Actinomycetes: the Unparallel Potential Source of Antibiotics and Natural Products for Drug Discovery

ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY (ISSN: 2581-3226) Volume 2 Issue 9 September 2019 Short Communication

Laishram Shantikumar Singh1*, Hemant Sharma1 and Dinabandhu Sahoo2 1Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre, DBT, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India 2Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, DBT, Takyelpat, Imphal, Manipur, India *Corresponding Author: Laishram Shantikumar Singh, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre, DBT, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Received: July 22, 2019; Published: August 02, 2019 DOI: 10.31080/ASMI.2019.02.0324

clinically useful antitumor drugs such as anthracyclines [7,8]. The a complex life cycle belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, repre streptomycetes have a particular capacity to produce a large vari Actinomycetes are filamentous Gram-positive bacteria, having senting one of the largest taxonomic units in the Domain Bacteria ety of different bioactive compounds that have a wide spectrum of - - [1]. They are extensively distributed in both terrestrial and aquatic activity [9]. Rare actinomycetes are also considered as potential ecosystems. They produce several volatile substances like geosmin store house of novel antibiotics [10]. Novel microbial kind should responsible of the characteristic “wet earth odor” [2]. They are also contain new gene cluster synthesizing new secondary metabolites, found as endophytes in plants. Actinomycetes include important so far as getting new kind is an important premise for obtaining genera such as Micromonospora, Nocardia and Streptomyces which new compounds [11]. Antimicrobial potentiality of Streptomy- produce several secondary metabolites, antibiotics, enzymes, anti ces tanashiensis A2D and S. sannanensis strain SU118 has been tumor agents, biocontrol agents [3,4]. There is an alarming scarcity reported by Singh et al. from untapped habitats [12,13]. Despite - of new antibiotics currently under development in the pharmace extensive exploration of the actinomycetes for their antimicrobial utical industry. Still, microbial natural products remain the most products in the past, the search for novel molecules having unique - promising source of novel antibiotics. therapeutic properties continues to be an active area of research. So far only a small fraction of actinomycetes have been discovered. Actinomycetes have provided important bioactive compounds Actinomycetes from unexplored habitats have gained considerable of high commercial values and they are being routinely screened attention in recent years for the production of bioactive metaboli for new bioactive substances. 45 % of the presently known bioac tes. The expanding list of novel microorganisms and the products tive microbial metabolites were isolated from various actinomy - - derived from poorly explored areas of the world such as certain cetale species, and Streptomyces species produces 74 % of all ac - ecosystem of Manipur [12,13] suggest that a careful exploration tinomycetales, while the rare actinomycetes represent 26% [5]. - of new habitats might continue to be useful. Antibiotic producing They produce the most diverse and most unique, unprecedented, sometimes very complicated compounds exhibiting excellent anti ons and media components [12]. Progress has been made recently microbial potency with low toxicity [5]. Their metabolic diversity is ability of the actinomycetes is highly influenced by culture conditi- - due to extremely large genome, which has hundreds of transcripti fermentation and screening, combinatorial biosynthesis and mi on drug discovery from actinomycetes by using high-throughput on factors that control gene expression, allowing them to respond ning genomes for cryptic pathways, to generate new secondary - - [6]. Many of these secondary metabolites are po metabolites related to existing pharmacophores [14]. tent antibiotics. As a result of which streptomycetes have become to specific needs - Endophytes live within plant tissues without causing any ap maceutical industry [5]. Members of this group are producers of parent harm to their host. They are ubiquitous in many plants the primary antibiotic-producing organisms exploited by the phar- -

Citation: Laishram Shantikumar Singh., et al. “Actinomycetes: the Unparallel Potential Source of Antibiotics and Natural Products for Drug Discovery”. Acta Scientific Microbiology

2.9 (2019): 15-17. Actinomycetes: the Unparallel Potential Source of Antibiotics and Natural Products for Drug Discovery

16 and within almost every tissue type studied [15]. Even so, they are 3. Anderson AS and Wellington MH. “The taxonomy of Strepto- still poorly investigated group of microorganisms [16] and their myces and related genera”. International journal of Systematic complex ecological functions remain to be extensively exploited. and Evolutionary Microbiology

Saccharopolyspora gloriosae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomyce 4. Salami F. “Isolation and determination 51 (2001): of 797-814. Streptomyces that te isolate has been obtained from the stem of Gloriosa superba L. - produce antibiotic from soil”. Pajohesh-va-Sazandegi 64 [17]. Endophytic Streptomyces sp. SUK25 from the root of Zingiber spectabile 5. Berdy(2004): J. 41-74.“Bioactive Microbial Metabolites; A personal View”. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [18]. has been reported to have a significant inhibitory effect Journal of Antibiotics against methicillin-resistant tes in existence have been described. Therefore, it is necessary to 6. Goshi K., et al. “Cloning 58.1 and (2005): analysis 1-26. of the telomere and termi However, it has been estimated that only 6-7 % of the endophy- investigate the remaining 93 % of these microorganisms in other nal inverted repeat of the linear chromosome of Streptomyces - plant species. Endophytes have the capacity to produce antibiotics griseus”. Journal of Bacteriology that act as antifungal and antibacterial which strongly inhibit the 7. Newman DJ and Cragg GM “Natural184 (2002): products 3411-3415. as sources of growth of other microorganisms. Streptomycetes are well known new drugs over the last 25 years”. Journal of Natural Products for its ability to produce secondary metabolites with diverse chemi cal structures and different activity against numerous pathogenic - 8. Olano70 (2007): C., et 461- al. “Antitumor477. compounds from actinomycetes: microorganisms. Baltz highlighted the proposition of “Renaissance from gene clusters to new derivatives by combinatorial bio in antibacterial discovery from actinomycetes” [14]. It is therefo synthesis”. Natural Product Reports re pertinent to further put forward the necessity and the potential - - of exploring the hitherto untapped actinomycetes from plant as 9. Zin NM., et al. “Bioactive endophytic26 Streptomycetes (2009): 628-660. from Ma lay Peninsula”. FEMS Microbiology Letters a resource for candidate for drug discovery program. In this con - text exploration and bioprospecting of endophytic actinomycetes - 10. Tiwari K and Gupta RK. “Rare actinomycetes: 274 a (2007):potential 83-88. store especially the Streptomyces genera residing in plants including me house for novel antibiotics”. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology dicinal plants could be targeted systematically and extensively by - - researchers for the source of antimicrobial agents as well as host 11. Jiang32.2 (2012): Y., et al 108-132.. “Actinomycetospora Chiangmaiensis gen. nov., plant secondary metabolites towards the goal of obtaining novel, sp. nov., a New Member of the Family Pseudonocardiaceae”. unique and more robust therapeutic agent towards drug discovery International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbi- from microbial resources. Many companies and laboratories focu ology sed on new actinomycete resources from new habitats. So one such - 12. Singh 58.2LS., (2008):et al. “Optimization408-413. of process parameters for ding towards the cause of search for novel actinomycetes for drug least explored habitat which could anticipate overwhelming fin- and alkaliphilic, Streptomyces tanashiensis strain A2D”. Jourla discovery is the hidden plant system where numerous endophytes Degrowth Mycologie and bioactive Medicale metabolite produced by a salt-tolerant reside. Thus in our view, making the uncultured from untapped ha bitat to pure cultured actinomycetes is one new hope for getting 13. Singh LS., et al. “Production19 (2009): of potent 225-233. antimicrobial agent by - new drug leads which would offer great potential to mitigate ever actinomycete, Streptomyces sannanensis strain SU118 isolated from phoomdi in Loktak Lake of Manipur, India”. BMC Microbi- increasing burden of drug resistance in health care sector. ology 14: (2014): 278. Bibliography 14. Baltz RH. “Renaissance in Antibacterial Discovery from Acti 1. Ventura M., et al. “Genomics of Actinobacteria: Tracing the nomycetes”. Current Opinion in Pharmacology - evolutionary history of an ancient phylum”. Microbiology and 563. 8 (2008): 557- Molecular biology Reviews 15. Hyde KD and Soytong K. “The fungal endophyte dilemma”. 2. Wilkins K. “Volatile metabolites 71 (2007): from 495-548.actinomycetes”. Chemo- Fungal Diversity sphere 33 (2008): 163-173. 32 (1996): 1427-1434.

Citation: Laishram Shantikumar Singh., et al. “Actinomycetes: the Unparallel Potential Source of Antibiotics and Natural Products for Drug Discovery”. Acta Scientific Microbiology

2.9 (2019): 15-17. Actinomycetes: the Unparallel Potential Source of Antibiotics and Natural Products for Drug Discovery

17 16. Tejesvi MV., et al. “Bioactivity and genetic diversity of endo phytic fungi in Rhododendron tomentosun Harmaja”. Fungal Diversity -

17. Qin S., et47 al .(2011): “Saccharopolyspora 97-107. gloriosae sp. nov., an endo phytic actinomycete isolated from the stem of Gloriosa superba L”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary- Microbiology

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Citation: Laishram Shantikumar Singh., et al. “Actinomycetes: the Unparallel Potential Source of Antibiotics and Natural Products for Drug Discovery”. Acta Scientific Microbiology

2.9 (2019): 15-17.