The Heuneburg and the Early Iron Age Princely Seats

The Heuneburg and the Early Iron Age Princely Seats:

First Towns North of the Alps

Dirk Krausse, Manuel Fernández-Götz, Leif Hansen and Inga Kretschmer

With further contributions from: Christiane Schmid-Merkl, Roberto Tarpini, Elisabeth Stephan, Manfred Rösch, Elske Fischer, Gerd Stegmaier, Bettina Arnold, Matthew L. Murray, Frieder Klein, Nicole Ebinger-Rist, Guntram Gassmann, Günther Wieland and Hans-Peter Sticka Cover: The southeast corner of the hilltop plateau with reconstructed mudbrick wall and house in the open air Museum (Photo above: M. Friemelt); amber ﬁ nds from the Bettelbühl grave (Photo below: Y. Mühleis). Design: Y. Stahl

Back-cover: Early La Tène ﬁ bula from the Danube below the Heuneburg (Photo: Y. Mühleis)

IMPRESSUM

Word processing, layout and production: Archaeolingua Publishing House, Budapest Print: Aduprint Printed in Hungary ISBN 978-963-9911-84-0 Budapest 2016 Table of Contents

9 Preface 60 INFO BOX 2: An Early Iron Age Goldsmith Workshop at the 10 1. Exploring the Heuneburg: Heuneburg? From Antiquarianism to Digital 68 INFO BOX 3: Faunal Remains at the Archaeology Heuneburg and its Rural Environs 10 A Privileged Natural Setting 71 INFO BOX 4: Environment, Land Use and 17 The First Mention of the Heuneburg Nutrition at the Heuneburg According 19 The Discovery of the ‘Princely’ Graves to Botanical Analysis 20 Early Trenches on the Hilltop 76 The Fortifi cations of the Lower Town: 21 The Excavation of the Hohmichele A First Rate Demonstration of Power Tumulus 78 INFO BOX 5: Offerings and Ritual – 22 1950-1979: The Age of the Systematic On the Deposition of a Human Skull Hilltop Excavations beneath a Hearth in the Heuneburg 28 Expanding Views: From the Hilltop Outer Settlement to the Wider Landscape 80 The Monumental Gateway 34 Preserving & Presenting the 83 An Enormous Agglomeration: Heuneburg: From Farmland The Outer Settlement to Museum 84 The Heuneburg: First City North 38 INFO BOX 1: The Museological of the Alps Presentation of the Heuneburg 88 INFO BOX 6: The Heuneburg – A Centre of Pottery Production 41 2. The Heuneburg before the Iron Age 91 4. Destruction and Restructuring: 41 The Earliest Traces of Settlement The Heuneburg after on the Heuneburg the Mudbrick Wall 42 The Bronze Age Fortifi cation 91 The Great Fire and its Consequences 44 Traces of Bronze Age Settlement 92 The Erection of the Monumental 46 The Heuneburg Region Houses during the Bronze Age 95 Intensifi cation of Settlement in the Lower Town 48 3. The Rise of the Fürstensitz 101 Buried above the Remains 48 New Settlement, Old Traditions? of the Outer Settlement 49 A Major Enterprise: The Construction 103 Greek Drinking Vessels of the Mudbrick Wall on the Heuneburg 55 Mediterranean-Inspired Architecture 105 INFO BOX 7: Greek Pottery North in the Heart of Europe of the Alps 57 Living and Working at the Heuneburg 107 A Phase of Craft Experimentation The Heuneburg and the Early Iron Age Princely Seats: First Towns North of the Alps 6

at the Heuneburg 155 INFO BOX 12: Late Iron Age 108 On the End of the Late Hallstatt Viereckschanzen Heuneburg 111 INFO BOX 8: Puzzling Structures on the 157 7. Urbanisation Processes in Early East Terrace Iron Age Europe: The Heuneburg in the Macro-regional Contex 113 5. Monuments for the Ancestors. 157 The Age of the ‘Princely Seats’ Burial Mounds in the Focus 161 INFO BOX 13: Proto-Industrial Iron of the Heuneburg Production in the Late Hallstatt 113 The Aristocratic Tumuli in the and Early La Tène Periods Immediate Surroundings 168 Hallstatt Urban experiences in Gaul: 117 The Hohmichele ‘Speckhau’ Mont Lassois and Bourges Necropolis 169 INFO BOX 14: Paramount Elites and 121 INFO BOX 9: Two Hallstatt Burial Mounds Gender Studies in Iron Age Europe in the Hohmichele Group 175 Fürstensitze on the Middle Neckar and in the ‘Speckhau’ at the Nördlinger Ries: Hohenasperg 128 INFO BOX 10: The Tumulus groups and Ipf of ‘Satzet’ 176 INFO BOX 15: Early Iron Age Gold 130 The Burial Mounds 178 INFO BOX 16: The Earliest Evidence for in the Danube Plain Beer in Central Europe 132 INFO BOX 11: The Princess’ Grave 181 Central Places on the Upper Rhine from Bettelbühl and in the Swiss Plateau: Breisach, 135 Cemeteries as Places of Power and Britzgyberg, Uetliberg and Châtillon- Memory sur-Glâne 183 Centralisation and Ancestor Worship: 139 6. Early Iron Age Hillforts in the The Glauberg Environment of the Heuneburg 184 Eastern Centres of Power between 140 Alte Burg Upper Franconia and Bohemia: 148 Große Heuneburg Ehrenbürg, Závist and Vladař 152 Ennetacher Berg 186 An Early Urban Phenomenon 153 Bussen 188 From Centralisation to Decentralisation

191 Bibliography 7 List of Contributors

Main Authors

Prof Dr Dirk L. Krausse Dr Manuel Fernández-Götz Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege School of History, Classics and Archaeology im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart University of Edinburgh Berliner Straße 12 William Robertson Wing 73728 Esslingen Old Medical School, Teviot Place Germany Edinburgh EH8 9AG [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected]

Dr Leif Hansen Dr Inga Kretschmer Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Berliner Straße 12 Berliner Straße 12 73728 Esslingen 73728 Esslingen Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]

Further Contributors

Dr. Roberto Tarpini Dr Elisabeth Stephan Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Berliner Straße 12 Dienstsitz Konstanz 73728 Esslingen Stromeyersdorfstraße 3 Germany 78462 Konstanz [email protected] Germany [email protected]

Dr Christiane Schmid-Merkl Prof Dr Manfred Rösch Freilichtmuseum Heuneburg Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege Heuneburg 1-2 im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart 88518 Hundersingen Dienstsitz Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen Germany Fischersteig 9 [email protected] 78343 Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen Germany [email protected] The Heuneburg and the Early Iron Age Princely Seats: First Towns North of the Alps 8

Elske Fischer Prof Dr Bettina Arnold Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege Department of Anthropology im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Dienstsitz Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen Sabin Hall 229 Fischersteig 9 3413 N. Downer Ave. 78343 Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen Milwaukee, WI 53201 Germany United States elske.ﬁ [email protected] [email protected]

Dr Gerd Stegmaier Prof Dr Matthew L. Murray Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Department of Sociology und Archäologie des Mittelalters and Anthropology Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen University of Mississippi Schloß Hohentübingen P.O. Box 1848 72070 Tübingen University, MS 38677-1848 Germany United States [email protected] [email protected]

Dr Guntram Gassmann Dr Frieder Klein Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Berliner Straße 12 Dienstsitz Tübingen 73728 Esslingen Alexanderstraße 48 Germany 72072 Tübingen [email protected] Germany [email protected]

Dr Günther Wieland Nicole Ebinger-Rist Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege Landesamt für Denkmalpﬂ ege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Dienstsitz Karlsruhe Berliner Straße 12 Moltkestraße 74 73728 Esslingen 76133 Karlsruhe Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]

Dr Hans-Peter Stika Institut für Botanik Universität Hohenheim Garbenstraße 30 70599 Stuttgart Germany [email protected] Preface To Jörg Biel (1943–2015)

The Heuneburg on the Upper Danube is the Alps (1984). In this way we want to chal- one of the best-studied sites of the European lenge the traditional assumption that the fi rst Iron Age. Research has been carried out on urban centres of Temperate Europe were the the rich Hallstatt period burials from its envi- oppida of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. If this rons since the late 19th century, while modern idea could still be maintained at the time of excavations in the settlement have been con- the publication of Collis’s volume, the new ducted almost continually since 1950 – apart research of the last two decades has shown from short breaks. In spite of this long tradi- that the fi rst wave of urbanisation already took tion of research, the excavations and surveys place 400 years earlier, represented by the continue to produce new surprises; the fi eld- Fürstensitze (‘princely seats’) of the 6th and 5th work of the last two decades in particular, with centuries BC. In what follows we will combine its sensational results, has radically changed the detailed analysis of the Heuneburg with a the traditional picture of this Early Iron Age general overview of other contemporary sites centre of power. Modern research methods and broader refl ections on the political, social such as dendrochronology, isotope analysis, and economic characteristics of Late Hallstatt geomagnetic surveys, LIDAR images, digi- and Early La Tène communities. Cities are an tal documentation, 3D laser scanning or the integral feature of our modern, early 21st cen- employment of drones for photography lead tury societies, and by exploring the origins of more and more to new results and insights. the urban phenomenon we hope to contribute Between the end of the 7th and the mid- to a better understanding of one of the key dle of the 5th centuries BC the Heuneburg was developments of human civilisation. one of the most important centres of settle- This volume has been funded by the Land- ment, economy and power in the entire Eu- esamt für Denkmalpfl ege im Regierungs- ropean Iron Age, one that had far-reaching präsidium Stuttgart (State Offi ce for Cultural connections to places as distant as Etruria Heritage Baden-Württemberg). Passages of and the Greek colonies. As we argue in this the text were recently published in German book, the settlement can be classifi ed as the (Dirk Krausse, Inga Kretschmer, Leif Hansen, ‘fi rst city north of the Alps’. The volume has Manuel Fernández-Götz, Die Heuneburg – two main, interconnected aims: to provide keltischer Fürstensitz an der oberen Donau. the fi rst synthesis in English on the archaeol- Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern in ogy of the Heuneburg and its surroundings; Baden-Württemberg 28 [Stuttgart 2015]) and and to set the development of this important translated by David Wigg-Wolf into English. Early Iron Age central place into the broader For his unselfi sh editorial work on the en- context of the centralisation and urbanisation larged English version I wish to express our processes of the Late Hallstatt period. The gratitude to Manuel Fernández-Götz. subtitle of the volume was deliberately chosen as a direct reference to John Collis’s funda- Esslingen am Neckar, 28th July 2016 mental book Oppida: Earliest Towns North of Dirk Krausse