U. S. o E PAR T MEN T o F JUSTICE United Blood Nation
United Blood Nation is one of the largest associations of street gangs in the United States. The asso- ciation consists of extremely violent and aggressive street gangs, referred to as sets, that have adopted a common gang philosophy. Although there is some cultural affinity between United Blood Nation and the Los Angeles-based Bloods, United Blood Nation sets tend to be more organized, and the sets share a comprehensive philosophy, expressed in an oath, a prayer; a song, a motto, a concept of war; and 31 common rules. Law enforcement officials estimate United Blood Nation membership to be more than 7,000, with approximately 5,000 members in the New York City metropolitan area. United Blood Nation sets are most active on the East Coast, particularly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. Members use violence to protect and expand their drug distribution operations, often torturing, mutilating, and murdering rivals. Increased law enforcement pressure has forced members in many areas to conceal their gang affiliation.
Background ideology of the Black Panther Party and promoted a "gangster" lifestyle. United Blood Nation (lJBN), also known as East Coast Bloods or simply Bloods, was founded Within a year of UBN's formation, membership in the New York City Department of Correction in had increased significant! y, and the organization 1993 at the George Motchan Detention Center on began to form multiple sets. The Nine Trey Gang- Rikers Island. Omar "Original Gangster (OG) sters, formed by Leonard McKenzie, was the first set, Mack" Portee and Leonard "Dead Eye" McKenzie followed by the One Eight Trey formed by Omar formed the gang to protect African American Portee. An additional six sets were soon formed. They are Mad Stone Villains, Valentine Bloods, inmates who were not affiliated with baanasv from violent attacks by members of the Neta and Latin Gangster Killer Bloods, Hit Squad Brims, Blood Kings gangs. Portee and McKenzie adopted a gang Stone Villains, and Sex Money Murder. UBN sets philosophy that espoused the antioppression rapidly spread into the community as gang members
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were released from New York City correctional Alliances facilities. They quickly began recruiting new mem- bers and taking over lucrati ve crack cocaine markets. UBN members generally respect the gang alliances recognized by most street gangs in the By 1997 a number ofUBN sets had expanded United States. UBN sets typically ally with other into Upstate New York, New Jersey, and Penn- Bloods gangs and with the People Nation alliance. sylvania to take advantage of increased drug The People Nation and Folk Nation alliances distribution profits. As sets moved into these formed in the 1980s in the illinois Department of communities, law enforcement authorities and Corrections during the time when street gangs rivals were confronted with unprecedented levels became more influential in the prison system. of violence and intimidation. By 2000 a few UBN Nearly all Chicago-based gangs aligned with either sets had expanded into the Southeast as members People Nation or Folk Nation for protection within from New York City sets relocated to the region or illinois prisons. These alliances carried over into as members who had joined in prison returned the community, particularly in the Midwest, as home. Local gangs that were otherwise unaffiliated Chicago-based gangs migrated to new drug mar- with UBN sets from New York City but that kets. Although this alignment has limited influence emulated UBN culture have also proliferated. In in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, it is other instances, l.TBN members expanded their becoming more significant in the Southeast. For geographic influence by acting as a source of instance, in North Carolina many gangs are aligned supply for other gangs and transporting drugs from with either People Nation (which includes Bloods) New York City to drug distributors in other areas. or Folk Nation (which includes Crips), and these The establishment of UBN sets in correctional groups consider each other rivals. facilities in various East Coast states has changed UBN sets also have allied with Five Percenters, how African American inmates tend to group in Zulu Nation, Mara Salvatrucha (MS 13), and Black prison. Before UBN was established, relatively Guerrilla Family, as well as local gangs, for mutual few African American inmates in the Northeast fmancial benefit or protection. In some instances, belonged to well-known gangs, and most tended to UBN sets associate with traditional rival gangs such group based on where they resided prior to their as Crips and Latin Kings when such associations incarceration. Now, many African American benefit the criminal enterprises of both gangs. inmates in East Coast prisons join UBN sets or rival gangs. Adversaries Today the predominant sets in New York City UBN's primary adversaries are Crips, Neta, include the original eight sets as well as Five Nine Latin Kings, Dominican Power, Blood Catchers, Brims, Mad Dog Bloods, and Mad Stone Bloods. and Death Before Dishonor. In addition, because Additional sets, most of which are smaller, have UBN is part of the People Nation alliance, it is an formed in communities and correctional facilities adversary of gangs aligned with Folk Nation. throughout the East Coast through migration and emulation. UBN sets have become well established Organizational Structure in many drug markets and are among the most violent gangs in the nation. UBN sets continue to DBN is an association of independent, expand into large and small communities along the structured sets operating in prison and on the East Coast as they seek new drug markets. The street that share a collection of common gang presence of UBN members has been reported in at characteristics. DBN does not have a central least 10 states. governing authority; however, DBN members generally revere Omar Portee as the founder of
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DBN, and he holds the honorary title of First Membership Superior or Godfather of DBN. As of 2001 law enforcement authorities UBN sets in the community and in prison have estimated that DBN membership exceeded similar structures. Sets usually have a single leader 7,000. Most members are African American who may be called the fIrst superior, fIve star males-usually with criminal records-although geneml, five star superior general, or by the code many sets have recruited members from other word 101. The leader often is assisted by a second- races and ethnic backgrounds. For example, the in-command who may be called the second superior, Bloods leader at the Rikers Island correctional four star general, four star superior general or by the facilities in 2001 was Latino. Members range code word 102. Leaders are not elected but assert from 9 to 40 years old. The most criminally themselves through their reputation for developing active members are 14 to 25 years old. The criminal enterprises, their ability to effectively average age of new members is 22, and the manage a set's criminal activities, their reputation average age of the older, most respected members for violence, and their personal charisma, among (OGs) is 33. other factors. Assisting the leaders in some sets is a group of members referred to as the Committee. The status of female members varies among Members of the Committee hold midlevelleader- UBN sets; most women act as auxiliary or associ- ship positions, such as Minister of Defense, Minis- ate members. UBN female members and associates ter of Food (in a prison), and Minister of Informa- take an active role in criminal activities by holding tion. They oversee important functions for the drugs and fIrearms for other members, infIltrating benefit of the set within the correctional facility rival gangs to obtain information, imd providing and, to a lesser extent, on the street. Larger sets alibis for members. Some female members and may have additional leadership positions such as associates act as prostitutes to earn money for their commanding officer, captain, and lieutenant. set, and some smuggle drugs and other contraband Rank-and-fIle members commonly are referred to into correctional facilities. as soldiers or principals. Most sets refer to senior or founding members who have earned the respect As with other large East Coast street gangs, of the membership as original gangsters or OGs. UBN has a set of customs and practices. UBN's OGs are usually very influential and mayor may philosophy is expressed in an oath, a prayer, a not hold an official leadership position. They often song, a motto, and a concept of war, all of which coordinate a set's criminal enterprises. must be memorized by members.
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UBN sets aggressively recruit new members be considered for membership. The common in the community and within correctional facilities. initiation process for most sets includes all of Adolescents often are recruited at schools, shop- the following: ping malls, public parks, arcades, amusement parks, and other locations where young people . Committing acts of violence, especially slashings congregate. Many youths are lured into joining by (referred to as spilling blood), particularly against the belief that they will gain respect, status, money, rival gang members, witnesses against the gang, and protection. lIBN sets also appeal to youth by other inmates, or law enforcement officers offering power and identity through a code of Committing criminal acts (referred to as putting conduct based on loyalty and respect for the set. . in work) For many youth, DBN sets, like other street gangs, fulfill basic social needs. Older individuals are , . Being beaten by set members for 31 seconds, in enticed to join UBN by the prospect of significant a ceremony called a jump in profits through criminal enterprises. . Taking a pledge UBN sets have become the most dominant African American gangs in many correctional Prospective female auxiliary/associate mem- facilities on the East Coast. lJ13N members in bers undergo a similar initiation process. However, prison commonly form one set at a given facility some sets require females to have intercourse with and either adopt the name of the most influential some or all of the set's male members, a ceremony set or simply refer to themselves as Bloods. U13N known as being sexed in. The initiation process sets in prisons form strong organizations capable culminates in a ceremony attended by all set of protecting members and operating prison crimi- members. At the completion of the ceremony, the nal enterprises. African Americans who are not prospective member recites the UBN oath or members of a U13N set are induced to join for their pledge and receives a dog-paw mark. own protection and as an opportunity to make money. UBN members belonging to a set in the community will more than likely join a set in prison while maintaining membership in their community-based set. Individuals with specialized skills and abilities valuable to the set are aggres- sively recruited or are coerced into joining with threats of bodily harm or threats against their family members or friends. Members released from prison to communities that lack a U13N presence often establish a local set and conduct drug distribution operations through ties with other UBI\i members.
All prospective members must complete an Dog-paw mark, often burned with a cigarette. initiation process before being accepted as a member. However, an individual born to DBN U13N members can often be identified by the parents is considered a member at birth-this is symbols they display, the clothing they wear, and called born in-and is not required to undergo the hand signs they use. Members often display a the initiation process. In most sets, prospective five-pointed star as a symbol of their affiliation members must receive the approval of the set with the People Nation alliance. Other symbols leaders or at least the approval of several OGs to include a bulldog, a bull, a dog paw (represented
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by three dots), and letters such as B (Blood) or CK Drug Trafficking (Crip Killer). UBN members also distinguish themselves by wearing red clothing-Bloods gangs Most UBN sets derive illicit proceeds from the generally accept red as their color-although some distribution of powdered cocaine, crack cocaine, also wear black, green, or brown clothing. UBN heroin, and marijuana. Law enforcement officials members often wear the apparel of professional report that UBN sets transport cocaine, heroin, and sports teams such as the Chicago Bulls or the marijuana into and within 10 states. Members have Boston Red Sox. They also wear items of clothing expanded lJ'BN's drug distribution operations from in a manner that demonstrates their affiliation with the New York City and northern New Jersey areas to the People Nation alliance; this practice is called many locations in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and representing. For example, the brims of baseball Southeast regions. They often establish new drug caps are tilted to the left side of the head, belt tips markets in rural areas where the profit margin is are worn to the wearer's left side, and a red shoelace significantly greater, sometimes three or four times, is used only in the left shoe. than in New York City.
UBN members use hand signs to identify their set affiliation and association with {.TBN,to issue warnings, and to challenge rival gang members. Hand signs are a unique combination of hand and finger gestures portraying letters of the alphabet or representing specific set-related phrases. Hand signs range from a simple "toss," displaying one hand sign, to a sequence of tosses. For example, UBN members commonly greet each other by saluting with their right hand forming a circle with their thumb and index fmger and spreading the remaining fingers to form 0-3 or a lowercase b.
Northeast Region UBN members distribute multikilogram Communication quantities of powdered cocaine, heroin, and mari- juana in New York City. They also transport large quantities of these drugs via private vehicles and public transportation from New York City to other locations in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- vania for distribution. In addition, tTBN members have expanded distribution into Connecticut and Massachusetts. They usually obtain powdered cocaine and heroin from New York City-based Dominican criminal groups and marijuana from
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New York City-based Jamaican criminal groups. UBN members also convert powdered cocaine to . Sets may crack cocaine (typically near distribution sites to control all drug distribution to t e retail level or avoid more stringent sentences) for distribution in distribute to other retail distributors. UBN sets most major urban areas of the Northeast region. control drug distribution operations through intimidation, assault, and murder. Other Criminal Activity
UBN sets contro rug distn utIOn t oug mtU1ll- In addition to drug distribution, UBN members are involved in many other criminal activities dation and assault, and are willing to murder anyone who interferes with their criminal enter- induding auto theft, identity theft, extortion, prises. UBN members also extort money and drugs prostitution operations, firearms trafficking, burglary, robbery, carjackincr drive-by shooting, from other drug distributors. assault, and murder MidsAtlantic Region
UBN members from the Northeast and Mid- Atlantic regions transport multikilogram quantities of powdered cocaine, heroin, and marijuana from New York City for distribution throughout the Mid-Atlantic region, particularly Maryland, Dela- ware, and Virginia. They obtain cocaine and heroin primarily from Dominican criminal groups in New York City and marijuana primarily from Jamaican criminal groups in New York City. UBN members also convert powdered cocaine to crack cocaine for local distribution in most major urban areas of the Mid-Atlantic region
. They typically control their distribution operations through intimidation, assault, and murder. Southeast Region UBN members from the Northeast and Violence Southeast regions transport multikilogram quantities of cocaine and marijuana from New York City for UBN sets are among the most violent gangs distribution throughout the Southeast in the United States. They are responsible for particularly North Carolin . numerous murders, particularly in New York City. UBN members consider extortion, intimidation, assault, torture, and murder as standard practices to further or protect their criminal enterprises. Many
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UBN members do not fear law enforcement or the judiciary and have been known to threaten police officers and court officials. In 2001 during the sentencing of a li'BN member convicted of murder in Essex County, New Jersey, the member openly ordered other DBN members in the courtroom to kill the judge, the prosecutor, and his counsel. Also during 200 1 UBN members in Hoboken, New Jersey, placed a "contract" on three police officers for disrupting their drug distribution operations. Outlook
As UBN sets expand their geographic influence and drug distribution activities, communities will experience dramatic increases in violent crime rates, witness intimidation, extortion, and other gang-related crimes. As a result, jails and prisons along the East Coast will house increased numbers of DBN members.
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