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Professional Apache Tomcat 5 a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page i Professional Apache Tomcat 5 Vivek Chopra Amit Bakore Jon Eaves Ben Galbraith Sing Li Chanoch Wiggers a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page vi a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page i Professional Apache Tomcat 5 Vivek Chopra Amit Bakore Jon Eaves Ben Galbraith Sing Li Chanoch Wiggers a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page ii Professional Apache Tomcat 5 Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada Library of Congress Card Number: 2004103742 ISBN: 0-7645-5902-8 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1B/RR/QV/QU/IN No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permis- sion of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4447, E-Mail: permcoordinator@ wiley.com. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HERE- FROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEB SITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEB SITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEB SITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAP- PEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (800) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, and Programmer to Programmer are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page iii About the Authors Vivek Chopra Vivek Chopra has over nine years of experience as a software developer, architect, and team lead, and is currently working on Web Services, J2EE, and middleware technologies. He has worked and consulted at a number of Silicon Valley companies (including Hewlett-Packard, Sun, and currently Sony) and startups. He actively writes about technology and has co-authored half a dozen books on topics such as Apache/open-source software, XML, and Web services. He is also a committer for UDDI4J, an open- source Java API for UDDI. His other areas of experience and interest include compilers, middleware, clustering, GNU/Linux, RFID systems, and mobile computing. Sing Li Sing Li, bitten by the microcomputer bug since 1978, has grown up with the Microprocessor Age. His first personal computer was a $99 do-it-yourself Netronics COSMIC ELF computer with 256 bytes of memory, mail-ordered from the back pages of Popular Electronics magazine. Currently, Sing is a consultant, system designer, open-source software contributor, and freelance writer specializing in Java technology, as well as embedded and distributed systems architecture. He writes for several popular technical journals and e-zines, and is the creator of the “Internet Global Phone,” one of the very first Internet telephones available. He has authored and co-authored a number of books across diverse technical topics, including Tomcat, JSP, Servlets, XML, Jini, and JXTA. Ben Galbraith Ben Galbraith was introduced to Java in 1999, and has since become something of a Java enthusiast. He has written dozens of Java/J2EE applications for numerous clients, and has built his share of Web sites. He actively tinkers on several open-source projects and participates in the Java Community Process. He has also co-authored a gaggle of books on various Java/XML-related topics, including the one you’re holding now. He is president of the Utah Java User’s Group (www.ujug.org) and Director of Software Development for Amirsys (www.amirsys.com). Jon Eaves Jon Eaves is the Chief Technology Officer of ThoughtWorks Australia and has more than 15 years of soft- ware development experience in a wide variety of application domains and languages. He can be reached at [email protected]. a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page iv Amit Bakore Amit Bakore is a Sun-certified Web component developer and Java programmer. He works at Veritas Software R&D center, Pune (India). Earlier, he was a part of the Server Technologies group at Oracle, Bangalore (India), as a Senior Member Technical Staff. He has been working primarily on Java, J2EE, XML, and Linux. His areas of interest include open-source technologies and satellite-launching vehicles. He can be reached at [email protected]. Amit dedicates this work to his parents, Dr. Ramkrishna and Sau. Vaijayanti. Chanoch Wiggers Chanoch Wiggers is a senior developer with Kiwi DMD, U.K., programming with J2EE and VB. He previously worked as a technical architect with Wrox Press, editing, architecting, and contributing to Java books. a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page v Credits Acquisitions Editor Project Coordinator Robert Elliott Erin Smith Development Editor Graphics and Production Specialists Kevin Shafer Beth Brooks, Sean Decker, Lauren Goddard, Shelley Norris, Lynsey Osborne Production Editor William A. Barton Quality Control Technician Carl W. Pierce Copy Editor Brian H. Walls Luann Rouff Media Development Specialist Editorial Manager Travis Silvers Kathryn A. Malm Proofreading and Indexing Vice President & Executive Group Publisher TECHBOOKS Production Services Richard Swadley Vice President and Executive Publisher Bob Ipsen Vice President and Publisher Joseph B. Wikert Executive Editorial Director Mary Bednarek a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page vi a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page vii Acknowledgments The behind-the-scenes work undertaken to create this book was as critical as writing the book itself. For this, we would like to acknowledge the efforts of our editorial team: Bob Elliot (our executive editor), Kathryn Malm (our editorial manager), and Kevin Shafer (our development editor). In addition, we certainly couldn’t have done this without the expert help of Rupert Jones, our technical reviewer. We would also like to acknowledge our respective families for all the support they gave us in this project. a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page viii a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page ix Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction xxi Chapter 1: Apache and Jakarta Tomcat 1 Humble Beginnings: The Apache Project 2 The Apache Software Foundation 3 The Jakarta Project 3 Tomcat 4 Other Jakarta Subprojects 4 Distributing Tomcat 5 Comparison with Other Licenses 6 GPL 6 LGPL 7 Other Licenses 7 The Big Picture: J2EE 7 Java APIs 7 The J2EE APIs 8 J2EE Application Servers 9 “Agree on Standards, Compete on Implementation” 10 Tomcat and Application Servers 10 Tomcat and Web Servers 11 Summary 12 Chapter 2: JSP and Servlets 13 First Came CGI 14 Then Servlets Were Born 14 Servlet Containers 15 Accessing Servlets 16 And on to JSPs . 18 JSP Tag Libraries 21 Web Application Architecture 24 Java Site Architecture 25 Summary 27 a 559028 FM.qxd 4/22/04 3:54 PM Page x Contents Chapter 3: Tomcat Installation 29 Installing the Java Virtual Machine 29 Installing the Sun JVM on Windows 29 Installing Tomcat 33 Tomcat Windows Installer 33 Finishing the Installation 34 Setting Environment Variables 34 Testing the Installation 34 Installing Tomcat on Windows Using the ZIP File 39 Installing Tomcat on Linux 40 The Tomcat Installation Directory 41 The bin Directory 41 The shared Directory 42 The common Directory 42 The conf Directory 42 The logs Directory 42 The server Directory 42 The webapps Directory 42 The work Directory 43 Troubleshooting and Tips 43 The Port Number Is in Use 43 Running Multiple Instances 44 A Proxy Is Blocking Access 44 Summary 44 Chapter 4: Tomcat Architecture 45 An Overview of Tomcat Architecture 45 The Server 47 The Service 47 The Remaining Classes in the Tomcat Architecture
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