Art Cinema Culture in China: an Exploration of the Role of Cultural Intermediaries
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THE PRODUCTION OF ART CINEMA CULTURE IN CHINA: AN EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF CULTURAL INTERMEDIARIES Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Xiang Fan Department of Media, Communications and Cultural Studies Goldsmiths, University of London September 2019 1 Declaration of Authorship I .…Xiang Fan…. hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 2 Acknowledgments Over the course of this PhD study, there were many people who helped me shape the project, who guided me in various directions to carry on the research, and people who shared the joys and laughed with me during my PhD life. I am indebted to them for their support, advice, encouragement, patience and understanding. First of all, I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the generous support of my supervisor, Dr Richard MacDonald, for numerous conversations and discussions about the writing process, for insightful advice and unflagging encouragement on the whole PhD thesis. Special thanks are also due to my second supervisor Dr Mirca Madianou who provided invaluable suggestions about this project in its most uncertain phase. I thank my viva examiners Chris Berry and Sabrina Qiong Yu for reading the thesis, offering insightful suggestions for revision, encouraging me to pursuing an academic career. I am grateful to all the reviewers and the examiners who provided insightful advice and support in the course of my PhD study: Rachel Moore, Anamik Saha, and Gareth Stanton. I would also like to thank academics I encountered in my PhD who gave me encouragement and job opportunity: Hiu Man Chan, Natalie Fenton, Des Freeman, and Dan Strutt. I am also grateful to the many friends who provided support and encouragement during the course of my PhD study and since. Ian Green read parts of the thesis and offered characteristically wise comments. Yu Hang helped retake photographic images associated with some exhibitionary sites. Guilherme Carréra, Chen Hong, Agnieszka Dudek, Clarissa Gomes, Li Qi, Na Yuqi, Tang Tiankai, Yang Yang, Zhou Yang, Zhang Yang helped in whatever way they could during the course. Their emotional support and encouragement, humour and generosity carried me through this challenging period. This research would not have been possible without the support and trust of my respondents. I am enormously grateful to all the people who generously shared their memories and opinions of ‘art cinema’ in interviews and conversations, and who helped me explore my journey in the art cinema scene. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to say thank you to my parents, Li Weihua and Fan Shuchun, for always supporting me and encouraging me to pursue my dreams. Their 3 love and understanding mean more to me than I can ever say. Thus, I dedicate this thesis to my parents with great gratitude and love. 4 Abstract This thesis offers an ethnographic account of how art cinema culture is produced in China since the turn of twenty-first century. With an underdeveloped art cinema infrastructure and the endurance of forceful Party-state control over public cinematic spaces, there have emerged numerous individuals and organisations taking part in circulating the information and appreciation of the art of film through a number of different alternative paths and networks. This thesis scrutinises the role of the intermediary practitioners – particularly those involved in independent exhibition, internet criticism and underground distribution – and how they think about cinema, negotiate judgement and appreciation, and construct a discourse of value and taste. It is argued that, although their motivation was derived from a cinephilia seeking to forge an alternative mode of distribution and reception, the ‘new’ cinema culture they have produced simultaneously negotiates a subtly complicit relationship with authoritative and market forces. Their cultural practices and engagement oscillates between the status of independence and autonomy, a rejection of cultural homogeneity and monopolisation, and culture as promotion that accrues a public image and recognition. Moreover, involved in diversified practices and taste formation, the intermediary practitioners have also sought to produce a new form of legitimacy in reference to cultural value and judgement. To attain their legitimacy, they have sought to constitute a coordinated and interrelated network in the site of art cinema. The network is manifested – its mode of operation explicitly – as part of the art film culture in a way that represents the larger spectrum of socio-cultural hierarchy in contemporary Chinese culture and society. 5 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ 6 ILLUSTRATIONS..................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 13 1. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 26 1.1 DEFINING ART CINEMA ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.2 MAPPING YISHU DIANYING (ART CINEMA) IN THE CHINESE CONTEXT ........................... 37 1.3 FRAMING ART CINEMA IN FIELD THEORY ................................................................................... 49 1.4 LOCATING CULTURAL INTERMEDIARIES IN AN ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF DIFFUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 54 2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 60 2.1 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION .............................................................................................................. 63 2.1.1 INDEPENDENT EXHIBITORS ....................................................................................................................... 63 2.1.2 FILM CRITICS ................................................................................................................................................. 66 2.1.3 FAN TRANSLATORS ...................................................................................................................................... 68 2.2 IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ......................................................................................................................... 71 2.3 DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................ 73 2.4 REFLEXIVITY ............................................................................................................................................. 75 6 2.5 ETHICAL ISSUES........................................................................................................................................ 76 3. FROM HOME PIRACY TO LIMITED ARTHOUSES: THE EXPANSION OF ALTERNATIVE EXHIBITIONARY SPACES IN CHINA ........................................................................................... 80 3.1 HOME SPACE, PIRACY AND THE RISE OF CINEPHILIA ............................................................. 84 3.1.1 THE ‘REGION 9’ DVD ......................................................................................................... 90 3.1.2 ‘TAO DIE’ AS AN INDIVIDUALISED FILMIC EXPERIENCE ................................................................. 99 3.2 ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC EXHIBITIONARY SPACE: THEATRICAL VENUES FOR ART CINEMA ...................................................................................................................................................... 106 3.2.1 RECONCILING NATIONAL CULTURE, ARTISTIC VALUE, EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC PURSUIT ................................................................................................................................................................... 107 3.2.2 STRATEGIES AND PRACTICES OF ART CINEMA EXHIBITORS ...................................................... 114 3.2.3 LOCATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 122 4. ‘INDEPENDENT’ EXHIBITORS: MEDIATING BETWEEN UNDERGROUND AND PUBLICITY ....................................................................................................................................... 130 4.1 DISPERSED EXHIBITION SPACES AND THE REPRESENTATIONS OF ‘IN-DEPENDENCE’ ......................................................................................................................................... 134 4.1.1 ARTIST COLONY ........................................................................................................................................ 135 4.1.2 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS WITHIN OFFICIAL CULTURAL