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SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE of COASTAL COMMUNITIES in IRELAND: BANTRY BAY, Co

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SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE of COASTAL COMMUNITIES in IRELAND: BANTRY BAY, Co SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES IN IRELAND: BANTRY BAY, Co. CORK AND THE DINGLE PENINSULA (VALENTIA ISLAND TO KERRY HEAD), Co. KERRY. Work Package: Socio-Data Trish Clayton Coastal & Marine Resources Centre, Environment Research Institute, University College Cork November 2002 1. Introduction The aim of the Sociodata work package was to design and construct a questionnaire that would collect information on the socio-economic characteristics of the people employed in the fishing and aquaculture industries and other sectors of employment, in the chosen study sites of each of the five European partner countries. The questionnaires aim to collect new information on issues such as the attitudes of employees in the fishing and aquaculture industries, factors affecting labour mobility between aquaculture and fishing, workers’ perceptions of their jobs in these industries, and the labour markets in the aquaculture and fishing industries. The collection and analysis of the new data provided by the Sociodata work package will assist in the project’s aim to answer three high-level questions stated in the technical annex, namely: • How does employment in rural communities change with the arrival of aquaculture? • What are the predictions for socio-economic, environmental and biological sustainability resulting from the interactions between aquaculture and fisheries? • What recommendations can be made for coastal resource management in areas where aquaculture and fisheries co-exist? This will be accomplished by the analysis of the labour market conditions in the selected areas, and the analysis of the impact of fishing and aquaculture on the local economies of the chosen study sites. This report will outline the study sites chosen and discuss the sampling frame used for the survey. The structure of the questionnaire and the interviewing process will also be discussed, along with any problems encountered. The storage of the data is outlined and descriptions of the collected material will be included. 2. Study sites Two study sites were chosen in Ireland (Figure.1); Bantry Bay in Co. Cork and the Dingle Peninsula in Co. Kerry, extending from Kerry Head in the north to Valentia Island in the south. South West Kerry (Dingle) Bantry Bay Figure.1 Irish Study sites (Source: CRC) The Bantry Bay and Dingle Peninsula share certain geographical and demographic features. The coastline in the southwest of Ireland is rocky, highly indented and characterised by relatively long bays running along a northeast to southwest axis. Each study site includes one of these bays, Dingle Bay and Bantry Bay. The population is sparse in both sites: between 21 and 32 people per square kilometre, compared with an average of 38 people per square kilometre for Counties Cork and Kerry as a whole (Central Statistics Office, 1996). The Bantry Bay site can be defined as the waters and coastal lands east of a line from Dursey Island (northern shore) to Sheep’s Head (southern shore) and extending 20km seawards from these two points (Figure.2). The Dingle site includes Dingle Bay with the stretch of more open coastline up to 20 km north of the Dingle peninsula (Figure.3). Figure.2 Bantry Bay site Figure.3 Kerry site There is a long tradition of fishing throughout the region. Castletownbere, the largest port in the Bantry site, is nationally important as a whitefish port and is a designated Fisheries Harbour Centre, controlled by the Department of the Marine and Natural Resources. There is also a large fleet based in the Dingle site. Many of the vessels in both sites fish offshore, however there are still many inshore boats fishing in both sites. There is a fisheries training centre in the region, also based in Castletownbere. A survey carried by BIM in 1999 of the Irish Inshore fishing fleet, found that 90% of vessels were constructed before 1980, and only 4% of the boats had been built since 1985. The number of inshore vessels in Co. Cork was 393, 21% of the national total, while Co. Kerry had 250 inshore vessels, 14% of the national total (BIM, 1999). The fishing fleet utilises a variety of fishing gear, reflecting the range of target species. Species such as herring, hake, whitefish are important, as well as lobster, crab and salmon. The area is important for herring and whitefish. The majority of vessels operate both inside and outside inshore waters. Aquaculture activity is also present in both sites, with large-scale intensive operations in Bantry Bay and small-scale extensive methods in the Dingle site. Shellfish farming is predominant in both sites. Bantry Bay hosts Ireland’s greatest concentration of the rope- mussel culture (Marine Institute, 1999), several caged salmon farms, and other aquaculture operations in addition to a significant fishing fleet. 3. Sampling frame For details on quota sampling, quota controls, the choice between independent and interrelated controls and stratified weighted sampling, please see Scottish report. In Ireland, two study sites are being examined. Each site contains 14 DED’s (District Electoral Division). A DED is the smallest statistical unit from which information can be derived from the five-yearly Census of Population can be obtained. The five-yearly census was due in 2001, however this could not be carried out due to the outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease. The census was instead carried out in 2002, however results are not available at present. The population in the Bantry Bay site was 9,471 and 12,551 in the Dingle peninsula site (CSO, 1996). Table.1 below gives the breakdown of the population aged 15 and over in 1996. Table.1 Population proportions by age group and gender aged 15 and over (CSO, 1996). Age group Females (% of total Males (% of total population) population) Dingle peninsula Total population 12,551 Aged 15+ 9,658 15-29 12.7% 14.2% 30-44 12.4% 12.8% 45-64 12.9% 14.6% 65 and over 11.2% 9.2% Total 49.2% 50.8% Bantry Bay Total population 9,471 Aged 15+ 7,392 15-29 12.1% 13.1% 30-44 12.7% 13.2% 45-64 13.1% 14.7% 65 and over 12.2% 9.0% Total 50% 50% The estimates for the fishing and aquaculture industries in BIM reports and from the census data suggests that fishermen represent ~0.22% of the population and those involved in the aquaculture industry represent ~0.08%. Thus for every fish farmer in the region there are 2.75 fishermen and 1250 other members of the public. However, the employment levels are only accurate to county level, not DED. It was decided to aim for proportions of 1:1:3 (fisherman: fish farmer: other job) when carrying out the questionnaires. Table.2 shows the breakdown of the target survey data by gender and age group. The number of females surveyed in the fishing and fish farming industries does not reflect their proportions in the overall population, so a gender breakdown was provided for the “others” category only. Table.2 Target survey numbers by gender and age group. Age group Fishermen Fish farmers Others Others Female Male Dingle peninsula 15-29 8 8 11 13 30-44 8 8 11 12 45-64 8 8 12 13 65+ 6 6 10 8 Bantry Bay 15-29 8 8 11 12 30-44 8 8 11 12 45-64 8 8 12 13 65+ 6 6 11 8 4. Structure of the Questionnaires The questionnaires for the Sociodata work package were constructed with a view to collecting general and specific information on and about a sample of individuals who are employed in aquaculture, fishing and other employment sectors. Consequently three separate questionnaires were designed; one for fishermen, one for those involved in the aquaculture industry and thirdly, a questionnaire for individuals employed in other jobs in the local area. The content of the questionnaires were discussed and agreed upon by the partners involved in the Sociodata workpackage at the Turku and Aberdeen co-ordination meetings, and the University of Aberdeen constructed final versions of all three questionnaires. 4.1 The fishermen’s questionnaire The first section of the fishing questionnaire consists of general questions, aimed at identifying the respondent’s individual characteristics. Questions concerning age, gender, marital status, employment status, education and training, occupation and job history are all included. The respondent is also asked whether he/she has ever worked on a fish/shellfish farm, which helps to identify labour mobility between the fishing and aquaculture industries. Section 2 is comprised of questions that are to be asked only to those individuals who own or skipper the boat. These questions identify the nature of the business (e.g. family enterprise, partnership, limited company, etc.), and ask the respondent to give a breakdown of the annual costs of the vessel (e.g. quotas, running costs, gear costs and refit, etc). There are also two institutional questions asked; has the respondent received any grants from any level of government in the last year, and would the respondent apply for decommissioning. These questions are aimed at providing information on institutional sustainability and the economic effects of subsidies. The third section of the fishing questionnaire focuses on the fishing operation. Questions on average trip length, number of hours worked, fishing method, net type, and annual catch are included. This section also includes questions that will help us gather information on fishermen’s perceptions of their job. Fishermen are asked why they became fishermen and why they stay in the fishing industry, whether it is difficult to get a job in fishing with no experience, and what they would do if they left the fishing industry. They are also asked if they would be prepared to leave fishing, move to another area to continue fishing, or work on a fish farm.
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