Precision LCR Meter
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U1733C Handheld LCR Meter
Keysight U1731C/U1732C/ U1733C Handheld LCR Meter User’s Guide U1731C/U1732C/U1733C User’s Guide I Notices © Keysight Technologies 2011 – 2014 Warranty Safety Notices No part of this manual may be reproduced in The material contained in this document is any form or by any means (including elec- provided “as is,” and is subject to change, tronic storage and retrieval or translation without notice, in future editions. Further, CAUTION into a foreign language) without prior agree- to the maximum extent permitted by the ment and written consent from Keysight applicable law, Keysight disclaims all A CAUTION notice denotes a haz- Technologies as governed by United States ard. It calls attention to an operat- and international copyright laws. warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information ing procedure, practice, or the likes Manual Part Number contained herein, including but not limited of that, if not correctly performed to the implied warranties of merchantabil- or adhered to, could result in dam- U1731-90077 ity and fitness for a particular purpose. Keysight shall not be liable for errors or for age to the product or loss of impor- Edition incidental or consequential damages in tant data. Do not proceed beyond a Edition 8, August 2014 connection with the furnishing, use, or CAUTION notice until the indicated performance of this document or of any conditions are fully understood and Keysight Technologies information contained herein. Should Key- met. 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway sight and the user have a separate written Santa Rosa, CA 95403 agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in WARNING the separate agreement shall control. -
1920 Precision LCR Meter User and Service Manual
♦ PRECISION INSTRUMENTS FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT ♦ 1920 Precision LCR Meter User and Service Manual Copyright © 2014 IET Labs, Inc. Visit www.ietlabs.com for manual revision updates 1920 im/February 2014 IET LABS, INC. www.ietlabs.com Long Island, NY • Email: [email protected] TEL: (516) 334-5959 • (800) 899-8438 • FAX: (516) 334-5988 ♦ PRECISION INSTRUMENTS FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT ♦ IET LABS, INC. www.ietlabs.com Long Island, NY • Email: [email protected] TEL: (516) 334-5959 • (800) 899-8438 • FAX: (516) 334-5988 ♦ PRECISION INSTRUMENTS FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT ♦ WARRANTY We warrant that this product is free from defects in material and workmanship and, when properly used, will perform in accordance with applicable IET specifi cations. If within one year after original shipment, it is found not to meet this standard, it will be repaired or, at the option of IET, replaced at no charge when returned to IET. Changes in this product not approved by IET or application of voltages or currents greater than those allowed by the specifi cations shall void this warranty. IET shall not be liable for any indirect, special, or consequential damages, even if notice has been given to the possibility of such damages. THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IET LABS, INC. www.ietlabs.com 534 Main Street, Westbury, NY 11590 TEL: (516) 334-5959 • (800) 899-8438 • FAX: (516) 334-5988 i WARNING OBSERVE ALL SAFETY RULES WHEN WORKING WITH HIGH VOLTAGES OR LINE VOLTAGES. -
878B and 879B LCR Meter User Manual
Model 878B, 879B Dual Display LCR METER INSTRUCTION MANUAL Safety Summary The following safety precautions apply to both operating and maintenance personnel and must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. DO NOT OPERATE IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes. Operation of any electrical instrument in such an environment constitutes a definite safety hazard. KEEP AWAY FROM LIVE CIRCUITS Instrument covers must not be removed by operating personnel. Component replacement and internal adjustments must be made by qualified maintenance personnel. DO NOT SUBSTITUTE PARTS OR MODIFY THE INSTRUMENT Do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modifications to this instrument. Return the instrument to B&K Precision for 1 service and repair to ensure that safety features are maintained. WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS WARNING and CAUTION statements, such as the following examples, denote a hazard and appear throughout this manual. Follow all instructions contained in these statements. A WARNING statement calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or condition, which, if not followed correctly, could result in injury or death to personnel. A CAUTION statement calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or condition, which, if not followed correctly, could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the product. Safety Guidelines To ensure that you use this device safely, follow the safety guidelines listed below: 2 This meter is for indoor use, altitude up to 2,000 m. The warnings and precautions should be read and well understood before the instrument is used. -
A Rapid Inductance Estimation Technique by Frequency Manipulation
Latest Trends in Circuits, Control and Signal Processing A Rapid Inductance Estimation Technique By Frequency Manipulation LUM KIN YUN, TAN TIAN SWEE Medical Implant Technology Group, Materials and Manufacturing Research Alliance, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract:- Inductors or coils are one of the basic electronics elements. Measurement of the inductance values does play an important role in circuit designing and evaluation process. However, the inductance cannot be measured easily like resistor or capacitor. Thus, here would like to introduce an inductance estimation technique which can estimate the inductance value in a short time interval. No complex and expensive equipment are involved throughout the measurement. Instead, it just required the oscilloscope and function generator that is commonly available in most electronic laboratory. The governed theory and methods are being stated. The limitation of the method is being discussed alongside with the principles and computer simulation. From the experiment, the error in measurement is within 10%. This method does provide promising result given the series resistance of the inductor is small and being measured using proper frequency. Key-Words: -Inductor, Inductance measurement, phasor, series resistance, phase difference, impedance. • Current and voltage method which is based on the determination of impedance. 1 Introduction • Bridge and differential method which is based on the relativity of the voltages and There are many inductors being used in electronics currents between the measured and reference circuits. In order to evaluate the performance of impedances until a balancing state is electronic system, it is particular important in achieved. -
THAM 4-4 Programmable Impedance Transfer Standard to Support LCR Meters
THAM 4-4 Programmable Impedance Transfer Standard to Support LCR Meters N.M. Oldham S.R. Booker Electricity Division Primary Standards Lab National Institute of Standards and Technology' Sandia National Laboratories Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001 Albuquerque, NM Summary Abstract n. Programmable ImpedanceStandards A programmable transfer standard for calibrating impedance (LCR)meters is described. The standard makes use of low loss chip Miniature impedances components and an electronic impedance generator (to synthesize Conventional impedance standards like air-core inductors, arbitrary complex impedances) that operate up to I MHz. gas-dielectric capacitors, and wire-wound resistors have served Intercomparison data between several LCR meters, including the standards community for decades. They were designed for estimated uncertainties will be provided in the final paper. stability and a number of other qualities, but not compactness. They are typically mounted in cases that are 10 to 20 cm on a I. Introduction side with large connectors, and are not easily incorporated into a programmableimpedance standard. To overcome this problem, chip Commercial digital impedance meters, often referred to as LCR components were evaluated as possible impedance standards and it meters, are used much like digital multimeters (DMMs) as diagnostic was discovered that some of these chips are approaching the quality and quality control tools in engineering and manufacturing. Like the of the older laboratory standards. For example, I of ceramic chip best DMMs, the accuracies of the best LCR meters are approaching capacitors are available with temperature coefficients of 30 ppml°C those of the standards that support them. The standards are 2- to 4- compared to 5 ppml°C for gas capacitors. -
Uprating of Electrolytic Capacitors
White Paper Uprating of Electrolytic Capacitors By Joelle Arnold Uprating of Electrolytic Capacitors Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are comprised of two aluminum foils, a cathode and an anode, rolled together with an electrolyte-soaked paper spacer in between. An oxide film is grown on the anode to create the dielectric. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are primarily used to filter low-frequency electrical signals, primarily in power designs. The critical functional parameters for aluminum electrolytic capacitors are defined as capacitance (C), leakage current (LC), equivalent series resistance (ESR), impedance (Z), and dissipation factor (DF). These five parameters are interrelated through the following schematic. Physically, leakage current (LC) tends to be primarily driven by the behavior of the dielectric. ESR is primarily driven by the behavior of the electrolyte. Physically, impedance (Z) is a summation of all the resistances throughout the capacitor, including resistances due to packaging. Electrically, Z is the summation of ESR and either the capacitive reactance (XC), at low frequency, or the inductance (LESL), at high frequency (see Figure 1). Dissipation factor is the ratio of ESR over XC. Therefore, a low ESR tends to give a low impedance and a low dissipation factor. 1.1 Functional Parameters (Specified in Datasheet) The functional parameters that can be provided in manufacturers’ datasheets are listed below 1.1.1 Capacitance vs. Temperature It can be seen that the manufacturer’s guarantee of ±20% stability of the capacitance is only relevant at room temperature. While a source of potential concern when operating aluminum electrolytic capacitors over an extended temperature range, previous research has demonstrated that the capacitance of this capacitor is extremely stable as a function of temperature (see Figure 2 and Figure 4). -
Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of Capacitors
Application Note 1 of 5 Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of Capacitors Questions continually arise concerning the correct definition of the ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) of a capacitor and, more particularly, the difference between ESR and the actual physical series resistance (which we'll call Ras), the ohmic resistance of the leads and plates or foils. The definition and application of the term ESR has often been misconstrued. We hope this note will answer any questions and clarify any confusion that might exist. Very briefly, ESR is a measure of the total lossiness of a capacitor. It is larger than Ras because the actual series resistance is only one source of the total loss (usually a small part). The Series Equivalent Circuit At one frequency, a measurement of complex impedance gives two numbers, the real part and the imaginary part: Z = Rs + jXs. At that frequency, the impedance behaves like a series combination of an ideal resistance Rs and an ideal reactance Xs (Figure 1). Rs RS XS CS Figure 1: Equivalent series circuit representation If Xs is negative, the impedance is capacitive, and the general reactance can be replaced with a capacitance of: −1 Cs = ωXs We now have an equivalent circuit that is correct only at the measurement frequency. The resistance of this equivalent circuit is the equivalent series resistance ESR = Rs = Real part of Z © IET LABS, Inc., September 2019 Printed in U.S.A 035002 Rev. A4 1 of 5 Application Note 2 of 5 Add the dissipation FACTOR energy lost Real part of Z If we define the dissipation factor D as D = = energy stored (− Imaginary part of Z) Rs Then D = =Rsω C = (ESR) ω C (− )Xs If one took a pure resistance and a pure capacitance and connected them in series, then one could say that the ESR of the combination was indeed equal to the actual series resistance. -
Application Note: ESR Losses in Ceramic Capacitors by Richard Fiore, Director of RF Applications Engineering American Technical Ceramics
Application Note: ESR Losses In Ceramic Capacitors by Richard Fiore, Director of RF Applications Engineering American Technical Ceramics AMERICAN TECHNICAL CERAMICS ATC North America ATC Europe ATC Asia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.atceramics.com ATC 001-923 Rev. D; 4/07 ESR LOSSES IN CERAMIC CAPACITORS In the world of RF ceramic chip capacitors, Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) is often considered to be the single most important parameter in selecting the product to fit the application. ESR, typically expressed in milliohms, is the summation of all losses resulting from dielectric (Rsd) and metal elements (Rsm) of the capacitor, (ESR = Rsd+Rsm). Assessing how these losses affect circuit performance is essential when utilizing ceramic capacitors in virtually all RF designs. Advantage of Low Loss RF Capacitors Ceramics capacitors utilized in MRI imaging coils must exhibit Selecting low loss (ultra low ESR) chip capacitors is an important ultra low loss. These capacitors are used in conjunction with an consideration for virtually all RF circuit designs. Some examples of MRI coil in a tuned circuit configuration. Since the signals being the advantages are listed below for several application types. detected by an MRI scanner are extremely small, the losses of the Extended battery life is possible when using low loss capacitors in coil circuit must be kept very low, usually in the order of a few applications such as source bypassing and drain coupling in the milliohms. Excessive ESR losses will degrade the resolution of the final power amplifier stage of a handheld portable transmitter image unless steps are taken to reduce these losses. -
LCR Measurement Primer 2Nd Edition, August 2002 Comments: [email protected]
LCLCRR MEASUREMENMEASUREMENTT PRIMEPRIMERR ISO 9001 Certified 5 Clock Tower Place, 210 East, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754 TELE: (800) 253-1230, FAX: (978) 461-4295, INTL: (978) 461-2100 http:// www.quadtech.com 2 Preface The intent of this reference primer is to explain the basic definitions and measurement of impedance parameters, also known as LCR. This primer provides a general overview of the impedance characteristics of an AC cir- cuit, mathematical equations, connection methods to the device under test and methods used by measuring instruments to precisely characterize impedance. Inductance, capacitance and resistance measuring tech- niques associated with passive component testing are presented as well. LCR Measurement Primer 2nd Edition, August 2002 Comments: [email protected] 5 Clock Tower Place, 210 East Maynard, Massachusetts 01754 Tel: (978) 461-2100 Fax: (978) 461-4295 Intl: (800) 253-1230 Web: http://www.quadtech.com This material is for informational purposes only and is subject to change without notice. QuadTech assumes no responsibility for any error or for consequential damages that may result from the misinterpretation of any procedures in this publication. 3 Contents Impedance 5 Recommended LCR Meter Features 34 Definitions 5 Test Frequency 34 Impedance Terms 6 Test Voltage 34 Phase Diagrams 7 Accuracy/Speed 34 Series and Parallel 7 Measurement Parameters 34 Connection Methods 10 Ranging 34 Averaging 34 Two-Terminal Measurements 10 Median Mode 34 Four-Terminal Measurements 10 Computer Interface 35 Three-Terminal (Guarded) -
A History of Impedance Measurements
A History of Impedance Measurements by Henry P. Hall Preface 2 Scope 2 Acknowledgements 2 Part I. The Early Experimenters 1775-1915 3 1.1 Earliest Measurements, Dc Resistance 3 1.2 Dc to Ac, Capacitance and Inductance Measurements 6 1.3 An Abundance of Bridges 10 References, Part I 14 Part II. The First Commercial Instruments 1900-1945 16 2.1 Comment: Putting it All Together 16 2.2 Early Dc Bridges 16 2.3 Other Early Dc Instruments 20 2.4 Early Ac Bridges 21 2.5 Other Early Ac Instruments 25 References Part II 26 Part III. Electronics Comes of Age 1946-1965 28 3.1 Comment: The Post-War Boom 28 3.2 General Purpose, “RLC” or “Universal” Bridges 28 3.3 Dc Bridges 30 3.4 Precision Ac Bridges: The Transformer Ratio-Arm Bridge 32 3.5 RF Bridges 37 3.6 Special Purpose Bridges 38 3,7 Impedance Meters 39 3.8 Impedance Comparators 40 3.9 Electronics in Instruments 42 References Part III 44 Part IV. The Digital Era 1966-Present 47 4.1 Comment: Measurements in the Digital Age 47 4.2 Digital Dc Meters 47 4.3 Ac Digital Meters 48 4.4 Automatic Ac Bridges 50 4.5 Computer-Bridge Systems 52 4.6 Computers in Meters and Bridges 52 4.7 Computing Impedance Meters 53 4.8 Instruments in Use Today 55 4.9 A Long Way from Ohm 57 References Part IV 59 Appendices: A. A Transformer Equivalent Circuit 60 B. LRC or Universal Bridges 61 C. Microprocessor-Base Impedance Meters 62 A HISTORY OF IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS PART I. -
Laboratory Modules Electrical Measurement
HIGH VOLTAGE AND ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY LABORATORY MODULES ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 2018 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULES High Voltage & Electrical 2018 Measurement Lab. MODULE 1 LABORATORY BRIEFING AND PRE-TEST Laboratory Breifing is held on February 19, 2018 at 18.45 PM located at K building, K301, Faculty of Engineering. Attendance to briefing and pre-test is mandatory and will be included in the scoring system. 2 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULES High Voltage & Electrical 2018 Measurement Lab. MODULE 2 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT I. OBJECTIVE 1. To know LCR Meter and its function 2. To know the construction of LCR Meter and how LCR Meter works II. BASIC THEORY LCR meter is an electronic electrical measurement to measure resistance, inductance and capacitance value. The utilization is relatively easy since today, a digital LCR meter is already in the market, and it makes the user easier to use it. Here is a brief explanation about resistor, inductor and capacitor Resistor is an electronic component that has the function to control and limit electricity. It is also used to limit the amount of current flowing in a circuit. According to its name, resistor is resistive and mostly is made from carbon. The unit of resistance is Ohm and symbolized by omega. Type of resistors mostly has the shape of tube with two copper legs. There are colored circles in the body to make the user know about the resistance without measuring it using measurement device. (example: ohm meter) Figure 1. Resistors types Inductor is symbolized by L. Usually in a form of coil, but sometimes has other forms too. -
LOSSY CAPACITORS 1 Dielectric Loss
Chapter 3—Lossy Capacitors 3–1 LOSSY CAPACITORS 1 Dielectric Loss Capacitors are used for a wide variety of purposes and are made of many different materials in many different styles. For purposes of discussion we will consider three broad types, that is, capacitors made for ac, dc, and pulse applications. The ac case is the most general since ac capacitors will work (or at least survive) in dc and pulse applications, where the reverse may not be true. It is important to consider the losses in ac capacitors. All dielectrics (except vacuum) have two types of losses. One is a conduction loss, representing the flow of actual charge through the dielectric. The other is a dielectric loss due to movement or rotation of the atoms or molecules in an alternating electric field. Dielectric losses in water are the reason for food and drink getting hot in a microwave oven. One way of describing dielectric losses is to consider the permittivity as a complex number, defined as = − j = ||e−jδ (1) where = ac capacitivity = dielectric loss factor δ = dielectric loss angle Capacitance is a complex number C∗ in this definition, becoming the expected real number C as the losses go to zero. That is, we define C∗ = C − jC (2) One reason for defining a complex capacitance is that we can use the complex value in any equation derived for a real capacitance in a sinusoidal application, and get the correct phase shifts and power losses by applying the usual rules of circuit theory. This means that most of our analyses are already done, and we do not need to start over just because we now have a lossy capacitor.