DOCSLIB.ORG

This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The anatomy of the middle and lower pleistocene hominid femora. Kennedy, Gail E The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 I THE ANATOMY of the LEORPLE I STOCENE HOMINID FEMOP f,'1tf' by Gail E. Kennedy Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anatomy St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School University of London April, 1973 2 1.1: ABSTRACT: Although the femur is the most commonly preserved post-cranial bone of the fossil Hominidae it has seldom been the subject of detailed comparative investigations and has never been com- prehensively investigated using the range of analytic and computational techniques now available. More- over, recently discovered fossil hominid femora from east Africa have considerably increased the study sample, which has also included material from China, Java and South Africa. The basic comparative sample was formed from 100 Romano-British femora. In addition, a small number of modern Bushmen and several fossil femora of Upper Pleistocene age were included; femora from Pan, Goriila and Pongo com- pleted the comparative sample. The femora included in this study have been investi- gated through a variety of analytic and statistical methods. A number of earlier workers have suggested that certain non-metric features of the fossil hominid femur differed either in their incidence or development from modern Homo 8apieno. Such suppositions needed to be tested against a large comparative sample and an investigation of five non-metric traits formed one part of this study. Second, the bones were measured externally, using some techniques of earlier workers, 3 but including a number of new parameters formulated for this study. The most revealing information in this study was derived from the third part of the analysis. Radiographs were made on all femora included in this study and the metric evaluation of the radiographs has provided the clearest evidence of the alterations in the hominid femur through the Pleistocene. The features and morphological complexes revealed in these investigations have been analyzed anatom- ically and biometrically and evaluated through univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. The changes recognized in the internal and external examination of the femora are clearly of biomechan- ical significance and delineate an integrated total morphological pattern of the femur of the fossil Hominidae at at least two grades of organiza- tion. 4 1.2: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: A study such as this in- evitably requires assistance and advice from many quarters. First, I would like to acknowledge, with great gratitude, the help of my supervisor, Professor M.H. Day. It was his work with the Olduvai Hominid 28 material which stimulated my own interest in the femur and eventually led to this work. During this study he has unfailingly and patiently been a source of advice and assistance. Miss Theya Molleson, of the Sub-Department of Anthropology, British Museum (Natural HIstory) has given of her wide knowledge and experience with x-ray equipment and techniques and a major part of this study would have been very difficult indeed without her help. Mr. Don Brothwell, also of the Sub-Department of Anthropology, British Museum (Natural History) has provided both encourage- ment and helpful discussions throughout this study and has kindly allowed me to have access to the Museum's collections which have provided a major part of my comparative material. My appreciation is also due to Dr. Alan Walker, Department of Anatomy, University of Nairobi, for many helpful discussions and to both Dr. Walker and his wife 5 for their kind hospitality during my stay in Nairobi. The technical staff in the Department of Anatomy, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School have been of invaluable and skilful assistance in many ways. Mr. James King, Mr. John Fenton and Mr. Alan Pache have been especially generous with their time and help. Thanks must also go to the various people who have allowed me to examine the fossil material in their care. Mr. R.E.F. Leakey, Director of the National Museums of Kenya, has been particularly kind in this regard in allowing me to examine a number of specimens which, at that time, were unreported. Dr. D.H. Hooijer, of the Rijksmuseum voor Palaeontologie, Leiden; Dr. Irwin Scollar, of the Reinisches Landes- museum, Bonn and Professor Twiesselman of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique have all generously allowed me to examine material in their care. Funds to examine the material in east Africa were provided by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropo- logical Research. Finally, I would like to thank my children, for trying to understand, and my father whose encouragement and confidence in me have influenced me more than he knows. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1. Abstract 2 2. Acknowledgements 4 3. Table of Contents 6 4. List of Tables 7 5. List of Diagrams 9 6. List of Plates 10 7. Introduction 11 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 1. The Femur In General 15 2. Osteometry (i) Techniques in Stature Recons truct ion 93 (ii) Techniques in Osteometry 97 3. Palaeontology (i) China 116 (ii) Java 144 (iii) South Africa 165 III. METHODS AND MATERIALS 1. Materials (i) Comparative Sample 179 (ii) Fossil Sample 179 2. Osteometric Methods (i) External Osteometric Techniques 195 (ii) Radiographic Procedures and Internal Osteometric Techniques 200 (iii) Non-Metric Analysis 212 3. Analytic Methods 217 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Non-Metric Investigation 226 2. Metric and Radiographic Investigation 236 (i) Comparative Sample 245 (ii) Fossil Sample 253 3. Statistical Results 285 V. CONCLUSIONS 1. General 305 2. Taxonoinic Implications 314 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 328 VII. TABLES 354 VIII PLATES 378 7 LIST OF TABLES I. Comparative Osteometric Data for Peking Femora 185 II. Technical X-Ray Data 203 III. Non-Metric Data: Shape of the Popliteal Surface 227 IV. Non-Metric Data: Development of the Hypotrochanteric Fossa 228 V. Non-Metric Data: Development of the Hypotrochanteric Crista 229 VI. Non-Metric Data: Continuity of the Linea Aspera 230 VII. Non-Metric Data: Development of Third Trochanter 231 VIIl. Chi 2 Values for Ancaster Series 232 IX. Comparative External Shaft Data: Platymeric and Pilastric Indices 354 X. Comparative External Shaft Data: Minimum Breadth Index, Sub-Pilastric Index 356 XI. Comparative External Shaft Data: Popliteal Index • 357 XII. Comparative External Shaft Data: Head Diameter, Head-Neck Axial Length 358 XIII. Comparative External Shaft Data: Head/Neck Index, Neck/Shaft Index 359 XIV. Comparative External Shaft Data: Shaft Bowing 360 XV. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Sub-Trochanteric Cortical Diameters, Medial and Lateral 361 XVI. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Sub-Trochanteric Cortical Diameters, Anterior and Pos tenor 362 XVII. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Mid-Shaft Cortical Diameters, Medial and Lateral 363 8 XVIII. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Mid-Shaft Cortical Diameters, Anterior and Posterior 34 XIX. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Sub-Pilastric Cortical Diameters, Medial and Lateral 365 XX. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Sub-Pilastric Cortical Diameters, Anterior and Posterior 366 XXI. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Sub-Trochanteric Cortical Indices 367 XXII. Comparative Internal Shaft Data: Mid-Shaft Cortical Indices 368 XXIII. Comparative Shaft Data: Cortical Robusticity Index 369 XXIV. Mahalanobis' D 2 Values for Ancaster, "erectus" Pan, Gorilla and Pongo 370 XXV. Coefficients of Correlation: Ancaster 371 XXVI. Group Means 373 XXVII. Mahalanobis' D 2 Values for Ancaster, "erectus" "australopithecus", Pan, Gorilla and Pongo 376 9 LIST OF DIAGRAMS I. Plot of Canonical Axes I and II: Ancaster and terectustt 288 II. Plot of Canonical Axes I and II: Ancaster, "erectus" and "australopithecus" 290 III. Relative Chronology of the Lower and Middle Pleistocene Honiinidae 293 Iv. Plot of Canonical Axes I and II: Ancaster, "erectus", Pan, Gorilla and Pongo 294 V. Plot of Canonical Axes I and III: Ancaster, "erectus" Pan, Gorilla and Pongo 295 VI. Plot of Canonical Axes I and II: Ancaster, "erectus", "australopithecus" Pan, Gorilla and Pongo 301 1.0 LIST OF PLATES I. Radiograph of Neandertal Femur 378 II. STS 14 379 III. Peking, Femora I, IV and V 380 IV. Radiographs of SK 82: Anteroposterior and Lateral Views 381 V. Radiographs of SK 97: Anteroposterior and Lateral Views 382 VI. Radiograph of an Ancaster Femur Without 383 Ward's Triangle, Radiograph of a Pongo Femur With Ward's Triangle VII. Radiograph of Trinil, Femur I 384, 385 VIII. Radiograph of Trinil, Femora 111 IV and V 386 Lateral View Ix. Radiograph of Trinil, Femora III, IV and V 387 Anteroposterior View. 11 1.7: INTRODUCTION: Analysis of the locomotor behaviour of the early hominids is a field of study which could reveal important information regarding the development and diversification of the Hominidae.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JVP 26(3) September 2006—ABSTRACTS
    Neoceti Symposium, Saturday 8:45 acid-prepared osteolepiforms Medoevia and Gogonasus has offered strong support for BODY SIZE AND CRYPTIC TROPHIC SEPARATION OF GENERALIZED Jarvik’s interpretation, but Eusthenopteron itself has not been reexamined in detail. PIERCE-FEEDING CETACEANS: THE ROLE OF FEEDING DIVERSITY DUR- Uncertainty has persisted about the relationship between the large endoskeletal “fenestra ING THE RISE OF THE NEOCETI endochoanalis” and the apparently much smaller choana, and about the occlusion of upper ADAM, Peter, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; JETT, Kristin, Univ. of and lower jaw fangs relative to the choana. California, Davis, Davis, CA; OLSON, Joshua, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los A CT scan investigation of a large skull of Eusthenopteron, carried out in collaboration Angeles, CA with University of Texas and Parc de Miguasha, offers an opportunity to image and digital- Marine mammals with homodont dentition and relatively little specialization of the feeding ly “dissect” a complete three-dimensional snout region. We find that a choana is indeed apparatus are often categorized as generalist eaters of squid and fish. However, analyses of present, somewhat narrower but otherwise similar to that described by Jarvik. It does not many modern ecosystems reveal the importance of body size in determining trophic parti- receive the anterior coronoid fang, which bites mesial to the edge of the dermopalatine and tioning and diversity among predators. We established relationships between body sizes of is received by a pit in that bone. The fenestra endochoanalis is partly floored by the vomer extant cetaceans and their prey in order to infer prey size and potential trophic separation of and the dermopalatine, restricting the choana to the lateral part of the fenestra.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Model and Tomographic Archive of Fossil Primate and Other
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Surface Model and Tomographic Archive of Fossil Primate and Other Mammal Holotype and Paratype Specimens of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa Justin W. Adams1*, Angela Olah2,3, Matthew R. McCurry1,3, Stephany Potze4 a11111 1 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3 Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia, 4 Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Adams JW, Olah A, McCurry MR, Potze S (2015) Surface Model and Tomographic Archive of Abstract Fossil Primate and Other Mammal Holotype and Nearly a century of paleontological excavation and analysis from the cave deposits of the Paratype Specimens of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa. PLoS ONE Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site in northeastern South Africa underlies 10(10): e0139800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139800 much of our understanding of the evolutionary history of hominins, other primates and other Editor: Brenda A Wilson, University of Illinois at mammal lineages in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene of Africa. As one of few desig- Urbana-Champaign, UNITED STATES nated fossil repositories, the Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section of the Ditsong National Received: January 29, 2015 Museum of Natural History (DNMNH; the former Transvaal Museum) curates much of the mammalian faunas recovered from the fossil-rich deposits of major South African hominin- Accepted: September 17, 2015 bearing localities, including the holotype and paratype specimens of many primate, carni- Published: October 6, 2015 vore, and other mammal species (Orders Primates, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla, Copyright: © 2015 Adams et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Old World Monkeys
    OLD WORLD MONKEYS Edited by Paul F. Whitehead and Clifford J. Jolly The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarco´n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © Cambridge University Press 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Times NR 10/13pt. System QuarkXPress® [] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Old world monkeys / edited by Paul F. Whitehead & Clifford J. Jolly. p. cm. ISBN 0 521 57124 3 (hardcover) 1. Cercopithecidae. I. Whitehead, Paul F. (Paul Frederick), 1954– . II. Jolly, Clifford J., 1939– . QL737.P930545 2000 599.8Ј6–dc21 99-20192 CIP ISBN 0 521 57124 3 hardback Contents List of contributors page vii Preface x 1 Old World monkeys: three decades of development and change in the study of the Cercopithecoidea Clifford J. Jolly and Paul F. Whitehead 1 2 The molecular systematics of the Cercopithecidae Todd R. Disotell 29 3 Molecular genetic variation and population structure in Papio baboons Jeffrey Rogers 57 4 The phylogeny of the Cercopithecoidea Colin P. Groves 77 5 Ontogeny of the nasal capsule in cercopithecoids: a contribution to the comparative and evolutionary morphology of catarrhines Wolfgang Maier 99 6 Old World monkey origins and diversification: an evolutionary study of diet and dentition Brenda R.
    [Show full text]
  • Areas 1- Ern Africa
    Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, Nos. 71-72, 1990 Diet, Species Diversity and Distribution of African Fossil Baboons Brenda R. Benefit and Monte L. McCrossin Based on measurements ofmolarfeatures shown to befunctionally correlated with the proportions of fruits and leaves in the diets ofextant monkeys, Plio-Pleistocenepapionin baboonsfrom southern Africa are shown to have included more herbaceous resources in their diets and to have exploited more open country habitats than did the highlyfrugivorousforest dwelling eastern African species. The diets ofall species offossil Theropithecus are reconstructed to have included morefruits than the diets ofextant Theropithecus gelada. Theropithecus brumpti, T. quadratirostris and T. darti have greater capacitiesfor shearing, thinner enamel and less emphases on the transverse component ofmastication than T. oswaldi, and are therefore interpreted to have consumed leaves rather than grass. Since these species are more ancient than the grass-eating, more open country dwelling T. oswaldi, the origin ofthe genus Thero- pithecus is attributed tofolivorous adaptations by largepapionins inforest environments rather than to savannah adapted grass-eaters. Reconstructions ofdiet and habitat are used to explain differences in the relative abundance and diversity offossil baboons in eastern andsouthern Africa. INTRODUCTION abundance between eastern and southern Africa is observed for members of the Papionina (Papio, Interpretations of the dietary habits of fossil Cercocebus, Parapapio, Gorgopithecus, and Old World monkeys have been based largely on Dinopithecus). [We follow Szalay and Delson analogies to extant mammals with lophodont teeth (1979) in recognizing two tribes of cercopithe- (Jolly 1970; Napier 1970; Delson 1975; Andrews cines, Cercopithecini and Papionini, and three 1981; Andrews and Aiello 1984; Temerin and subtribes of the Papionini: Theropithecina (gela- Cant 1983).
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genomics of a Baboon Hybrid Zone in Zambia Kenneth Lyu Chiou Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2017 Population Genomics of a Baboon Hybrid Zone in Zambia Kenneth Lyu Chiou Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, and the Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Chiou, Kenneth Lyu, "Population Genomics of a Baboon Hybrid Zone in Zambia" (2017). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1094. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1094 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: Jane Phillips-Conroy, Chair Amy Bauernfeind Clifford Jolly Allan Larson Amanda Melin Population Genomics of a Baboon Hybrid Zone in Zambia By Kenneth L. Chiou A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2017 St. Louis, Missouri © Kenneth L. Chiou Contents List of Figures v List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Abstract xiv 1 Hybrid Zones and Papio: A Review 1 Introduction . 1 Hybridization . 2 Study animals . 5 Evolution of genus Papio ................................. 7 Hybridization in Papio ................................... 15 Zambian Papio: diversity and distribution . 23 Relevance to Homo ..................................... 35 Study site . 40 Research summary . 44 Overview of upcoming chapters .
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Living and Fossil African Papionins: Combined Evidence from Morphology and Molecules
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research Hunter College 2018 Phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil African papionins: Combined evidence from morphology and molecules Kelsey D. Pugh The Graduate Center, City University of New York Christopher C. Gilbert CUNY Hunter College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_pubs/647 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Journal of Human Evolution 123 (2018) 35e51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil African papionins: Combined evidence from morphology and molecules * Kelsey D. Pugh a, b, , Christopher C. Gilbert a, b, c a PhD Program in Anthropology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA b New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), USA c Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA article info abstract Article history: African papionins are a highly successful subtribe of Old World monkeys with an extensive fossil record. Received 7 November 2017 On the basis of both molecular and morphological data, crown African papionins are divided into two Accepted 1 June 2018 clades: Cercocebus/Mandrillus and Papio/Lophocebus/Rungwecebus/Theropithecus (P/L/R/T), though Available online 26 July 2018 phylogenetic relationships in the latter clade, among both fossil and extant taxa, remain difficult to resolve.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of the Old World Monkey Tribe Papionini
    Eugene E. Harris* Molecular systematics of the Old World Department of Anthropology, monkey tribe Papionini: analysis of the 25 Waverly Place, New York total available genetic sequences University, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A. The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the tribe Received 23 March 1998 Papionini are inferred using a taxonomic congruence approach in Revision received which gene trees derived for eight unlinked genetic sequence datasets 20 January 1999 and are compared. Population genetics theory predicts that species accepted 10 April 1999 relationships will be revealed with greater probability when the topology of gene trees from many unlinked loci are found to be Keywords: Old World congruent. The theory underlying this approach is described. monkeys, Papionini, Monophyly of the mangabeys is not supported by any of the gene molecular phylogeny, trees; instead, they are polyphyletic with Cercocebus found to be the systematics, mangabeys, sister taxon to Mandrillus in five gene trees (with no conflicting Papio, Theropithecus, trees), and Lophocebus found to be closely related to Papio and/or Mandrillus, Lophocebus, Theropithecus in all trees. Theropithecus and Papio are not strongly Cercocebus, Macaca. supported as sister taxa (present in one or two trees only); Lophocebus and Papio are supported as sister taxa in the majority of trees. A close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio is not supported in any of the trees. The relationships among Papio, Lophocebus, and Theropithecus cannot be resolved by congruence, probably due to the short time interval estimated between their divergences. The mtDNA COII sequences are used to estimate divergence dates within the papionins.
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Skeleton of Theropithecus Brumpti (Primates, Cercopithecidae) from the Chemeron Formation of the Tugen Hills, Kenya
    Journal of Human Evolution 61 (2011) 347e362 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Partial skeleton of Theropithecus brumpti (Primates, Cercopithecidae) from the Chemeron Formation of the Tugen Hills, Kenya Christopher C. Gilbert a,b,c,*, Emily D. Goble d, John D. Kingston e, Andrew Hill d a Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10021, USA b Department of Anthropology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY 10016, USA c New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA d Department of Anthropology, Yale University, PO Box 208277, New Haven, CT 06520-8277, USA e Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA article info abstract Article history: Here we describe a complete skull and partial skeleton of a large cercopithecoid monkey (KNM-TH Received 27 October 2010 46700) discovered in the Chemeron Formation of the Tugen Hills at BPRP Site #152 (2.63 Ma). Associated Accepted 21 April 2011 with the skeleton was a mandible of an infant cercopithecoid (KNM-TH 48364), also described here. KNM-TH 46700 represents an aged adult female of Theropithecus brumpti, a successful Pliocene papionin Keywords: taxon better known from the Omo Shungura Formation in Ethiopia and sites east and west of Lake Cercopithecoid Turkana, Kenya. While the morphology of male T. brumpti is well-documented, including a partial Papionin skeleton with both cranial and postcranial material, the female T. brumpti morphotype is not well- Crania fi Postcrania known.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Utilization of Savanna-Based Resources By
    Codron, D; Luyt, J; Lee-Thorp, J A; Sponheimer, M; de Ruiter, D J; Codron, J (2005). Utilization of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons. South African Journal of Science, 101(5-6):245-248. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: South African Journal of Science 2005, 101(5-6):245-248. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2005 Utilization of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons Codron, D; Luyt, J; Lee-Thorp, J A; Sponheimer, M; de Ruiter, D J; Codron, J Codron, D; Luyt, J; Lee-Thorp, J A; Sponheimer, M; de Ruiter, D J; Codron, J (2005). Utilization of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons. South African Journal of Science, 101(5-6):245-248. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: South African Journal of Science 2005, 101(5-6):245-248. Utilization of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons Abstract We have determined the tooth enamel carbonate 13C values of five cercopithecoid taxa from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of Swartkrans Members 1 and 2 and Sterkfontein Member 4. These data were used to determine the relative proportions of C3 and C4 biomass consumed by extinct baboons and contemporary non-human primates. We compared these results with data on modern Papio hamadryas ursinus from different savanna areas in South Africa, as well as with published isotopic data and dietary interpretations based on molar morphology of these taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoecological Reconstructions of the South African Plio-Pleistocene Based on Low-Magnification Dental Microwear of Fossil Prim
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Anthropology Theses Department of Anthropology 12-4-2006 Paleoecological Reconstructions of the South African Plio- Pleistocene Based on Low-Magnification Dental Microwear of Fossil Primates. Brian D. Carter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Carter, Brian D., "Paleoecological Reconstructions of the South African Plio-Pleistocene Based on Low- Magnification Dental Microwear of Fossil Primates.." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/19 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PALEOECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN PLIO- PLEISTOCENE BASED ON LOW-MAGNIFICATION DENTAL MICROWEAR OF FOSSIL PRIMATES. by BRIAN CARTER Under the Direction of Frank L’Engle Williams ABSTRACT Cercopithecines are common in hominid producing deposits and are a useful proxy for determining the ecological context of the early hominids. For this study, dental microwear is examined through low-magnification stereomicroscopy and used to reconstruct the diets of sampled primates. Those from the earliest sites, predominantly Parapapio, are primarily frugivorous while the incidence of gramnivory increases in the later Dinopithecus, Gorgopithecus, and Papio individuals denoting a general cooling and drying trend over the South African Plio-Pleistocene with a distinct pulse between 1.9-1.8 million years ago (mya). Australopithecus is reconstructed as a primary gramnivore which indicates that hominids adapted early in their evolution to expanding grasslands.
    [Show full text]
  • Fosil Primatlar 13. Hafta Kaynak
    ANT439- Outline Fosil Eski Dünya Maymunları Fosil Primatlar ANT439- Fosil Primatlar Takım Primat Semiorder Haplorhini Alt Takım Anthropoidea ANT439- Infraorder Catarrhini Üst aile Fosil Proconculoidea Propliopithecoidea Incertae Sedis Pliopithecoidea (Erken anthropoid) Primatlar Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea (Old World monkey) Eski Dünya Maymunları ANT439- Fosil Primatlar Fosil Eski Dünya Maymunları ANT439- Fosil Primatlar The modern Old World, showing fossil monkey localities from the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. Takım Primat Semiorder Haplorhini Alt Takım Anthropoidea ANT439- Infraorder Catarrhini Üst aile Fosil Proconculoidea Propliopithecoidea Incertae Sedis Pliopithecoidea (Erken anthropoid) Primatlar Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea (Old World monkey) bilophodont molars ANT439- Fosil ischial callosities Primatlar Takım Primat Semiorder Haplorhini Alt Takım Anthropoidea ANT439- Infraorder Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Üst aile Fosil Aile Primatlar Cercopithecidae Victoriapithecidae Incertae sedis Alt aile Cercopithecinae Colobinae THE EARLIEST OLD WORLD MONKEYS • VictoriapithecidsANT439-are currently placed in four genera. • Prohylobates Fosil • Zaltanpithecus simonsi • Victoriapithecus macinnesi Primatlar • Noropithecus Takım Primat Semiorder Haplorhini Alt Takım Anthropoidea ANT439- Infraorder Catarrhini Üst aile Fosil Proconculoidea Propliopithecoidea Incertae Sedis Pliopithecoidea (Erken anthropoid) Primatlar Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea (Old World monkey) Takım Primat Semiorder Haplorhini Alt Takım Anthropoidea ANT439- Infraorder
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of the Sterkfontein Fossil Cercopithecinae: the Papionini of Members 2 and 4 (Gauteng, South Africa)
    TAXONOMY OF THE STERKFONTEIN FOSSIL CERCOPITHECINAE: THE PAPIONINI OF MEMBERS 2 AND 4 (GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA) Jason L. Heaton Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University November 2006 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee ______________________________________ Travis R. Pickering, Ph.D. ______________________________________ Kevin D. Hunt, Ph.D. ______________________________________ Nicholas Toth, PhD. ______________________________________ Kathy D. Schick, PhD. October 16, 2006 © 2006 Jason L. Heaton ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To my wife, Alison “Wheresoever she was; there was Eden.” Mark Twain (1904) – The Diaries of Adam and Eve ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This analysis originated on a trip to South Africa in 2000 and evolved into what you see before you. Along the way, its path was modified and forever altered by those individuals with whom I came into contact. Without those interactions, I must say this analysis would not be what it is today. First and foremost, I thank my committee, Travis Pickering, Kevin Hunt, Nick Toth and Kathy Schick. I was fortunate to have a group of individuals that truly provided the materials that I needed to succeed. Nick and Kathy are the reason that I went to Indiana to study paleoanthropology. I am grateful to Nick for writing a letter of recommendation for grad school, which undoubtedly facilitated my entrance into IU’s program. I enjoyed the many seminars that I took with Nick, Kathy and Kevin which shaped much of the way I view the prehistoric world, today.
    [Show full text]