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George Buchanan ScotiaJi '^ateym hunc jektlarw ^rodupcit ad atrton. Credo cjuid-mv ^Mdj ^e^rcalu^r ^o^j George Buchanan HUMANIST AND REFORMER EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS 1 890 [A U rights reserved. ] PREFACE. The foundation of all tlie biographies of Buchanan is a short Latin sketch written two years before his death—in all probability by himself, at the sug- gestion of his friends. On this sketch we have two commentaries, one by Sir Robert Sibbald (1707), the other by Ruddiman, both of which add a few details to its somewhat meagre outline. The only considerable biography of Buchanan is that of Dr. David Irving, the second and last edition of which appeared in 1817. The excellent account of Buchanan in the Dictionary of National Biography, by Mr. .^neas Mackay, is also deserving of special mention. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Buchanan was the subject of interminable controversies ; but the main sources of our infor- mation regarding him are those which have just been named. The idea of writing a new biography of Buchanan was seriously entertained both by Sir PREFACE. William Hamilton and Mr. James Hannay ; but there is now a special reason for the work they contem- plated. Of the seventy-six years of Buchanan's life, more than thirty were spent abroad ; and this period of his career has hitherto been all but an entire blank. Eecent histories, however, of the very institutions with which, during those years, Buchanan was mainly connected, bring vividly before us the world in which he moved, as well as the aims and interests of men of his type during the sixteenth century. Bead in the light of this fresh knowledge, his writings acquire an entirely new interest and significance as the exjDression of his character and genius. As this biography is meant to make Buchanan known to those who are never likely to read his two Latin folios, translations have in almost every case been given of the various passages quoted. It will be seen that these translations have been made on two distinct principles. Where only the exact sense of the passage had to be considered, a closely literal rendering has been given ; where the tone and spirit were essential to its appreciation, the precept of Cowley has been followed, and the attempt made to reproduce something of " the way and manner " of the original. PREFACE. vn The accompanying portrait of Buchanan is that which appears in Boissard's Icones (1597). This portrait is the one approved by David Laing, who commissioned Mr. D. W. Stevenson to follow it m executing the bronze bust in Greyfriars Church- yard. The Buchanan bust in the Wallace Monu- ment, at Stirling, by the same artist, is also after this portrait. By the kind permission of the Senatus of the University of St. Andrews a reproduction is given (in the vignette) of a sketch of St. Leonard's Col- lege, over which Buchanan presided for some tune as Principal. The original sketch, in the possession of the University, was made by John Oliphant in 1767, and represents the building as it then stood. From its ruinous condition it had ceased to be used as a college twenty years before. The edition of Buchanan's works to which reference is made throughout is that of Buddiman, in two foHos (Edin. 1715). In that edition there is a full bibhography of Buchanan. Editions of his works that have appeared since 1715 are specified as the works themselves come up for notice. I would here take the opportunity of specially thanking Dr. Dickson of the Register House foi his great kindness on the frequent occasions I have ... * "^^^ PREFACE. had to consult him. In my search for traces of Buchanan I also owe much to the courtesy of M. Tamizey de Larroque, corresiDondent of the Institute, of M. Chatelain, hbrarian at the Sor- bonne, and of Professor Hagen, of the University of Berne. To Professor Masson I am indebted for several valuable suggestions made by him after a careful perusal of my manuscript ; and I have to thank Mr. E. C. Christie, author of Etiemie Bolet, a Biography, for information which, from his special knowledge of the sixteenth century, he alone, perhaps, could have supplied. My specific obligations to certain other gentlemen I have acknowledged in the proper place. P. HUME BROWN. Apiil 1890. — CONTENTS. OHAPTEE I. PARENTAGE AND EARLY EDUCATION. 1506-1520. Buchanan's great reputation in his own day, ... 1 2 His reputation on the Continent, . • • in England, ..... 2 in Scotland, 3 „ ,, ..... • Birthplace, . 4 The Clan Buchanan, ...... 5 Buchanan's ancestry, ...... 6 His connection with the House of Lennox, ... 7 A Celt by his father's descent, ..... 8 His mother's ancestry, ...... 9 Buchanan's early acquaintance with poverty, . .11 Probable places where he received his early education, . 12 Sent to University of Paris by his uncle, . .13 His opinion of his native district, . .14 CHAPTER II. REVIVAL OF LETTERS AND RELIGIOUS REFORM IN PARIS BUCHANAN'S FIRST STUDIES THERE. 1520-1522. The University of Paris at the opening of the sixteenth century, 15 Its opposition to the Eenaissance, . .16 The work of Lefevre d'Etaples, ..... 18 Luther's opinions in the University, . .20 The Sorbonne, . .21 Francis i.'a attitude towards the new studies, . .22 Religious reform in France, • .... 23 Scots students at University of . Paris, . .24 ^ CONTENTS.,, Character of University students, Curriculum of study in Paris, 29 The various modes of living at the University, 30 Buchanan's early studies, . 31 Result of his training in Latin verse, 32 Eeturns to Scotland, 33 CHAPTER III. iVriLITARY EXPEDITION— STUDIES AT ST. ANDREAVS. 1522-1526. Buchanan serves in an expedition to the Border, . 34 Mutual relations of the Medieval Universities, . .38 John Major, his life and writings, . .38 Buchanan enters the University . of St. Andrews, . .41 The Paedagogium . of St. Andrews, . .41 The Humanists and Major, ..... 43 Scholasticism, ....... 44 Buchanan graduates as Bachelor of Arts, . .46 CHAPTER lY. PARIS—THE SOOTS COLLEGE AND SAINTE-BARBE. 1526-1535. Buchanan returns to Paris, . .47 The Scots College, 48 Buchanan's obligation to Major, . .... 48 Life in the Paris Colleges, ..... 49 Buchanan becomes Begent in Ste. Barbe, . .50 Account of Ste. Barbe, ...... 50 Buchanan's account of his duties as Regent, . .56 Habits of the students in Paris, . .58 CHAPTER V. REGENT IN SAINTE-BARBE AND PROCURATOR OF THE GERMAN NATION. Liberal opinions in Ste. Barbe, ..... 60 Calvin and Buchanan, 61 CONTENTS. PAGE 62 Ignatius Loyola at Ste. Barbe, . • • . • .63 Opposition to the new studies in Paris, . Latin Grammars, 65 Buchanan translates Liuacre's Latin Grammar, ... State of opinion in the University of Paris, . .67 67 Brigonnet, Bishop of Meaux, ..... 68 Louis de Berquin, Guillaume Bud6, • .68 NoelBeda,. ....... 69 Buchanan's Epigram on Major, ..... 70 . • • • .71 Florence Wilson, . 74 Buchanail's Eeligious Opinions, ..... His Epigram on a Member of the Sorbonne, . .75 Made Procurator of the German Nation, . .76 " Origin of the University Nations," . .76 Duties of Procurator, ...... 77 Buchanan's attack on Eobert Dugast, . .78 Buchanan made one of the Electors of the Eector, . 79 His natural unfitness for the post of Eegent, . .80 Wandering habits of the Eenaissance scholars, . .81 Buchanan becomes Tutor to the Earl of Cassillis, . .81 Eeference to Cassillis in Buchanan's History, . .83 CHAPTER VI. SCOTLAND—QUARREL WITH THE FRANCISCANS. 1535-1539. Buchanan's return to Scotland, ..... 84 State of the Church in Scotland, . 86 Somnium, ........ 89 Tutor to Lord James Stewart, . .91 Palinodia, ....... 93 • Franciscanus, ....... 95 The legitimacy of its Satire, ..... 96 Its coarseness relative, ...... 99 Buchanan's flight to England, ..... 100 His Poems to Cromwell and Henry viii., .... 101 His return to France, ...... 102 CONTENTS.' CHAPTER VII. BORDEAUX. 1539-1542. Buchanan's attachment to France, . 103 Leaves Paris on account of Cardinal Beaton, . 104 Is appointed Eegent in the College de Guyenne, Bordeaux, . 105 Educational problems of the sixteenth century, . 106 Internal arrangements of the College de Guyenne, . 108 Montaigne a pupil of Buchanan, .... Ill Montaigne's references to his teacher, . 112 Julius Caesar Scaliger, O 7 * • • • . 113 Buchanan's visits to him, ..... 114 Joseph Scaliger, ...... 115 CHAPTER VIII. BORDEAUX—OCCASIONAL POEMS AND TRAGEDIES. Buchanan's position in the College de Guyenne, . .116 His Poem to the Emperor v., Charles . .117 Satire on the Brothers of St. Anthony, . .118 Apologia pj-o Lena, . .119 Latin Plays at the College de Guyenne, . .120 Buchanan's Dramas, ...... 121 His Baptistes, < . , i22 Religious reform in . Bordeaux, . .123 Political ideas in Baptistes, ..... 124 leaves Buchanan Bordeaux, . .125 CHAPTER IX. PARIS—PORTUGAL. 1542-1552. Buchanan again in Paris, . 126 Eegent in the College du Cardinal Lenioine, 127 Poem addressed to his friends in Bordeaux, 127 Buchanan accompanies Gouv^a to Portugal, 130 Account of the College at Coimbra, 131 Persecution of Buchanan, . 133 CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER X. EROTIC VERSES AND PARAPHRASE OF THE PSALMS Literature, Artificial character of the Humanist The erotic verse of Beza, . Buchanan's erotic verse, . The fashion of paraphrasing the Psalms, Marcantonio Flaminio, Henri Estienne, Buchanan's version of the Psalms, CHAPTER XL FRANCE—ENGAGEMENT WITH THE MAR^CHAL DE BRISSAC. 1552-1561. Buchanan returns to France, . .150 State of France under Henry II., ..... 151 Buchanan's Address to France, . " . 152 His intimacy with Mellin de Saint-Gelais, . 153 The Marechal de Brissac, . .155 His son the pupil of Buchanan, ..... 158 De Brissac's esteem for Buchanan, . .159 Buchanan's growing interest in religion, .... 160 CHAPTER XII. THE DE SPHAERA AND OTHER POEMS, Eeasons for Buchanan's choosing the Sphere as the subject of a a great poem, ...... 162 Joannes de Sacrobosco, ...... 164 The teaching of Copernicus, ..... 165 of ' Account Buchanan's De (Sp/iami, .
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