FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT (1st January, 2018-31st December, 2018)

EVALUATION OF LIKELY FEAR OF ARSENIC IN WATERS OF : FIRST ROUND SURVEY

Funding agency: Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC), IIT Roorkee Total cost of the project: Rs. 4.0 Lakhs Funds received by Kumaun University: Rs. 2.0 Lakhs Funds to be reimbursed to Kumaun University: Rs. 75,075=00

CONTENTS: Page nos. 1. Introduction 2 2. Study area 3 3. Methodology 3 4. Field and laboratory measurements 11 5. Results 12 6. Average values of all samples 37 7. Conclusion 41

Acknowledgements: The short project (1 year duration) entitled “Evaluation of likely fear of arsenic in waters of Uttarakhand: A first round survey” was conducted under the “Water for Welfare Programme: Uttarakhand Initiative” and was financed by the Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. We are most grateful to Prof. Arun Kumar, MNRE Chair Professor, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, IIT, Roorkee for sanctioning the project to us in the Kumaun University, . We are equally grateful to Hon,ble Vice Chancellor, Prof. D. K. Nauriyal for initiating this programme in the Kumaun University, Nainital.

The report consists of the extensive field work during pre- to post-monsoonal periods, analysis by field kits (Arsenic kits) and laboratory analysis (using microprocessor water kit as well as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) of 569 samples, collected from 6 districts of Uttarakhand state. Although, Arsenic content is negligible in most waters, excessive lead content in about 40% waters of the state must open up the eyes of the state government and other agencies. We hope that this report would prove to be a milestone for future researchers in the water quality investigation in the state.

(B. S. Kotlia) PI of the project

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Extended abstract:

Hydrochemical studies of groundwater from various districts of Uttarakhand were performed for determining its suitability for drinking purpose. This pilot study evaluates various physic- chemical parameters such as pH value, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Salinity, as well as chemical analysis of various harmful elements as Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn) etc. of a variety of ground waters from six districts (Chamoli, Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, , and ) of Uttarakhand state. A total of 569 samples were collected during pre- monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2018. All the samples were analyzed by the microprocessor water kit as well as Arsenic kits. Out of these, 219 samples were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) to obtain the most accurate and precise results. The preparation of the samples, sensitivities and the analytical precision are presented and all the results of various elements were compared with the BIS Guidelines for drinking water. On and average, the concentration of pH in all the samples is 7.54, Electric Conductivity as 405uS, TDS as 267ppm, DO as 5.13ppm, ORP as -25.02mV, salinity as 0.42 ppm, Co content as -0.0679ppm, Cr 0.0052ppm, Pb as 0.2499ppm, Zn as 0.4935ppm, Mn content as 0.0382ppm and Cu as -0.0042ppm.

One of the most significant outcomes of the study is (1) A total of 215 water samples (hand pumps and artesian wells) of Uttarakhand contain excessive Lead (Pb), about five times more than the desirable limit as per BIS guidelines. On and average, about 38% waters of Uttarakhand contain excessive Pb content. Maximum numbers (89) of excessive Pb samples were found in the district Udham Singh Nagar. This is undeniably an alarm to the people of state as Pb may cause diminution in mental capacity (mental retardation), interference in kidney and neurological functions, loss of hearing, blood disorders and hypertension. The main source of excessive Pb in the state may be due to diesel fuel combustion, discarded batteries, paint and leaded gasoline etc. Further, at least one sample from around Nanakmatta was found containing excessive Arsenic content. We have warned the local people who have stopped using the water for drinking purpose. The area is being continuously monitored by us.

1. INTRODUCTION

Rapid industrialization and urbanization lead to the lower quality of water. For human consumption, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set some limits of the amount of contamination in drinking water. It has two standards, e.g., primary and secondary. Primary

2 standard regulates the substances which affect human health and secondary standards are those qualities which affect taste, odor or turbidity. As in day to day life, water is getting more and more polluted because of rapidly increasing population and the available water is also not fit for drinking purpose. Therefore, the treatment of water is pre-requisite. Treated water is more acceptable, as it removes undesirable components.

The main sources of water are rain water, surface water, and underground water. There is a lack of information linking large-scale modeling of climate and watersheds to impacts at the population or household level. Any assessment of future health impacts via changes in water quality need to take into account future improvements in access to “safe” water. Hundreds of thousands people are suffering from the polluted water and toxic effect of Arsenic and other water impurities in several countries including India. Keeping the water quality in mind, we made a first round survey of various districts of Uttarakhand under a project, sanctioned by Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC), Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.

2. STUDY AREA

We sampled waters from six districts of the state (Chamoli, Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Champawat) (see Figure 1) during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon periods under different temperature conditions.

3. METHODOLOGY

Field Procedures: A total of 569 samples were collected for laboratory analysis. The samples were collected from various sources such as artesian wells, hand pumps (both government and private) and tube wells to identify potentially vulnerable sites. We collected 300 samples from the district Udham Singh Nagar (Code-UHP) in February and May-June, 45 Sample from district Almora (Code-AHP) in March and August, 49 Samples from district Nainital (Code-NTL) in August and November, 66 Samples from district Pithoragarh (Code-PHP) in March and November-December, 27 samples from district Chamoli (Code-CHP) in March, 47 Sample from district Champawat (Code-CMP) in July and December. Thirty five sites were re-sampled during the monsoon period from district Udham Singh Nagar (see Figures 2- 13).

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Fig. 1: Location points of collected waters in Uttarakhand (a total of 569 samples were collected from March to December, 2018).

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Fig. 2: Sample collection from district Pithoragarh (March, 2018)

Fig. 3: Pre-monsoon collection of water samples from district Udham Singh Nagar (May, 2018)

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Fig. 4: Pre-monsoon collection of water samples from district Udham Singh Nagar (May, 2018).

Fig. 5: Overhead water tank (iron content showing impurities, Udham Singh Nagar)

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Fig. 6: Sample collection from district from Udham Singh Nagar (June, 2018)

Fig. 7: Sample collection from Champawat district during monsoon period (July, 2018)

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Fig. 8: Sample collection from Udham Singh Nagar District during monsoon period (July, 2018)

Fig. 9: Sample collection from district Almora (August, 2018)

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Fig. 10: Post-monsoon sample collection from district Pithoragarh (November, 2018)

Fig. 11: Post-monsoon sample collection from district Pithoragarh (November, 2018)

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Fig. 12: Sample collection from district Pithoragarh (November, 2018)

Fig. 13: Iron removal treatment plant attached with hand pump in Pithoragarh. (November, 2018)

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4. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS

All the collected samples were stored in the fridge with temperature around 180C. Each sample was tested for Arsenic, pH value, electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and salinity. A large part of the samples as mentioned in the text, was subjected to AAS instrument for chemical analysis of various harmful elements, such, as Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), following the standard code of Indian Bureau (IS: 3025) for testing the physio-chemical parameters. The values of Arsenic contamination were obtained from simple water test pack Arsenic kit (Figure 14) using the required reagents. Values of pH, Electrical Conductivity, DO, TDS, ORP and salinity were tested by digital water and soil analysis kit (Model-161). The values of the harmful elements were analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS, model Varian, see Figure 15). The obtained results were analyzed and compared with the Indian standard values given by IS 10500:2012 (drinking water specifications) to determine water quality and its suitability for usage.

Fig. 14: Water test pack Arsenic kit Fig. 15: Digital water and soil analysis kit

4.1. Permissible limits according to IS: 10500-2012

In the Indian Standards: 10500-2012 (Drinking Water Specifications), particular limits are specified for each quality parameter so as to determine the quality of given water. The value obtained after performing the respective test should not exceed the acceptable limit for good quality of water. If there is no alternative, then the obtained value of test can reach up to the permissible limit. As stated in the IS Code, values in excess of those mentioned under ‘acceptable’ render the water not suitable, but still may be tolerated in absence of alternative

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Fig. 16: Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) source but up to the permissible limits. Above the permissible limit, the sources must be rejected. (2. IS10500, B. I. S.; see Table 1).

Table 1: Limits as per IS: 10500-2012 Test Permissible limit Acceptable limit pH value No relaxation 6.5-8.6 Electrical conductivity, EC 2500 μmoh/cm 750 μmoh/cm Total Dissolved Solids, TDS 2000 mg/l 500 mg/l Dissolved Oxygen, DO - 04-09 mg/l Arsenic, As No relaxation 0.05 mg/l Manganese, Mn 0.3 mg/l 0.1 mg/l Cobalt, Co NA NA Chromium, Cr No relaxation 0.05 mg/l Copper, Cu 1.5 mg/l 0.05 mg/l Zinc, Zn 15 mg/l 5 mg/l Lead, Pb No relaxation 0.05 g/l

5. RESULTS

569 samples were analyzed from different locations of 6 districts. We have selected 231 samples which were out of desirable limit of drinking water as per Indian Standard IS: 10500. 2012. Tables 2-3 show detailed analysis. Fig. 17 shows the critical samples in the state.

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Table 2: Analysis of critical Samples under the Digital water and soil analysis kit (Model-161) ( ADL=- Above desirable limit, BDL = Below desirable limit, IDL=- within desirable limit; UHP=Udham Singh Nagar, AHP= Almora, CHP=Champawat, NHP=Nainital, HHP= Area, BHP= Bindu khatta Area.

S. Nature Sample Lat/Long Altitude Color Arsenic Desirable pH Desirable Cond. Desirable TDS Desirable DO Desirable mV Salinity Temp. No. of No. (m) of strip content limit limit uS limit ppm limit ppm limit (ORP) ppt 0C Sample ppb 1 Hand UHP-56 28°59'14.4"N 207 White 0-10 6.99 1080 ADL 710 ADL 4.5 2 0.9 12° pump 79°26'09.0"E IDL IDL IDL 2 Hand UHP-87 28°57’59.2”N 202 White 0-10 5.97 108 71 5.1 62 0.1 20 pump 80°01’15.0”E IDL BDL IDL IDL IDL 3 Hand UHP-98 28°57’02.9”N 205 White 0-10 6.42 879 ADL 580 ADL 5.2 38 0.1 20 pump 80°00’54.9”E IDL BDL IDL 4 Hand UHP-108 28°55’45.1”N 202 White 0-10 6.65 859 ADL 575 ADL 5.2 23 0.7 20 pump 79°58’48.6”E IDL IDL IDL 5 Hand UHP-175 28°55’36.3”N 197 White 0-10 7.29 1505 ADL 996 ADL 4.8 -11 1.3 20 pump 79°55’58.4”E IDL IDL IDL 6 Hand UHP-183 28°56’23.5”N 195 White 0-10 7.41 940 ADL 612 ADL 4.9 -18 0.7 20 pump 79°54’06.9”E IDL IDL IDL 7 Hand UHP-224 28°54’21.0”N 197 White 0-10 6.94 1052 ADL 695 ADL 5.1 7 0.8 21 pump 79°30’19.7”E IDL IDL IDL 8 Hand UHP-228 28°54’39.3”N 189 White 0-10 7.25 967 ADL 640 ADL 5.5 -9 0.8 20 pump 79°30’51.4”E IDL IDL IDL 9 Hand UHP-233 28°54’41.2”N 138 White 0-10 7.40 898 ADL 593 ADL 5.5 -17 0.7 20 pump 79°31’9.29”E IDL IDL IDL 10 Hand UHP-259 29°16’47.8”N 240 White 0-10 7.20 759 ADL 501 ADL 5.1 -7 0.6 21 pump 78°49'22.3”E IDL IDL IDL 11 Hand UHP-280 29°12’44.4”N 213 White 0-10 7.60 783 ADL 517 ADL 5.4 -29 0.6 21 pump 78°57'37.6”E IDL IDL IDL 12 Hand UHP-283 29°12’22.8”N 216 White 0-10 7.47 773 ADL 510 ADL 5.1 -21 0.6 21 pump 78°57'54.9”E IDL IDL IDL 13 Hand UHP-296 29°09’32.6”N 198 White 0-10 7.67 1045 ADL 691 ADL 5.2 -32 0.8 20 pump 79°09'34.7”E IDL IDL IDL 14 Hand 29°04'49.2"N 258 White 0-10 752 ADL 495 ADL pump CMP-23 80°06'95.8"E IDL 7.05 IDL 5.5 IDL -1 1.0 20 15 Hand UHP-282 29°12’22.8”N 219 White 0-10 7.44 839 ADL 554 ADL 5.3 -20 0.6 21 pump 78°57'54.9”E IDL IDL IDL 16 Hand AHP-6 29°37’01.3”N 1602 White 0-10 6.22 160 106 5.1 45 0.1 14 pump 79°42’07.2”E IDL BDL IDL IDL IDL 17 Hand PHP-59 29°35’38.3”N 1647 White 0-10 IDL 7.52 IDL 783 ADL 517 ADL 5.4 IDL -22 0.6 12

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pump 80°12’48.7”E 18 Hand UHP-232 28°54’31.1”N 182 White 0-10 7.40 979 ADL 647 ADL 5.4 -18 0.8 20 pump 79°31’18.3”E IDL IDL IDL 19 Hand UHP-292 29°09’34.3”N 209 White 0-10 7.56 986 ADL 652 ADL 5.8 -25 0.8 20 pump 79°08'55.3”E IDL IDL IDL 20 Hand AHP-4 29°36’38.1”N 1689 White 0-10 6.18 84 55 5.3 47 0.1 14 pump 79°41’07.4”E IDL BDL IDL IDL IDL 21 Hand 29°23'92.8"N 1633 White 0-10 ADL ADL pump CMP-30 80°05'18.0"E IDL 6.44 BDL 818 539 4.7 IDL 47 0.6 11 22 Hand PHP-48 29°34’91.2”N 1597 White 0-10 7.08 820 ADL 543 ADL 5.2 -1 0.6 12 pump 80°11’28.9”E IDL IDL IDL 23 Hand PHP-26 29°34’44.7”N 1505 White 0-10 7.05 761 ADL 503 ADL 5.5 -1 0.5 12 pump 80°12’74.9”E IDL IDL IDL 24 Hand AHP-31 29°48’59.3”N 784 White 0-10 9.15 ADL 647 426 5.0 - 0.9 20 pump 79°16’51.9”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 115 25 Hand AHP-33 29°47’24.7”N 698 White 0-10 8.51 ADL 458 299 5.2 -78 0.7 20 pump 79°15’52.3”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 26 Hand CHP-13 30°11’50.2”N 1015 White 0-10 8.65 ADL 119 78 5.1 -86 0.1 17 pump 79°14’37.9”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 27 Hand 29°26'59.8"N 1109 White 0-10 ADL 275 191 - pump NHP-9 79°28'57.6"E IDL 9.91 IDL IDL 5.1 IDL 146 3.8 21 28 Hand PHP-22 29°34’00.6”N 1513 White 0-10 8.62 ADL 297 196 5.1 -82 0.1 12 pump 80°12’65.6”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 29 Hand CHP-11 30°13’25.3”N 845 White 0-10 9.12 ADL 381 251 5.1 - 0.2 16 pump 79°15’22.4”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 112 30 Hand CHP-16 30°09’46.4”N 1209 White 0-10 8.56 ADL 558 368 5.2 -81 0.4 17 pump 79°13’25.5”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 31 Hand CHP-17 30°08’13.9”N 1566 White 0-10 8.52 ADL 227 149 5.1 -78 0.1 17 pump 79°15’11.6”E IDL IDL IDL IDL 32 Hand 28°57’02.9”N 205 WHITE 88 60 UHP 98-1 0-10 6.31 5.2 38 0.8 20 pump 80°00’54.9”E IDL BDL IDL IDL IDL 33 Hand UHP-33 29°03'12.3"N 231 White 0-10 7.44 2180 ADL 1430 ADL -16 -21 1.9 13° pump 79°31'46.9"E IDL IDL BDL 34 Hand 29°16'43.1"N 536 White 0-10 ADL ADL ADL pump HHP-10 79°32'69.4"E IDL 8.55 1627 1083 4.8 IDL -77 1.5 15 35 Hand UHP-192 28°55’40.8”N 194 Yellow 100- ADL 7.92 259 171 5.2 -46 0.1 21 pump 79°51’13.3”E 300 IDL IDL IDL IDL

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Table 3: Analysis of critical Samples under the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) of Varian (ADL=- Above desirable limit, BDL = Below desirable limit, IDL=- Within desirable limit; UHP=Udham Singh Nagar, AHP= Almora, CHP=Champawat, NHP=Nainital, HHP=Haldwani Area, BHP= Bindu khatta Area, BRL=Below Retrace limit. Nature S. Sample Altitude Desirable Pb Desirable Zn Desirable Mn Desirable Cu Desirable of Lat/Long Co ppm Cr ppm No. No. (m) limit ppm limit ppm limit ppm limit pmm limit Sample Hand UHP 111- 28°55’17.5”N 1 207 0.0060 0.0005 IDL 0.0332 IDL 0.0097 IDL 0.0009 IDL 0.4920 ADL pump 1 79°58’46.2”E Hand 29°37’30.7”N 2 PHP-56 1875 0.0505 0.0009 IDL 0.2044 ADL 0.8062 IDL 0.0384 IDL 0.0040 IDL pump 80°11’86.2”E Hand 29°04'68.2"N 3 BHP-28 248 0.0010 0.0010 IDL 0.1604 ADL 0.1812 IDL 0.0004 IDL 0.0030 IDL pump 79°32'55.2"E Hand 29°09’24.3”N 4 UHP-297 190 0.0340 0.0083 IDL 0.6633 ADL 2.6542 IDL 0.0077 IDL 0.0020 IDL pump 79°09'49.6”E Hand 29°36’21.9”N 5 PHP-55 1887 -0.1271 0.0019 IDL 0.3419 ADL 0.4488 IDL 0.0295 IDL 0.0020 IDL pump 80°11’71.0”E Hand 29°22'74.2"N 6 CMP-44 1673 0.1093 0.0001 IDL 0.2606 ADL 0.9298 IDL 0.0793 IDL 0.0020 IDL pump 79°58'15.1"E Hand 29°24'40.1"N 7 CMP-47 1646 -1.2444 -0.0011 BRL 0.2216 ADL 0.1112 IDL 0.2625 ADL 0.0020 IDL pump 79°56'51.3"E Hand 29°12’22.8”N 8 UHP-282 219 0.0390 0.0087 IDL 0.6568 ADL 0.4907 IDL 0.2882 ADL 0.0010 IDL pump 78°57'54.9”E Hand 29°37’01.3”N 9 AHP-6 1602 0.0040 0.0004 IDL 0.1605 ADL 6.7165 ADL 0.2700 ADL 0.0010 IDL pump 79°42’07.2”E Hand 29°38’30.9”N 10 AHP-10 1399 0.0080 -0.0003 BRL 0.1035 ADL 0.2445 IDL 0.0998 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 79°44’40.9”E Hand 29°35’00.1”N 11 AHP-15 1831 0.0130 0.0019 IDL 0.0909 ADL 0.0699 IDL 0.1603 ADL 0.0010 IDL pump 79°50’55.5”E Hand 29°31’52.4”N 12 AHP-20 1283 0.0040 0.0021 IDL 0.0686 ADL 0.0204 IDL 0.0006 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 79°57’18.3”E Hand 29°33’27.4”N 13 PHP-3 1418 0.0250 0.0100 IDL 0.6729 ADL 0.1208 IDL 0.0047 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°12’17.8”E 14 Hand PHP-7 29°35’30.6”N 1497 0.0220 0.0012 IDL 0.1255 ADL 1.5364 IDL 0.0042 IDL 0.0010 IDL 15

pump 80°13’37.5”E Hand 29°35’29.7”N 15 PR-1 1484 0.0000 0.0030 IDL 0.1314 ADL 0.0024 IDL 0.0008 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°13’35.7”E Hand 29°36’97.2”N 16 PHP-57 1875 0.2684 0.0028 IDL 0.1450 ADL 0.4198 IDL 0.0050 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°11’85.5”E Hand 29°36’00.6”N 17 PHP-58 1858 0.1828 0.0048 IDL 0.1687 ADL 1.1956 IDL 0.0236 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°11’66.1”E Hand 29°35’38.3”N 18 PHP-59 1647 0.0380 0.0030 IDL 0.2069 ADL 0.4052 IDL 0.0268 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°12’48.7”E Hand 29°34’96.2”N 19 PHP-61 1569 0.1283 0.0038 IDL 0.1790 ADL 0.5708 IDL 0.0343 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°12’74.0”E Hand 29°34’71.3”N 20 PHP-62 1513 0.3208 0.0025 IDL 0.1372 ADL 0.1937 IDL 0.0078 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°12’34.2”E Hand 29°34’75.1”N 21 PHP-63 1517 0.1231 0.0034 IDL 0.1450 ADL 0.4751 IDL 0.0630 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°12’13.2”E Hand 29°24'19.1"N - 22 CMP-35 1725 0.1093 0.0034 IDL 0.1383 ADL BRL 0.3736 ADL 0.0010 IDL pump 80°02'66.4"E 0.0205 Hand 29°03'89.7"N 23 BHP-22 239 0.0030 -0.0011 BRL 0.1516 ADL 0.0674 IDL 0.0010 IDL 0.0010 IDL pump 79°32'27.9"E Hand 29°01'58.8"N - 24 BHP-26 213 0.0090 -0.0001 BRL 0.1357 ADL 0.0158 IDL BRL 0.0010 IDL pump 79°31'99.9"E 0.0023 Hand 28°54’31.1”N - 25 UHP-232 182 0.0450 0.0053 IDL 0.5231 ADL BRL 0.0000 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°31’18.3”E 0.0025 Hand 29°04’12.8”N - 26 UHP-242 244 0.0500 0.0060 IDL 0.5457 ADL 0.0353 IDL BRL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°30’52.3”E 0.0007 Hand 29°02’57.1”N 27 UHP-247 199 0.0330 0.0056 IDL 0.5668 ADL 0.0024 IDL 0.0006 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°20'08.0”E Hand 29°04’35.9”N 28 UHP-252 209 0.0300 0.0062 IDL 0.5795 ADL 0.0198 IDL 0.0000 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°19'34.6”E Hand 29°12’38.0”N 29 UHP-272 212 0.0280 0.0079 IDL 0.5864 ADL 0.0241 IDL 0.0008 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 78°56'22.5”E Hand 29°11’57.1”N 30 UHP-277 175 0.0470 0.0081 IDL 0.6135 ADL 0.0484 IDL 0.0184 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 78°57'29.4”E Hand 29°09’34.3”N 31 UHP-292 209 0.0370 0.0088 IDL 0.6789 ADL 0.0735 IDL 0.0662 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°08'55.3”E Hand 29°36’38.1”N 32 AHP-4 1689 0.0240 0.0011 IDL 0.0976 ADL 2.9619 IDL 0.0523 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°41’07.4”E 33 Hand PHP-1 29°30’50.4”N 1145 0.0400 0.0087 IDL 0.6639 ADL 0.0168 IDL 0.0018 IDL 0.0000 IDL 16

pump 80°08’22.4”E Hand 29°32’41.2”N 34 PHP-2 1309 0.0250 0.0079 IDL 0.6592 ADL 0.0116 IDL 0.0013 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°10’49.0”E Hand 29°33’55.4”N 35 PHP-4 1485 0.0220 0.0099 IDL 0.7024 ADL 0.0396 IDL 0.0014 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°12’22.9”E Hand 29°35’31.7”N 36 PHP-6 1499 0.0270 -0.0003 BRL 0.0666 ADL 0.2287 IDL 0.0286 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°13’36.1”E Hand 29°35’25.7”N 37 PHP-60 1632 0.3403 0.0046 IDL 0.2243 ADL 1.9159 IDL 0.1739 ADL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°12’66.7”E Hand 29°34’26.4”N 38 PHP-64 1476 0.2857 0.0040 IDL 0.1483 ADL 0.2096 IDL 0.0076 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°12’60.4”E Hand 29°23'92.8"N 39 CMP-30 1633 0.1856 0.0062 IDL 0.1913 ADL 0.3306 IDL 0.0912 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°05'18.0"E Hand 29°24'38.9"N 40 CMP-32 1688 0.4128 0.0032 IDL 0.2194 ADL 8.4719 ADL 0.1291 ADL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°04'09.6"E Hand 29°24'28.6"N - 41 CMP-34 1708 0.3238 0.0051 IDL 0.1434 ADL BRL 0.0836 IDL 0.0000 IDL pump 80°02'98.7"E 0.0019 Hand 29°22'73.1"N 42 CMP-43 1761 -1.1108 -0.0006 BRL 0.2121 ADL 0.3799 IDL 0.1231 ADL 0.0000 IDL pump 79°59'35.9"E Hand 28°55’33.6”N - - 43 UHP-237 137 0.0410 0.0068 IDL 0.5307 ADL 0.0150 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°31’11.0”E 0.0004 0.0010 Hand 29°16’46.7”N - - 44 UHP-257 226 0.0330 0.0062 IDL 0.5650 ADL BRL 0.0007 IDL BRL pump 78°49'09.5”E 0.0019 0.0010 Hand 29°16’53.1”N - 45 UHP-262 220 0.0440 0.0067 IDL 0.5759 ADL 0.0284 IDL 0.0297 IDL BRL pump 78°49'53.5”E 0.0010 Hand 29°16’11.5”N - 46 UHP-267 220 0.0350 0.0054 IDL 0.5799 ADL 0.0037 IDL 0.0093 IDL BRL pump 78°50'40.2”E 0.0010 Hand 29°11’27.6”N - 47 UHP-287 197 0.0330 0.0077 IDL 0.6425 ADL 0.0135 IDL 0.0014 IDL BRL pump 78°59'28.3”E 0.0010 Hand 29°35’10.2”N - - 48 PHP-42 1650 0.0349 0.0029 IDL 0.2629 ADL 0.5003 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’46.8”E 0.0312 0.0010 Hand 29°34’91.2”N - - 49 PHP-48 1597 0.3083 0.0075 IDL 0.2707 ADL 0.0533 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’28.9”E 0.0971 0.0010 Hand 29°34’57.0”N - - 50 PHP-51 1505 0.1384 0.0083 IDL 0.3349 ADL 0.0423 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’03.3”E 0.0835 0.0010 Gudkana 29°34’14.2”N - - 51 PR-2 1435 0.2818 0.0018 IDL 0.0686 ADL BRL 0.0072 IDL BRL Gaad 80°15’91.3”E 0.0296 0.0010 52 Hand CMP-28 29°26'89.5"N 1643 0.3414 0.0030 IDL 0.1520 ADL 0.1313 IDL 0.0530 IDL - BRL 17

pump 80°05'92.4"E 0.0010 Hand 29°24'03.9"N - 53 CMP-29 1635 0.3371 0.0048 IDL 0.1841 ADL 0.1463 IDL 0.0545 IDL BRL pump 80°05'17.3"E 0.0010 Hand 29°24'10.9"N - - 54 CMP-31 1646 0.1093 0.0044 IDL 0.1688 ADL BRL 0.2132 ADL BRL pump 80°04'82.6"E 0.0189 0.0010 Hand 29°24'00.2"N - 55 CMP-36 1695 -1.3373 0.0052 IDL 0.2528 ADL 5.8610 ADL 0.2261 ADL BRL pump 80°02'41.5"E 0.0010 Hand 29°23'54.5"N - 56 CMP-38 1716 -1.2757 0.0062 IDL 0.2139 ADL 1.0468 IDL 0.0818 IDL BRL pump 80°01'80.5"E 0.0010 Hand 29°23'30.8"N - 57 CMP-39 1719 -1.5805 0.0072 IDL 0.1644 ADL 0.0154 IDL 0.1651 ADL BRL pump 80°01'59.1"E 0.0010 Hand 29°22'92.3"N - - 58 CMP-40 1861 -1.2882 0.0052 IDL 0.1903 ADL BRL 0.0539 IDL BRL pump 80°00'56.6"E 0.0094 0.0010 Hand 29°23'04.2"N - 59 CMP-42 1768 -1.3667 -0.0016 BRL 0.2304 ADL 3.3183 IDL 0.1200 ADL BRL pump 80°00'06.0"E 0.0010 Hand 29°24'45.9"N - 60 CMP-46 1674 -1.5293 -0.0014 BRL 0.2312 ADL 0.0301 IDL 0.2001 ADL BRL pump 79°57'06.9"E 0.0010 Hand 29°33’84.0”N - - 61 PHP-8 1472 -0.3906 0.0097 IDL 0.2154 ADL 0.2227 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°16’86.8”E 0.0492 0.0020 Hand 29°33’92.3”N - - 62 PHP-9 1478 -0.4237 0.0163 IDL 0.2197 ADL 0.1137 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°16’67.8”E 0.0575 0.0020 Hand 29°34’83.0”N - - 63 PHP-16 1568 -0.5361 0.0184 IDL 0.1434 ADL 0.0910 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’98.2”E 0.0477 0.0020 Hand 29°34’47.8”N - - 64 PHP-18 1477 -0.7148 0.0325 IDL 0.1196 ADL 0.0340 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’36.8”E 0.0392 0.0020 Hand 29°34’29.2”N - 65 PHP-25 1505 -0.2326 0.0342 IDL 0.2114 ADL 0.0843 IDL 0.0467 IDL BRL pump 80°12’72.6”E 0.0020 Hand 29°35’65.1”N - - 66 PHP-34 1522 -0.1161 -0.0003 BRL 0.2137 ADL 0.0006 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’67.2”E 0.0676 0.0020 Hand 29°35’56.0”N - 67 PHP-35 1508 -0.0860 0.0022 IDL 0.2798 ADL 0.1053 IDL 0.1448 ADL BRL pump 80°13’44.1”E 0.0020 Hand 29°35’18.4”N - - 68 PHP-47 1613 0.2278 0.0071 IDL 0.2979 ADL 0.7084 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’48.9”E 0.1084 0.0020 Hand 29°34’60.2”N - - 69 PHP-50 1515 0.0996 0.0065 IDL 0.3333 ADL 0.4876 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’05.7”E 0.0959 0.0020 Hand 29°34’51.1”N - - 70 PHP-52 1578 0.3083 0.0074 IDL 0.3361 ADL 0.4652 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’65.5”E 0.0997 0.0020 71 Hand PHP-53 29°34’58.6”N 1540 0.1565 0.0086 IDL 0.3227 ADL 0.0394 IDL - BRL - BRL 18

pump 80°11’75.1”E 0.1055 0.0020 Hand 29°24'37.5"N - 72 CMP-33 1696 0.4223 0.0020 IDL 0.1550 ADL 0.1268 IDL 0.1309 ADL BRL pump 80°03'38.3"E 0.0020 Hand 29°23'81.9"N - 73 CMP-37 1695 -1.4100 0.0060 IDL 0.2422 ADL 1.7525 IDL 0.0907 IDL BRL pump 80°02'06.3"E 0.0020 Hand 29°22'88.0"N - 74 CMP-41 1831 -1.4470 -0.0004 BRL 0.1840 ADL 0.0053 IDL 0.1121 ADL BRL pump 80°00'27.4"E 0.0020 Hand 29°22'83.7"N - 75 CMP-45 1707 -1.2919 0.0002 IDL 0.2404 ADL 0.2497 IDL 0.0927 IDL BRL pump 79°57'83.2"E 0.0020 Hand 29°02'14.4"N - 76 BHP-25 225 -0.0050 -0.0009 BRL 0.1668 ADL 0.0450 IDL 0.0290 IDL BRL pump 79°32'08.8"E 0.0020 Hand 29°51’14.3”N - 77 AHP-25 836 0.0020 -0.0002 BRL 0.1859 ADL 0.0284 IDL 0.1327 ADL BRL pump 79°18’28.9”E 0.0030 Hand 29°34’36.5”N - - 78 PHP-10 1479 -0.3380 0.0187 IDL 0.1790 ADL 0.6756 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°15’37.3”E 0.0560 0.0030 Hand 29°34’62.1”N - 79 PHP-11 1483 -0.5385 0.0204 IDL 0.2334 ADL 0.9118 IDL 0.1865 ADL BRL pump 80°14’59.9”E 0.0030 Hand 29°34’92.4”N - - 80 PHP-15 1527 -0.1873 0.0280 IDL 0.1280 ADL 0.2687 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’53.7”E 0.0536 0.0030 Hand 29°34’51.7”N - - 81 PHP-19 1482 -0.4241 0.0316 IDL 0.1701 ADL 0.0746 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’32.2”E 0.0485 0.0030 Hand 29°34’44.7”N - - 82 PHP-26 1505 -0.2942 0.0348 IDL 0.1872 ADL 0.0271 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’74.9”E 0.0456 0.0030 Hand 29°35’14.2”N - - 83 PHP-27 1582 -0.0999 0.0310 IDL 0.2734 ADL 0.6228 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’51.4”E 0.0242 0.0030 Hand 29°36’60.5”N - - 84 PHP-32 1552 -0.2975 -0.0015 BRL 0.2563 ADL 0.1341 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°14’05.1”E 0.0533 0.0030 Hand 29°35’30.1”N - - 85 PHP-39 1519 -0.0506 0.0031 IDL 0.2590 ADL 0.0176 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’95.3”E 0.0883 0.0030 Hand 29°35’20.8”N - - - 86 PHP-40 1523 0.1864 0.0030 IDL 0.2726 ADL BRL BRL BRL pump 80°14’09.5”E 0.0021 0.0904 0.0030 Hand 29°34’65.2”N - - 87 PHP-46 1535 0.0100 0.0055 IDL 0.3065 ADL 0.2385 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’01.1”E 0.1082 0.0030 Hand 29°34’81.8”N - - 88 PHP-49 1546 0.0304 0.0062 IDL 0.2730 ADL 0.1859 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’83.8”E 0.1176 0.0030 Hand 30°22’53.2”N - 89 CHP-2 977 0.0020 0.0071 IDL 0.2582 ADL 2.6542 IDL 0.0115 IDL BRL pump 79°19’19.2”E 0.0030 90 Hand BHP-23 29°03'66.1"N 233 0.0040 -0.0018 BRL 0.1574 ADL 0.0322 IDL 0.0257 IDL - BRL 19

pump 79°32'25.2"E 0.0030 Hand 29°02'78.0"N - - 91 BHP-24 226 -0.0010 0.0006 IDL 0.1651 ADL 0.1126 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°32'38.5"E 0.0007 0.0030 Hand 29°04'56.7"N - 92 BHP-27 246 0.0060 0.0008 IDL 0.1840 ADL 0.8522 IDL 0.0681 IDL BRL pump 79°32'48.1"E 0.0030 Hand 29°48’59.3”N - 93 AHP-31 784 0.0010 0.0034 IDL 0.0799 ADL 0.0037 IDL 0.0010 IDL BRL pump 79°16’51.9”E 0.0040 Hand 29°47’24.7”N - 94 AHP-33 698 0.0010 0.0026 IDL 0.0993 ADL 0.0241 IDL 0.0073 IDL BRL pump 79°15’52.3”E 0.0040 Hand 29°37’36.8”N - 95 AHP-40 1332 0.0080 0.0033 IDL 0.1323 ADL 0.0484 IDL 0.0077 IDL BRL pump 79°17’58.9”E 0.0040 Hand 29°30’34.4”N - 96 AHP-45 880 0.0030 0.0029 IDL 0.2258 ADL 0.4907 IDL 0.0369 IDL BRL pump 79°28’44.1”E 0.0040 Hand 29°34’94.5”N - 97 PHP-20 1559 -0.0684 0.0346 IDL 0.2143 ADL 0.1052 IDL 0.6032 ADL BRL pump 80°12’93.1”E 0.0040 Hand 29°34’83.8”N - - 98 PHP-23 1534 -0.2104 0.0281 IDL 0.1966 ADL 0.3335 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’66.8”E 0.0332 0.0040 Hand 29°36’89.1”N - - 99 PHP-28 1614 -0.2670 0.0308 IDL 0.2808 ADL 0.3505 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°14’42.5”E 0.0383 0.0040 Hand 29°36’89.7”N - - 100 PHP-31 1558 -0.2572 0.0003 IDL 0.2688 ADL 0.3356 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°14’14.1”E 0.0321 0.0040 Hand 29°35’95.3”N - - - 101 PHP-33 1500 -0.0592 -0.0025 BRL 0.2547 ADL BRL BRL BRL pump 80°13’90.2”E 0.0004 0.0110 0.0040 Hand 29°35’68.0”N - - 102 PHP-36 1479 -0.0195 -0.0002 BRL 0.2822 ADL 0.1214 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’66.4”E 0.1174 0.0040 Hand 29°35’64.4”N - - 103 PHP-37 1517 -0.1353 0.0012 IDL 0.2927 ADL 0.2288 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’89.2”E 0.1036 0.0040 Hand 29°35’04.5”N - - 104 PHP-41 1544 0.1690 0.0024 IDL 0.2733 ADL 0.0516 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°14’03.0”E 0.0805 0.0040 Hand 29°34’92.2”N - - 105 PHP-43 1554 0.0229 0.0062 IDL 0.3227 ADL 0.5686 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’02.6”E 0.0686 0.0040 Hand 29°34’76.1”N - - 106 PHP-45 1538 0.2611 0.0052 IDL 0.2993 ADL 0.2554 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’96.6”E 0.1006 0.0040 Hand 29°36’25.8”N - - 107 PHP-54 1870 0.1795 0.0019 IDL 0.2902 ADL 0.1564 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’59.4”E 0.1100 0.0040 Hand 29°04'23.6"N - - 108 CMP-1 238 -0.0010 0.0057 IDL 0.2393 ADL BRL 0.0039 IDL BRL pump 80°06'56.5"E 0.0006 0.0040 109 Hand CMP-6 29°04'46.0"N 254 0.0100 0.0052 IDL 0.2377 ADL 0.0087 IDL 0.0025 IDL - BRL 20

pump 80°06'96.5"E 0.0040 Hand 29°03'12.0"N - 110 CMP-11 228 0.0010 0.0038 IDL 0.2476 ADL 0.2927 IDL 0.0068 IDL BRL pump 80°06'18.0"E 0.0040 Hand 29°04'17.0"N - 111 CMP-26 231 0.0050 0.0061 IDL 0.2743 ADL 0.0463 IDL 0.1864 ADL BRL pump 80°07'07.9"E 0.0040 Hand 29°34’64.0”N - - 112 PHP-12 1504 -0.3783 0.0137 IDL 0.2415 ADL 0.1870 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°14’30.0”E 0.0579 0.0050 Hand 29°34’89.8”N - - 113 PHP-14 1530 -0.1495 0.0220 IDL 0.1969 ADL 0.1972 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’75.5”E 0.0720 0.0050 Hand 29°34’52.9”N - 114 PHP-21 1496 -0.4939 0.0347 IDL 0.2038 ADL 0.1305 IDL 1.9295 ADL BRL pump 80°12’61.2”E 0.0050 Hand 29°33’68.1”N - 115 PHP-24 1583 -0.2617 0.0288 IDL 0.2137 ADL 0.1444 IDL 1.7763 ADL BRL pump 80°12’33.7”E 0.0050 Hand 29°37’05.7”N - - 116 PHP-30 1545 -0.1665 0.0002 IDL 0.2178 ADL 0.0054 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°14’15.3”E 0.0434 0.0050 Hand 29°34’82.0”N - - 117 PHP-44 1554 0.1385 0.0050 IDL 0.2981 ADL 0.2935 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°11’99.3”E 0.0692 0.0050 Hand 30°11’50.2”N - 118 CHP-13 1015 -0.0040 0.0046 IDL 0.2776 ADL 6.7165 ADL 0.0032 IDL BRL pump 79°14’37.9”E 0.0050 Hand 29°04'34.0"N - 119 CMP-16 262 0.0000 0.0058 IDL 0.2697 ADL 0.0732 IDL 0.0033 IDL BRL pump 80°06'78.0"E 0.0050 Hand 29°04'47.0"N - 120 CMP-21 266 0.0160 0.0062 IDL 0.2657 ADL 3.7625 IDL 0.0030 IDL BRL pump 80°05'53.0"E 0.0050 Hand 29°35'21.0"N - 121 NHP-2 1289 0.0090 0.0061 IDL 0.2507 ADL 0.0042 IDL 0.0451 IDL BRL pump 79°20'14.1"E 0.0050 Hand 29°26'59.8"N - 122 NHP-9 1109 0.0000 0.0065 IDL 0.2693 ADL 0.0006 IDL 0.0046 IDL BRL pump 79°28'57.6"E 0.0050 Hand 29°03'91.3"N - 123 BHP-21 235 0.0040 0.0023 IDL 0.1590 ADL 0.3295 IDL 0.0036 IDL BRL pump 79°32'25.5"E 0.0050 Hand 29°34’77.2”N - - 124 PHP-13 1523 -0.0215 0.0274 IDL 0.2096 ADL 0.5087 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’90.2”E 0.0626 0.0060 Hand 29°34’00.6”N - - 125 PHP-22 1513 -0.4500 0.0384 IDL 0.1981 ADL 0.0402 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°12’65.6”E 0.0302 0.0060 Hand 29°36’88.4”N - 126 PHP-29 1569 -0.2839 0.0172 IDL 0.3142 ADL 4.0084 IDL 0.1312 ADL BRL pump 80°14’15.4”E 0.0060 Hand 29°35’74.9”N - - 127 PHP-38 1510 -0.0100 0.0004 IDL 0.2951 ADL 0.4662 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’73.0”E 0.0743 0.0060 128 Hand CHP-7 30°15’35.2”N 815 0.0020 0.0062 IDL 0.2666 ADL 1.5364 IDL 0.0033 IDL - BRL 21

pump 79°13’12.9”E 0.0060 Hand 30°13’25.3”N - 129 CHP-11 845 0.0040 0.0062 IDL 0.2864 ADL 2.9619 IDL 0.0037 IDL BRL pump 79°15’22.4”E 0.0060 Hand 30°09’46.4”N - 130 CHP-16 1209 0.0010 0.0061 IDL 0.3002 ADL 3.7625 IDL 0.0031 IDL BRL pump 79°13’25.5”E 0.0060 Hand 30°08’13.9”N - 131 CHP-17 1566 -0.0040 0.0071 IDL 0.3037 ADL 0.0463 IDL 0.0032 IDL BRL pump 79°15’11.6”E 0.0060 Hand 29°04'42.9"N - 132 BHP-12 245 -0.0020 -0.0005 BRL 0.1170 ADL 0.0835 IDL 0.0287 IDL BRL pump 79°32'77.3"E 0.0060 Hand 29°04'37.4"N - 133 BHP-14 247 0.0020 0.0005 IDL 0.1537 ADL 0.1887 IDL 0.0089 IDL BRL pump 79°32'71.8"E 0.0060 Hand 29°04'21.5"N - 134 BHP-15 241 -0.0010 0.0009 IDL 0.1297 ADL 0.1039 IDL 0.0342 IDL BRL pump 79°32'76.4"E 0.0060 Hand 29°03'83.7"N - - 135 BHP-17 238 -0.0010 -0.0004 BRL 0.1633 ADL 0.0375 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°32'79.5"E 0.0009 0.0060 Hand 30°02’31.9”N - 136 CHP-22 1472 0.0020 0.0067 IDL 0.3017 ADL 0.0042 IDL 0.0081 IDL BRL pump 79°17’12.9”E 0.0070 Hand 29°58’31.1”N - 137 CHP-26 1499 -0.0010 0.0065 IDL 0.3150 ADL 0.3213 IDL 0.0032 IDL BRL pump 79°19’26.2”E 0.0070 Hand UHP 28°58’13.5”N - 138 207 0.0020 0.0087 IDL 0.3951 ADL 1.9265 IDL 0.0063 IDL BRL pump 86-1 80°01’15.3”E 0.0070 Hand 28°58’16.0”N - 139 UHP 91-1 214 0.0040 0.0079 IDL 0.1859 ADL 3.8896 IDL 0.0065 IDL BRL pump 79°59’54.0”E 0.0070 Hand 28°57’41.9”N - 140 UHP 96-1 210 0.0030 0.0003 IDL 0.0833 ADL 7.4672 ADL 0.0010 IDL BRL pump 80°00’49.0”E 0.0070 Hand 28°57’02.9”N - 141 UHP 98-1 205 0.0020 0.0023 IDL 0.1418 ADL 0.0043 IDL 0.0080 IDL BRL pump 80°00’54.9”E 0.0070 Artesian 29°00'18.4"N - 142 UAW-5 208 0.0060 0.0050 IDL 0.1337 ADL 0.0139 IDL 0.0004 IDL BRL well 79°29'17.4"E 0.0080 Hand 29°04'13.6"N - 143 BHP-20 245 -0.0020 -0.0023 BRL 0.1649 ADL 0.2716 IDL 0.0044 IDL BRL pump 79°31'96.0"E 0.0080 Artesian 29°01'28.8"N - 144 UAW-10 216 0.0080 0.0030 IDL 0.1357 ADL 0.0047 IDL 0.0006 IDL BRL well 79°29'20.6"E 0.0090 Hand 29°03'12.3"N - 145 UHP-33 231 0.0060 0.0114 IDL 0.2398 ADL 0.0275 IDL 0.0243 IDL BRL pump 79°31'46.9"E 0.0090 Hand 29°34’62.6”N - - 146 PHP-17 1489 -0.3230 0.0259 IDL 0.1593 ADL 0.6196 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°13’30.5”E 0.0421 0.0090 147 Hand BHP-1 29°04'19.3"N 241 0.0040 -0.0012 BRL 0.1159 ADL 0.0862 IDL 0.0021 IDL - BRL 22

pump 79°31'29.3"E 0.0090 Hand 29°05'02.2"N - 148 BHP-10 250 0.0020 0.0025 IDL 0.1505 ADL 0.3769 IDL 0.0077 IDL BRL pump 79°32'73.4"E 0.0090 Artesian 29°00'17.7"N - 149 UAW-15 200 -0.0060 0.0041 IDL 0.1418 ADL 0.0184 IDL 0.0006 IDL BRL well 79°26'15.0"E 0.0100 Hand 29°00'40.4"N - - 150 UHP-10 202 0.0000 0.0045 IDL 0.1584 ADL BRL 0.0005 IDL BRL pump 79°26'49.0"E 0.0017 0.0100 Artesian 29°01'43.7"N - 151 UAW-20 209 0.0010 0.0035 IDL 0.1350 ADL 0.0041 IDL 0.0005 IDL BRL well 79°24'52.4"E 0.0100 Hand 29°04'81.4"N - 152 BHP-7 246 0.0000 -0.0006 BRL 0.1242 ADL 0.2565 IDL 0.0335 IDL BRL pump 79°32'90.8"E 0.0100 Hand 29°04'57.6"N - 153 BHP-11 245 0.0120 0.0004 IDL 0.1341 ADL 0.2056 IDL 0.0010 IDL BRL pump 79°32'84.7"E 0.0100 Hand 29°04'37.6"N - 154 BHP-13 242 0.0010 0.0009 IDL 0.1100 ADL 0.1443 IDL 0.0063 IDL BRL pump 79°32'76.6"E 0.0100 Hand 28°59'37.0"N - 155 UHP-5 202 -0.0010 0.0062 IDL 0.1358 ADL 0.0009 IDL 0.0003 IDL BRL pump 79°30'11.2"E 0.0110 Hand 29°12'68.3"N - 156 HHP-8 332 -0.0030 0.0000 IDL 0.0902 ADL 0.1710 IDL 0.0237 IDL BRL pump 79°26'28.4"E 0.0110 Hand 29°04'73.3"N - 157 BHP-8 247 0.0000 0.0005 IDL 0.1810 ADL 0.7335 IDL 0.0214 IDL BRL pump 79°32'74.1"E 0.0110 Hand 29°02'09.3"N - 158 UHP-15 211 0.0010 0.0041 IDL 0.1724 ADL 0.0348 IDL 0.0003 IDL BRL pump 79°25'38.9"E 0.0120 Hand 29°01'51.1"N - 159 UHP-20 209 0.0000 0.0059 IDL 0.1716 ADL 0.0085 IDL 0.0005 IDL BRL pump 79°23'26.8"E 0.0120 Hand 29°03'51.0"N - 160 UHP-25 242 -0.0010 0.0079 IDL 0.1680 ADL 0.0014 IDL 0.0002 IDL BRL pump 79°31'00.4"E 0.0120 Hand 29°04'87.4"N - 161 BHP-9 250 0.0060 0.0011 IDL 0.1605 ADL 0.3360 IDL 0.0034 IDL BRL pump 79°32'73.7"E 0.0120 Hand 29°03'11.3"N - - 162 UHP-30 235 -0.0060 0.0070 IDL 0.1791 ADL BRL 0.0009 IDL BRL pump 79°32'05.1"E 0.0039 0.0130 Hand 29°02'17.4"N - 163 UHP-35 224 -0.0030 0.0066 IDL 0.1864 ADL 0.0325 IDL 0.0032 IDL BRL pump 79°31'54.0"E 0.0130 Hand 28°59'14.4"N - 164 UHP-55 188 0.0000 0.0061 IDL 0.2196 ADL 0.0063 IDL 0.0032 IDL BRL pump 79°27'10.8"E 0.0130 Hand 28°59'30.0"N - 165 UHP-60 182 -0.0080 0.0050 IDL 0.2319 ADL 0.0214 IDL 0.0032 IDL BRL pump 79°23'34.8"E 0.0130 166 Hand UHP-86 28°58’13.5”N 207 -0.0140 -0.0075 BRL 0.2308 ADL 0.4531 IDL 0.2108 ADL - BRL 23

pump 80°01’15.3”E 0.0130 Hand 29°13'71.1"N - - 167 HHP-4 309 0.0030 0.0026 IDL 0.0649 ADL 0.0098 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°25'09.0"E 0.0012 0.0130 Hand 29°04'61.4"N - 168 BHP-3 247 0.0020 0.0005 IDL 0.1196 ADL 0.1411 IDL 0.0009 IDL BRL pump 79°32'38.1"E 0.0130 Hand 29°04'53.7"N - 169 BHP-5 246 0.0010 0.0016 IDL 0.1483 ADL 0.3918 IDL 0.0023 IDL BRL pump 79°32'57.6"E 0.0130 Hand 29°03'90.0"N - 170 BHP-16 241 0.0020 -0.0016 BRL 0.1434 ADL 0.0924 IDL 0.0007 IDL BRL pump 79°32'72.3"E 0.0130 Hand 29°04'14.6"N - 171 BHP-18 244 0.0080 0.0007 IDL 0.1576 ADL 0.1352 IDL 0.0007 IDL BRL pump 79°32'53.3"E 0.0130 Hand 28°59'39.5"N - 172 UHP-40 219 -0.0090 0.0059 IDL 0.1964 ADL 0.0158 IDL 0.0013 IDL BRL pump 79°31'41.3"E 0.0140 Hand 28°59'21.7"N - 173 UHP-45 206 -0.0100 0.0067 IDL 0.2254 ADL 0.0130 IDL 0.0008 IDL BRL pump 79°31'09.1"E 0.0140 Hand 28°57'28.2"N - 174 UHP-50 182 -0.0070 0.0056 IDL 0.2226 ADL 0.0192 IDL 0.0007 IDL BRL pump 79°31'08.4"E 0.0140 Hand 28°58’16.0”N - - 175 UHP-91 214 0.0310 -0.0054 BRL 0.2394 ADL 0.2612 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°59’54.0”E 0.0018 0.0140 Hand 28°59'14.4"N - 176 UHP-53 160 -0.0030 0.0076 IDL 0.2355 ADL 0.0558 IDL 0.0066 IDL BRL pump 79°30'22.2"E 0.0150 Hand 28°57’41.9”N - - 177 UHP-96 210 0.0390 -0.0054 BRL 0.2089 ADL 0.0104 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°00’49.0”E 0.0027 0.0150 Hand 28°57’44.5”N - - 178 UHP-101 206 0.0290 -0.0084 BRL 0.2213 ADL 0.0074 IDL BRL BRL pump 80°00’04.0”E 0.0037 0.0150 Hand 28°56’15.5”N - - 179 UHP-106 201 0.0390 -0.0099 BRL 0.2285 ADL 0.0001 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°59’17.9”E 0.0029 0.0150 Hand 28°55’17.5”N - - 180 UHP-111 207 0.0410 -0.0050 BRL 0.2463 ADL 0.0027 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°58’46.2”E 0.0025 0.0150 Hand 28°48’55.8”N - - 181 UHP-116 196 0.0350 -0.0070 BRL 0.2326 ADL 0.0203 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°53’11.0”E 0.0024 0.0150 Hand 29°04'38.1"N - 182 BHP-2 243 -0.0050 0.0006 IDL 0.1204 ADL 0.3638 IDL 0.0114 IDL BRL pump 79°31'58.0"E 0.0150 Hand 29°04'54.8"N - 183 BHP-6 248 -0.0130 -0.0009 BRL 0.1083 ADL 0.0193 IDL 0.0111 IDL BRL pump 79°32'47.2"E 0.0150 Hand 29°04'12.1"N - - 184 BHP-19 245 -0.0050 0.0097 IDL 0.1232 ADL BRL 0.0022 IDL BRL pump 79°32'10.1"E 0.0001 0.0150 185 Hand UHP-121 28°49’08.2”N 189 0.0450 -0.0037 BRL 0.2877 ADL 0.0500 IDL 0.0382 IDL - BRL 24

pump 79°53’02.5”E 0.0160 Hand 28°49’15.0”N - - 186 UHP-126 180 0.0390 -0.0017 BRL 0.3087 ADL 0.0261 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°54’04.8”E 0.0022 0.0160 Hand 28°50’26.1”N - - 187 UHP-136 180 0.0490 -0.0027 BRL 0.3328 ADL 0.0911 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°54’24.6”E 0.0005 0.0160 Hand 29°13'63.1"N - 188 HHP-1 326 0.0100 0.0006 IDL 0.0743 ADL 0.6531 IDL 0.0013 IDL BRL pump 79°25'39.5"E 0.0160 Hand 29°12'95.8"N - 189 HHP-5 351 -0.0060 0.0009 IDL 0.0756 ADL 0.0583 IDL 0.0380 IDL BRL pump 79°26'22.8"E 0.0160 Hand 29°04'71.1"N - 190 BHP-4 249 0.0050 -0.0001 BRL 0.0970 ADL 0.0711 IDL 0.0078 IDL BRL pump 79°32'65.3"E 0.0160 Hand 28°50’34.2”N - 191 UHP-131 185 0.0540 -0.0019 BRL 0.3029 ADL 0.0223 IDL 0.0338 IDL BRL pump 79°52’24.6”E 0.0170 Hand 28°52’09.1”N - 192 UHP-141 187 0.0380 -0.0026 BRL 0.3163 ADL 0.0668 IDL 0.0428 IDL BRL pump 79°55’30.7”E 0.0170 Hand 28°53’11.0”N - 193 UHP-146 187 0.0340 -0.0030 BRL 0.3209 ADL 0.0566 IDL 0.0169 IDL BRL pump 79°56’00.4”E 0.0170 Hand 28°54’13.0”N - 194 UHP-151 193 0.0450 -0.0027 BRL 0.3370 ADL 0.0447 IDL 0.0269 IDL BRL pump 79°56’55.9”E 0.0170 Hand 28°54’47.8”N - - 195 UHP-156 209 0.0350 -0.0012 BRL 0.3507 ADL 0.0469 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°58’22.4”E 0.0002 0.0170 Hand 28°55’01.4”N - - 196 UHP-161 190 0.0510 -0.0007 BRL 0.3616 ADL 0.0077 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°58’18.0”E 0.0015 0.0170 Hand 28°55’27.1”N - 197 UHP-166 195 0.0430 0.0008 IDL 0.3801 ADL 0.0545 IDL 0.0222 IDL BRL pump 79°58’04.2”E 0.0170 Hand 28°56’30.3”N - 198 UHP-186 201 0.0370 0.0040 IDL 0.4140 ADL 0.0151 IDL 0.0003 IDL BRL pump 79°53’57.6”E 0.0170 Hand 28°56’13.3”N - - 199 UHP-197 195 0.0390 0.0020 IDL 0.4064 ADL 0.0355 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°48’42.2”E 0.0002 0.0170 Hand 28°55’52.8”N - - 200 UHP-202 189 0.0520 0.0022 IDL 0.4603 ADL 0.0295 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°47’26.2"E 0.0005 0.0170 Hand 28°55’53.3”N - - 201 UHP-207 199 0.0490 0.0043 IDL 0.4757 ADL 0.0180 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°45’14.6”E 0.0003 0.0170 Hand 29°00’6.30”N - - - 202 UHP-222 205 0.0490 0.0043 IDL 0.4844 ADL BRL BRL BRL pump 79°41’46.8”E 0.0006 0.0002 0.0170 Hand 29°13'69.7"N - 203 HHp-2 319 0.0020 0.0003 IDL 0.0883 ADL 0.3686 IDL 0.0253 IDL BRL pump 79°25'44.6"E 0.0170 204 Hand HHP-7 29°12'80.8"N 326 0.0020 -0.0003 BRL 0.1161 ADL 0.4786 IDL 0.0542 IDL - BRL 25

pump 79°25'97.2"E 0.0170 Hand 29°16'43.1"N - - 205 HHP-10 536 0.0040 -0.0004 BRL 0.0833 ADL 0.0501 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°32'69.4"E 0.0020 0.0170 Hand 28°56’30.0”N - - 206 UHP-171 200 0.0400 0.0002 IDL 0.4210 ADL 0.0619 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°56’49.0”E 0.0001 0.0180 Hand 28°56’18.6”N - 207 UHP-176 200 0.0420 0.0025 IDL 0.4432 ADL 0.1708 IDL 0.0601 IDL BRL pump 79°55’43.9”E 0.0180 Hand 28°55’53.3”N - - 208 UHP-181 199 0.0370 0.0017 IDL 0.3931 ADL 0.0010 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°54’15.7”E 0.0009 0.0180 Hand 28°55’40.8”N - 209 UHP-192 194 0.0510 0.0037 IDL 0.4296 ADL 0.0269 IDL 0.3906 ADL BRL pump 79°51’13.3”E 0.0180 Hand 28°55’26.2”N - - 210 UHP-212 198 0.0480 0.0049 IDL 0.4808 ADL 0.0137 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°42’40.5”E 0.0006 0.0180 Hand 28°55’50.7”N - - 211 UHP-217 203 0.0400 0.0025 IDL 0.4722 ADL 0.0124 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°42’08.3”E 0.0002 0.0180 Hand 28°54’33.4”N - - 212 UHP-227 186 0.0450 0.0081 IDL 0.5150 ADL 0.0032 IDL BRL BRL pump 79°30’41.7”E 0.0004 0.0180 Hand 29°13'62.9"N - 213 HHP-3 315 0.0040 0.0012 IDL 0.0942 ADL 0.2405 IDL 0.0482 IDL BRL pump 79°25'27.4"E 0.0180 Hand 29°16'43.1"N - 214 HHP-11 536 -0.0030 0.0003 IDL 0.1418 ADL 0.4223 IDL 0.0061 IDL BRL pump 79°32'69.4"E 0.0180 Hand 29°12'87.3"N - 215 HHP-6 328 -0.0070 0.0003 IDL 0.0927 ADL 0.2863 IDL 0.0450 IDL BRL pump 79°26'16.3"E 0.0200 Hand 29°13'08.3"N - 216 HHP-9 341 -0.0010 0.0006 IDL 0.0971 ADL 0.1722 IDL 0.0191 IDL BRL pump 79°26'35.4"E 0.0200

26

Fig. 17: Map showing location of 231 critical samples including 1 Arsenic point.

27

Fig. 18: Map of Udham Singh Nagar district showing critical samples including 1 Arsenic point.

Fig. 19: Map of Champawat district showing critical samples.

28

Fig. 20: Map of with location of critical samples.

Fig. 21: Map of with location of critical samples.

29

Fig. 22: Map of Chamoli District showing critical samples.

Fig. 23: Map of showing points of critical samples.

30

5.1. pH value

Out of 569 samples, 15 samples were out of acceptable limit as per IS: 10500-2012. (see table 4). Three samples from district Udham Singh Nagar, two samples from Almora district and one sample from Chamoli district were found below desirable limit. Above desirable limit was registered in two samples from Almora, four samples from Chamoli, one from Haldwani, one each from Nainital and Pithoragarh.

Table 4: pH value analysis (ADL= Above desirable limit, BDL= Below desirable limit; AHP=Almora hand pump, CHP= Chamoli hand pump, NHP=Nainital hand pump, HHP= Haldwani Area, UHP= U S Nagar hand pump. UHP 98-1 is monsoon sample) S. No. Nature of Sample Desirable S. No. Desirable Sample No. pH limit Sample No. pH limit 1 Hand pump AHP-31 9.15 ADL 9 UHP-87 5.97 BDL 2 Hand pump AHP-33 8.51 ADL 10 UHP-98 6.42 BDL 3 Hand pump CHP-11 9.12 ADL 11 AHP-4 6.18 BDL 4 Hand pump CHP-13 8.65 ADL 12 AHP-6 6.22 BDL 5 Hand pump CHP-16 8.56 ADL 13 UHP 98-1 6.31 BDL 6 Hand pump CHP-17 8.52 ADL 14 CMP-30 6.44 BDL 7 Hand pump NHP-9 9.91 ADL 15 PHP-22 8.62 ADL ADL 8 Hand pump HHP-10 8.55

5.2. Arsenic content

Only one sample (UHP-192) from Udham Singh Nagar was found Arsenic contaminated (analysis by the Arsenic kit, see table 5). The locality Jangal Jogithar is on the sub road, 3km from from Nanakmatta. This must be a serious concern as the Arsenic level is found to be between100-300, although it is not yet re-confirmed by the AAS analysis. A regular re- sampling is planned to estimate the threat.

Table 5: Arsenic content analysis (ADL= Above desirable limit; UHP, U. S. Nagar hand pump). Desirable Nature of Sample Sample No. Arsenic content ppb limit Hand pump UHP-192 100-300 ADL

5.3. Total dissolved solids

31

Sixteen samples in the Udham Singh Nagar, two samples from Champawat district, three from Pithoragarh district and one sample from Haldwani were found above desirable limit (Table 6).

Table 6: Total Dissolved Solids analysis (ADL = Above Desirable limit, UHP= U S Nagar hand pump, HHP= Haldwani hand pump, CMP= Champawat, PHP= Pithoragarh) S. No. Nature of Sample TDS Desirable S. Nature of Sample Desirable TDS ppm Sample No. ppm limit No. Sample No. limit 1 Hand pump UHP-33 1430 ADL 12 Hand pump UHP-280 517 ADL 2 Hand pump UHP-56 710 ADL 13 Hand pump UHP-282 554 ADL 3 Hand pump UHP-98 580 ADL 14 Hand pump UHP-283 510 ADL 4 Hand pump UHP-108 575 ADL 15 Hand pump UHP-292 652 ADL 5 Hand pump UHP-175 996 ADL 16 Hand pump UHP-296 691 ADL 6 Hand pump UHP-183 612 ADL 17 Hand pump CMP-23 495 ADL 7 Hand pump UHP-224 695 ADL 18 Hand pump CMP-30 539 ADL 8 Hand pump UHP-228 640 ADL 19 Hand pump PHP-26 503 ADL 9 Hand pump UHP-232 647 ADL 20 Hand pump PHP-48 543 ADL 10 Hand pump UHP-233 593 ADL 21 Hand pump PHP-59 517 ADL 11 Hand pump UHP-259 501 ADL 22 Hand pump HHP-10 1083 ADL

5.4. Dissolved Oxygen

All samples were under the desirable limit except one sample from Udham Singh Nagar which was below desirable limit (Table 7).

Table 7: Dissolved oxygen analysis (BDL = Below desirable limit. UHP= U S Nagar hand pump).

Nature of Sample Sample No. DO ppm Desirable limit Hand pump UHP-33 -16 BDL

5.5. Electrical Conductivity

Based on the Electrical Conductivity, sixteen samples from district Udham Singh Nagar and two samples from Champawat were found above desirable limit. Also three samples from Pithoragarh district were found to contain EC above the desirable limit. Further, one sample from Haldwani area was also found to have EC above the desirable limit (see Table 8).

Table 8: Electrical Conductivity analysis (ADL =Above desirable limit, UHP= U. S. Nagar hand pump CMP= Champawat hand pump). S. Nature of Sample Cond. Desirable S. Nature of Sample Cond. Desirable No. Sample No. uS limit No. Sample No. uS limit 1 Hand pump UHP-33 2180 ADL 12 Hand pump UHP-280 783 ADL 2 Hand pump UHP-56 1080 ADL 13 Hand pump UHP-282 839 ADL

32

3 Hand pump UHP-98 879 ADL 14 Hand pump UHP-283 773 ADL 4 Hand pump UHP-108 859 ADL 15 Hand pump UHP-292 986 ADL 5 Hand pump UHP-175 1505 ADL 16 Hand pump UHP-296 1045 ADL 6 Hand pump UHP-183 940 ADL 17 Hand pump CMP-23 752 ADL 7 Hand pump UHP-224 1052 ADL 18 Hand pump CMP-30 818 ADL PHP-26 761 ADL 8 Hand pump UHP-228 967 ADL 19 Hand pump 9 Hand pump UHP-232 979 ADL 20 Hand pump PHP-48 820 ADL 10 Hand pump UHP-233 898 ADL 21 Hand pump PHP-59 783 ADL 11 Hand pump UHP-259 759 ADL 22 Hand pump HHP-10 1627 ADL

5.6. Lead (Pb)

A large number of samples (61) from Udham Singh Nagar district were highly affected by Lead content. Twenty six samples from Champawat, 10 from Almora district and 8 from Chamoli were also gave higher values of Pb in waters (see Table 9). Interestingly, 65 samples from Pithoragarh district, 28 from Bindukhatta tehsil, 11 from Haldwani area and 2 from Nainital district were also found above the desirable limit. Even during the monsoon season, 4 samples from U S Nagar and 10 samples from Almora district were above the desirable limit

Table 9: Measurements of Lead (ADL= Above desirable limit, BDL= Below desirable limit; AHP=Almora hand pump, CHP= Chamoli hand pump, CMP=Champawat hand pump, NHP=Nainital hand pump, HHP= Haldwani Area, PHP= Pithoragarh hand pump, UHP= U S Nagar hand pump) S. Nature of Sample Desirable S. Nature of Sample Desirable Pb ppm Pb ppm No Sample No. limit No. Sample No. limit 1 Hand pump UHP-96 0.2089 ADL 109 Hand pump PHP-29 0.3142 ADL 2 Hand pump UHP-91 0.2394 ADL 110 Hand pump PHP-28 0.2808 ADL 3 Hand pump UHP-86 0.2308 ADL 111 Hand pump PHP-27 0.2734 ADL 4 Hand pump UHP-60 0.2319 ADL 112 Hand pump PHP-26 0.1872 ADL 5 Hand pump UHP-55 0.2196 ADL 113 Hand pump PHP-25 0.2114 ADL 6 Hand pump UHP-53 0.2355 ADL 114 Hand pump PHP-24 0.2137 ADL 7 Hand pump UHP-50 0.2226 ADL 115 Hand pump PHP-23 0.1966 ADL 8 Hand pump UHP-5 0.1358 ADL 116 Hand pump PHP-22 0.1981 ADL 9 Hand pump UHP-45 0.2254 ADL 117 Hand pump PHP-21 0.2038 ADL 10 Hand pump UHP-40 0.1964 ADL 118 Hand pump PHP-20 0.2143 ADL 11 Hand pump UHP-35 0.1864 ADL 119 Hand pump PHP-2 0.6592 ADL 12 Hand pump UHP-33 0.2398 ADL 120 Hand pump PHP-19 0.1701 ADL 13 Hand pump UHP-30 0.1791 ADL 121 Hand pump PHP-18 0.1196 ADL 14 Hand pump UHP-297 0.6633 ADL 122 Hand pump PHP-17 0.1593 ADL 15 Hand pump UHP-292 0.6789 ADL 123 Hand pump PHP-16 0.1434 ADL 16 Hand pump UHP-287 0.6425 ADL 124 Hand pump PHP-15 0.1280 ADL 17 Hand pump UHP-282 0.6568 ADL 125 Hand pump PHP-14 0.1969 ADL 18 Hand pump UHP-277 0.6135 ADL 126 Hand pump PHP-13 0.2096 ADL 33

19 Hand pump UHP-272 0.5864 ADL 127 Hand pump PHP-12 0.2415 ADL 20 Hand pump UHP-267 0.5799 ADL 128 Hand pump PHP-11 0.2334 ADL 21 Hand pump UHP-262 0.5759 ADL 129 Hand pump PHP-10 0.1790 ADL 22 Hand pump UHP-257 0.5650 ADL 130 Hand pump PHP-1 0.6639 ADL 23 Hand pump UHP-252 0.5795 ADL 131 Hand pump NHP-9 0.2693 ADL 24 Hand pump UHP-25 0.1680 ADL 132 Hand pump NHP-2 0.2507 ADL 25 Hand pump UHP-247 0.5668 ADL 133 Hand pump HHP-9 0.0971 ADL 26 Hand pump UHP-242 0.5457 ADL 134 Hand pump HHP-8 0.0902 ADL 27 Hand pump UHP-237 0.5307 ADL 135 Hand pump HHP-7 0.1161 ADL 28 Hand pump UHP-232 0.5231 ADL 136 Hand pump HHP-6 0.0927 ADL 29 Hand pump UHP-227 0.5150 ADL 137 Hand pump HHP-5 0.0756 ADL 30 Hand pump UHP-222 0.4844 ADL 138 Hand pump HHP-4 0.0649 ADL 31 Hand pump UHP-217 0.4722 ADL 139 Hand pump HHP-3 0.0942 ADL 32 Hand pump UHP-212 0.4808 ADL 140 Hand pump HHp-2 0.0883 ADL 33 Hand pump UHP-207 0.4757 ADL 141 Hand pump HHP-11 0.1418 ADL 34 Hand pump UHP-202 0.4603 ADL 142 Hand pump HHP-10 0.0833 ADL 35 Hand pump UHP-20 0.1716 ADL 143 Hand pump HHP-1 0.0743 ADL 36 Hand pump UHP-197 0.4064 ADL 144 Hand pump CMP-6 0.2377 ADL 37 Hand pump UHP-192 0.4296 ADL 145 Hand pump CMP-47 0.2216 ADL 38 Hand pump UHP-186 0.4140 ADL 146 Hand pump CMP-46 0.2312 ADL 39 Hand pump UHP-181 0.3931 ADL 147 Hand pump CMP-45 0.2404 ADL 40 Hand pump UHP-176 0.4432 ADL 148 Hand pump CMP-44 0.2606 ADL 41 Hand pump UHP-171 0.4210 ADL 149 Hand pump CMP-43 0.2121 ADL 42 Hand pump UHP-166 0.3801 ADL 150 Hand pump CMP-42 0.2304 ADL 43 Hand pump UHP-161 0.3616 ADL 151 Hand pump CMP-41 0.1840 ADL 44 Hand pump UHP-156 0.3507 ADL 152 Hand pump CMP-40 0.1903 ADL 45 Hand pump UHP-151 0.3370 ADL 153 Hand pump CMP-39 0.1644 ADL 46 Hand pump UHP-15 0.1724 ADL 154 Hand pump CMP-38 0.2139 ADL 47 Hand pump UHP-146 0.3209 ADL 155 Hand pump CMP-37 0.2422 ADL 48 Hand pump UHP-141 0.3163 ADL 156 Hand pump CMP-36 0.2528 ADL 49 Hand pump UHP-136 0.3328 ADL 157 Hand pump CMP-35 0.1383 ADL 50 Hand pump UHP-131 0.3029 ADL 158 Hand pump CMP-34 0.1434 ADL 51 Hand pump UHP-126 0.3087 ADL 159 Hand pump CMP-33 0.1550 ADL 52 Hand pump UHP-121 0.2877 ADL 160 Hand pump CMP-32 0.2194 ADL 53 Hand pump UHP-116 0.2326 ADL 161 Hand pump CMP-31 0.1688 ADL 54 Hand pump UHP-111 0.2463 ADL 162 Hand pump CMP-30 0.1913 ADL 55 Hand pump UHP-106 0.2285 ADL 163 Hand pump CMP-29 0.1841 ADL 56 Hand pump UHP-101 0.2213 ADL 164 Hand pump CMP-28 0.1520 ADL 57 Hand pump UHP-10 0.1584 ADL 165 Hand pump CMP-26 0.2743 ADL 58 Hand pump UHP 98-1 0.1418 ADL 166 Hand pump CMP-21 0.2657 ADL 59 Hand pump UHP 96-1 0.0833 ADL 167 Hand pump CMP-16 0.2697 ADL 60 Hand pump UHP 91-1 0.1859 ADL 168 Hand pump CMP-11 0.2476 ADL 61 Hand pump UHP 86-1 0.3951 ADL 169 Hand pump CMP-1 0.2393 ADL 62 Artesian well UAW-5 0.1337 ADL 170 Hand pump CHP-7 0.2666 ADL 63 Artesian well UAW-20 0.1350 ADL 171 Hand pump CHP-26 0.3150 ADL 34

64 Artesian well UAW-15 0.1418 ADL 172 Hand pump CHP-22 0.3017 ADL 65 Artesian well UAW-10 0.1357 ADL 173 Hand pump CHP-2 0.2582 ADL 66 Gudkana Gaad PR-2 0.0686 ADL 174 Hand pump CHP-17 0.3037 ADL 67 Hand pump PR-1 0.1314 ADL 175 Hand pump CHP-16 0.3002 ADL 68 Hand pump PHP-9 0.2197 ADL 176 Hand pump CHP-13 0.2776 ADL 69 Hand pump PHP-8 0.2154 ADL 177 Hand pump CHP-11 0.2864 ADL 70 Hand pump PHP-7 0.1255 ADL 178 Hand pump BHP-9 0.1605 ADL 71 Hand pump PHP-64 0.1483 ADL 179 Hand pump BHP-8 0.1810 ADL 72 Hand pump PHP-63 0.1450 ADL 180 Hand pump BHP-7 0.1242 ADL 73 Hand pump PHP-62 0.1372 ADL 181 Hand pump BHP-6 0.1083 ADL 74 Hand pump PHP-61 0.1790 ADL 182 Hand pump BHP-5 0.1483 ADL 75 Hand pump PHP-60 0.2243 ADL 183 Hand pump BHP-4 0.0970 ADL 76 Hand pump PHP-6 0.0666 ADL 184 Hand pump BHP-3 0.1196 ADL 77 Hand pump PHP-59 0.2069 ADL 185 Hand pump BHP-28 0.1604 ADL 78 Hand pump PHP-58 0.1687 ADL 186 Hand pump BHP-27 0.1840 ADL 79 Hand pump PHP-57 0.1450 ADL 187 Hand pump BHP-26 0.1357 ADL 80 Hand pump PHP-56 0.2044 ADL 188 Hand pump BHP-25 0.1668 ADL 81 Hand pump PHP-55 0.3419 ADL 189 Hand pump BHP-24 0.1651 ADL 82 Hand pump PHP-54 0.2902 ADL 190 Hand pump BHP-23 0.1574 ADL 83 Hand pump PHP-53 0.3227 ADL 191 Hand pump BHP-22 0.1516 ADL 84 Hand pump PHP-52 0.3361 ADL 192 Hand pump BHP-21 0.1590 ADL 85 Hand pump PHP-51 0.3349 ADL 193 Hand pump BHP-20 0.1649 ADL 86 Hand pump PHP-50 0.3333 ADL 194 Hand pump BHP-2 0.1204 ADL 87 Hand pump PHP-49 0.2730 ADL 195 Hand pump BHP-19 0.1232 ADL 88 Hand pump PHP-48 0.2707 ADL 196 Hand pump BHP-18 0.1576 ADL 89 Hand pump PHP-47 0.2979 ADL 197 Hand pump BHP-17 0.1633 ADL 90 Hand pump PHP-46 0.3065 ADL 198 Hand pump BHP-16 0.1434 ADL 91 Hand pump PHP-45 0.2993 ADL 199 Hand pump BHP-15 0.1297 ADL 92 Hand pump PHP-44 0.2981 ADL 200 Hand pump BHP-14 0.1537 ADL 93 Hand pump PHP-43 0.3227 ADL 201 Hand pump BHP-13 0.1100 ADL 94 Hand pump PHP-42 0.2629 ADL 202 Hand pump BHP-12 0.1170 ADL 95 Hand pump PHP-41 0.2733 ADL 203 Hand pump BHP-11 0.1341 ADL 96 Hand pump PHP-40 0.2726 ADL 204 Hand pump BHP-10 0.1505 ADL 97 Hand pump PHP-4 0.7024 ADL 205 Hand pump BHP-1 0.1159 ADL 98 Hand pump PHP-39 0.2590 ADL 206 Hand pump AHP-6 0.1605 ADL 99 Hand pump PHP-38 0.2951 ADL 207 Hand pump AHP-45 0.2258 ADL 100 Hand pump PHP-37 0.2927 ADL 208 Hand pump AHP-40 0.1323 ADL 101 Hand pump PHP-36 0.2822 ADL 209 Hand pump AHP-4 0.0976 ADL 102 Hand pump PHP-35 0.2798 ADL 210 Hand pump AHP-33 0.0993 ADL 103 Hand pump PHP-34 0.2137 ADL 211 Hand pump AHP-31 0.0799 ADL 104 Hand pump PHP-33 0.2547 ADL 212 Hand pump AHP-25 0.1859 ADL 105 Hand pump PHP-32 0.2563 ADL 213 Hand pump AHP-20 0.0686 ADL 106 Hand pump PHP-31 0.2688 ADL 214 Hand pump AHP-15 0.0909 ADL 107 Hand pump PHP-30 0.2178 ADL 215 Hand pump AHP-10 0.1035 ADL 108 Hand pump PHP-3 0.6729 ADL 35

5.7. Manganese (Mn)

Manganese content in 3 samples from Udham Singh Nagar district, 3 samples from Almora, 12 samples from Champawat district and 7 samples from Pithoragarh district were found above desirable limit (see Table 10).

Table 10: Manganese analysis (ADL= Above desirable limit, AHP=Almora hand pump, CMP=Champawat hand pump, PHP= Pithoragarh hand pump, UHP= U S Nagar hand pump). S. Nature of Sample Desirable S. Nature of Sample Mn Desirable Mn ppm No. Sample No. limit No. Sample No. ppm limit 1 Hand pump UHP-86 0.2108 ADL 14 Hand pump CMP-42 0.12 ADL 2 Hand pump UHP-282 0.2882 ADL 15 Hand pump CMP-41 0.1121 ADL 3 Hand pump UHP-192 0.3906 ADL 16 Hand pump CMP-39 0.1651 ADL 4 Hand pump PHP-60 0.1739 ADL 17 Hand pump CMP-36 0.2261 ADL 5 Hand pump PHP-35 0.1448 ADL 18 Hand pump CMP-35 0.3736 ADL 6 Hand pump PHP-29 0.1312 ADL 19 Hand pump CMP-33 0.1309 ADL 7 Hand pump PHP-24 1.7763 ADL 20 Hand pump CMP-32 0.1291 ADL 8 Hand pump PHP-21 1.9295 ADL 21 Hand pump CMP-31 0.2132 ADL 9 Hand pump PHP-20 0.6032 ADL 22 Hand pump CMP-26 0.1864 ADL 10 Hand pump PHP-11 0.1865 ADL 23 Hand pump AHP-6 0.27 ADL 11 Hand pump CMP-47 0.2625 ADL 24 Hand pump AHP-25 0.1327 ADL 12 Hand pump CMP-46 0.2001 ADL 25 Hand pump AHP-15 0.1603 ADL 13 Hand pump CMP-43 0.1231 ADL

5.8. Zinc (Zn)

On and average, the Zn content in all the samples was found suitable for drinking purpose. However, 1 sample (during the monsoon period) from Udham Singh Nagar district, 1 sample from Almora, 2 from Champawat district and 1 from Chamoli district were found higher than the desirable limit (Table 11).

Table 11: Zinc analysis (ADL=Above desirable limit, AHP=Almora hand pump, CMP=Champawat hand pump, CHP= Chamoli hand pump, UHP= U S Nagar hand pump). .S. Nature of Sample Zn Desirable S. Nature of Sample Desirable Zn ppm No. Sample No. ppm limit No. Sample No. limit 1 Hand pump AHP-6 6.7165 ADL 4 Hand pump CHP-13 6.7165 ADL 2 Hand pump CMP-32 8.4719 ADL 5 Hand pump UHP 96-1 7.4672 ADL 3 Hand pump CMP-36 5.8610 ADL

5.9. Copper (Cu)

36

Only one sample collected from Udham Singh Nagar during the monsoon period had Cu content above desirable limit (Table 12).

Table 12: Copper content (ADL=Above desirable limit, UHP=U. S. Nagar hand pump). S. Nature of Sample Cu ppm Desirable limit No. Sample No. 1 Hand pump UHP 111-1 0.4920 ADL

6. AVERAGE, MAXIMUM AND MIMIMUM VALUES OF ALL SAMPLES

Various values of all samples from six districts of Uttarakhand are calculated accordingly (see Tables 13-14). Average pH value in Udham Singh Nagar was found as 7.57, Electric Conductivity as 452 uS, and TDS as 300 ppm, while the minimum pH values was found as 5.97, Electric Conductivity as 879 uS, and TDS as 71 ppm in UHP-87 at village Khairani, near police chowki Chakarpur. Further, the minimum Electric Conductivity was found as 2180 uS and TDS as 1430 ppm in UHP-33. Maximum pH value was found as 8.41 in UHP-227 on Highway Gurunanak Traders, Bareilly road, . This factory waste water nala starts from factory to Shanti Puri to ganla ghoda nala water via. Arsenic value was found as 100-300 ppb in UHP-192, Jangal Jogithar road, 3 km from Nanakmatta. During the monsoon season, pH was found as 7.13, Electric Conductivity as 376 uS and TDS as 249 ppm. Minimum pH value was found as 6.31, Electric Conductivity as 88 uS and TDS as 60 ppm in UHP-98-1, at village Pachoriya Chakarpur. Maximum pH was found as 7.71 in UHP-100-1, at village Kutri Chakarpur and UHP-107-1, in front of Borient ball tiles on highway and Electric Conductivity was found as 738 uS and TDS as 486 ppm in UHP-108-1, at Puri motor Amaun . Average Co in Udham Singh Nagar district was found as 0.0272, Cr as 0.0029, Pb as 0.3590, Zn as 0.0867, Mn as 0.0211 and Cu as 0.0114. Minimum Co was found as -0.0140, Cr as - 0.0099, Pb as 0.1337, Zn as -0.0039, Mn as -0.0037 and Cu as -0.0180. Maximum Co was found as 0.0540, Cr as 0.0114, Zn as 2.6542, Mn as 0.3906 and Cu as 0.0020.

The samples from Almora district have average pH value as 7.43, Electric Conductivity as 262 u, and TDS as 173 ppm. Minimum value of pH value was found as 6.18 in AHP-4 at ITI Almora. Electric Conductivity was found as 67 uS and TDS value was found as 45 ppm in sample no. AHP-13, 2 Km Before Panvanaula (Almora). Maximum pH was measured as 9.15 in AHP-31, at Masi market, Badrinath Raod Chaukhutiya, whereas maximum Electric Conductivity was measured as 657 uS and TDS as 446 ppm in sample no. AHP-45 at Bhujan near Govt. Inter College.

Average pH value in and around Pithoragarh town was found 7.50, Electric Conductivity as 424 uS and TDS as 279 ppm. Minimum pH value was registered as 6.86, Electric Conductivity as 179 uS and TDS as 127 ppm in the sample PHP-12. Maximum pH value was found as 8.62 37 in sample no. PHP-22. In the sample no. PHP-48, the Electric Conductivity was found as 820 uS and TDS 543 as ppm.

Average pH value in Chamoli district was recorded as 7.84, Electric Conductivity as 281 uS and TDS as 183 ppm. Minimum value of pH value was found as 679 uS in the sample CHP-21 at Rajkiya Resham Farm, Gairsen, The Electric Conductivity was measured as 110 uS and TDS as 72 ppm in sample CHP-5 at Jeti Solani Karnora village, 7 Km from Nand Prayag town. Maximum value of pH 9.12 was recorded in sample CHP-11 at Sirosan Band Simli Aatagd Bridge, Chamoli on national highway. In the sample CHP-3 near Nand Pryag Bus Stand, Electric Conductivity was found as 604 uS and TDS as 397.

Average pH value in Champawat district was recorded as 7.30, Electric Conductivity as 405 uS and TDS 267 ppm. Minimum pH value was found as 6.66 in sample CMP-30,. Further, Electric Conductivity as found as 43 uS and TDS as 28 ppm in the ssample CMP-41. Maximum value of pH 7.95 was found in sample CMP-4 at Sharda Ghat, Near Panchmukhi mandir, Champawat. Additionally, Electric Conductivity was found as 818 uS and TDS as 539 ppm in the sample no. CMP-30. In Almora district, average Co was found as 0.0068, Cr 0.0017, Pb as 0.1244, Zn as.0609, Mn as 0.0769 and Cu as -0.0015. Minimum Co was found as 0.0010, Cr as -0.0003, Pb as 0.0686, Zn as 0.0037, Mn as 0.0006 and Cu as -0.0040. Maximum Co was found as 0.0240, Cr as 0.0034, Pb as 0.2258, Zn as 6.7165, Mn as 0.2700 and Cu as 0.0010 in the samples of Almora district.

In Pithoragarh district, average Co was found as -0.0609, Cr as 0.0113, Pb as 0.2556, Zn as 0.3658, Mn as 0.0394 and Cu as -0.0023. Minimum Co was measured as -0.7148, Cr as - 0.0025, Pb as 0.0666, Zn as -0.0296, Mn as -0.1176 and Cu as -0.0090. Maximum was found as 0.3403, Cr as 0.0384, Pb as 0.7024, Zn as 4.0084, Mn as 1.9295 and Cu as 0.0040. In the Chamoli district, average values of Co was found as 0.0003, Cr as 0.0063, Pb as d 0.2887, Zn as 2.2504, Mn as 0.0049 and cu as -0.0058.

As far as concerned with district Champawat, average Co was found -0.4808, Cr as 0.0035, Pb as 0.2127, Zn as 1.0400, Mn as 0.1132 and Cu as -0.0015. Minimum Co values were registered as -1.5805, Cr as -0.0016, Pb as 0.1383, Zn as -0.0205, Mn as 0.0025 and Cu as -0.0050. Maximum Co values are recorded as 0.4223, Cr as 0.0072, Pb as 0.2743, Zn as 0.4719, Mn as 0.3736 and Cu as 0.0020.

In the analyzed samples from Nainital district, a Co was found as 0.0012, Cr as 0.0008, Pb as 0.1351, Zn as 0.2095, Mn as 0.0151 and Cu as -0.0102. Minimum Co values were measured as -0.0130, Cr as -0.0023, Pb as 0.0649, Zn as -0.0001, Mn as -0.0023 and Cu as -0.0200. Maximum Co values were recorded as 0.0120, Cr as 0.0097, Pb as 0.2693, Zn as 0.8522, Mn as 0.0681 and Cu 0.0030. Analyses of all the parameters are shown in Tables 13-14.

38

Table-13 : Average, maximum and minimum values of pH, Conductivity, TDS and Arsenic in all samples S. Arsenic content Nature of Sample District Con. Value Sample No. pH Sample No. Cond. uS Sample No. TDS ppm Sample No. No. ppb 1 Hand pump U S Nagar Average - 7.57 UHP-87 452 UHP-87 300 UHP-192 100-300 2 Hand pump U S Nagar Minimum UHP-87 5.97 UHP-87 108 UHP-87 71 - - 3 Hand pump U S Nagar Maximum UHP-227 8.41 UHP-33 2180 UHP-33 1430 - - 4 Hand pump ALMORA Average - 7.43 - 262 - 173 - - 5 Hand pump ALMORA Minimum AHP-4 6.18 AHP-13 67 AHP-13 45 - - 6 Hand pump ALMORA Maximum AHP-31 9.15 AHP-45 657 AHP-45 446 - - 7 Hand pump PITHORAGRH Average - 7.50 - 424 - 279 - - 8 Hand pump PITHORAGRH Minimum PHP-12 6.86 PHP-12 179 PHP-12 117 - - 9 Hand pump PITHORAGRH Maximum PHP-22 8.62 PHP-48 820 PHP-48 543 - -

Hand pump CHAMOLI Average - 7.84 - 281 - 183 - - 10 11 Hand pump CHAMOLI Minimum CHP-21 6.79 CHP-5 110 CHP-5 72 - - 12 Hand pump CHAMOLI Maximum CHP-11 9.12 CHP-3 604 CHP-3 397 - - 13 Hand pump CHAMPAWAT Average CMP-23 7.30 CMP-14 405 CMP-14 267 - - 14 Hand pump CHAMPAWAT Minimum CMP-30 6.44 CMP-41 43 CMP-41 28 - - 15 Hand pump CHAMPAWAT Maximum CMP-4 7.95 CMP-30 818 CMP-30 539 - - 16 Hand pump NAINITAL Average - 7.85 - 279 - 186 - - 17 Hand pump NAINITAL Minimum NHP-1 7.19 HHP-8 107 HHP-8 70 - - 18 Hand pump NAINITAL Maximum NHP-9 9.91 HHP-10 1627 HHP-10 1083 - - 19 Hand pump Mansoon Report Average - 7.13 - 376 - 249 - - 20 Hand pump Mansoon Report Minimum UHP 98-1 6.31 UHP 98-1 88 UHP 98-1 60 - - UHP 100-1 21 Hand pump Mansoon Report Maximum 7.71 UHP 108-1 738 UHP 108-1 486 - - UHP 107-1

Table-14 : Average, maximum and minimum values of Co, Cr, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu in all samples S. Nature of Con. Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample District Sample No. Co Cr Pb Zn Mn Cu No. Sample Value No. No. No. No. No. - Hand pump U S Nagar Average 1 0.0272 0.0029 0.3590 0.0867 0.0211 0.0114 UHP- UHP- UHP- - Hand pump U S Nagar Minimum UHP-86 UAW-5 UHP-30 2 -0.0140 106 -0.0099 0.1337 -0.0039 101 -0.0037 176 0.0180 UHP- UHP- UHP- UHP- Hand pump U S Nagar Maximum UHP-131 UHP-33 3 0.0540 0.0114 292 0.6789 297 2.6542 192 0.3906 297 0.0020 39

- Hand pump ALMORA Average 4 0.0068 0.0017 0.1244 1.0609 0.0769 0.0015 - Hand pump ALMORA Minimum AHP-31 AHP-10 AHP-20 AHP-31 AHP-20 AHP-33 5 0.0010 -0.0003 0.0686 0.0037 0.0006 0.0040 6 Hand pump ALMORA Maximum AHP-4 0.0240 AHP-31 0.0034 AHP-45 0.2258 AHP-6 6.7165 AHP-6 0.2700 AHP-6 0.0010 - Hand pump PITHORAGRH Average 7 -0.0609 0.0113 0.2556 0.3658 0.0394 0.0023 - Hand pump PITHORAGRH Minimum PHP-18 PHP-33 PHP-6 PR-2 PHP-49 PHP-17 8 -0.7148 -0.0025 0.0666 -0.0296 -0.1176 0.0090 9 Hand pump PITHORAGRH Maximum PHP-60 0.3403 PHP-22 0.0384 PHP-4 0.7024 PHP-29 4.0084 PHP-21 1.9295 PHP-56 0.0040 - Hand pump CHAMOLI Average 10 0.0003 0.0063 0.2887 2.2504 0.0049 0.0058 - Hand pump CHAMOLI Minimum CHP-17 CHP-13 CHP-2 CHP-22 CHP-16 CHP-22 11 -0.0040 0.0046 0.2582 0.0042 0.0031 0.0070 - 12 Hand pump CHAMOLI Maximum CHP-11 CHP-17 CHP-26 CHP-13 CHP-2 CHP-2 0.0040 0.0071 0.3150 6.7165 0.0115 0.0030 - 13 Hand pump CHAMPAWAT Average -0.4808 0.0035 0.2127 1.0400 0.1132 0.0015 - 14 Hand pump CHAMPAWAT Minimum CMP-39 CMP-42 CMP-35 CMP-35 CMP-6 CMP-21 -1.5805 -0.0016 0.1383 -0.0205 0.0025 0.0050 15 Hand pump CHAMPAWAT Maximum CMP-33 0.4223 CMP-39 0.0072 CMP-26 0.2743 CMP-32 8.4719 CMP-35 0.3736 CMP-47 0.0020 - 16 Hand pump NAINITAL Average 0.0012 0.0008 0.1351 0.2095 0.0151 0.0102 - 17 Hand pump NAINITAL Minimum BHP-6 BHP-20 HHP-4 BHP-19 BHP-26 HHP-6 -0.0130 -0.0023 0.0649 -0.0001 -0.0023 0.0200 18 Hand pump NAINITAL Maximum BHP-11 0.0120 BHP-19 0.0097 NHP-9 0.2693 BHP-27 0.8522 BHP-27 0.0681 BHP-28 0.0030 19 Hand pump Mansoon Report Average 0.0034 0.0039 0.1679 2.6595 0.0045 0.0928 UHP UHP UHP UHP UHP - 20 Hand pump Mansoon Report Minimum UHP 86-1 0.0020 96-1 0.0003 111-1 0.0332 98-1 0.0043 111-1 0.0009 86-1 0.0070 UHP UHP UHP UHP UHP 21 Hand pump Mansoon Report Maximum UHP 111-1 0.0060 86-1 0.0087 86-1 0.3951 96-1 7.4672 98-1 0.0080 111-1 0.4920

40

7. CONCLUSION

Out of a total of 569 samples, we have found Arsenic content in 1 sample of Udham Singh Nagar. 15 Samples fail in pH value, 22 Samples in Electric Conductivity, 22 samples in Total Desolved Solid and 1 samlple in Desolved Oxygen. A total of 215 Samples fail in Pb, 5 in Zinc, 25 in Manganese and 1 samlple in Copper content (see Table 15).

Table-15: Percentage wise values of all samples from six districts (AHP=Almora hand pump, CHP=Chamoli hand pump, NHP-Nainital hand pump, UHP= Udham Singh Nagar hand pump, PHP= Pithoragarh hand pump, UHP 98-1- monsoon sample. Arsenic Sample Total Arsenic Cond. Cond. TDS DO content TDS % DO % pH pH % Code Samples % uS % ppm ppm ppb AHP 45 ------4 8.9 CHP 27 ------4 14.8 CMP 47 - - 2 4.3 2 4.3 - - 1 2.1 NHP 49 - - 1 2 1 2 - - 2 4 UHP 300 1 0.3 16 5.3 16 5.3 1 0.3 2 0.7 PHP 66 - - 3 4.5 3 4.5 - - 1 1.5 UHP- 35 ------1 10 X-1 Grand 1 22 22 1 15 Total Sample Total Co Mn Mn Cu Cu Cr ppm Cr % Pb ppm Pb % Zn ppm Zn % Code Samples ppm ppm % pmm % AHP 45 - - - 10 22.2 1 2.2 3 6.7 - CHP 27 - - - 8 29.6 1 3.7 - - CMP 47 - - - 26 55.3 2 4.3 12 25.5 - NHP 49 - - - 41 83.7 - - - UHP 300 - - - 61 20.3 - 3 - - PHP 66 - - - 65 98.5 - 7 - - UHP- 35 - - - 4 11.4 1 2.9 - 1 2.9 X-1 Grand 215 5 25 1 Total

In general and percentage-wise, from Udham Singh Nagar, 0.3% samples fail in Arsenic, 5.3% in Electric Conductivity and Total Desolved Solids, 0.3% in Desolved Oxygen, 0.7% in pH, 20.3% in Pb and 1% in Mn. From Chamoli district, 8.9% samples failed in pH, 29.6% in Pb and 3.7% in Zinc. From Champawat District, 2.1% samples failed in pH, 4.3% in Electric Conductivity and TDS, 55.3% in Pb, 4.3% in Zinc and 25.5% in Mn. From Nainital district, 4% sample failed in pH, 2% in Electric Conductivity and TDS and 83.7% in Pb. From Pithoragarh district, 1.5% Fail in pH, 4.5% in Electric Conductivity and TDS, 98.5% in Pb and 10.6% in Mn. As far as concerned with the monsoon samples from Udham Singh Nagar, 10% samples fail in pH, 11.4%

41 in Pb, 2.9% in Zinc and 2.9% in Copper. Table 16 demonstrates the adverse effects of various parameters.

Table-16: Health effects, sources and treatment of chemical parameters. IS 10500-1991 Desirable :6.5 – 8.5, Permissible :No relaxation Risks or effects Low pH - corrosion, metallic taste, High pH – bitter/soda taste, pH Sources Natural Treatment Increase pH by soda ash, Decrease pH with white vinegar / citric acid IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 500 mg/l , Permissible : 2000 mg/l Hardness, scaly deposits, sediment, cloudy colored water, Risks or effects staining, salty or bitter taste, corrosion of pipes and fittings TDS Livestock waste, septic system, Landfills, nature of soil, Hazardous Sources waste landfills, Dissolved minerals, iron and manganese Treatment Reverse Osmosis, Distillation, deionization by ion exchange IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 0.1 mg/l , Permissible : 0.3 mg/l Brownish color, black stains on laundry and fixtures at .2 Risks or effects mg/l, bitter taste, altered taste of water-mixed beverages Mn Sources Landfills, Deposits in rock and soil Ion Exchange , Chlorination, Oxidizing Filter , Green-sand Treatment Mechanical Filter IS:10500-1991 Desirable: 0.05 mg/l Permissible: No relaxation Weight loss; Depression; Lack of energy; Skin and nervous Risks or effects system toxicity As Previously used in pesticides (orchards), Improper waste disposal or Sources product storage of glass or electronics, Mining, Rocks Activated Alumina Filtration, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation, Treatment Chemical Precipitation, Ion exchange, lime softening IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 0.05 mg/l, Permissible : No relaxation Skin irritation, skin and nasal ulcers, lung tumors, gastrointestinal Risks or effects effects, damage to the nervous system and circulatory system, Cr accumulates in the spleen, bones, kidney and liver Sources Septic systems, Industrial discharge, mining sites Treatment Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 0.05 mg/l, Permissible : 1.5 mg/l Anemia, digestive disturbances, liver and kidney damage, Risks or effects gastrointestinal irritations, bitter or metallic taste; Blue-green Cu stains on plumbing fixtures Leaching from copper water pipes and tubing, algae treatment, Sources Industrial and mining waste, wood preservatives, Natural deposits Treatment Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 0.05 mg/l, Permissible : No relaxation Pb Reduces mental capacity (mental retardation), interference with Risks or effects kidney and neurological functions, hearing loss, blood

42

disorders, hypertension, death at high levels Paint, diesel fuel combustion, Pipes and solder, discarded batteries, Sources paint, leaded gasoline, Natural deposits Treatment Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon , Reverse Osmosis, Distillation IS 10500-1991 Desirable: 5 mg/l, Permissible: 15 mg/l Risks or effects Metallic taste Zn Sources Leaching of galvanized pipes and fittings, paints, Natural deposits Treatment Ion Exchange Water Softeners, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation

References

Gupta, Sakshi, Deepak Khare and Nitin Mishra (2016). Quality Analysis of Roof-Top Rainwater Harvested In different materials at high temperature.

Gupta, Sakshi, Deepak Khare and Nitin Mishra. (2016). Analysis of the quality of harvested rainwater from the top of roofs in diverse materials at low temperature. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9,47.

IS10500, B. I. S. (2012). Indian Standard Drinking Water– Specification (Second revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi.

Rajdeo Kumar, Ashish Chauhan and Laxmi Rawat (2018). Physio-chemical analysis of surface water and ground water in selected sites of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. 45 p.

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