Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique
RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP) PHASE 1: Draft Physical and Socio-Economic Survey Report NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY
To: Administração Regional de Águas do Sul (ARA-Sul), Mozambique
August 2018
www.smec.com Contents GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS...... V NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 9 S.1 Introduction ...... 9 S.1.1 Background and Justification of the Project ...... 9 S.1.2 Project Proponent ...... 9 S.1.3 Purpose of a Resettlement Action Plan ...... 10 S.1.4 Stages for Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan and Purpose of the Report...... 10 S.1.5 Project Description ...... 11 S.2 Approach and Methodology ...... 13 S.3 Legal and Policy Framework ...... 13 S.3.1 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 13 S.3.2 International Policies ...... 14 S.4 Institutional Framework ...... 15 S.5 Public Participation and Consultation ...... 20 S.6 Socio Economic environment ...... 21 S.6.1 Affected communities ...... 21 S.6.2 Demographic profile ...... 22 S.6.3 Land tenure ...... 24 S.6.4 Land Use Patterns ...... 24 S.6.5 Livelihood and income sources ...... 26 S.6.6 Production and marketing ...... 27 S.6.7 Ownership of Assets ...... 29 S.6.8 Social Services ...... 29 S.6.9 Gender relations ...... 33 S.6.10 Non-Governmental Organizations / Community Based Organisation ...... 33 S.6.11 Historical, Cultural Heritage and Communal Property ...... 33 S.6.12 Tourism ...... 34 S.7 Project Impacts ...... 34 S.7.1 Physical Impact of the Project ...... 34 S.7.2 Affected Population ...... 35 S.7.3 Potential Impact on Buildings ...... 36 S.7.4 Potential Impact on Crops, Trees and Gardens ...... 38 S.7.5 Potential Impact on Pasture Areas ...... 38 S.7.6 Impact on Public Infrastructure and Utilities ...... 38 S.7.7 Impact on Cultural Sites and Assets ...... 38 S.7.8 Households above 170masl ...... 39 S.7.9 Potential Impacts from Alternative Transport Quarry Routes to Boane, Moamba and Mabalane Quarry Sites ...... 39 S.7.10 Positive Impacts from the Project ...... 40 S.8 Eligibility Framework ...... 41 S.9 Analysis of Potential Alternative Resettlement Areas ...... 42 S.10 Grievance Resolution Mechanism ...... 44 S.12 Next Steps for the Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the RAP ...... 45 S.12.1 Background ...... 45
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 i
S.12.2 Scope of Works for Phase 2 and Phase 3 ...... 46 S.12.3 Deliverables ...... 47
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 ii
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: GENERAL PROJECT LOCATION ...... 11 FIGURE 2: AFFECTED COMMUNITIES ...... 22 FIGURE 3: LAND USE PATTERNS ...... 25 FIGURE 4: TRANSPORT NETWORK IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 32
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 iii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: PROJECT PROPONENT DETAILS ...... 10 TABLE 2: MAPAI DAM KEY COMPONENTS...... 11 TABLE 3: ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS OF THE DIRECTLY AFFECTED COMMUNITIES ...... 21 TABLE 4: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF AFFECTED FAMILIES BY THE DIFFERENT WATER LEVEL SCENARIOS...... 35 TABLE 5: AFFECTED FAMILIES BY DISTRICT, VILLAGE AND LEVEL ...... 35 TABLE 6: SUMMARY OF MAIN BUILDINGS BY DISTRICT AND VILLAGE WITHIN 156/169 WATER LEVEL ...... 36 TABLE 7: TOTAL NUMBER OF AUXILIARY BUILDINGS PER DISTRICT, COMMUNITY AND WATER LEVEL 156/169 ...... 37 TABLE 8: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF INFRASTRUCTURE THAT WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE SELECTED ROUTES (ALTERNATIVE 1) FOR STONE TRANSPORTATION IN BOANE AND MOAMBA DISTRICTS .... 39 TABLE 9: ENTITLEMENT MATRIX ...... 41
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 iv
GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
A. GLOSSARY
Concept Description Area of Direct Area that the activity directly affects based on physical, biotic and socioeconomic Influence characteristics. Area of Indirect Area affected by activities or influences not directly linked to the Project Influence but which are triggered by the physical presence of the Project or associated activities Area of Influence Area of Influence refers to the spatial or physical scale at which the impact may occur – it does not relate to the potential consequence of the impact Baseline A set of measurements, statistics, or conditions used as a basis for later comparison. The baseline refers to the pre- project conditions, prior to the initiation of the project, against which -project changes can be compared. Biodiversity The variability among living organisms – animals, plants, their habitats – from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Refers to payment in cash or in kind for an asset to be acquired or affected by an infrastructure project at replacement cost. Compensation also involves more than a Compensation one-time payment process. It involves improvement or restoration of incomes and livelihoods. Cultural heritage The legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations
Refers to the date of completion of the census and assets inventory of persons affected by the project. Persons occupying the area after the cut-off Cut-off Date date are not eligible for compensation. Similarly, fixed assets such as built structures and perennial crops established after the date of completion of the assets inventory are not compensated. Directly Affected All those who reside or derive their living from areas where the project will Persons have a direct impact, often referred to as the Direct Impact Zone (DIZ), consisting of all the project components including temporary land-take (camps, equipment lay-downs etc., auxiliary sites) and permanent land-take (for permanent Project components. DUAT The DUAT or Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra process refers to the process of obtaining right of use of land in Mozambique Gender responsive The process of assessing the impact that an activity may have on females and males, and on gender relations Grievance The processes by which stakeholders are able to raise concerns, grievances and mechanisms legitimate complaints, as well as the project procedures to track and respond to any grievances.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 v
Impact Effect or consequence of an action or event; the degree to which an impact is interpreted as negative or positive depends on context and perspective.
Involuntary Involuntary resettlement refers both to physical displacement (relocation or Resettlement loss of shelter) and to economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or means of livelihood) as a result of project-related land acquisition or restriction of access to natural resources. Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected individuals or communities do not have the option to refuse land acquisition that results in displacement. This occurs in cases of: (i) lawful expropriation or restrictions on land use based on eminent domain; and (ii) negotiated settlements in which the buyer can resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail. Livelihood The capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living. Project Affected Affected persons are defined as those who stand to lose, as a consequence Persons (PAPs) of the project, all or part of their physical and non-physical assets, including homes, productive land, commercial properties, income earning opportunities, etc. Including community or social structures (resulting in social disarticulation). Public Participation The process by which an organization consults with interested or affected Process individuals, organizations and government entities before making a decision Reservoir area The area that is inundated when the reservoir is at its maximum expected level and the dry buffer zone above this level. Resettlement Action A document or set of documents specifically developed to identify the actions that will be taken to address resettlement Plan (RAP) Scoping Report A report is intended to focus the Environmental Impact Assessment by (EPDA) defining key issues from a broad range of potential concerns for study in the EIA process. The report is typically supported by a review of existing information and public consultation. Stakeholder Refers to individuals, groups or organizations who could be directly affected by the proposed Project (project-affected people) and those individuals or organizations who, may not be affected by the proposed Project but represent those affected or have a regulatory duty, an interest or influence in the proposed Project Vulnerable group Social groups who are marginalized or impoverished with very low capacity and means to absorb change which include but not limited to women, the elderly, children and youth, the disabled, Albinos.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 vi
B. ABBREVIATIONS /ACRONYMS Abbreviation/ Description Acronym AfDB African development bank ATGL Greater Limpopo Trans boundary Area ASD Direct Social Support AWF African Water Facility ASP Productive Social Action AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BP Bank Policy DIZ Direct Impact Zone DEPDH Provincial Directorate of Education and Human Development EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIAR Environmental Impact Assessment Report ESIA Environmental Social Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussions FRAP Full Resettlement Action Plan GMC Grievance Management Committee GRM Grievance Resolution Mechanism GoM Government of Mozambique HIV Human Immune Virus hm hectometer IFC International Finance Corporation INAS National Institute of Social Action INE National Statistics Institute IPCC Institutions for Community Participation and Consultation ISS Integrated Safeguards System IESA Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment IT Information Technology km kilometre kV kilovolts LNP Limpopo National Park MA Main Adaption MFWL Maximum Flood Water Level MASA Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MGAS Ministry of Gender and Social Action Coordination MFWL Maximum Flood Water Level m Metres masl Metres above sea level
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 vii
MITADER Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development MMAS Ministry of Women and Social Action MOPH Ministry of Public Works and Housing MW Megawatts NFSWL Normal Full Supply Water level OS Operational Safeguard PAH Project Affected Household PAP Project Affected Person PCR Physical Cultural Resources PMU Project Management Unit PS Performance standard PEDD District Strategic and Development Plan PES Economic and Social Plan PRONASAR National Water Supply and Sanitation Program PSSR Physical and Socioeconomic Survey Report RAP Resettlement Action Plan RIAP Resettlement Implementation Action Plan SA Secondary Adaptation SSB Basic Social Subsidy SDAE District Services for Economic Activities SDEJTS District Education Youth and Technology Services SDPI District Planning and Infrastructure Services SDSMAS District Women, Health and Social Services SPSS Scientific Package for Social Scientists SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats STI Sexually Transmitted Infection TOR Terms of Reference TL Transmission Line UGBL Unidade de Gestao da Bacia do Limpopo’ US Sanitary Units USD United States Dollar WB World Bank WCD World Commission on Dams WFP World Food Program
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 viii
NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY
S.1 Introduction S.1.1 Background and Justification of the Project The lower reaches of the Limpopo River in Mozambique are facing significant challenges due to intensive water development, upstream water use and increasing hydrological variations and extremes due to climate change and catchment development. Over the past few decades the dry season has extended and rainfall intensity has increased over a shorter wet season. The dry season can remain nearly dry for periods of up to eight months in a year. The lower reaches are also vulnerable to devastating floods causing loss of life and considerable damage to livelihoods, crops and infrastructure. In 2013, the extreme flood caused the deaths of 40 people and directly affected around 250,000 inhabitants of which more than 170,000 people were displaced. The damages were estimated to be in the order of USD 250 million (AfDB, 2014). It is envisaged that the construction of a high storage capacity reservoir on the Limpopo River would effectively manage flood and drought regimes, and enhance livelihoods through improved food security, energy generation and economic development. The overarching development goal of the Resilience Project is to improve climate change resilience of communities, infrastructure and livelihoods in the lower Limpopo River basin by better management of water resources during flood and dry conditions. The Project combines flood mitigation, irrigation development and power production, which address important local, regional and national objectives in reducing flood risks, contributing to food security and increasing energy availability within the country. ARA-Sul commissioned SMEC International Pty to act as the Environmental and Social Consultant to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the “Building Climate Resilience in the Limpopo Basin in Mozambique” (referred to as the ‘Resilience Project’) and to undertake activities for a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project. The Resilience Project has been categorised by the Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER) through its Provincial Directorate DPTADER as ‘CATEGORY A’ thus a Resettlement Action Plan is required. S.1.2 Project Proponent The Project proponent is the Administração Regional de Águas do Sul (ARA-Sul), which is a government agency supervised by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing through the National Water Directorate. The agency is responsible for river basins in southern Mozambique, including the trans- boundary flood prone Limpopo and Maputo rivers. The agency is involved in water and catchment management, dam operations and flood forecasting. The main responsibilities of ARA-Sul are defined in article 2 of its statutes (Ministerial Diploma nº 134/93, of November 17) and include: Planning and guarantee of availability and balanced distribution of water resources (surface and underground). Control of the use and utilization of surface and underground water, discharge of effluents and other activities that affect water resources. Grant of usage rights and the imposition of related fees. Design, construction and operation of hydraulic structures. Authorization and inspection of hydraulic structures. Provision of technical services for the public and private sector.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 9
Collection and management of hydrological data. ARA-Sul is divided into four Basin Management Units. This Project comes under the Management Unit of the Limpopo Basin (UGBL), with Headquarters in Chokwe and representation in Macarretane and Massingir. ARA-Sul details are provided in Table 1 Table 1: Project Proponent Details
Project Proponent Details
Name or organisation: Administração Regional de Águas do Sul (ARA-Sul) Address: Avenida Samora Machel 30, 7o Andar, CP 4033, Maputo – Moçambique Telephone: +258 21306729/30 Fax: +257 21306156 Contact: The General Director Organisation website: http://www.ara-sul.co.mz/
S.1.3 Purpose of a Resettlement Action Plan The main purpose of a Resettlement Action Plan is to ensure that the populations which have to leave their environment and lose some or all of their property are treated fairly. The resettlement aims at stimulating the socio-economic development of the country and guaranteeing a better quality of life of the affected population and social equity, taking into account the sustainability of the physical, environmental, social and economic aspects. A RAP sets out strategies and schedules to mitigate adverse effects. It establishes the parameters and entitlements for project affected people (PAP), institutional frameworks, mechanisms for consultation and grievance resolution, time schedules and a budget, etc. The specific objectives of a Resettlement Action Plan are: To ensure that people affected by the project are consulted and have the opportunity to participate in all key stages of the development process and the implementation of involuntary resettlement activities and compensation; To assist people affected in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and living standards, or to at least restore them in real terms to the level before the resettlement or the implementation of the project, whichever is the most advantageous to them; To plan and implement involuntary resettlement and compensation activities as sustainable development programmes, by providing sufficient investment resources so that people affected by the project have the opportunity to share in the benefits; To give special attention to the needs of the most vulnerable people among the displaced populations. S.1.4 Stages for Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan and Purpose of the Report Mozambican regulations and provide for a phased approach to resettlement planning. It provides for three phases as follows. Phase 1: Collection and Analysis of Physical and Socioeconomic Data Phase 2: Preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 10
Phase 3: Preparation of the Resettlement Implementation Action Plan (RIAP) This report therefore is the Physical and Social Surveys Report which which covers Phase 1 of the RAP and is the first output of a Resettlement process and presents the findings of the data collection (Phase 1). The report is prepared according to Mozambican legislation, AfDB guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement and international best practice.
A draft RAP Report – Phase 1: Draft Physical and Socio-Economic Survey Report will be made available for stakeholder review and comment, and a series of Focus Groups, key interviews and Public Meetings will be held in the Project Area; Chokwe and Xai-Xai. The purpose is to present important RAP Phase 1 findings and to consider stakeholder comments for inclusion into the final report. The RAP Phase 1 Report – Physical and Socioeconomic Survey Report will then be submitted to the Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER) for Project approval.
S.1.5 Project Description Location: The proposed dam and its associated infrastructure are located in Mapai and Chicualacuala Districts both of which are in Gaza Province in South West Mozambique. The two districts belong to the drainage basin of the Limpopo, and the Limpopo River flows through them. This area is within the Greater Limpopo Transboundary Area (ATGL), which encompasses the conservation areas of Kruger National Park (South Africa), Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe), the Limpopo and Banhine National Parks in the Gaza Province, and Zinave National Park in Inhambane Province. In proximity to the Project area are the Limpopo National Park on the western side of the Limpopo River, and the Banhine National Park, which is located to the southeast.
Figure 1: General Project Location
Key Project Components: A summary of the key Mapai dam components and other auxiliary infrastructure is presented in Table 2. Table 2: Mapai Dam Key Components. Component Description
Dam, Reservoir The proposed Mapai dam will comprise of a dam wall 3.17 km long (spillway included) and 53.0 m high, a maximum impoundment area of 394.9 km2 and a storage capacity of 6837 hm3. A saddle dam will be located on the right bank, with a crest length of approximately 155 m. A power plant will be located at the toe of the dam with a maximum output of 19 MW.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 11
Component Description
Spillway The spillway will cater for a 2000-year flood event, while an auxiliary spillway will cater for flood events between 2000 and 5000 years. Design details are: Main spillway, weir, discharge canal and stilling basin: 13 spans, with a maximum discharge capacity of about 32 000 m3/s, which represents about 85% of the required the dam design flow (38 000 m3/s) Auxiliary spillway: Fuse plug embankment located on the right side of the dam with a 380 m length and 5 m height, with maximum discharge capacity of about 6 000 m3/s. Powerhouse A hydroelectric plant with an installed capacity of 19 MW and associated water circuit will be located on the border of the flooded area on the right bank and near the lower exit. The plant will be equipped with 3 units generating around 6.12 MW each. The electrical connection to the national grid is ensured by a single 110 kV aerial transmission line, approximately 31 km long, between the hydroelectric power station and the Mapai substation. Other key infrastructure Access road An access road to the dam with a length of 21 km between the dam and the National Road N221 parallel to the transmission line Transmission line to A 31 km transmission line with an easement 100 meters wide from the Mapai substation hydroelectric power station to the substation located near Mapai. Realign access Realignment of 61,1 km of Road N222 on the western side of the proposed reservoir, so that the road is aligned outside of the reservoir exclusion zone; Transport routes for The route components of road and rail transport (from quarries to railway stations) materials from Boane, of rocky materials from the Boane, Moamba and Mabalane quarries to the Moamba and construction area of the project. Mabalane Districts Boane Alternative 5: 8 km along good road to CFM rail branch. It is relatively short and avoids residence and business. This is a proposed alternative route. Alternative 1: 6.9 km to Boane railway station through N5 road. It is the shortest distance to the existing railway and is currently used by quarry trucks. It requires resettlement of some households. This is the preferred route Moamba Alternative 4: 8.6 km along good road to proposed new railway holding area. It will have the least impact on sensitive receptors, no resettlement will be required. This is proposed route Alternative 1: 3 km but requires 150 m of new road construction along railway reserve. This is the shortest route and resettlement would be less than for other alternatives. This is the preferred route. Mabalane Alternative 1: 3 km along good road to Mabalane railway station. Salane dyke A protective dyke around Salane village, located on the north western side of the proposed reservoir with 2,3km long and 4m high.
(Source: Pre-feasibility study of adaptation project, COBA, Consultec, Salmon Lda, 2016 & Comparative analysis of dam sites, 2017).
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 12
S.2 Approach and Methodology Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data for Phase 1 of the Resettlement Action Plan. The methods used to collect relevant information include; review of relevant documentation, socioeconomic household surveys, asset surveys, observations and stakeholder consultations carried out through key informants’ interviews, Focus Group Discussions and community meetings. Data collection was undertaken in all 21 villages that will be potentially affected by the construction of Mapai dam.
S.3 Legal and Policy Framework This report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of legislation of the Government of Mozambique, African Development Bank Safeguard policies and International best practice for land acquisition and resettlement. Similarly, Phase 2 and 3 of the Resettlement Action Plan will be compliant with both the national international guidelines
S.3.1 National Policy and Legal Framework The key policy and legislations governing compensation and resettlement in Mozambique that will guide the preparation and implementation of this RAP are: The Regulation for Resettlement Resulting from Economic Activities (Decree No. 31/2012 of 08 August) Technical Directive on Preparation and Implementation of Resettlement Plans (Ministerial Diploma no. 156/2014 of 19 September). These are complemented by other national policies and regulations.
The Regulation for Resettlement Resulting from Economic Activities (Decree No. 31/2012 of 08 August) These Regulations stipulate the basic rules and principles of the resettlement process, on account of economic activities of public or private initiative, performed by national or foreign, natural or legal persons, with a view to the promotion of the citizens’ quality of life and the protection of the environment. Section III of the Regulation highlights the phases for the preparation of the Resettlement Plan which include: a) Collection and analysis of physical and socioeconomic data; b) Preparation of the Resettlement Plan; and c) Preparation of the Action Plan for the implementation of the resettlement project. Article 23 of the Regulation stipulates that the preparation and implementation of the Resettlement Plan will ensure at least four public consultations, advertised in the main media and at the intervention sites. The public meetings shall be organized with an aim to collect comments, suggestions or recommendations concerning the draft Resettlement Plan.
Technical Directive on Preparation and Implementation of Resettlement Plans (Ministerial Diploma no. 156/2014 of 19 September)
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 13
This Directive intends to operationalize the rules and procedures defined by Decree no. 31/2012 of 8 August, which approves the Regulation on the Resettlement Process Resulting from Economic Activities, making it compatible with the Regulation on the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, approved by Decree no. 45/2004 and with the Directive on the Expropriation Process for Territorial Planning Effects, approved by Ministerial Diploma nº 181/2010, of 3 November. Specifically, this Directive clarifies and guides the steps to be followed and the products to be presented at the different stages of the process of preparation of Resettlement Plans, in accordance with Section III of Decree No 31/2012 of 8 August. This Directive provides the guidelines for the Government and other stakeholders in the process to align resettlement planning with the planning of the socio-economic process, with a view to integrating families and communities involuntarily displaced from their present areas, restoration of livelihoods and incorporation into local economic development, in light of Decree no. 45/2004 on the Environmental Impact Assessment process, Decree no. 31/2012, of 8 August, on the Resettlement Process Resulting from Economic Activities and the Ministerial Diploma no. 181/2010, of November 3, which approves the Directive on the Process of Expropriation for the purposes of Spatial Planning. Other relevant and complementary national policies and legislation include; The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 2004 The Land Law nº 19/97 of 1 October The Land Law Regulations(Decree No. 66/98 of 8 December) Land Planning Law Regulations n° 23/ 2008 0f 1 July The Territorial Planning Law (Law No. 17/2007 of 18 July), Family Law nº 10/2004 National Heritage Protection Law nº 10/1988 Regulation 66/1998 - Land Act S.3.2 International Policies International Funding Policies, Procedures and Guidelines include that have been reviewed include:
African Development Bank Group’s Integrated Safeguards System IFC Performance Standards (Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System, PS 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement) World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.12 Involuntary resettlement, Cultural Property (OP/BP 4.11) Physical Cultural Resources) World Commission on Dams Framework, 2000
A summary of the AfDB and IFC standards is provided below. Preparation of the phase of the RAP has majorly relied on these two funders’ guidelines in relation to international best practice. African Development Bank Group’s Integrated Safeguards System The AfDB Integrated Safeguards System (ISS 2013) Operational Safeguard 2 (OS 2) on Involuntary Resettlement relates to Bank-financed projects that cause involuntary resettlement of people. It seeks to ensure that when people must be displaced they are treated fairly, equitably, and in a socially and culturally sensitive manner; that they receive compensation and resettlement assistance so that their standards of living, income-earning capacity, production levels and overall means of livelihood are improved; and that they share in the benefits of the project that involves their resettlement. Objectives The specific objectives of this OS are to: Avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible, or minimize resettlement impacts where involuntary resettlement is deemed unavoidable after all alternative project designs have been explored;
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 14
Ensure that displaced people are meaningfully consulted and given opportunities to participate in the planning and implementation of resettlement programmes; Ensure that displaced people receive significant resettlement assistance under the project, so that their standards of living, income-earning capacity, production levels and overall means of livelihood are improved beyond pre-project levels; Provide explicit guidance to borrowers on the conditions that need to be met regarding involuntary resettlement issues in Bank operations to mitigate the negative impacts of displacement and resettlement, actively facilitate social development and establish a sustainable economy and society; and Guard against poorly prepared and implemented resettlement plans by setting up a mechanism for monitoring the performance of involuntary resettlement programmes in Bank operations and remedying problems as they arise.
IFC Performance Standards Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System Performance Standard 1 structures the way in which environmental and social issues are to be handled and serves as the core around which the other Standards are framed. Performance Standard 1 requires that affected communities be appropriately engaged on issues that could potentially affect them. Key pre-requisites include: Ensuring free, prior and informed consultation, and facilitating informed participation Obtaining broad community support Focusing on risks and adverse impacts, and proposed measures and actions to address these Undertaking consultation in an inclusive and culturally appropriate manner Tailoring the process to address the needs of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups.
Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement Performance Standard 5 is the core standard related to land acquisition and resettlement. It refers to the management of physical displacement (i.e. relocation or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (i.e. loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or means of livelihood) as the result of project-related land acquisition. Performance Standard 5 requires: . That the project proponent identifies those persons who will be displaced and establish a cut- off date to establish eligibility for compensation; . The project proponent to offer land-based compensation, where feasible, where livelihoods of displaced persons are land-based, or where land is collectively owned; . Avoidance of forceful removal of people; . Private sector companies to “bridge the gap” between domestic legal requirements and the requirements of the Performance Standard where necessary; and . Preparation of a RAP, which demonstrates how displacement will be managed in accordance with the Performance Standard.
S.4 Institutional Framework A number of institutions will be involved in the overall implementation of the resettlement and compensation aspects for this project, either by way of their mandate or because of the direct impact of the project on their areas of jurisdiction. However, the key institutions include the following:
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 15
Regional Water Administration for Southern Mozambique (ARA-Sul): ARA-Sul will be the overall overseer of the RAP planning and implementation for this project. ARA-Sul’s key responsibilities will include the following: . Oversee and supervise all tasks related to the different phases of the RAP. . Coordinate RAP related activities among the different stakeholders. . Ensure that the compensation and resettlement activities are consistent with Mozambican legislation, African Development Bank Policies and international best practice. . Ensure that a detailed census survey of Project Affected Persons is conducted and all the required updates carried out before actual implementation of the RAP. . Ensure that PAPs are well informed through the local leaders, at each stage of the process. . Review all project documentation and ensure it meets all legislative requirements and ensure safe custody of all information and documentation relevant to the RAP. . Provide necessary assistance to affected persons during the resettlement process and ensure that vulnerable people are appropriately compensated. . Appoint an agency for external monitoring of activities. . Review whether all categories of impacts are being adequately compensated for and all categories of affected persons including vulnerable groups can at least restore their standards of living after resettlement. . Participate in grievance resolution of raised complaints from the project affected persons and other stakeholders. . Provide internal monitoring of the resettlement plan implementation. . Budget, allocate and disburse funds for land acquisition and resettlement.
Ministry of Public Works Housing and Water Resources (MOPHRH): The key responsibilities of the Public Works and Housing sector in the resettlement process include: . Guide and monitor the development of infrastructures in resettlement sites such as water sources, access roads, drainage, sanitation facilities etc. . Monitor the construction of public buildings; . Approve and monitor the house-building standards according to required standards in force. Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER): The key responsibilities of MITADER in resettlement activities will include: . Final approval of the project including the RAP report. . Ensuring that the land use plans at the resettlement sites are in compliance with the relevant national legislation. . Guide the resettled communities in the land registration process. . Monitor the resettlement activities. Ministry for Agriculture and Food Security (MASA – Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar): The key responsibilities of this ministry in resettlement planning and implementation will include: . Ensuring that the compensation rates for crops and trees meet the required standards. . Provide guidance on sustainable agricultural livelihood restoration measures. . Monitor livelihood restoration measures that are agricultural based. . Promote the provision of extension and technical services to the affected households as a measure to increase agricultural productivity. This may be through relevant local government departments and or relevant Non-Government Organizations. . Provide guidance on land registration.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 16
Ministry of Economy and Finance: The Ministry will be responsible for timely approval and disbursement of finances for compensating the affected persons / households and for financing other aspects of resettlement such as construction of replacement houses, financing proposed livelihood restoration activities etc. Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action (MGCAS): The Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action (MGCAS) will be responsible for ensuring that the project protects and provides assistance to the vulnerable people / households (such as women, orphans, the elderly, the disabled etc.) affected and to ensure that their lives are not made worse as a result of the project. It will monitor the implementation of assistance measures to vulnerable groups through institutions that locally supporting people in vulnerable situations such as National Institute of Social Action (INAS). Ministry of Culture and Tourism: The Ministry of Culture and Tourism is responsible for coordinating and implementing the policy and strategies regarding tourism and culture developments in Mozambique. The Ministry will be responsible for: . Providing policy guidance and the best action plan on the relocation of the communal and family graveyards and the Ian Smith war victims’ graves. The Ministry will work together with the Ministério do Combatentes (Ministry of Soldiers), Local Government leaders, affected families and elders. . Ensuring that the resettlement sites are not in the jurisdiction of national parks or areas earmarked for tourism and cultural heritage conservation. The National Institute of Irrigation: The National institute of Irrigation is responsible for activities related to irrigation and drainage as well as developing research of land and water exploitation for agricultural purposes. The institute promotes the rehabilitation, construction, building and maintenance of hydro-agricultural infrastructures, and project supervision. It also seeks public-private partnerships to manage hydro-agricultural infrastructure and assures the participation in development plans with hydrographic basins. This institute is managed by a Director General proposed by the Ministry for Agriculture 9/2012. The key roles for National Institute of Irrigation in the resettlement process will include: . Facilitating training of the affected communities in the use of irrigation infrastructure; . Monitoring and supervision of irrigation activities by affected communities.
Ministry of Education and Human Development: The mission of the Ministry of Education is to create a fair, inclusive, effective and efficient education system, where students are given the fundamental skills for their future development. Through the Provincial Directorate of Education and Human Development (DPEDH) - Gaza and its counterpart at the district level - District Education Youth and Technology Services (SDEJT) which manages the local school network, their duties in the resettlement will include: . Ensuring that the network of lost schools, teaching materials (such as books) and human resources (teachers) are quickly re-established in the resettlement areas. . Ensure that when schools are reconstructed, the distances to be covered by children are reduced so that they can continue to attend school immediately after resettlement. . Ensure the reinstatement of childcare programs in schools, such as the school snack program, and the maintenance of girls in schools against the phenomenon of premature marriages. Ministry of Health: The Provincial Health Directorate is the institution in Gaza Province responsible for the provision and management of health services. In turn, the District Health, Women and Social Action (SDSGAS) is the entity responsible for public health management and monitoring at the district level. The implementation of the project will lead to the destruction of existing sanitary units and the dismantling, even if temporary, of schemes providing and managing health services at the local community level. Thus, in the context of resettlement, the SDSGAS at the level of both districts will:
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 17
. Ensure the promotion of public health through timely construction of replacement sanitary units as well as replacement of resources for their operation; . Ensure that the availability of health services in the resettlement area stakes into account the distances to be travelled to reach the nearest Health Unit by the resettled communities; . In the restoration of health services, ensure that the Mobile Brigades service is also reactivated; . Restore the coordination of activities between Health Units, NGOs, local civic organizations and communities in the provision of basic health services (conducted at the Chicualacuala and Mapai district level by first responders and multipurpose health agents); . Ensure involvement of health leaders in the new settlements; It will also be important for the local SDSGAS to: . Carry out awareness-raising campaigns for hygiene and disease prevention at community level in the resettlement sites; . Supply water purifying ingredients for drinking water to the resettled communities and any other households that will have migrated to the area; . Conduct HIV / AIDS prevention education campaigns for both workers and communities around the dam construction area including resettled communities. Ministry of Sea, Interior Waters and Fisheries: The Ministry of Sea, Interior Waters and Fisheries is among others responsible for ensuring the preservation and maximization of potentialities regarding the management of the fishing activity. Under the Fisheries Law, Law No. 22/2013 of 1 November, the legal framework for fishing activities and complementary fishing activities is established with a view to the protection, conservation and sustainable use of national water and aquatic resources. In the context of resettlement, the ministry must: . Create mechanisms to involve the various institutions and authors in the design of the Fisheries Development Plan for the reservoir and instruments and mechanisms to manage the fishing activity in the reservoir; . Ensure the involvement of local fishermen's associations and aquaculture in the practice of fishing in the reservoir and its inclusion in participatory management along with other institutions; . Ensure the protection of the interests of local fishing associations. Territorial Planning Sector: Under decree 31/2012 of 8 August, Article 12, the Territorial Planning Sector which is a sector within MITADER has the following responsibilities in the resettlement process. . Define regulatory instructions, parameters and methodologies for the resettlement process; . Provide technical assistance to the implementation bodies in land use planning matters; . Chair the activities of the Technical Resettlement Monitoring and Supervision Committee; . Monitor the resettlement processes and disseminate good practise. The Technical Resettlement Monitoring and Supervision Committee: The key responsibilities for this committee on this project will include: . Monitoring and supervision of the entire resettlement process; . Issuing of technical opinions and recommendations on resettlement plans; . Preparation of monitoring and evaluation reports of the resettlement process; . Raising awareness among the affected population about their rights and obligations in the resettlement process; . Informing the relevant authorities of any irregularities or illegalities detected during the resettlement process; . Verification and ensuring compliance with the goals of resettlement and action plan; . Ensuring quality of the construction of resettlement houses and any other infrastructure.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 18
Resettlement Committees at Local Level: There will resettlement committees instituted at the local levels as guided by Article 8 of Regulations for the Resettlement Process Resulting from Economic Activities Decree 31/2012 of 8 August. The functions of this committee will include: . Mobilization and awareness-raising of the population regarding the resettlement process; . Intervention during all phases of the resettlement process, including the respective supervision; . Awareness-raising about their rights and obligations resulting from the resettlement process; . Informing the competent authorities about any irregularities or illegalities detected during the resettlement. Local Government (District, Administrative Post and Locality): The District will work with the different departments i.e. District Services for Economic Activities (SDAE)1; District Planning and Infrastructure Services (SDPI); District Health Gender and Social Services (SDSGAS) and provide services to the resettlement as enshrined in their duties. The district will work with Administrative Posts and Localities administrations and also the community / traditional leaders. The responsibilities of the local government administration (district, administrative post, and locality) in the resettlement process are the following: . To raise the awareness of local bodies regarding the implementation of the resettlement programmes; . To supervise and monitor the implementation of the resettlement plans; . Work hand in hand with the project implementers in the delivery of livelihood restoration measures; . To identify and make available suitable agricultural and settlement land of equal or bigger size to affected families; . Provide agricultural extension services to the affected families; . Participate in the resolution of grievances that may arise during resettlement implementation; . Participate in the recruitment of affected persons for available job opportunities on the project. . Approve the RAP report. Community / Traditional Leaders: Community / traditional leaders possess deep institutional relevance, particularly in rural areas where they continue to command considerable respect. These authorities play a particularly important role in land allocation and management, management of natural resources and grievance resolution according to customary norms, which must not violate constitutional principles and provisions. The key responsibilities for the community leaders during the resettlement activities of this project include: . Participate in resolution of grievances that may arise during the process of compensation and resettlement. . Work with the local authorities to identify suitable resettlement land for affected families. . Allocate land to affected land taking into consideration cultural norms and traditions. . Perform the required traditional ceremonies for specified resettlement activities e.g. relocation of graves and other cultural infrastructures etc. . Mobilise communities whenever required. . Identify and verify project affected persons including vulnerable groups. Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations: Civil and Non-Governmental Organizations especially those operating in the affected districts will be involved in the resettlement through the following ways: . Mobilization and awareness-raising of the population regarding the resettlement process; . Participation in the implementation of livelihood programs;
1 The acronyms being used are related to the Portuguese language
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 19
. Monitoring of the resettlement activities; . Witnessing the resettlement process; . Awareness-raising about communities’ rights and obligations resulting from the resettlement process.
S.5 Public Participation and Consultation Early consultation helps to manage public expectations concerning the impact of a project and its expected benefits. Subsequent consultations provide opportunities for the developer and Project Affected Persons to negotiate compensation packages and eligibility requirements, resettlement assistance, and the timing of resettlement activities. The Public Participation process was designed to provide clear and accessible information at the key stages of the RAP processes in line with Mozambican laws alongside best practices set out in the Safeguards and Sustainability Guidance of the African Development Bank (AfDB), World Bank Best Practice Guidelines and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards. The specific objectives of the public participation are to: Provide sufficient, accessible and transparent information in a timely manner to enable stakeholders to understand the project and its potential impacts; Identify issues of concern, suggestions for enhanced benefits, comments, and obtain contributions of local knowledge and experience; Engage vulnerable groups; Support an open and inclusive social dialogue and identify stakeholder’s perceptions and expectations; Ensure dialogue and feedback to concerns presented throughout study processes; Inform the establishment of a grievance and redress mechanism as part of the complaints procedure; Obtain the cooperation and participation of the PAPs and communities in activities required to be undertaken for resettlement planning and implementation; Ensure compliance with national regulation, AfDB guidelines, and other international best practices. Several consultations were undertaken during this phase of the RAP with a variety of stakeholders at national, provincial, district, Administrative Post, Locality and Community levels. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also held with a variety of interest groups such as the women, the elderly, village leaders and associations among others. Some of the key issues raised during the consultations include: the need to involve local leaders in all activities and phases of the resettlement, double resettlement for Makandazulo B village which was resettled in Salane village, the need to clearly inform the local leaders and communities about the cut- off date and its implication, the lack of compensation rates at the district, availability of land for resettlement, the need to provide social services and infrastructure in the resettlement areas, the need to provide employment opportunities to the local people, the possibility of food insecurity during the relocation phase, the need for elders in the different communities to be given the opportunity to perform traditional ceremonies, how vulnerable groups will treated during the process, whether PAPs should continue with their general activities on the land after the census etc. The subsequent stages of the RAP process will follow the same procedures for the Public Consultation as stipulated in the Diploma 31/2012 of 8 August and 156/2014 of 19 September and the same principles and processes followed during Phase 1 of the RAP. The documents relating to the resettlement plans must be made available to interested and affected parties by the process familiarization and discussion. The dissemination of the public consultation process will be through the most widely used media, namely newspapers and radios to guarantee widespread information dissemination. The purpose for this is to allow for collection of observations,
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 20 suggestions and / or recommendations on the project from a wide audience and to respect the principle of the right to information to interested and affected parties.
S.6 Socio Economic environment S.6.1 Affected communities Household surveys were undertaken of all households within the 21 villages, both within and outside of the proposed reservoir and dam footprint. Out of these 11 villages are in Chicualacuala District and 10 villages are Mapai District (Table 1 and Figure 2). The surveys provided detailed information on household and family characteristics, livelihoods, education, health, dependency on natural resources, social networks and other relevant information. Below is a summary of the key socioeconomic baseline conditions of potentially affected households. Data was analysed for 2,435 households of which 1,060 were for Chicualacuala households and 1,375 for Mapai households from 21 villages. The surveyed households include households within the reservoir that correspond to a maximum full water level (MFWL) of RL169 masl, which corresponds to a 1 in 50-year flood event (from 20 villages) and some of those outside the reservoir that correspond to a maximum full water level (MFWL) of RL 170 masl which corresponds to a 1 in 5000-year flood event (from 1 village). Chilemane village will majorly be affected by construction works since the designated area for construction works is in Chilemane village. Table 3: Administrative Units of the Affected Communities District Administrative Locality Village Post Eduardo Chicualacuala Chihondzoene, Chicualacuala rio, Macassane A, Mondlane Rio Zuanga, Changanine CHICUALACUALA Chicoro, Mbeti, Matsilele, Sihogone, Salane, Pafuri Mbuzi Mawene Chilemane, Tchóe, Chicumbane, Lissenga, Buiela, MAPAI Mapai-Rio Ngala, Muzamane, Chissapa, Mapuvule, Ndombe
Key aspects are:
All communities living on the right bank of the Limpopo River lie within the buffer zone of the Limpopo National Park.
Not all communities will be affected in the same way by Project implementation. Most communities will be affected by the proposed dam’s normal operating level (156.4 masl), others will be affected at the design 50 year flood level (169.0 masl) and a smaller number by the reservoir capacity equivalent to a 5000 year flood (170.0 masl). Only one community (Chilemane) will be affected by the dam construction works. General key aspects are:
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 21
All communities living on the right bank of the Limpopo River lie within the buffer zone of the Limpopo National Park. Not all communities will be affected in the same way by Project implementation. Most communities will be affected by the proposed dam’s normal operating level (156.4 masl), others will be affected by the maximum flood water level: 50-year flood level (169.0 masl) and a smaller number by maximum flood water level: 5000-year flood (170.0 masl). Twenty (20) villages will be directly affected by both the normal reservoir operating level of 156.4 masl and the 1 in 50-year flood level 169 masl while one (1) village (Chihondzoene) will be affected by the maximum water level: 5000- year flood (170.0 masl). Implementation of the Project will involve the expropriation of land and property, as well as the resettlement of Project Affected People (PAP) within the areas that are within Normal Full Water Supply Level – NFWSL (156.4masl), Maximum Flood Water Level (MFWL): 50-year flood (169masl). Relocation of Salane community Figure 2: Affected Communities would mean double resettlement for Makandazulo B community as they are currently being resettled in Salane village from Limpopo National Park. The proposed transmission line and access road easement is characterised by closed forest.
S.6.2 Demographic profile i) Household composition
Affected households comprised of mainly the nucleus of family members (husband, wife and offspring) and other dependants (grandchildren brothers, in-laws, parents of the PAPs etc.). The households are set up in a homestead pattern with a main house for the head of family and a number of additional buildings housing other members of the family.
The average size of the affected households in both Chicualacuala and Mapai districts combined is 4.6 persons, with the smallest household having just one person and the largest having 21 members. Households in Mapai District have a slightly higher average household size of 4.8
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 22
persons while those of Chicualacuala district have a lower average household size of 4.5 persons. Both districts are similar to the national average, which is 4.7 persons per household.
The majority of household members (84.3 %) live at the homestead, 7.4 % were absent working outside the country, 2.2 % were absent studying outside the country, 1.7 % were absent studying elsewhere in the country, while others were temporarily or permanently absent for other reasons. Reasons given included living abroad, in polygamous marriage or only living in the home during planting seasons, whilst one household member was reported to be in prison.
With regard to household size by village, the results show that the villages of Muzamane, Sihogane and Mawene have the lowest average household sizes of 3.9, 3.8 and 3.4 persons respectively.
ii) Gender, Age, Marital status and language of Project Affected Persons (PAP)
Gender: Households in the Project area comprise of more female members (51.2 %) than male members (48.8 %). This is comparable to the national percentages of 52.2 % and 47.8 % for male and female members in the country respectively.
Age: The average age of the affected persons is 22 years with the youngest being less than 1 year and the oldest 105 years. The majority of the affected persons (49.5 %) are below 18 years, 36.4 % are within the 18-55 years bracket, 43.6 % are 56-64 years and 4.1 % are 65 years and above. The results show that the majority of household members are young, however there is also a significant number of vulnerable people (65+ years). This implies a high dependence burden on household heads.
Married: Of the PAP; 62.3 % are single and 27.4 % are married. The large number of household members who are single can be explained by the high rate of younger residents below 18 years. The majority of widowed PAPs are 46-65+ years with the majority being over 65 years. On a gender perspective, the majority of widowed PAP (92.3 %) are female (equal to 8.9 % of the female population) while 7.7 % are male (equal to 0.8 % of the male population).
Language: Portuguese is the official language in Mozambique and is used in schools and for administration, but is rarely spoken out of the cities. English is used occasionally in Maputo but mainly when dealing with foreigners. Shangaan is the primary language used to communicate in the Project area and is the mother tongue to the majority (91 %) of the people. iii) Education and literacy
Education level: Education profile is: no education (52 5), Kindergarten (7 %), Primary education (30 %), secondary education (6 %) and university (0.2 %). Some 15.7 % of school age children were not in school and on average about 2 children in households did not attend school.
Literacy: The majority of PAP (63.2 %) do not know how to read and write, 34.3 % reported to know how to read and write, and 2.5 % did not provide a response.
Gender: The levels of education are similar for females and males.
Age: PAPs with no education are mainly from the age categories 0-5 years, 26-35, 46-55 and 36- 44 iv) Migration patterns Within the Project area there is more out-migration than in-migration in both districts. The population is significantly influenced by migration work in South Africa. During the survey some7.4 % of household residents were reported to be outside the country working, and 2.2 % were studying outside the country. Due to the lack of employment opportunities and adequate social services and facilities, there is very limited or close to none in-migration to the Project area.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 23
v) Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable groups face several challenges, which include poor health, high dependence burden of orphans and other dependants, food insecurity and long distance to health facilities among others. The resettlement plan must take into consideration the presence of vulnerable groups that will be affected by the project.
Vulnerable categories: There are several categories of vulnerable groups that have been identified. These include household members below 18 years, the elderly above 65 years (4.1 %), the widows (4.6 %), the chronically ill (7.7 %) and the disabled (1.5 %). Orphaned children were also mentioned as some of the vulnerable persons within the Project area.
Gender: Gender distribution for elderly PAP is 60.8 % female and 39.2 % male.
Chronic disease: Chronic disease was most prevalent in the elderly (17.7 %), and distributed fairly evenly over the age groups 18 to 64 (11.4 5 to 14 %).
Elderly: The elderly mainly depend on their children for livelihood although some still practiced subsistence agriculture. Others received money periodically from the district every 2 months i.e. from the National Institute of Social Action – INAS while others depend on donations for survival.
Widows: Widows mainly depend on agriculture as their main source of livelihood as they still had access to their late husbands’ land, while others carry out charcoal burning as an alternative source of income. S.6.3 Land tenure In Mozambique the land belongs to the state. It is formally managed at different levels, from national, provincial, district and at a more local level in administrative posts, localities and communities. In the Project area, land is formally managed by the state representative authorities, namely the District Government. Land is a common property, which despite being owned by the State, is used according to customary norms and practices that do not contradict the norms established by law. Land used by households (although it is a common good to all) is owned by male family members, usually the eldest in the family, with whom power lies to manage, defend, control, divide, land or even give it to other members of the community if necessary. This land is passed down from generation to generation under customary law through the patriarchal descent where only male individuals can (normally) inherit it. Some families do not own the land but rent/lease while others borrow the land. S.6.4 Land Use Patterns Land in the Project area is mainly used for population settlements, agriculture, grazing, obtaining natural resources, and cultural aspects (Figure 3). Project area characteristics are:
Population settlements are typically characterized by a set of houses, constituting a main house surrounded by support infrastructures, such as other buildings used for residential purposes by household members, for example bathrooms, kitchens, barns, animal pens, etc. which help in the household management of families.
The center of the community/village is where there is a greater concentration of households, which become increasingly dispersed further away from the settlement center to the outskirts.
In the more fertile areas along the valleys of the Limpopo and Nwanedzi rivers, permanent and seasonal ponds (‘machambas’) have been transformed into areas for large-scale crop production, which is used for household consumption and income generation. The spaces around dwellings and in the hilly zones are also for complementary food production.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 24
In both districts, almost all families have livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep and pigs, and poultry (chickens and ducks). Large areas of land are used to graze the animals. Consultations with community leaders revealed that in most villages there are areas of land set aside for grazing animals.
Land is also used as a natural resource base that provides a full range of ecosystem services to communities in the Project area. These services are products obtained from ecosystems that may include food (crops, wild foods, forages, wild animals), water, minerals, medicinal plants, honey, wood building materials of dwellings and other infrastructures (such as reed, stone, matope, stalk, wood, sticks and logs, among others).
Energy is derived from firewood and charcoal, which is used for both domestic cooking and trade respectively.
In the Chicualacuala district of the Project area there are mining areas with some mining concessions, which are currently not operational and, for some irrigational agriculture registered in the SDAE, which have DUATs respectively.
Some areas are used for cultural and religious matters - Figure 3: Land Use Patterns sacred places, common and family cemeteries.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 25
S.6.5 Livelihood and income sources i) Economic activities Important economic activities relate to:
Natural resources: agriculture, water and forests;
Physical resources: agrarian instruments, road and railways;
Financial resources: sale of livestock, forestry and access to the market, human resources (skills in agro-livestock techniques, health personnel and veterinarians);
Social resources: churches, NGOs, savings groups, traditional resource management systems and women's income generating groups;
Working remotely such as in South Africa; and
Small industry: mills, bakery, carpentry, etc. ii) Employment status and income Most PAP (78.2 %) are engaged in farming activities, however households had access to other sources of income such as salaries / wages, remittances from family members and friends, selling charcoal, selling firewood, fishing, selling agricultural produce (vegetables, crops) and selling animals and animal products. Other small businesses within the project area include brick making, petty trade and Limpopo river barge operations. An analysis of income sources by gender shows:
Female household members were more actively engaged in farming than male members;
Both skilled and unskilled labour were mainly provided by male household members.
Domestic work is mainly provided by female household members.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 26
iii) Income The average monthly income is 4,726 MZN (76.7 USD) per person. The majority of PAPs (62.4 %) earn between 501-5000 MZN per month, or approximately 158 MZN (2.6 USD) per day for the household. Taking into consideration the average number of 5 household members, each household member depends on 31.5 MZN (0.5 USD) per month. People in the project area are considered poor and live below the provided poverty line threshold (World Bank minimum threshold is 1.9 USD per day).
Income in-kind: Some 2.2 % of household members received their income in-kind, such as food.
Income by gender: Male members of households earned more money compared to female members.
Income by age group: The age group of 26-35 years earn the most income.
iv) Expenditure Expenditure patters show the following:
Items most spent on annually by the households include hygiene items (soap, water), cereals (beans, maize etc) / other types of foods stuffs, telephone, clothes, meat, medical expenses, agricultural expenses, school fees and transport.
Households expenses for water are in the form of periodic contributions to the maintenance and operation of water sources.
Items least spent on include electricity, furniture, home improvements and vehicle maintenance. This is attributed to the fact that very few households own vehicles and households are not connected to electricity. S.6.6 Production and marketing i) Crop production The Gaza region is classified as R3 - Agro-ecological Region 3. This is a semi-arid zone with a low productive potential for most cereals. Agriculture is the main subsistence activity practiced by almost all households in both Chicualacuala and Mapai districts.
The most common crops are maxoeira and sorghum;
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 27
The majority of households reported that rain-fed crop farming over two farming seasons is the main form of agriculture, with a small number of households using water from the river and wells.
Crop farming is practiced on agricultural plots locally known as machambas, with a typical area of 1.1 hectares. Agricultural plots are mainly located close to the Limpopo River due to the availability of fertile and arable alluvium soils. Over half PAPs are within one hour walking distance from their plots.
Some of the machambas are used by Farmers’ Associations such as the Buiela Community Association and Non-Governmental Organizations such as Save the Children Fund, which operates in both districts. The Associations comprise of an average of 40 members who farm collectively. Main crops grown Crops include sweet potatoes, bananas, maize, tomatoes and pepper among others. NGOs assist the communities to enhance crop production through on-farm demonstrations and training of good farming practices to increase production, and the use of irrigation during the dry season.
The survey revealed that on average 1,675 kg of the main food crops were produced in the last season by each household. This equates to approximately 34 (50kg) sacks of food.
Methods of tilling gardens are mainly rudimentary with the use of hoes, axes and pangas, and other hand held tools. Family members are the major sources of labour. The use of oxen and donkeys is also common among households who have the means to access these animals. Mechanisation or use of tractors is limited mainly to associations tilling large areas of land. ii) Livestock production The province of Gaza, and in particular the districts of Chicualacuala and Mapai, has the country’s largest number of cattle and small animals (goats, sheep, pigs and poultry). Livestock production is accentuated in the family sector and is important for food, manure production and social prestige. It is also a form of convertible capital, since in times of rainfall, drought and consequent lack of food, populations sell cattle, goats and pigs and small animals such as chickens to purchase basic food products. In the Project area:
Households typically owned poultry (chicken, ducks and pigeons), cattle and goats. Donkeys were owned by a few households who are considered wealthy. Only a few households owned sheep and pigs.
Livestock in the project area is kept in separate animal houses according to the type of livestock.
Watering of animals is done along the river or within the village using watering systems constructed with the help of PROSUL an NGO operating in the area.
Livestock production is enhanced through assistance from an NGO known as the ‘Project for the Development of Value Chains in the Limpopo Corridor Maputo – ProSul’. The Prosul project was started in 2014 and operates in both districts of Chicualacuala and Mapai. Prosul trains communities with cattle, sheep and goats to improve livestock breeding and management.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 28
iii) Fish production Fishing in the Limpopo River is practiced mainly for household food consumption, however some households in Ndombe and Maphuvule villages carry out fishing for commercial purposes. The most common types of fish caught are tilapia and catfish. The methods of catching fish include use of nets and hooks. Fishermen are organised in associations to enhance their abilities in fishing. Consultations with the village leader of Maphuvule and Ndombe revealed that the women were also involved in fishing activities. iv) Marketing The main marketing points for all products are the city centres of Mapai and Chicualacuala. In Mapai, there is a weekly market where farmers and traders sell their products. Buyers and sellers come from as far as Chicualacuala, Xai and Chokwe, usually by train. Communities in the project area use this opportunity to market their products. The markets are located away from the Project area and communities have to incur transportation costs to reach the markets. S.6.7 Ownership of Assets Assets typically owned by households include:
Moveable assets: Common items include hoe, axe, radio, bicycle, mobile phone, plough, cart and solar system.
Immovable assets: Structures such as residential houses, food barns, animal pens, kitchens etc.
Livestock: Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry are major assets owned by most of the households. Community assets include animal water sources, cattle kraals and grazing areas. S.6.8 Social Services i) Health Community health is dominated by communicable diseases, with malaria being the most common (99 %). Other diseases include diarrheal diseases, pneumonia, respiratory infections, Acquired Immune Deficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), tuberculosis and intestinal parasites. Health infrastructure in the Mapai and Chicualacuala districts is poorly developed, with just 1 hospital, 10 health center/posts, 1 first aid station and 15 Community Officers that provide first-aid. In some villages, formal infrastructure and health services are not available and the use of traditional medicine is common. Within the Project area:
The majority of households (81.9 %) access health services from Mapai Government Hospital and the available health centres. However, others utilise a combination of services depending on the nature of the disease by seeking services from community health workers, traditional healers and mobile health service units.
There is typically a village health worker in each village who lives in the village and is called upon by the people in case of health services at any time of the day or night. A sizeable number of households (34.1 %) utilise the services of health workers. This could be attributed to their easy access because they are located within the villages.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 29
Some 2.3 % of households travel up to 5 km to the nearest health facility, 4.8 % travel 5 to 7 kms, 10.5 % travel 8-10 kms and 63.5 % travel more than 10 kms.
ii) Education Chicualacuala and Mapai Districts have a school network of 49 schools. In addition, there are 29 voluntary operated literacy centres that cater for literacy and adult education. In the Project area:
With the exception of Sihogone, all the affected villages have a primary school or a classroom for a primary school. Most of these will be affected by the construction of the reservoir. There were no secondary schools or tertiary institutions within the project area.
Schools are in generally poor state and most are dilapidated, while others are made of temporary materials. In addition, some pupils study in open space / under trees. In summary, the lack of adequate educational infrastructure and facilities in the Project area contributes to the low levels of education of the community members.
iii) Utilities a) Water In Mapai and Chicualacuala Districts, water for domestic and livestock is sourced from hand pump wells, surface storages (boreholes) and dykes. There are also small reticulation systems supplying groundwater to the larger centres such as Eduardo Mondlane in Chicualachala and the headquarters of Mapai. The communities closest to the riverbanks also get water from the river. Within the project area, rivers/streams and boreholes are the main sources of water for households. Water from most of the boreholes is pumped by use of solar and stored in tanks where households access it through taps. Water from the boreholes/taps is mainly used for drinking while water from the Limpopo River is mainly used for watering animals, washing clothes and other uses. b) Sanitation and Waste Management Within the Mapai and Chicualacuala Districts only 2 % of the population have toilets connected to septic tanks and 5 % have improved traditional latrines. Approximately 27 % of the population have unimproved traditional latrines and the remainder have no sanitation facilities. Management of solid waste is done at the individual level and is burned, buried near the household or accumulated in identified places (INE; 2010). There are governmental programs such as PRONASAR which works to improve safe sanitation. Sanitation and characteristics in the Project area are:
51.3 % of households use open fields/bushes to ease themselves, 20.2 % use unimproved traditional latrines, 10.2 % use traditional improved pit latrines, 6.6 % use the neighbours’ latrine and a few (0.3 %) use a toilet connected to the septic tank.
66.7 % of households burn their garbage, 24.7 % bury the garbage in the yard, 1 % throw in public areas and others disperse it randomly. c) Energy Following the 2016 construction of a 245 km / 110 kV transmission line between Mapai substation and Lionde substation in Chókwè, both Mapai and Chicualacuala districts were connected to the national electricity grid.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 30
Despite this infrastructure, less than 1 % of the population in Chicualcuala and Mapai has access to electricity. The main source of energy for lighting was from paraffin and kerosene (48.9 %), followed by candlestick (27.6 %) (INE, 2007) and firewood. Within the Project area:
There is no reticulated electricity supply; and
91.2 % of the households use firewood for cooking. 63.1 % use flashlights for lighting, 15.2 % use solar power, 5.9 % use wood, 3.6 % use candles, 1.4 % use paraffin and 1.2 % use batteries/generator. d) Communication Both districts are serviced by a fixed public telephone, mobile network and TV services. There is limited and unreliable internet service. Within the Project area:
60 % of households had access to telephone communication; and
83.4 % of households accessed information through the Village Chiefs, 8.2 % through the Chief of Locality while others accessed information through religious leaders and friends. iv) Transportation Both districts have primary, secondary, tertiary and vicinal roads. The road network covers 4,373 km, of which only 254 km are in passable condition throughout the year, while 4,119 km are in poor condition and/or impassable during the rainy season. There is also a rail line that traverses both districts linking Mozambique to the neighbouring country, Zimbabwe, however it is irregular and unreliable. There are also private passenger vehicles, commonly known as ‘chapa-cem’. Within the Project area:
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 31
Main road N221 is located east of the Project area and parallel to the railway, and is a major link between Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The road is sealed with two lanes and there is a major intersection at Mapai with link roads to the west and east towards the Project area.
Main road N222 runs south east to the Limpopo River to a crossing point. There is no bridge or formed crossing, however vehicles can traverse the river during low flow conditions. The road then continues north to link numerous villages and eventually to the South African border at the Kruger National Park.
Gravel Road (Picada) on the eastern side of the river runs south-north and connects Chilemane (Mapai District) to Chihonzoene (Chicualacuala District) in the north (Figure 4).
Most roads are in poor condition and impassable during the wet season and there is no public transport Figure 4: Transport Network in the Project Area system.
Crossing of the Limpopo River, for both people and vehicles, is done at a number of points along the river by small boats pulled by oar and by small non- mechanized ferries. These are privately owned and people and vehicles crossing the river are charged a fee (1,500MZN). v) Security and Conflict Management The security scheme in both districts is managed by the Police of Republic of Mozambique whose representation extends to the level of the Administrative Posts where they work in coordination with the local administrations. Within the community, criminal cases are managed by local authorities, including community and traditional leaders, elders, and neighbourhood secretaries and block leaders. Community authorities can intervene in conflict resolution by applying their knowledge of traditions and customs. They enjoy credibility and respect among members of the community, which gives them some authority and facilitates the task of settling disputes. Among the community authorities are traditional chiefs, ward or village secretaries, and other legitimate leaders. The project area was reported to be relatively safe with no significant security threats. The communities also lived harmoniously with he neighboring villages.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 32
S.6.9 Gender relations Mozambican legislation provides for women empowerment and equal rights for both men and women, however women are still more disadvantaged in socio-cultural, political and economic terms compared to their male counterparts. This has increased poverty levels especially among families headed by women. Within the Project area:
The area is patrilineal in nature where men have powers for decision making, resources management and the way for the transfer of assets to proceed via male inheritance. The men are major decision makers on several aspects including resources such as land. Women and children are the major providers of family labour and yet the levels of income remain much lower than those of the men.
Women take up most of the workload compared to men and are responsible for tilling gardens, collecting firewood, fetching water, cooking food, keeping the home clean and looking after children. Men are responsible for tilling gardens, collecting firewood, grazing animals and earning income for the family. However, women are also major contributors to the family income.
Most of the women are involved in informal work and the majority of them get their livelihoods from farming.
Boys are responsible for helping out their fathers with grazing animals, fetching water and any other chores assigned by the parents. The girls are responsible for helping their mothers with the household chores, fetching water and any other duties assigned by the parents.
In terms of participation in community activities, it was observed that women were very active. In the majority of the community meetings, women turned up in bigger numbers compared to the men. Consultations also revealed that women were active members of the different associations or groups in their communities. S.6.10 Non-Governmental Organizations / Community Based Organisation In both districts there are local and international non-governmental organizations as well as civil society organizations working to improve the living conditions of community members and district development. S.6.11 Historical, Cultural Heritage and Communal Property Law 10/88 regulates Research and Conservation of Mozambican Cultural Heritage and defines Cultural Heritage as anything tangible or intangible that is the product of creativity and labour of man, in either pre-historic or historic times, and describes evolution of nature that has a major value in its scientific, historical, cultural, artistic and handicraft contents. Project survey findingas are: i) Religion and Beliefs Approximately 35 % households are Christians, which includes 28.8 % Protestants and 19.1 % other demoninations. Approximately 17.2 % subscribe to African religions and just 1 % are Muslims. Although the vast majority of community members profess a formal religion, the worship of the ancestors is very strong and widely carried out by all members of the communities. The dead are perceived as conferring peace and social equilibrium on the living, and thus a peaceful relationship between the living and dead is maintained. ii) Traditional Ceremonies Ceremonies are held near areas considered sacred, such as tombs or caves of rulers and leaders already deceased, and under sacred trees such as baobao and amarula. Community leaders and traditional or duly authorized elders have a leading role in ceremonies.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 33
iii) Memorial Sites, Graveyards / Cemeteries Graveyards are a significant part of the cultural life of most African societies including the communities in the Project area. According to local leaders burial grounds with or without headstones are nothing more than links to the past. Within the Project area:
46.4 % of households had graves at the local cemetery, 10.5 % had graves in the vicinity of the homestead, while 9.2 % had graves far away from the homestead. An average of 3 graves per family was reported with the least family having 1 grave and the family with most graves reporting 89 graves. Most of the graves are earth graves while a few are cemented or made from other materials such as tiles and terrazo.
Some graves had been washed away by the river and in some areas human bones were seen floating on the river. It was reported that no special ceremonies were performed when burying the dead. The communities in the project area have never performed or witnessed any exhumation of bodies and as such were fearful of what would become of their deceased loved ones. While some of them do not want to tamper with the graves, others were open to discussions for a solution.
Two Headstones in Mapai Ngala (Old Mapai) have an important significance in the local, provincial and national history. These tributes serve as more than just symbols to mark the victims of the Ian Smith war (1960/1970s). For the local community this memorial place is unique and is regarded as a link for their descendants.
In addition to the community graves, there are mass graves in some of the villages e.g. in Mapai- Ngala village there are mass graves for the victims of the Ian Smith war. S.6.12 Tourism Tourism assets of Mozambique include the country's natural environment, wildlife, and cultural heritage, which provide opportunities for beach, cultural, and eco-tourism. Despite these assets Mozambique has low numbers of tourists compared to its neighbours. Gaza Province is endowed with Banhine and Limpopo National Parks. These parks form part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (35,000 square kilometers (km²)), which also includes the Kruger National Park in South Africa, Gonarezhou National Park, Manjinji Pan Sanctuary and Malipati Safari Area in Zimbabwe, as well as the area between Kruger and Gonarezhou, the Sengwe communal land in Zimbabwe and the Makuleke region in South Africa The Project area adjoins the Limpopo National Park (LNP). Administratively, the LNP is split between Chicualacuala District (6,400 km2), Massingir District (2,100 km2) and Mabalane District (1,500 km2).
S.7 Project Impacts S.7.1 Physical Impact of the Project The proposed Mapai Dam will comprise of a dam wall 3.17 km long (spillway included) and 53.0 m high, a maximum impoundment area of 394.9 km2. A saddle dam will be located on the right bank, with a crest length of approximately 155 m. The reservoir affected area corresponds to normal full supply level (NFSL) of 156.4 masl and a maximum full water level (MFWL) of RL169 masl, which corresponds to a 1 in 50-year flood event. The reservoir is approximately 63 km long, 5.5 km wide and covers an area of 394.9 km2. Also part of the site is the 350 m exclusion zone around the boundary of the dam at MFSL, which prohibits the use of land for settlement or other uses. Project Affected Persons (PAPs) will be relocated from the reservoir and adjoining exclusion zone up to 169 masl, which is equivalent to a 50-year flood level.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 34
In addition, a 21 km dam access road from the dam to Road N221 adjoining transmission line easement and a 31 km transmission line with a 100m wide easement from the power plant to a substation located near Mapai will be constructed. The construction of the dam will also require extraction of construction materials from selected quarry sites such as the ones located in Boane, Moamba and Mabalane. There will be potential impacts from transport routes to these quarry sites.
S.7.2 Affected Population Families within the affected communities will be physically and economically affected by the project. Physically displaced, or resident households, are those inhabitants occupying a house in the directly affected area, as the primary or sole residence. These households will have to move from the Project Area (physical displacement), and will have their livelihoods impacted by the Project (economic displacement). Economically displaced households are those whose livelihoods are impacted by the Project. This can include both resident households, and people living outside the Project Area but having crops, non- resident structures, businesses or various usage rights there. A total of 1,649 households will be directly affected by the reservoir footprint up to 169masl and the adjoining 350m exclusion area in the two districts of Mapai and Chicualacuala of which the majority are from Mapai District as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Table 4: Estimated Number of Affected Families by the different Water Level Scenarios Number of Estimated Water Level families persons MWL (156,4m) 1 052 4 839 MWL 50 (169m) 597 2 746 Total 1 649 7 585 Table 5: Affected Families by District, Village and Level District Village 156.4 MASL 169 MASL TOTAL Buiela 85 1 86 Chilemane 8 0 8 Muzamane 81 10 91
Chissapa 136 1 137 Ndombe 54 62 116 Ngala 89 11 100 Maphuvule 54 29 83 Lissenga 147 0 147 MAPAI DISTRICT MAPAI Chicumbane 240 0 240 Tchoe 40 4 44 934 1 052 Sub Total 118 Sihogone 52 9 61
Matsilele 46 51 97 Salane 0 130 130
UALA UALA
DISTRICT Mbeti 0 84 84 CHICUALAC Chicoro 0 38 38
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 35
District Village 156.4 MASL 169 MASL TOTAL Mawene Changanine 0 35 35 Macassane 0 52 52 Zuanga 0 39 39 Chihondzoene 0 29 29 Chicualacuala Rio 2 30 32 Sub Total 100 497 597 TOTAL 1 034 615 1 649
The affected households will completely lose access to use of their property and will be physically relocated elsewhere. Considering the household size of about 4.6 persons in both districts, the estimated number of persons to be directly affected is around 7,585. This is equivalent to 13% of the two districts’ population and 63% of the households in the 20 affected villages. The total affected population is equivalent to 71% of the surveyed persons and 68 % households respectively. The statistics show that only 14% of the total population will remain in the affected villages, while majority will need to be relocated. S.7.3 Potential Impact on Buildings
A total of 1656 main buildings structures will be affected (Table 6). The Asset survey shows that the loss of assets is more in the district of Mapai than Chicualacuala District. This is attributed to the higher number of families affected in Mapai District.
Table 6: Summary of Main Buildings by District and Village within 156/169 Water Level No. of Main No. of Main buildings District Community buildings (169masl) Total (156.4masl)
Buiela MAPAI DISTRICT 82 1 83 Chilemane 9 0 9 Muzamane 79 10 89
Chissapa 136 1 137
Ndombe 52 63 115 Ngala 89 11 100 Maphuvule 53 29 82
Lissenga 147 0 147
Chicumbane 251 0 251 Tchoe 38 4 42 Sub Total 936 119 1055
CHICUALACUALA Sihogone 52 9 61 DISTRICT Matsilele 46 51 97
Salane 0 131 131 Mbeti 0 85 85 Chicoro 0 38 38
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 36
No. of Main No. of Main buildings District Community buildings (169masl) Total (156.4masl)
Mawene - - -
Changanine 0 36 36 Macassane 0 52 52 Zuanga 0 39 39 Chihondzoene 0 29 29
Chicualacuala Rio 3 30 33 Sub Total 101 500 601 TOTAL 1037 619 1656
The asset surveys indicated that 60% of the affected main buildings within the 156/169m a.s.l were fully constructed while 40% were not fully constructed
The most common type of main buildings that will be affected by the project is the Type K (stone + iron sheets) which comprises of 45.7% of the affected main building, followed by the Type J (stone + grass) comprising of 25.5% of the main buildings and Type D (brick building with corrugated iron sheet roof) comprising of 9.6% of the main buildings.
A total of 3646 auxiliary structures will be affected (Table 7).
Auxiliary structures that will be affected include animal houses, bathrooms, toilets, fences, kitchens and storehouses. Storehouses comprise of the majority of the auxiliary structures followed by other types of structures and kitchens. Fences and toilets are the least owned/affected auxiliary structures.
Table 7: Total Number of Auxiliary Buildings Per District, Community and Water Level 156/169 District Village/Community No. of Auxiliary No. of Auxiliary TOTAL Structures Structures (156.4masl) (169masl) Buiela 205 2 207 Chilemane 36 0 36 Muzamane 162 27 189 Chissapa 429 4 433 Ndombe 145 141 286 Ngala 208 26 234 Maphuvule 113 66 179 Lissenga 257 0 257
MAPAI DISTRICT Chicumbane 499 0 499 Tchoe 81 6 87 Sub Total 2135 272 2407
Sihogone 77 16 93 Matsilele 106 153 259 Salane 0 320 320 Mbeti 0 129 129
CHICUALACU ALA DISTRICT Chicoro 0 49 49
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 37
District Village/Community No. of Auxiliary No. of Auxiliary TOTAL Structures Structures (156.4masl) (169masl) Mawene 0 0 0 Changanine 0 58 58 Macassane 0 90 90 Zuanga 0 96 96 Chihondzoene 0 79 79 Chicualacuala Rio 3 63 66 Sub Total 186 1053 1239 TOTAL 2321 1325 3646
S.7.4 Potential Impact on Crops, Trees and Gardens
Gardens (machambas) were enumerated to be 1644. However, out of these 1055 still had crops in their gardens while the rest (589) had crops already harvested and the land was bare or bushy.
Types of crops grown included beans, cassava, ground nuts, maize, potatoes, pumpkins, rice, sorghum, tomatoes and others such as watermelon, peanuts and millet. Maize was the most common type of crop grown by the affected households.
The asset inventory showed not many households owned fruit trees. Two types of trees i.e. lemon and mango owned by 2 families were enumerated. One (1) lemon tree and 2 mango trees were assessed.
A total of 72 families were enumerated owning shadow trees and 3 families were owning timber trees Types of the above trees include xaxandau, xikutsi, jantrofa charo, wambo, kwakwa, cessane, canhuerio, bando, mahanga, hlaro, mondzo etc. S.7.5 Potential Impact on Pasture Areas
Many people in the project area have livestock that are grazed in the vicinity of their homes or in more distant areas where pasture can be found. The impoundment of the area earmarked for the reservoir will lead to loss of grazing land for many households within the Project areas. S.7.6 Impact on Public Infrastructure and Utilities According to the census, there are public facilities that will be affected namely, schools, religious institutions, health units and water sources among others. Other community infrastructure that will be affected are community kraals and animal water fetching points. Approximately 19 schools, 57 churches, 29 water sources and 1 health unit will be affected by the construction of Mapai Dam.
S.7.7 Impact on Cultural Sites and Assets The area to be occupied by the reservoir will remove access to a range of culturally important places to the people who have lived there for generations. Traditional places of worship, family cemeteries and common graves, including the common graves caused by the war with Ian Smith in Mapai, and trees with a cultural significance that have existed for many generations will be submerged by the water of the reservoir. A total of 136 cemeteries will be affected distributed among the different villages. These include family and communal cemeteries.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 38
S.7.8 Households above 170masl There are households which are within the 170 masl (5000-year flood) area designed with capacity to limit flood peaks for up to a 5000-year event. These households are part of the communities of Chihondzoene and some of Chircualacuala Rio and will not be resettled. Despite not being displaced; these communities will be constrained on the access to social infrastructure caused by the area occupied by the reservoir. Most of the social infrastructure i.e. schools, water sources will be inundated by the reservoir and there will be a need to reconstruct new infrastructure for the residual population. These communities will also be isolated considering that the majority of the community members will be relocated elsewhere. They will have lost social networks and access to social infrastructure. It is recommended that a deeper analysis be made during phase 2 of the RAP to plan properly the treatment for the households that are above 170masl.
S.7.9 Potential Impacts from Alternative Transport Quarry Routes to Boane, Moamba and Mabalane Quarry Sites Other areas of influence of the project were identified in Boane and Moamba districts in Maputo Province and Mabalane District in Gaza Province, as a result of transportation of rock material from the identified quarries identified in the above districts. Transport routes for the identified quarry sites in Boane, Moamba districts and inn Mabalane District were analyzed and the most preferred options with the least social and environmental impacts were proposed.
Boane quarry site: The proposed route is Alternative 5, (4.8 km along good road to CFM quarry and rail branch) which is relatively short, uses a well formed road for much of its length and avoids residents and businesses. Should Alternative 5 not be approved then Alternative 1 (6.9 km to Boane railway station) is preferred. This is the shortest distance to the exiting railway and is currently used by quarry trucks. Some resettlement would be required.
Moamba quarry site: the proposed route is Alternative 4 (8.6 km along good road to proposed new railway holding area), which has wide roads and the least impact on sensitive receptors. No resettlement would be required. Should Alternative 4 not be approved then Alternative 1 (3 km but requires 150 m of new road construction along railway reserve) is preferred. This is the shortest route and resettlement would be less than for other alternatives.
Mabalane site: The only viable viable route to the railway station is via Road N221, a distance of approximately 3 km. Only about the last 600 m of the route goes through a populated area, however no resettlement would be required. The only direct impacts will be associated with dust and noise due to truck traffic. A preliminary survey undertaken for Alternative 1 in Boane and Moamba districts to assess the potential impact on resettlement. A summary of the potential impacts on different infrastructure are presented in Table 8. Table 8: Estimated Number of Infrastructure that will be Affected by the Selected Routes (Alternative 1) for Stone Transportation in Boane and Moamba Districts Affected Items Boana (Number) Moamba (Number) Houses 31 60
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 39
Affected Items Boana (Number) Moamba (Number) Stalls 17 14 Fences 9 40 Toilets 10 51 Commercial building (storeyed) 1 - Church 1 - Market (informal) 1 - Granaries - 11 Henneries - 22 Extra Rooms outside main house - 72
S.7.10 Positive Impacts from the Project
While on the one hand land expropriation and resettlement have negative impacts, on the other hand, resettlement due to project implementation will have a positive dimension, since it will allow communities to improve their livelihoods by availability of water throughout the year, which will bring improvements in agricultural production due to conditions for irrigation of the fields, watering of livestock, regular fishing activity, among others.
In addition, the resettlement of the communities is an opportunity for the proper organization of communities, provision of better structuring and management of the space, enabling communities to improve living conditions through the provision of masonry housing, potable water supply and sanitation conditions appropriate to and close to their housing, provision of services such as health, education, electricity, access to markets, among other benefits.
Below is a summary of the significant social benefits to the communities in the project area, the region and the country at large.
The project will provide constant water supply to communities close to the reservoir. The water will be for different uses such as domestic use, irrigation, and other uses such as brick making.
Opportunity for all the affected communities to benefit from services which are provided through master planning, urban development, supplying of formal housing, access routes, hospitals and schools.
There will be potential agricultural expansion and improved livelihoods for farmers
During construction, the project will provide direct employment and indirect (business) opportunities to the local people and people from other provinces.
Women’s livelihoods in particular will be improved through potential for direct employment and business opportunities.
Local and regional economic development through enhanced employment and commerce opportunities.
People who will work on the project will gain transferable skills which they may utilise after project construction on other projects.
Improved community infrastructure and services, more effective catchment management and increased biodiversity. There will be improved access roads and better crossing of the Limpopo River.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 40
The project will generate up to 19MW of power that will be connected to the national grid which is a great benefit to the nation.
Opportunity to encourage a sustainable mind-like mentality which is less reliant on the direct use of natural resources and is gradually more aware of actions which contribute to climate change.
S.8 Eligibility Framework The construction of the resilience project will lead to a variety of impacts to the affected households and communities such as loss of land for settlements and machambas, loss of residential and other auxiliary structures, loss of crops and trees, loss of grazing land, loss of public assets, loss of access to natural resources and loss of sacred and or cultural places. The Eligibility Framework must follow both national and international best practice. All categories of PAPs will be eligible for compensation irrespective of whether they have formal rights or not on their property. PAPs will be eligible for one or a combination of the following as presented in the entitlement matrix (Table 9). Table 9: Entitlement Matrix Category of Type of Loss Entitlement PAP
Families Residential plot New plot in resettlement village equal or bigger than affected plot. The plot must be cleared prior to delivery to the affected. Land for machamba New field for machamba of equal or bigger size compared to the affected field. The land must be cleared prior to delivery to the affected. Livelihood restoration programs Training in irrigation practices Principal / main New house in resettlement village guided by specifications in the building national legislation. Free transport / movement allowance to relocate the family and their assets. Secondary buildings Cash compensation at replacement value. Training in proper use of the compensation money Free transport / movement allowance to relocate the assets. Auxiliary buildings Cash compensation at replacement value. Training in proper use of the compensation money Annual crops Ample time to be given for crops to be harvested before relocation. Perennial crops Cash compensation as per Ministry of Agriculture guidelines and replacement value. Training in proper use of the compensation money. Livelihood restoration assistance Trees (timber trees, Cash compensation as per Ministry of Agriculture guidelines and fruit trees) replacement value. Training in proper use of the compensation money. Livelihood restoration program Vulnerable All impacts Replacement of residential land, houses and fields for machambas. persons Free transport / movement allowance to relocate the family and their assets. Training in proper use of the compensation money.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 41
Category of Type of Loss Entitlement PAP Livelihood restoration assistance. Transitional allowance e.g. food supplies, basic necessities etc. Special assistance as determined when preparing the RAP in stage 2. Graves and sacred Compensation as per the negotiations with the local authorities and places families. Cash allowance to cover costs for exhumation of the bodies, traditional ceremonies and reburial. Associations Agricultural plot Replacement of agricultural plot of equal or bigger size compared to the affected plot. The land must be cleared prior to delivery to the affected. Livelihood restoration program Training in irrigation practices Community Public Infrastructure Replacement of affected infrastructure (e.g. schools, health Construction of public infrastructure in resettlement areas. facilities, Government to provide personnel to man the infrastructure e.g. community kraals, teachers, health personnel etc. water sources) Grazing land Replacement land for grazing in the resettlement areas.
S.9 Analysis of Potential Alternative Resettlement Areas The construction of the Mapai dam will directly affect 19 communities, eight of which are located in the buffer zone of the LNP on the left bank of the Limpopo River and twelve communities on the right bank of the Limpopo River. The implementation of the project will displace approximately 1649 households, majority of which (about 62%) are from Mapai District and the rest are from Chicualacuala District. The resettlement of these households will not only result in the need for areas for their accommodation, but also for agricultural, pastoral, forest, and other uses. Identification of the preliminary resettlement areas has taken into account aspects such as preference by district authorities based on number of factors such as current land use plans, availability of land, access to social infrastructure, potential for agriculture, potential for transference of cultural heritage; preferences by affected communities based on their roots, traditions, cultural habits, relationships and social networks, maintenance of hegemony and ethno-linguistic characteristics, existence of habitable conditions, potential for practicing agriculture and livelihood rearing and hunting conditions.
Preference by district authorities Chiculalcuala District i) On the left bank of the Limpopo River, inside the LNP buffer zone Communities within the LNP, in the Administrative Post of Pafuri, Mbuzi Locality, namely Mbeti, Sihogone, Matsilele, Salane and Chicorro can be resettled further into LNP. A manifest desire by the communities themselves to remain within the LNP thus maintaining their structure and ways of life.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 42
ii) On the right bank of Limpopo river Communities on the right side of the Limpopo River, in the Administrative Post of Eduardo Mondlane, Chicualacuala B, namely Chihodzoene, Chicualacuala Rio, Macassane, Zuanga and Changanine will be accommodated on the same bank in the locality of Chicualacuala B along the N221, in the following locations: o In the community of Magul, o In the community of Chicualacuala B, o In the community of Voga Accommodation of communities on the right bank of Limpopo River further back from the current location (opposite the direction of the Limpopo River) between the rock line and the communities of Voga and Magul (border as N221). Mapai District Mapai District administrative authorities have a preference for relocation of communities in Mapai headquarters. Consequently, the areas in the southwest of the Mapai PGPU, around (or below) the cadastro area and the sports complex, on both sides of the current N222 reserved for and known as the "expansion zone" were designated as areas reserved for accommodation of the affected communities in the context of resettlement. The choice of the preferred area considered the following reasons. To allow the development and expansion of the village headquarters of the Mapai district, Enable the concentration and availability of basic services (energy, health, education, water, markets, transport, security, markets, etc.), Enable efficient provision of water supply by maximizing the use of the existing water collection system, and, Maintain the agglomerated populations without losing their rural characteristics and productive social network where agricultural and livestock activities can be partially practiced in the areas of residence. Households living in the district headquarters, beyond the farms, have small gardens and fields in their yards. The district intends to keep this practice, which means that the resettled households will have the same conditions which will enable them to produce food for subsistence and trade. Preference by communities The eight communities inside the LNP buffer zone namely TTchoe, Chicumbane, Lissenga, Mbeti, Chicorro, Sihogone, Matsilele and Salane, have no interest in being resettled in other areas apart from inside of the park. These communities claim that their roots, ways of life, traditions and cultural habits, livelihoods, relationships and social networks are deeply linked to this area. They also point out that, on the one hand, they intend to maintain their hegemony and ethno-linguistic characteristics, including the connection with the past through sacred places, cemeteries / monuments of the historical ancestors located about 13 km further into the park, and on the other maintenance of their forms of subsistence together with their traditions. The Malulekes reported that, due to their knowledge of the area in which they live, the area preferred to be relocated has sufficient resources for their survival, namely: Existence of habitable conditions, namely land for the implantation of human settlements; Existence of land with aptitude for the practice of agriculture and livestock; Conditions for hunting.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 43
The communities that live on the right bank of the Limpopo River, the Chaúque and Balói, are aware of the impossibility of being transferred to the shallow bank of the same river in the buffer zone of the LNP, and they neither want to see themselves mixed with the Malulekes, nor do they want them to be transferred to the left bank of the river in which they now inhabit. The main reason for the refusal to be resettled in the same area is linked to the same issues raised by the Malulekes, namely maintaining their hegemony and ethno-linguistic characteristics, including linking with the past through sacred sites, cemeteries / monuments of historical ancestors, and on the other hand, the maintenance of its cultural and traditional forms. Although communities already settled within the LNP wish and prefer to be resettled further into the LNP in order to maintain their current ways of life, according to national legislation (The Land Law 19/97 of 1 October in Article 7 and the respective Regulation 66/1998 of December 8 in Article 4, the Biodiversity Conservation Law 16/2004 of 16 June in Article 16, paragraph 3), settlement within designated national protection zones is restricted and is thus not recommended. Areas Identified by WAPCOS & ANDROIN under the Development of the Irrigation Plan Project for Mapai Dam According to the Irrigation Development Plan and SMEs Development Plan in the Irrigated agriculture value chain, 8 areas for resettlement with potential for irrigated agriculture were identified. These total 17,450ha of land for resettlement with potential for development of irrigation agriculture, which are distributed as follows: Five areas in the district of Chiculacuala with a total of 2,150 ha; An unlimited area on the right bank of the Nwanedzi River; One in the Mapai district with 6,000 ha in the community of Chilemane and, 8,000 ha in the district of Mabalane with another area that has unlimited extension in the community of Macomo along the village headquarters of Mabalane. Finalisation of the resettlement areas will be concluded in the subsequent phases of the preparation of the resettlement plan i.e. Phase 2 and Phase 3. Activities during these phases will include, environmental assessments of the identified areas, performing topographic works, consultations with host communities and affected communities etc.
S.10 Grievance Resolution Mechanism This stage of the RAP has identified, according to current legal instruments and international guidance for grievance, mechanisms by which conflicts that may arise during the process of expropriation of land and property and resettlement of those affected (i.e. directly affected persons, host communities and neighbouring villages) can be effectively and transparently solved in a timely manner. Different stages are defined to accommodate local conflict management mechanisms in line with other more centralized and formal institutions such as the courts. Stages of grievance management have been proposed as shown below. Stage 1: Grievance Management Committee - Local Level Stage 2: Community Courts Stage 3: District Court Stage 4: Provincial Court Stage 5: National Court The first point of lodging and resolving a complaint will be at the local levels through the appointed Grievance Management Committee. The committee will ensure that all avenues are explored to resolve the grievance before it is forwarded to next level. Courts of law will be considered as a last resort when then first two stages of grievance resolution have completely failed.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 44
Grievance Forms translated into the widely spoken local language (Shangaan) will be made available to the respective members of the Grievance Management Committee. In addition to the Grievance Resolution Form, a Grievance Log will be kept by the GMC and a copy sent to the project proponent, indicating the date the complaint was lodged, a brief description of the grievance, actions to be taken, status of the resolution, etc. Members of the Grievance Management Committee will be trained before commencement of the compensation and resettlement process. A grievance database will be established and will be updated regularly by the Grievance Officer. It also recommended that the RAP implementing team, in particular the Project Grievance Officer establishes a Grievance Monitoring Framework for monitoring grievance resolution performance.
S.11 Monitoring and Evaluation The RAP for the Limpopo Climate Resilience will directly affect a big number of people from 20 villages in the 2 districts of Chicualacuala and Mapai. This will necessitate a robust mechanism that will enable the project implementers to track progress, highlight bottlenecks and address issues effectively and efficiently. The main objective of monitoring is to provide the developer and funder with feedback on RAP implementation and to identify problems and successes as early as possible to allow timely adjustment of implementation arrangements. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations will be made to ascertain whether the affected people have achieved at the minimum their pre-project standard of living. The Project will establish a resettlement monitoring and evaluation system, consistent with the requirements of AfDB OS 2 and IFC PS 5 at two levels: Internal monitoring: by the resettlement teams with active participation of affected communities as far is possible and External monitoring: by a third party specialist. A RAP Completion Audit will also be undertaken by an independent third party specialist. The audit will verify results of monitoring of RAP implementation indicators, and assess whether the project achieved the resettlement objectives. The audit will also assess the efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability of RAP activities. To be effective, the completion audit will take place after all RAP activities have been completed but before the completion of financial commitments to the Program.
S.12 Next Steps for the Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the RAP S.12.1 Background Mozambican regulations and legislation in particular, the Regulation for Resettlement Resulting from Economic Activities (Decree No. 31/2012 of 08 August), Technical Directive on Preparation and Implementation of Resettlement Plans (Ministerial Diploma no. 156/2014 and 155/2014 of 19 September) provide for a phased approach to resettlement planning. It provides for three phases as shown below Phase 1: Collection and Analysis of Physical and Socioeconomic Data Phase 2: Preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Phase 3: Preparation of the Resettlement Implementation Action Plan (RIAP) SMEC International Pty was contracted by the Administração Regional de Águas do Sul (ARA-Sul) (the Project Proponent) to undertake Phase 1 of the Resettlement Plan for the Resilience Project in the
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 45
Limpopo Basin in Mozambique. There is therefore need for ARA-Sul to procure a Consultant to undertake all activities required to prepare Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the RAP for this project. The activities of the 2 phases and their outputs will be prepared according to the relevant Mozambican legislation related to resettlement, AfDB guidelines and international best practice specifically referring to IFC standards. S.12.2 Scope of Works for Phase 2 and Phase 3 These terms of Reference for the preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan are in accordance with the National legislation i.e. the decree 31/ 2012 of 8 August and Decree 156/2014 of 19 December which recognizes the need to harmonize the three phases of the Resettlement Plan preparation namely:
1) Phase 1: The present report – The Physical and Socioeconomic Survey Report which highlights the findings of the census of the potential affected communities including an inventory of the infrastructures and machambas likely to be affected by the project; the potential impacts of the project implementation as well as its mitigation measures, entitlement for compensation, grievance measures as well as preliminary identification of the possible host areas.
2) Phase 2: The Resettlement Plan (RAP) – which defines in detail the mechanisms for compensation, details for land use and resettlement (relocation of the affected), details of resettlement buildings, characteristics of infrastructure networks, social facilities and services including social programs for host communities, livelihood restoration for those affected by the project.
3) The Resettlement Implementation and Action Plan (RIAP) – which complements the RAP preparation stages includes an institutional matrix with the responsibilities of the different actors in the process, the schedule of activities and budget of the entire process.
Phase 2: Preparation of the Resettlement Plan (RAP) After completing the socioeconomic survey report, preparation of Resettlement Plan begins. The following activities will be undertaken.
Review and update the previous census and the inventory of the affected assets and households in the respective communities. Prepare an effective communication plan for the resettlement implementation and the grievance response mechanism. Define the typology of the occupation of the affected area Define the exact borders of the resettlement areas. Conduct meetings to consult the affected regarding host areas as well conduct visits to those areas. Assess the relocation areas in terms of physical, environmental and morphological situation. Evaluate and describe the current social and cultural aspects of the host communities. Describe the current occupation of the host areas (in terms of type of land, occupation, housing, social services and equipment, etc). Analyse the local host areas environmental quality and ecosystem. Consult those in the host areas regarding the occupation as result of the resettlement. Describe the current occupation of land for agriculture and for grazing including natural resources. Define roads and services network (such as social services and infrastructures) in the relocation areas. Identify areas for grazing and for machambas for the affected including carry out an evaluation of these areas.
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 46
Identify and develop an adequate plan to mitigate impacts on residual households that are not resettled. Develop a detailed Livelihoods Restoration Plan for the affected. Definite the compensation package. Identify and evaluate the integration system /mechanism of the affected communities in the host communities taking into account the leadership, heritage cultural, graveyards, etc as well as impacts that may occur and propose mitigation measures for them.
Phase 3: Preparation of the Resettlement Implementation Action Plan Develop the institutional matrix regarding responsibilities and competences of each institution involved in the resettlement. Develop a budget with the expenditure relating to compensation (of fences, trees, auxiliary buildings, etc., buildings construction, intangible aspects (transference of spirits and conduction of ceremonies related to relocation and destruction of graveyards and cemeteries), etc. and all costs related to implementation of the RAP. Develop a proper schedule for the accomplishment of the tasks on resettlement, programme for transfer of families and their assets, monitoring and evaluation activities of the resettlement itself and the subsequent period (adaptation phase) Develop social programs to education, training, vocational training Develop social programs for good environmental practices Develop programs to promote employment and income generation S.12.3 Deliverables The following will be the deliverables of Phase 2 and Phase 3 Resettlement Plan RAP Implementation Action Plan
ESIA for Building Climate Resilience of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique: NTS; RAP; October 2018 47