Israel: Submerged Prehistoric Sites and Settlements 23 on the Mediterranean Coastline— the Current State of the Art Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen, Mina Weinstein Evron, Israel Hershkovitz, Vered Eshed, and Liora Kolska Horwitz Abstract Atlit-Yam and the Pottery Neolithic sites of Inundated archaeological sites dating from the Kfar Samir, Kfar Galim, Tel Hreiz and Neve- Middle Palaeolithic to the Pottery Neolithic Yam. These are some of the best-preserved periods have been exposed off the underwater settlements in the world with Mediterranean coast of Israel, mainly the excellent preservation of human and animal northern Carmel coast. The bulk of the sites remains, plant materials used as food and ani- represents in situ Neolithic settlements dating mal fodder, basketry, wood used in building from the tenth to the seventh millennia BP, construction and for making bowls and a wide including the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of range of flint, bone and ground-stone arte- facts. The sites include rectangular stone dwellings, the earliest known stone-built water E. Galili (*) wells in the world, megalithic structures of Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel probable ritual significance, numerous human burials, many in stone-lined graves or cists, Israel Antiquities Authority, Haifa, Israel e-mail:
[email protected] and reveal details of village layout including a separation between domestic and graveyard B. Rosen Independent researcher, Atlit, Israel areas. The human remains provide pathologi- e-mail:
[email protected] cal evidence for the earliest known case of M. W. Evron tuberculosis and for malarial infection. These Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, settlements are the earliest known examples of Haifa, Israel the typical Mediterranean fishing village, with e-mail:
[email protected] a subsistence economy based on crop cultiva- I.