, the greatest amount of extreme fascism: German-American Bund. Silver left activity since the 1940's. This was due Shirts, Father Coughlin, Gerald L. K. Smith. largely to the increase in radical left activity 3. Early 1950's: McCarthy Era. among college students and other young people. Many of these persons started as Periods of left extremism non-violent reformers, but when the ma­ 1. Post World War I to early 20's: Founding jority of the nation did not follow their lead, of the U.S. Communist Party: violence by a significant number became violent revo­ anarchists; radical left aligned with and to some extent influential in labor movement. lutionaries. A good example of this phenom­ 2. Mid-1930's: Many intellectuals and writers ena is illustrated by the way in which many joined the Communist Party U.S.A. or Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became fellow travelers during the depres­ members throughout the United States sion years. changed from noncommunist reformers in­ 3. Mid-1940's: Communist Party more respec­ table because of wartime alliance with Soviet fluenced by C. Wright Mills, Paul Good­ Union; some influence in labor unions man, and Albert Camus, to nco-Stalinist until late 1940's. revolutionaries influenced by Marx, Lenin, Note that the first two periods of the Stalin, Mao, and Che. Currently, SDS is right and the left overlapped, while the ,plit into three warring factions, each claim­ third periods occurred during different dec­ 'ng to be "more Mao than thou." At any ades. ate, radical left youth movements gave re­ The period immediately following World ICWed vitality to some segments of the "old War I was one in which the social climate eft" and Americans are witnessing frenzied was conductive to the rise and spread of lCfformances by political deviates at both extremist thought and action. With the Dds of the spectrum. end of the war, Americans looked forward The principal aim of this paper is to show to resuming the old pattern of life, but nat sueh activity is not unique in the history there was little idea or agreement upon just f U.S. politics. what this "old pattern" was. This factor gave Pmc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 50: 191-19" (1970) 192 rise to alienation of many individuals, for spoke of a "frame-up" which was perpetrated "nostalgia had glorified peacetime living in order to have an excuse to "get" radicals until it appeared much more attractive than and labor leaders. it realJy had been" (1, p. 3). During the war During this time Ralph Easley, a well· there had been strong social pressures fa­ known super-patriot, "persistently invented voring unquestioning loyalty; two independ­ fantastic conspiracies and imminent bloody ent agencies and one government sponsored revolutions: .. In the late spring of 1919, group had aided in changing a great number Easley ran a series of startling exposes on of fairly reasonable persons into "super­ communism in the schools, press, churches, patriots and self-styled spy-ehasers by spread­ universities, and organized labor, and he ing rapid propaganda which maximized the subsequently led a movement to scrutinize dangers of wartime sabotlge and sedition" textbooks ... for breaches of loyalty" (I, ( I, p. 12). The two independent organiza­ p. 87). These same measures are attempted tions were the National Security League and today by right extremist groups. the American Defense Society. The govern­ The American Legion was founded in ment sponsored group was the American May of 1919 and had among its goals "to Protective League. By the end "of the war foster and perpetuate a one hundred per they ... had become a repository of ele­ cent Americanism" (1, p. 88). While the ments which were much more interested in Legion could be called an extremist group strengthening a sympathy for economic and during that period, it has evolved into a political conservatism than in underwriting responsible, conservative organization to­ a healthy patriotism" (I, p. 12). A mistrust day, although in some of its Posts extremists and hatred of foreigners already existed, an~ are in control. a large number of leftists were foreign born. The modem version of the Ku Klux Klan Under conditions such as these, there was was established in 1916 and grew to very not a great deal of tolerance for such people large size by 1920. Then, as now, it per­ as Communists, Anarchists, IWW mem­ petrated a hatred of Negroes, Catholics, bers, or even socialists, and all were looked Jev..s, and foreigners. According to several upon as potential "bomb-throwers." Indeed, reliable sources, including a congressional some were, but they comprised a minority investigating committee, the Klan had about of the members of a group which was al­ four million members in the early 1920's. ready a smalJ minority. This "bomb-throw­ During late 1919, several hundred persons ing" group was responsible for bringing were deported because of their radical activi· down even more wrath upon the left-Wing ties, and in early 1920 raids were carried out radicals than they would have received under in which several thousand leftists and sus­ the prevailing conditions. The bombs were pected leftists were arrested. These arres,ts not always thrown. In several of the more were made without the use of warrants; pns­ spectacular instlnces they were sent through oners were held incommunicado and denied the mail. A total of 36 bombs were sent, but the right to legal counsel. Such was the tem­ only 2 reached their destinations. The other per of the time. 3"f were discovered by postal authorities. In the 1930's, the depression, coupled Among the intended victims were Oliver with what some called "the success of the W. Holmes, Jr., Attorney General A. Mit­ Russian experiment," caused a fair number chell Palmer, the Postmaster General, the of writers and intellectuals, along with a Secretary of Labor, two United States Sen­ few working-class people, to become dj'il· ators, John D. Rockefeller and J. P. Mor­ lusioned with the American system of g. i\'­ gan. No bomb kiJJed its intended victim, emment and sympathetic toward Comr. LI' although one seriously burned an ex-sma­ nism. In fact, it was during this period tl at tor's wife and caused her maid to lose both someone coined the phmse "MatXism, t'Ie hands. opiate of the intellectuals." This, of cou: .e, Newspaper headlines played up the idea was a "take off' on Marx's statement ":.f­ of a Red plot, while mdica1left publications ligion, the opiate of the masses." Such Yo' n- 193 known writers as Richard Wright, Edmund GERALD L. K. SMITH -A close associate of \Vilson, John Dos Pasos. Howard Fast, and Huey Long, Smith was also a member of the others were either Communists or fellow­ Silver Shirts 0, p. 319). Still quite active, Mr. Smith is perhaps, rnometarily speaking, the most travelers. successful Je..... and Negro haiter in this nation's At this same time, o\"ert fascism existed. history. Many groups and individuals had great ad­ HAROLD LORD VARNEY - An early associate miration for Hitler and Mussolini. Anti­ of Lawrence Dennis, Merwin Hart, and Joseph Kamp (3, pp. 467-69), Varney has written for Jewish attitudes were prevalent, and therc the John Birch magazine American Opinion for was talk of building a "fascist America." several vears. Several books were written on the subject, GERALD B. WINROD - Known as the "Jay· the most prominent of which was The hawk Nazi", Re\'erend Winrod was a defendant in the Sedition Trials of the 19iO's. His son, Coming American Faeism b\' Lawrence Den­ Gordon, carries on in the tradition of his deceased nis, one of the few intellectuals among father b}' serving as chaplain of the quasi·fascist American fascists. National States Rights Party.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • And Type the TITLE of YOUR WORK in All Caps
    THAT LIBERTY SHALL NOT PERISH: AMERICAN PROPAGANDA AND THE POLITICS OF FEAR, 1914-1919 by ZACHARY CHARLES SMITH (Under the Direction of John H. Morrow, Jr.) ABSTRACT This dissertation attempts to provide an understanding of the widespread anxiety, vigilantism, suppression of dissent, and violation of civil liberties that took place in the United States from 1917 to 1919 and argues that it can be found in some Americans‟ understanding of and reaction to racially-charged propaganda. As the United States inched toward war with Germany in 1915 and after declaring war in April 1917, many propagandists began referencing the allegedly inherent characteristics of Germans as evidence of German American disloyalty and the existence of a vast “Pan-German” plot to undercut or even destroy American democracy. The imagined conspiracy grew to encompass most of the fears that had plagued the Anglo Saxon middle-class since the 1870s – immigrant radicalism, race suicide, the capability of “racially inferior” immigrants to assimilate and self-govern, and the continued deference of African Americans. To many anxious Americans, Germany and German Americans became a very real entity to which these long-held fears could be transferred. American propaganda produced during the First World War, though, was not a cynical ploy to fool the American people into supporting intervention on the side of the Allies. Leading Americans – politicians, editors, and social elites – were convinced that a global German conspiracy threatened the security of the United States and hoped to enlist the American people in staving off the existential threat they believed racially degenerate Germany allegedly posed.
    [Show full text]
  • Extremists on the Left and Right Use Angry, Negative Language
    PSPXXX10.1177/0146167218809705Personality and Social Psychology BulletinFrimer et al. 809705research-article2018 Empirical Research Paper Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Extremists on the Left and Right 1 –16 © 2018 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc Use Angry, Negative Language Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218809705 10.1177/0146167218809705 journals.sagepub.com/home/pspb Jeremy A. Frimer1 , Mark J. Brandt2 , Zachary Melton3, and Matt Motyl3 Abstract We propose that political extremists use more negative language than moderates. Previous research found that conservatives report feeling happier than liberals and yet liberals “display greater happiness” in their language than do conservatives. However, some of the previous studies relied on questionable measures of political orientation and affective language, and no studies have examined whether political orientation and affective language are nonlinearly related. Revisiting the same contexts (Twitter, U.S. Congress), and adding three new ones (political organizations, news media, crowdsourced Americans), we found that the language of liberal and conservative extremists was more negative and angry in its emotional tone than that of moderates. Contrary to previous research, we found that liberal extremists’ language was more negative than that of conservative extremists. Additional analyses supported the explanation that extremists feel threatened by the activities of political rivals, and their angry, negative language represents efforts to communicate as much to others. Keywords language, anger, extremism, liberals and conservatives, threat, happiness Received February 27, 2018; revision accepted October 1, 2018 For too many of our citizens, a different reality exists: extremists—on both the political left and right—use more Mothers and children trapped in poverty in our inner cities; negative language than moderates.
    [Show full text]
  • Facebook and Violent Extremism Awareness Brief
    Facebook and Violent Extremism Understanding Facebook legitimate reasons, violent extremists, gangs, and terrorist groups also have a significant With more than 1 billion users, Facebook is presence and following on Facebook.1 The one of the most popular social networking following identifies the ways domestic and sites. After users create a personal profile or international extremists of all persuasions use organization page and add photos, contact Facebook to promote violence: information, and additional information, they can search for people with similar interests, Recruitment create networks of “friends,” communicate by sending private messages or posting Facebook provides violent extremists with a comments on another user’s wall, “like” pages vast recruiting ground. In the United States of organizations and join “groups” with other alone, 67 percent of all Internet users have a users who share similar interests, and post and Facebook profile, and the percentages are even share content created on Facebook or linked to higher for youth and young adults. Moreover, another website. Facebook is one of the top three websites visited by people under the age of 18.2 How Extremists Use Facebook Extremists take advantage of the fact that parents and law enforcement often are not Although individuals and organizations aware of the dangers that could be present worldwide use Facebook for a variety of when a young person spends large amounts AWARENESS BRIEF 2 AWARENESS BRIEF of time on Facebook. Extremist individuals bring propaganda to a wider audience and and organizations use this viewing potential to serve as a gateway to other extremist websites create lines of communication, enabling them where more radical content is available.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sedition Trial
    NOTES Yet either view, consistently applied, would provide jury trials in constructive criminal contempt cases. Under both theories, due process requires different procedural safeguards in different situations: a prosecution which fulfils the demands of due process in punishing a direct contempt may not suffice if the alleged contempt was committed out of court. 34 Justice Cardozo, expressing the majority rationale, has suggested that ... we reach a different plane of social and moral values when we pass to the privileges and immunities that have been taken over from the earlier articles of the federal bill of rights and brought within the Fourteenth Amendment by a process of absorption. These in their origin were effective against the federal government alone. If the Four- teenth Amendment has absorbed them, the process of absorption has had its source in the belief that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed.' X3s If this is so, then the climb of our "social and moral values" has been a slow one indeed; even the basic right of freedom of speech was only "absorbed" by the Fourteenth Amendment fifty-seven years after its adop- tion.z36 Admittedly, the denial of jury trial in one class of contempt cases is not of the same broad sweep as the denial of free speech or a free press; perhaps it does not stand on the same plane in the scale of civil liberties. But Justice Cardozo's analysis is not exclusive. Unyielding application of the "inherent power" and "immemorial usage" doctrine by state courts has thwarted all legislative at- tempts to abolish summary proceedings in indirect contempts.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Violent Extremism in Kyrgyzstan
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Jacob Zenn and Kathleen Kuehnast This report offers perspectives on the national and regional dynamics of violent extremism with respect to Kyrgyzstan. Derived from a study supported by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) to explore the potential for violent extremism in Central Asia, it is based on extensive interviews and a Preventing Violent countrywide Peace Game with university students at Kyrgyz National University in June 2014. Extremism in Kyrgyzstan ABOUT THE AUTHORS Jacob Zenn is an analyst on Eurasian and African affairs, a legal adviser on international law and best practices related to civil society and freedom of association, and a nonresident research Summary fellow at the Center of Shanghai Cooperation Organization Studies in China, the Center of Security Programs in Kazakhstan, • Kyrgyzstan, having twice overthrown autocratic leaders in violent uprisings, in 2005 and again and The Jamestown Foundation in Washington, DC. Dr. Kathleen in 2010, is the most politically open and democratic country in Central Asia. Kuehnast is a sociocultural anthropologist and an expert on • Many Kyrgyz observers remain concerned about the country’s future. They fear that underlying Kyrgyzstan, where she conducted field work in the early 1990s. An adviser on the Central Asia Fellows Program at the socioeconomic conditions and lack of public services—combined with other factors, such as Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington drug trafficking from Afghanistan, political manipulation, regional instability in former Soviet University, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Union countries and Afghanistan, and foreign-imported religious ideologies—create an envi- Relations and has directed the Center for Gender and ronment in which violent extremism can flourish.
    [Show full text]
  • A Schema of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States
    ICCT Policy Brief October 2019 DOI: 10.19165/2019.2.06 ISSN: 2468-0486 A Schema of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States Author: Sam Jackson Over the past two years, and in the wake of deadly attacks in Charlottesville and Pittsburgh, attention paid to right-wing extremism in the United States has grown. Most of this attention focuses on racist extremism, overlooking other forms of right-wing extremism. This article presents a schema of three main forms of right-wing extremism in the United States in order to more clearly understand the landscape: racist extremism, nativist extremism, and anti-government extremism. Additionally, it describes the two primary subcategories of anti-government extremism: the patriot/militia movement and sovereign citizens. Finally, it discusses whether this schema can be applied to right-wing extremism in non-U.S. contexts. Key words: right-wing extremism, racism, nativism, anti-government A Schema of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States Introduction Since the public emergence of the so-called “alt-right” in the United States—seen most dramatically at the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017—there has been increasing attention paid to right-wing extremism (RWE) in the United States, particularly racist right-wing extremism.1 Violent incidents like Robert Bowers’ attack on the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in October 2018; the mosque shooting in Christchurch, New Zealand in March 2019; and the mass shooting at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas in August
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological and Personality Profiles of Political Extremists
    Psychological and Personality Profiles of Political Extremists Meysam Alizadeh1,2, Ingmar Weber3, Claudio Cioffi-Revilla2, Santo Fortunato1, Michael Macy4 1 Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA 2 Computational Social Science Program, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA 3 Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar 4 Social Dynamics Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Abstract Global recruitment into radical Islamic movements has spurred renewed interest in the appeal of political extremism. Is the appeal a rational response to material conditions or is it the expression of psychological and personality disorders associated with aggressive behavior, intolerance, conspiratorial imagination, and paranoia? Empirical answers using surveys have been limited by lack of access to extremist groups, while field studies have lacked psychological measures and failed to compare extremists with contrast groups. We revisit the debate over the appeal of extremism in the U.S. context by comparing publicly available Twitter messages written by over 355,000 political extremist followers with messages written by non-extremist U.S. users. Analysis of text-based psychological indicators supports the moral foundation theory which identifies emotion as a critical factor in determining political orientation of individuals. Extremist followers also differ from others in four of the Big
    [Show full text]
  • A Study in American Jewish Leadership
    Cohen: Jacob H Schiff page i Jacob H. Schiff Cohen: Jacob H Schiff page ii blank DES: frontis is eps from PDF file and at 74% to fit print area. Cohen: Jacob H Schiff page iii Jacob H. Schiff A Study in American Jewish Leadership Naomi W. Cohen Published with the support of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and the American Jewish Committee Brandeis University Press Published by University Press of New England Hanover and London Cohen: Jacob H Schiff page iv Brandeis University Press Published by University Press of New England, Hanover, NH 03755 © 1999 by Brandeis University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 54321 UNIVERSITY PRESS OF NEW ENGLAND publishes books under its own imprint and is the publisher for Brandeis University Press, Dartmouth College, Middlebury College Press, University of New Hampshire, Tufts University, and Wesleyan University Press. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Cohen, Naomi Wiener Jacob H. Schiff : a study in American Jewish leadership / by Naomi W. Cohen. p. cm. — (Brandeis series in American Jewish history, culture, and life) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-87451-948-9 (cl. : alk. paper) 1. Schiff, Jacob H. (Jacob Henry), 1847-1920. 2. Jews—United States Biography. 3. Jewish capitalists and financiers—United States—Biography. 4. Philanthropists—United States Biography. 5. Jews—United States—Politics and government. 6. United States Biography. I. Title. II. Series. e184.37.s37c64 1999 332'.092—dc21 [B] 99–30392 frontispiece Image of Jacob Henry Schiff. American Jewish Historical Society, Waltham, Massachusetts, and New York, New York.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveying the Landscape of the American Far Right
    SURVEYING THE LANDSCAPE OF THE AMERICAN FAR RIGHT MARK PITCAVAGE AUGUST 2019 PITCAVAGE | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM About the Program on as an expert witness in a number of trials. Since Extremism 2000, Dr. Pitcavage has worked for the Anti- Defamation League, one of the nation’s oldest civil The Program on Extremism at George rights organizations, where he currently serves as a Washington University p r o v i d e s Senior Research Fellow in ADL’s Center on analysis on issues related to violent and Extremism. In the past, Dr. Pitcavage has also non-violent extremism. The Program been Director of the Center on Extremism. Prior to spearheads innovative and thoughtful joining ADL, Dr. Pitcavage was Research Director academic inquiry, producing empirical for the Justice Department’s State and Local Anti- work that strengthens extremism Terrorism Training Program. Dr. Pitcavage research as a distinct field of study. The received his MA and Ph.D. from The Ohio State Program aims to develop pragmatic University in Columbus, Ohio, where he still lives policy solutions that resonate with and works. policymakers, civic leaders, and the general public. The views expressed in this paper are About the Author solely those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Program on Dr. Mark Pitcavage is a historian with 25 Extremism or the George Washington University. years’ expertise on domestic terrorism and right-wing extremism in the United States, having authored many articles, reports and studies on related subjects; trained over 17,000 government officials and law enforcement officers; and served SURVEYING THE LANDSCAPE OF THE AMERICAN FAR RIGHT 1 PITCAVAGE | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM Introduction What is the extreme right in the United States? To many, terms such as “extreme right” and “far right” are simply synonymous with white supremacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Honolulu Rfcord
    I? Sec. 562, P. L. & R. Single Issue U. S. POSTAGE BPAID A Paper Hawaii Needs 10c Honolulu, T. H. $5.00: per year Permit No. 189 by subscription' ’ HONOLUlU RfCORD Vol.1, No. 7 PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY Sept. 16, 1948 11 einecke IIearing Wanted War Entry Before Filipinos Here Deprived Hitler Invasion Of USSR . ' As the Reinecke hearing dragged into its 30th day Deputy Attorney General William Blatt was apparently attempting Of Dependency Aids Due to show', among other /.things, that Dr. John Reinecke had, first, changed his mind abruptly Qn June 22, 1941, about whe­ ther the U. S, should enter the war- against Hitler, and second, Discriminatory Law Voids that Dr. Reinecke had been a writer for Communist publica- : - . tions. In neither effort was he. es- pecially successful. t. : Dr., llchiccke said that during the “Bitter Joke” Says Benefits Promised Eafiier /'’ period of the “phony war,” he had Do the children of an alien get as hungry as those of an ’ _ ^opposed IT. S. aid to. Britain, but Bishop Of T-H Act ./ that he had “changed his mind /. American citizen? Under the; present - Workmen’s Compen- i gradually” until , he had come to “The balance of power was al- / sation Law, Territorial courts are forced to rule that, hungry I ' favor U. S. action against Germany ways with. management and the / Dr not, the children of an alien may not receive the dekith i : some. months before the. Nazi inva- Taft-Hartley Act has only in­ j® benefits that otherwise might be awarded because of the ' sioh of the USSR.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Approaches That Help to Build Resilience to Extremism Among Young People
    Research Report DFE-RR119 Teaching approaches that help to build resilience to extremism among young people Joe Bonnell, Phil Copestake, David Kerr, Rowena Passy, Chris Reed, Rachel Salter, Shama Sarwar, Sanah Sheikh OPM and National Foundation for Educational Research This research report was commissioned before the new UK Government took office on 11 May 2010. As a result the content may not reflect current Government policy and may make reference to the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) which has now been replaced by the Department for Education (DFE). The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Education. Contents Executive summary..................................................................................................................1 Summary of research findings............................................................................................2 What factors help to support a successful intervention? ....................................................4 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................5 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................6 1.1 Objectives of the research............................................................................................7 1.2 Key terms used in the report ........................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • *1573 the Limits of National Security
    Jamshidi, Maryam 8/15/2019 For Educational Use Only THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL SECURITY, 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1573 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1573 American Criminal Law Review Fall, 2011 Symposium: Moving Targets: Issues at the Intersection of National Security and American Criminal Law Article Laura K. Donohuea1 Copyright © 2012 by American Criminal Law Review; Laura K. Donohue *1573 THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL SECURITY I. INTRODUCTION 1574 II. DEFINING U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY 1577 III. THE FOUR EPOCHS 1587 A. Protecting the Union: 1776-1898 1589 1. International Independence and Economic Growth 1593 2. Retreat to Union 1611 3. Return to International Independence and Economic Growth 1617 a. Tension Between Expansion and Neutrality 1618 b. Increasing Number of Domestic Power-Bases 1623 B. Formative International Engagement and Domestic Power: 1898-1930 1630 1. Political, Economic, and Military Concerns 1630 a. Military Might 1637 b. Secondary Inquiry: From Rule of Law to Type of Law 1638 2. Tension Between the Epochs: Independence v. Engagement 1645 © 2019 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1 Jamshidi, Maryam 8/15/2019 For Educational Use Only THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL SECURITY, 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1573 3. Expanding National Spheres of Influence 1650 C. The Ascendance of National Security: 1930-1989 1657 1. A New Domestic Order 1658 a. Re-channeling of Law Enforcement to National Security 1661 b. The Threat of Totalitarianism 1665 c. The Purpose of the State 1666 2. Changing International Role: From Authoritarianism to Containment 1669 3. Institutional Questions and the National Security Act of 1947 1672 a.
    [Show full text]