ISSN 0216-2873 ISSN Vol.41, No.1, June 2016 No.1, June Vol.41,

Marine Research in Indonesia Volume 41, Number 1, June 2016 : 1-49 15−19 37−49 1−14 27−35 21−26 ISSN 0216-2873 ISSN ...... Satoshi Honda, Dina Muthmainnah, Ni Komang Suryati, Dian Oktaviani, Somboon Siriraksophon, Amornpiyakrit Taweekiet and Budi Prisantoso Iskandar Ernawati Widyastuti and Dwi Listyo Rahayu Asep and Pratama, Sumarto Idham Firdaus, Ridwanudin, Dwiono Putro Anggoro Sigit Muhammad A’an Muhammad Reza Cordova and Wahyudi J. Hollanda Arief Kusuma, Indra Jaya Manik Munandar Henry and Turbo Turbo Rahayu and Rahayu Accreditation No. 731/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016 Parasesarma Raouli Raouli Parasesarma L., 1758) at Lombok, Indonesia Effect of Various DietaryGrowth Seaweeds of on the Chrysostomus Gold-Mouth Turban ( New Record of of Record New Ng, 2009 (Crustasea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) Archipelago, Indonesia from the Riau Current Status and in Indonesia Anguillid Eel Fishery Statistics on Problems of the Catch Logging Instrument to Help Scientific Diver Logging Instrument to Help Scientific in Coral Reef Monitoring Microplastic In the Waters Southwestern Sumatera Deep-Sea Sediment of Design and Implementation of Electronic Marine Research in Indonesia Marine Research 1, 2016 41, No. Vol. ISSN 0216-2873

Vol. 41, No. 1, 2016

MARINE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA (No. 731/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016)

MARINE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA (MRI) has been published since 1956 focused on physical, chemical, biological and geological oceanography research of the Indonesian and its adjacent waters e.g., Indian and West Pacific Oceans. MRI accomodates Research Articles (at least 5 pages printed pages); Reviews, State-of-the-art evaluations of defined research areas (up to 15 printed pages); Notes or short Communication, brief reports of important new information deserving priority publication or important personal views on hot topics (up to 4 printed pages); Comments, critical, fair assessments of published works and Reply Comments, replies to comments (normally 2 to 3 printed pages). MRI is published twice a year in June and December.

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Reviewers Adi Nugraha (Oceanography, Tokyo University of marine Science and Technology, Japan) Anugerah Nontji (Marine Ecology, Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, Indonesia) Augy Syahailatua (Marine Ecology-Pelagic System, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia) Iskhaq Iskandar (Oceanography Physic, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia) Kandaga Pujiana (Oregon State University, USA) Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria (Marine Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia) Mulyadi (Plankton Taxonomy, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia) Pradina Purwanti (Marine Biology and Taxonomy, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia) Suharsono (Marine Biology / Ecology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)

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Marine Research in Indonesia Vol. 41, No. 1, 2016

Current Status and Problems of the Catch Satoshi Honda, Dina Muthmainnah, Statistics on Anguillid Eel Fishery in Indonesia Ni Komang Suryati, Dian Oktaviani, Somboon Siriraksophon, Taweekiet Amornpiyakrit and Budi Iskandar Prisantoso ...... 1−14

New Record of Parasesarma Raouli Rahayu and Ernawati Widyastuti and Dwi Listyo Ng, 2009 (Crustasea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) Rahayu ...... 15−19 from the Riau Archipelago, Indonesia

Effect of Various Dietary Seaweeds on the Asep Ridwanudin, Muhammad Growth of Gold-Mouth Turban (Turbo Firdaus, Idham Sumarto Pratama and Chrysostomus L., 1758) at Lombok, Indonesia Sigit Anggoro Putro Dwiono ...... 21−26

Microplastic In the Deep-Sea Sediment of Muhammad Reza Cordova and A’an Southwestern Sumatera Waters J. Wahyudi ...... 27−35

Design and Implementation of Electronic Hollanda Arief Kusuma, Indra Jaya Logging Instrument to Help Scientific Diver and Henry Munandar Manik ...... 37−49 in Coral Reef Monitoring

i ii MARINE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA ISSN 0216-2873 Publish: June 2016

The descriptors given are free terms This abstract sheet may be reproduced without permission or charge

DDC: 597.9 DDC: 595.3 Current Status and Problems of the New Record of Parasesarma Raouli Catch Statistics on Anguillid Eel Rahayu and Ng, 2009 (Crustasea: Fishery in Indonesia Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from the Satoshi Honda, Dina Muthmainnah, Ni Riau Archipelago, Indonesia Komang Suryati, Dian Oktaviani, Somboon Ernawati Widyastuti and Dwi Listyo Siriraksophon, Taweekiet Amornpiyakrit and Rahayu Budi Iskandar Prisantoso Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 15−19 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13 A specimen of Parasesarma raouli (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) was collected from the To compensate the decline of the populations mangrove area of Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau of temperate anguillid eels, tropical anguillid Archipelago, Indonesia in Oktober 2014. This eels become getting attention of East Asian eel species previously was known only from Johor market in recent years. Many eel farms have strait, Peninsular Malaysia. Its color in life is been established in Java Island to culture tropical recorded for the first time. anguillid eels intending to export the products to East Asia. Since eel farming is reliant on wild- Keywords: Parasesarma raouli, new record, caught anguillid eels such as glass eels, elvers and taxonomy, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia yellow eels, these eel seeds have been captured DDC: 579.88 in various places in Indonesia. However, it is still unknown that how much of tropical anguillid eels Effect of Various Dietary Seaweeds On are caught as seeds for eel farming. This study The Growth of Gold-Mouth Turban showed two different patterns of the commodity (Turbo Chrysostomus L., 1758) chains of eel seeds from both Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Province to the eel farms in Java at Lombok, Indonesia Island. Official catch statistics on anguillid eels found in both Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Asep Ridwanudin, Muhammad Firdaus, Province were also analyzed on their features and Idham Sumarto Pratama and Sigit Anggoro problems underlied. Considering the sustainable Putro Dwiono use of anguillid eel resources and critical stances Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.40, No.1, 2016: 21−26 on exploitation of eel seeds from all over the world, the Indonesian government should take Gold-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostomus an immediate action for developing the national L., 1758) is an important source of protein for catch statistics on anguillid eel fishery as soon as coastal people in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, possible. Indonesia. In order to acquire its seed production technique, research on the culture of the species Keywords: tropical anguillid eel, glass eel, was carried out since 2012. Feed source is a commodity chain, statistics, eel fishery key concern when culturing animal, including turban snail. Growth of gold-mouth turban fed with seaweed Gracilaria sp., Ulva spp., and Kappaphycus alvarezii was evaluated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30

iii snail juveniles with an initial body weight and DDC: 639.9736 shell length of 4.65 ± 0.00g and 24.55 ± 0.08mm, Design and Implementation of respectively. After six weeks feeding trial, snails fed with Gracilaria sp. diet had significantly Electronic Logging Instrument to higher (P < 0.05) in final weight, final shell length, Help Scientific Diver in Coral Reef weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and food Monitoring intake compared to snails fed with Ulva spp. or K. Hollanda Arief Kusuma, Indra Jaya and alvarezii diets. Henry Munandar Manik Keywords: Turbo chrysostomus, snail, growth, Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49 seaweed, diet. Indonesia is situated in the Coral Triangle region that has the world’s highest coral reef DDC: 571.95 biodiversity. Therefore, coral reef monitoring needs to be conducted regularly to assess the Microplastic in the Deep-Sea Sediment condition of coral reef ecosystem for management of Southwestern Sumatera Waters purpose. There are several coral reef monitoring Muhammad Reza Cordova and A’an J. methods available such as the line intercept Wahyudi transect (LIT), point intercept transect (PIT), photo Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35 transect, belt transect and benthic towed-diver. In Indonesia, LIT and PIT are the most commonly Indonesia is recently ranked second as the used methods for coral monitoring. However, world’s largest plastic wastes producer. Plastic there is a main disadvantage when collecting data is a very durable material that can be degraded using these methods, that is scientific divers need by thermal oxidation with ultraviolet radiation to spend hours to input the data after dives. Here, and/or mechanically to smaller sizes. Degraded we introduce an electronic logging instrument plastic with size less than 5mm is referred called Coral Input Data Instrument that helps to to as microplastic. Here, we investigate the decrease the input data time by employing a look- pervasiveness of microplastic pollution by up table system that simplifies data input process studying deep-sea sediments retrieved from by replacing text with numerical coding. In western Sumatera in the eastern Indian Ocean addition, water quality data such as temperature, during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (EWIN) depth and visibility also are embedded in the 2015 research cruise. The cruise, which took electronic logging instrument. The instrument place between May 7-18, is part of Indonesia’s hardware consists of Arduino Mega 2560, contribution to the ongoing International Indian keypad 4x3, LCD Module 16x2 character, real Ocean Expedition-2 (IIOE-2) campaign. Deep- time clock, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, sea sediments were taken at depths ranging from visibility sensor and micro SD card module. 66.8 to 2182m and microplastic characterization Arduino IDE 1.6.5 software is used to program of the sediments was carried out following a the microcontroller. In this paper, we describe the modified flotation method. Our finding reveals that design and implementation of the instrument in microplastics are present in 8 out of 10 sampling the field. locations. We find 41 particles of microplastic in the forms of the granule (35 particles) and fiber Keywords: instrumentation, coral reef (6 particles). Most or 20 microplastic particles are monitoring, water quality, Arduino found at depths less than 500m. Furthermore, the presence of microplastics in the western Sumatera sediments at more than 2000m deep confirms that plastics have pervaded marine environments including pristine areas despite being a relatively recent material that started being produced in the early 19th century.

Keywords: microplastic, sediment, pollution, Sumatera, eastern Indian Ocean

iv Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

CURRENT STATUS AND PROBLEMS OF THE CATCH STATISTICS ON ANGUILLID EEL FISHERY IN INDONESIA

Satoshi Honda1*, Dina Muthmainnah1, 2, Ni Komang Suryati1, 2, Dian Oktaviani1, 3, Somboon Siriraksophon4, Taweekiet Amornpiyakrit4 and Budi Iskandar Prisantoso1, 3

1Inland Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (IFRDMD) -SEAFDEC, Jl. Gubernur H. A. Bastari No. 08, Kel. Silaberanti, Kec. Seberang Ulu I, Palembang, South Sumatera, 30252, Indonesia 2Research Institute for Inland Fishery, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Gubernur H. A. Bastari No. 08, Kel. Silaberanti, Kec. Seberang Ulu I, Palembang, South Sumatera, 30252, Indonesia 3Center for Fisheries Research and Development, Jl. Pasir Putih No. 1, Ancol Timur, North Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia 4SEAFDEC Secretariat, P.O. Box 1046, Kasetsart Post Office, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10903, Thailand *Correspondence author: [email protected]

Received: April 2016 Accepted: July 2016

ABSTRACT

To compensate the decline of the populations of temperate anguillid eels, tropical anguillid eels become getting attention of East Asian eel market in recent years. Many eel farms have been established in Java Island to culture tropical anguillid eels intending to export the products to East Asia. Since eel farming is reliant on wild-caught anguillid eels such as glass eels, elvers and yellow eels, these eel seeds have been captured in various places in Indonesia. However, it is still unknown that how much of tropical anguillid eels are caught as seeds for eel farming. This study showed two different patterns of the commodity chains of eel seeds from both Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Province to the eel farms in Java Island. Official catch statistics on anguillid eels found in both Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Province were also analyzed on their features and problems underlied. Considering the sustainable use of anguillid eel resources and critical stances on exploitation of eel seeds from all over the world, the Indonesian government should take an immediate action for developing the national catch statistics on anguillid eel fishery as soon as possible.

Keywords: tropical anguillid eel, glass eel, commodity chain, statistics, eel fishery

INTRODUCTION into “Critically Endangered” species on IUCN Red List (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014a; Jacoby et The international market for cultured eels al., 2014a; Jacoby and Gollock, 2014b). European exceeded 200,000 t in 2000 and reached the peak eel has also been listed on CITES Appendix II, as 275,014 t in 2009 (FAO, 2015). However, and its international trade has been restricted resources of temperate anguillid eels such as since 2009 (CITES, 2015a). Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), European eel (A. anguilla) and American eel (A. rostrata) To compensate the shortage of supply from decreased rapidly in recent years. Both Japanese these temperate anguillid eels, tropical anguillid and American eels have been classified into eels represented by shortfin eel (A. bicolor) “Endangered”, European eel has been classified become getting the attention of East Asian eel

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.94 1 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13 market in recent years (Jacoby et al., 2014b). The MATERIALS AND METHODS large-scale eel farms, many of them were funded by foreign investors, have been established Investigations were conducted at two study mainly in Java Island since late 2000’s and started sites; one was Palabuhan Ratu (also called culturing tropical anguillid eels (Farmi, 2014). Pelabuhan Ratu), and the other one was Bengkulu. Palabuhan Ratu is the administrative capital of Eel farming, including the cases of tropical Sukabumi Regency, West Java Province, located anguillid eels, is reliant on wild-caught anguillid on the southwest coast of West Java facing the eels such as glass eel, elver and yellow eels as Indian Ocean. There is the Cimandiri River, seeds for culture (Crook and Nakamura, 2013). and the fishing ground of glass eel is formed at These seeds are collected and captured in various its river mouth. Bengkulu is the administrative places in Indonesia then transported to the eel capital of Bengkulu Province, located on the farms in Java Island. Since eel seeds are also southwest coast of Sumatera Island and also natural resources, the decrease and collapse of facing the Indian Ocean. There are some rivers anguillid eel resources caused by overfishing with a variety of their width in its scale (Figure may occur. However, it is quite difficult to know 1). how much eel seeds are fished in Indonesia in the present situation. The data on official statistics of anguillid eel catch and shipment were collected from In this paper, we investigated two different the officers of the local governments of both patterns of the commodity chains of eel seeds Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu province, for aquaculture, about the location and distance also at Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station of between the fishing ground and eel farms. We Fatmawati Soekarno Airport, Bengkulu. The also explained some official statistics and the additional information on anguillid eel fisheries other information of anguillid eel fisheries that such as opening and closing season of glass eel we found along with the commodity chains of fishery and the maximum number of glass eel eel seeds, with some critical issues. Finally, we fisherman at the peak season at the mouth of the recommended the need of establishing national Cimandiri River, and some other non-quantitative statistics on anguillid eel fishery and developing information were obtained by interviewing with the inventory system of catch statistics on eels in the fisherman, eel collectors (middleman/traders Indonesia. specialized in treating the eel seeds) and eel farmers in the region.

Figure 1. Map of two study sites (Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu province)

2 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

RESULTS These glass eels are reared in the eel farms to the marketable size. Finally, eels are processed to Commodity chains of eel seeds for farming baked eel called “Unagi-kabayaki”, a Japanese The distribution routes of eel seeds for style cuisine. Since almost all the eel farms farming are clarified with reflecting the features in Indonesia locate in Java Island, glass eels of the distance between the fishing ground and captured in Sukabumi Regency are transported eel farms. by land (Soetanto, personal communication). Upper diagram of Figure 2 shows the Lower diagram of Figure 2 shows the distribution route of glass eel captured in distribution route of yellow eels captured in Sukabumi Regency to the eel farms schematically. Bengkulu Province to the eel farms in Java Island At first, fishers catch glass eels at the mouth of schematically. At first, fishers catch yellow eels, the rivers in Sukabumi Regency, represented by not glass eels, in the middle basin using traps the Cimandiri River, using scoop net. Next, eel called “Bubu”. Next, eel collectors gather yellow collectors gather glass eels from fishers, rearing eels and then send them to the eel farms located the glass eels for a few days in their temporal in Java Island by air. These yellow eels are reared rearing tank, then transport them to the eel farms. in the eel farms to the marketable size. Finally, eels are processed to “Unagi-kabayaki” too.

Figure 2. Schematic figure of the distribution routes of eel seeds and the points for collecting statistics by the authorities on its commodity chains in Java and Sumatera Islands, Indonesia

Catch statistics in Sukabumi Regency statistics of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency, including Palabuhan Ratu Along with these commodity chains of eel (Table 1, Figures 3 - 4). As shown in the upper seeds, three different kinds of catch and shipping diagram of Figure 2, the local government officers statistics on eel seeds were found, one was in collected catch data of anguillid eels at each stage Sukabumi Regency, the other two statistics were through eel collectors (Leni, an officer of local in Bengkulu Province. government of Sukabumi Regency, personal In 2014, the local government of Sukabumi communication). However, it is necessary to Regency collected a monthly catch and trade exercise caution when interpreting these statistics

3 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13 at each stage in relation to its classification of Sukabumi Regency. However, it seems that criteria of juvenile anguillid eels. There were four these classification criteria are skeptical and may stages and size categories of anguillid eel catch, contain misunderstanding on both the features “Glass eel stage I” (transparent) and “stage II” and size ranges at each stage. Despite these (pigmented as black on the whole body), “Elver” possible problematic issues on classification (3 - 5cm in length), and “Product size” (larger and definition at each stage of juvenile anguillid than 5cm). Since the features of their body color eels, we use these criteria as is, because it was and size ranges of each stage were not described the only information that we had gotten on the on the original statistics, all these classification statistics. The problems on classification criteria criteria described in the brackets were based on are discussed later. the interview with the officer in local government

Table 1. Monthly catch statistics of anguillid eels with transaction at each stage in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia in 2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015) Glass eel Stage I Glass eel Stage II Elver Product size Month Transaction Transaction Transaction Transaction Catch Catch Catch Catch (2014) (IDR in (IDR in (IDR in (IDR in (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) thousands) thousands) thousands) thousands) Jan. 37.8 94,500 67.5 101,250 1,876.5 750,600 576.8 86,520 Feb. 26.7 66,750 87.6 131,400 1,346.3 538,520 867.4 130,110 Mar. 45.7 114,250 95.6 143,400 1,024.7 409,880 658.4 98,760 Apr. 27.7 69,250 56.8 85,200 1,056.7 422,680 345.2 51,780 May 18.5 46,250 16.7 25,050 756.4 302,560 367.7 55,155 Jun. 21.7 54,250 25.9 38,850 472.5 189,000 257.5 38,625 Jul. 68.7 171,750 67.5 101,250 843.6 337,440 167.3 25,095 Aug. 78.3 195,750 65.8 *98,700 756.4 182,920 214.8 32,220 Sep. 70.6 176,500 73.6 110,400 472.5 120,560 257.5 17,070 Oct. 112.6 171,750 87.6 101,250 573.8 337,440 138.6 25,095 Nov. 214.7 195,750 198.4 *98,700 367.2 182,920 178.5 32,220 Dec. 235.7 176,500 150.8 110,400 254.2 110,560 219.4 17,070 Total 958.7 1,533,250 993.8 1,145,850 9,800.8 3,885,080 4,249.1 609,720 *Both total sales of “Glass eel Stage II” in Aug. and Nov. were corrected into 1/10 from the original figures by authors considering the unit price (See Fig. 5).

Figure 3 shows the monthly catch at the 2,679 million) and accounted for 54% of the stage of anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency in total sales of anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency 2014. This graph demonstrates the difference of in 2014. peak seasons of catch at each stage. The amount of glass eel catch (both “Glass eel stage I” and The monthly trends of the unit prices of “Stage II”) peaked at the year-end of 2014. On anguillid eels at each stage in 2014 are also the other hand, “Elver” and “Product size” were calculated from both monthly catch and monthly caught much at the beginning of the year 2014 transaction at each stage (Figure 5). This figure then gradually decreased toward the end of the shows two interesting things. One is the younger year. stages of anguillid eel were more expensive (like “Glass eel stage I” and “Stage II”), older and The monthly trends of the transaction volume grown stages of anguillid eel became cheaper and the annual sales of anguillid eels at each stage (“Elver” and “Product size”). Another one is that are shown in Table 1 and Figure 4. These indicate the unit prices of anguillid eels kept same prices that the total sales of “Elver” in 2014 (Indonesian through first three-quarters then the unit price of Rupiah (IDR) 3,885 million) was higher than the glass eel suddenly fell in the last quarter in 2014. total of “Glass eel stage I” and “Stage II” (IDR

4 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Figure 3. Monthly catch statistics of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency in 2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)

Figure 4. Monthly statistics of transaction of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency in 2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)

Figure 5. Monthly trends of the unit prices of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency in 2014, derived from the catch statistics and the transaction of eels shown in Table 1, Figs. 3 and 4. Prices in the graph indicate the unit prices of each stage when the prices were stable in first half of the year

The numbers of individuals and the average no information regarding the average weight of price of one individual of both “Glass eel” elver with 3–5cm in length that was caught in and “Elver” caught in Sukabumi Regency in West Java in 2014. Although there are several 2014 were also estimated under the following kinds of literatures that show the length – weight assumptions. We had adopted the average weight relationship of glass eels in West Java and other of “Glass eel” as 0.17g from certain eel farmers places in Indonesia (Sugeha and Suharti, 2008; in West Java as a results of the acceptances Hakim et al., 2015; Sugeha and Genisa, 2015), of glass eels in 2014, (Anonymous, personal there are only a few references which denote communication). On the other hand, there was the weight range of juveniles named “elver”.

5 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13

Therefore, we set four different conditions of the 2015 (Leni, personal communication), we have average weight of “Elver” as 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and not received them yet and therefore we could 10.0g, heavier a little or quite than that in glass not use these data for analyses in this paper. eels (0.17g) with referring from the literature which described the weight range of the elver of Catch/Shipping statistics in Bengkulu A. bicolor bicolor caught in India, ranging 0.16 The local government of Bengkulu - 2.0g with 55 – 100mm in length (Dorairaj et Province had collected the yearly statistics of al., 1980). As a result of the estimation, there yellow eel catch and its transaction at each were 11,485 thousand individuals of glass eel Regency in Bengkulu Province from 2009 to were caught in Sukabumi Regency in 2014. 2013 (Table 3). It was assumed that the local Regarding “Elver”, it varied widely with the government officers would collect the catch assumptions of the average weight of “Elver”. data on anguillid eels from the eel collectors Under the assumption that the average weight of same as in Sukabumi Regency though, it has “Elver” was 0.5g, annual catch of “Elver” was not been confirmed in its specific method of estimated as 19,602 thousand individuals and data collection (lower diagram in Figure 2). it was much greater than that of “Glass eel”. Under the different condition of average weights Another kind of statistics on anguillid eel of “Elver” as 1.0, 2.0 and 10.0g, estimated in Bengkulu Province has been collected at the annual catches of “Elver” decreased inversely quarantine station in the airport (lower diagram as follows, 9,801, 4,900 and 980 thousand in Figure 2). When eel collectors sent yellow eel individuals respectively. In this connection, unit from Bengkulu to eel farms in Java Island by air, prices of “Glass eel stage I and II”, “Elver” under Fatmawati Fish quarantine station in Fatmawati the several assumptions of their average weight Soekarno Airport in Bengkulu recorded the are also shown in the right column of Table 2. monthly quantity of shipping yellow eels in 2014, except December (Table 4). Although the The statistics that we have gotten were statistics also, contain the number of individuals, limited only in 2014 up to the present. Although these figures are automatically calculated from we had confirmed that there are successive the monthly weight under the assumption that catch statistics on anguillid eels from 2013 to one individual of eel weighs 200g on average.

Table 2. Monthly catch statistics of anguillid eels with transaction at each stage in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia in 2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)

Annual Annual *Unit price **Avg. catch in ***Price transaction Annual catch at 1 kg weight No. ind. at No. Stages at ind. (IDR in weight (kg) (IDR/kg) (g) 1kg (ind./kg) (x 103 (IDR) thousands) ind.)

Glass eel Stage I 1,533,250 958.7 1,599,301 0.17 5,882 5,639 272 Glass eel Stage II 1,145,850 993.8 1,152,999 do. do. 5,846 196 Glass eel Stage I+II 2,679,100 1,952.5 1,372,138 do. do. 11,485 233 Elver ( 0.5g/ind.) 3,885,080 9,800.8 396,404 0.5 2,000 19,602 198 Elver ( 1.0g/ind.) do. do. do. 1.0 1,000 9,801 396 Elver ( 2.0g/ind.) do. do. do. 2.0 500 4,900 793 Elver (10.0g/ind.) do. do. do. 10.0 100 980 3,946 * Unit prices of eel at 1kg at each stage are calculated by a weighted mean of monthly catch, transaction, and also weight ratio between “Glass eel Stage I” and “Glass eel Stage II” (Table 1). ** Avg. weight of “Glass eel” was assumed based on the interviews with certain eel farmers (pers. comm.). Variety of Avg. weight of “Elver” was selected by referring to the literature described the size and weight of A. bicolor bicolor elver in India; 55 - 100mm in length and 0.16 - 2.0 g in weight (Dorairaj et al., 1980).

6 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Figure 6 shows the yearly catch/shipping DISCUSSION statistics of yellow eel in Bengkulu Province, combined with both catch statistics (2009 - 2013) Eel fishery and catch statistics in Sukabumi and shipping statistics (January to November Regency 2014). It seems that the amount of shipment of According to certain eel farmers whom we yellow eel in 2014 rapidly increased, three times interviewed with, the mouth of the Cimandiri higher than the total catch in 2013 and before. River is one of the largest glass eel fishing Although we inquired both the local grounds in Indonesia. More than 1,500 part-time government and the quarantine station to confirm fisherman scooping the glass eels in the peak the existence of previous and latest statistics, season (in preparation). Fahmi and Hirnawati we have not gotten any replies from them yet. (2010) showed that 86% of the glass eel caught

Table 3. Yearly catch statistics of yellow eel with transaction at each Regency in Bengkulu Province from 2009 to 2013 (Local government of Bengkulu Province, 2015)

Catch weight (kg) Regency Transaction 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (IDR in thousands) 450 2,000 2,600 1,550 4,000 South Bengkulu 11,200 43,500 62,500 53,625 100,000 100 4,000 100 1,060 1,200 Rejang Lebong 2,000 95,000 2,500 24,780 23,040 3,000 4,200 2,300 5,370 1,600 North Bengkulu 60,000 105,000 92,000 149,250 40,000 2,000 5,000 0 5,200 5,200 Kaur 50,000 115,000 0 200,000 260,000 5,400 11,000 6,000 7,000 6,000 Seluma 110,000 267,500 180,000 177,000 204,000 1,000 6,800 6,000 2,300 1,600 Mukomuko 20,000 170,000 180,000 51,000 24,000 1,000 0 0 2,280 800 Lebong 24,500 0 0 55,000 10,000 840 0 0 0 0 Kepahiang 21,000 0 0 0 0 120 3,000 2,500 2,000 4,000 Bengkulu city 3,000 70,500 100,000 50,000 100,000 0 1,200 2,000 8,900 2,000 Central Bengkulu 0 30,000 60,000 288,401 40,000 13,910 37,200 21,500 35,660 26,400 Total 301,700 896,500 677,000 1,049,056 801,040 ***Prices of one individual of eel at each stage and conditions are calculated by a weighted mean of monthly transaction and number of catch at each stage and conditions. in the Cimandiri River was A. bicolor bicolor. It seems that the time lag of the peaks From these results, it is expected that the total of catches between “Glass eel” and “Elver” amount of glass eel of A. bicolor bicolor and its indicates the seasonal migration pattern and fluctuation supplied from the Cimandiri River subsequent growth of juveniles of anguillid eels are grasped roughly on the catch statistics of in Sukabumi Regency (Figure 3). That is, glass anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency.

7 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13

Table 4. Monthly statistics of yellow eel shipping from Fatmawati Soekarno Airport in Bengkulu in Jan.-Nov., 2014 (Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station, Bengkulu, 2015)

Month No. times of shipping *No. ind. Weight (t) Jan. 8 8,700 1.74 Feb. 6 6,825 1.37 Mar. 10 54,240 10.85 Apr. 7 11,757 2.35 May 13 25,200 5.04 Jun. 8 18,550 3.71 Jul. 10 25,800 5.16 Aug. 7 218,700 43.74 Sep. 5 15,600 3.12 Oct. 8 14,118 2.82 Nov. 9 17,033 3.41 Total 91 416,523 83.30 *Number of individuals were calculated from the total weight with the assumption that average weight at individual would be 200 g.

Figure 6. Combined bar graph of both yearly catch statistics of yellow eels in Bengkulu Province from 2009 to 2013 (Local government of Bengkulu Province, 2015) and shipping statistics in Jan.-Nov. 2014 (Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station, 2015) eel migrates to the shore of Sukabumi Regency The first peak of glass eel fishery also matched facing the Indian Ocean in the fourth quarter then with the surge of glass eel collection in the fourth are captured at the river mouths. At the beginning quarter in the catch statistics, despite the fact that of the next year, many of the glass eels they the second peak had not detected in the statistics had reached last year end grow into elver then though. This hypothesis basis on only one year of captured. According to the information obtained catch statistics and therefore the year-end of 2014 from glass eel fisherman, eel collectors and eel was not adjacent to the beginning of 2014. If we farmers relying on the eel seeds taken from the can get successive catch statistics on anguillid river mouth of the Cimandiri River, the glass eel eel in both 2013 and 2015 successfully in future, fishery opens with the the rainy season and the this hypothesis can be verified in detail, with peak of the catch comes in both beginning (fourth comparison of the other studies regarding the quarter) and ending (second quarter) of the rainy migration season of glass eels toward the Indian season. This information matched the trend of Ocean side of Java Island (Arai et al., 1999; glass eel catch in Sukabumi Regency in 2014. Sugeha and Genisa, 2015).

8 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Interestingly, the annual transaction of criterion between elver and yellow eel is rather “Elver” in 2014 exceeded that of “Glass eel” vague and often varies by person and area. For (Table 1, Figure 4). Despite the weighted mean instance, if the “Elver” contained the bigger of unit price of “Elver” in 2014 (IDR 396,404/kg) individuals who were larger than 5cm in length was only 25 - 34% of that of “Glass eel” (stage and their average weight was 10g, estimated I: IDR 1,599,301/kg, stage II: IDR 1,152,999/ the number of “Elver” catch decreased into 980 kg) (Table 2, Figure 5), total amount of catch of thousand individuals, less than one-tenth of the “Elver” in 2014 (9.8t) was five times higher than estimated number of glass eel catch. This would the total amount of “Glass eel” catch in 2014 be acceptable result considering the features of (1.9 t). These results indicate that much amount anguillid eel fisheries in Sukabumi Regency. of catch of “Elver” in weight pushed up the total Also, the classification criterion between “Glass sales of “Elver” higher than that of “Glass eel” eel stage II” and “Elver” has the question too. In in 2014 (Table 1). However, it is rather skeptical general, “glass eel” means juveniles of anguillid from the perspective of the estimated catch eels with clear bodies, while already pigmented numbers (Table 2). It is natural thought that the juveniles are called “elvers” (Arai et al., 1999; assumed weight of elver ranging 3-5cm in length Tesch, 2003; Silfvergrip, 2009; Sugeha and weighs 0.5 - 1.0g at most, based on the literature Genisa, 2015). If these classification criteria (Dorairaj et al., 1980). Under the assumption of would apply to the stages on the catch statistics 0.5g of the average weight of “Elver”, estimated on anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency, “Glass number of “Elver” catch (19,602 thousand ind.) eel stage II (pigmented as black on the whole exceeded the number of “Glass eel” catch (11,485 body)” must be regarded as “elver” instead of thousand ind.). Under another option as 1.0g “glass eel”. Although the names of juvenile was adopted, estimated number of “Elver” catch anguillid eels such as “glass eel” and “elver” are (9,801 thousand ind.) reached 85% of the number commonly used in the anguillid eel fishery and of “Glass eel” catch. It seems that these estimated eel farming industry, the definition and biological number of “Elver” catch are too much comparing criteria of them are vague. Crook and Nakamura to the number of “Glass eel” catch. As described (2013) pointed out that the terms “glass eels” above, Sukabumi Regency including Palabuhan and “elvers” were often used interchangeably Ratu is a famous place as one of the biggest glass on its size ranges at each area, country and also eel fishing grounds in Indonesia. As we mentioned the species. Bertin (1956) showed the biological before, there are over 1,500 fisherman collecting stages of both larval and juvenile stages of glass eel, not containing elvers nor larger ones, anguillid eels with characteristics of emerging at the river mouth of the Cimandiri River in of the pigmentation and their position of the the peak season to meet the demand of the eel body. To prevent the misunderstanding and unify farmers as seeds for culture (in preparation). the stages of juvenile anguillid eels among the Considering such features and targeted stage areas, countries and species, introducing these of anguillid eel fishery in Sukabumi Regency, biological criteria to the authorities who collect estimated number of “Elver” catch under the and establish the catch statistics on juvenile assumptions that their average weight as both 0.5 anguillid eels is one of the preferable measures. and 1.0g are overestimated in comparison with the estimated a number of collected “Glass eel”. Eel fishery and catch statistics in Bengkulu These results indicate that the average weight of Province “Elver” in the catch statistics must be heavier There are two features on anguillid eel fishery than 1.0g, and therefore, the size range of 3-5cm in Bengkulu Province. One is its target size and in length for “Elver”, noted by the official of the stage of eels. According to certain eel farmers, local government, must be too small. rearing glass eel into elver needs high-level These results suggest the possibilities of technique of eel culture. Many middle and small- contamination of errors in the catch statistics. scale eel farms in Indonesia have not overcome One conceivable error is the opportunity to over- this barrier yet and have to start eel farming from estimation of annual catch of “Elver”. Another yellow eels (unpublished). This condition creates possible error is the misunderstanding of the size the demands for yellow eels as seeds. Another range of “Elver”. Unlike glass eel, classification feature is the adoption of air transportation to

9 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13 take eel seed from Bengkulu, Sumatera Island, In the process of evaluating the fish stock, catch to eel farms in Java Island, because of its great per unit effort (CPUE) is often used for describing distance. This condition brought us the chance the relative trend of fluctuation of fish resources. to find alternative statistics collected by fish CPUE requires two kinds of data; one is the quarantine station at the airport. amount of catch, and another one is the fishing effort. Although the amount of catch is described Combined bar graph of catch statistics (Table on the official catch statistics, fishing effort is not 3) and shipping statistics (Table 4) of yellow contained in the official catch statistics as of now. eels indicates the abrupt increase of catching a yellow eel in 2014 (Figure 6). However, this Through this study, we also conducted the surge of eel catch and shipping in 2014 should interviewing with the eel collectors to explore be carefully interpreted, because of the difference the possibility of collecting the alternative time- in their data sources. Since the catch statistics in series data of both catch and efforts for anguillid 2009 - 2013 and the shipping statistics in 2014 eel fishery. are collected independently by different offices with different criteria, it is not certain whether In Palabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi Regency, we both statistics could express the same target contacted certain eel collectors then obtained daily (= eel catch) and attributes, the same standard data of glass eel collection and the approximate on measuring the weight and so on. Because number of fishers who worked in the last several of the absence of overlapping period between years. Since this attempt has just started, we have both statistics, it is also difficult to evaluate the not completed the detailed analysis of the data existence of an “offset” between two statistics. yet. Since we could get the approval from the eel If additional statistics in successive years collectors to receive the latest data regularly, it could be obtained successfully in future, it will will facilitate us to monitor both catch and the promote the verification of anguillid eel catch effort (number of fishers) then get the continuous and shipping then enable us to evaluate catch trend of CPUE. trend on anguillid eel in Bengkulu Province by In Bengkulu Province, we have also started cross-checking between two different statistics. searching alternative sources of data from the Regardless of these problems in the present private sector. We requested eel collectors to situation, the existence of the other sources of send us the monthly report regarding the amount statistics, such as shipping statistics, is healthy of anguillid eel catch (weight and number), the condition for confirming the real situation of number of fisher and fishing gears. Since last two anguillid eel fishery. This advantage will help indices are regarded as fishing effort, we expect us on treating the long-term catch statistics of that we will get time-series data of CPUE on anguillid eels in Bengkulu Province. yellow eel fishery in Bengkulu Province as well. Searching alternative sources of data on eel Since both trials are just getting started from fisheries the end of 2015, it will take several years to As described above, comparison and cross- evaluate the results whether we can observe the checking among the statistics and information annual trend of CPUE properly. from different sources are the effective measure Another missing information on the present to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of these official statistics is the species composition at statistics. We could find two different kinds of each river and fishing ground. Although it would statistical data regarding eel seeds in Bengkulu be rather easier to identify the species on stages Province, despite it also required additional of both yellow and silver eels for the fisherman data for cross-checking, though. However, in and eel collectors, it is difficult to classify the Sukabumi Regency, there was only one catch species on glass eel and elver, especially for the statistics collected by local government. To enumerators. To grasp the species composition support its validity, it would be better if there and its stability at the major fishing grounds, would be any other kinds of indices that express scientific researches on species identification in the trend of anguillid eel fishery. Also, present regular intervals are also needed to complement official statistics lack the indices of fishing effort. the official catch statistics.

10 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Need to develop national catch statistics on tropical anguillid eel resources and efficient anguillid eel fishery measures for regulating the fishing activities appropriately. Considering these measures, catch It was opportune that we could obtain the statistics are the fundamental and indispensable official catch statistics on anguillid eels in information. Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Province. We could also get other statistics from the fish The Indonesian government should quarantine station in the airport in Bengkulu. immediately develop the national catch statistical However, in other places, we have encountered data on anguillid eel fisheries which cover the the difficulties of searching catch statistics on major fishing grounds of anguillid eels and also anguillid eels very often. establish the inventory system for the statistics on anguillid eels. It is the first step of anguillid In Indonesia, catch statistics of the inland eel resources management, and it will become fishery are collected by each local government, a model for the other countries that has used independently from the supervision of the national anguillid eel resources in Southeast Asia. government. Therefore, latest catch statistics on anguillid eel have not been summarized. Furthermore, Ministry of Marine and Fishery, the competent authorities of the inland fishery CONCLUSION in Indonesia, may not know how and where Both the commodity chains and the existence anguillid eels catch data can be collected (Prof. of official catch and shipping statistics of Kartamihardja, personal communication). Since anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency, Bengkulu the catch statistics are one of the most basic Province and Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station information to evaluate the present status of were described. Although these official statistics fisheries and resources, the present situation seemed to be useful for the investigation of is a serious defect as leading country of using anguillid eel catch and seasonal migration of anguillid eel resources in Southeast Asia. juveniles of anguillid eels, these statistics were Recently, we often read and hear “CITES” often fragmented and had any possibilities of relating to the exploitation of tropical anguillid containing errors. Detailed investigation on the eels. CITES, the Convention on International contents of these statistics is needed for analyses. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and On the other hand, interviewing with the eel Flora, is an international agreement between fisherman, eel collectors, and eel farmers brought governments and their aim is to ensure that us the alternative data regarding anguillid eel international trade in specimens of wild animals fishery. Statistical information of anguillid eel and plants does not threaten their survival collection taken by eel collectors will assist the (CITES, 2015b). If it is regarded that the usage confirmation process of the seasonal trend of of tropical anguillid eels will not be appropriate anguillid eel fishery by cross-checking with the from the perspective of sustainable use of eel official catch statistics. Additional information resources, tropical anguillid eel species might regarding the fishing efforts such as numbers of be listed on CITES Appendix II or higher. If so, fisher and fishing gears will enable us to calculate the international trade of tropical anguillid eels CPUE then evaluate the relative abundance would also be restricted, same as European eel of anguillid eel resources in the near future. (A. anguilla), then eel farmers in Indonesia and the other Southeastern Asia would lose the chance Fisheries statistics are one of the most important to export any eel products virtually. If Indonesia basic data for considering the current status and and the other Southeastern Asian countries desire recent trend of fish resources. Since the present to use tropical anguillid eel resources including situation and its usage of anguillid eel resources international trade continuously, they have to in Indonesia attract considerable attention from express their principle and attitude for sustainable all over the world, Indonesian government should use of tropical anguillid eel resources, such as develop the catch statistical data on anguillid systems for observing the stock condition of eels and establish the inventory system of the statistics on anguillid eel fishery immediately,

11 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13 not only for sustainable use of anguillid eel Crook, V. & Nakamura, M. (2013). Glass eels: resources but also for future development and Assessing supply chain and market impacts conservation of the eel industry in Indonesia. of a CITES listing on Anguilla species. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 25 (1), 24-30. Dorairaj, K., Soundararajan, R. & Kandasami D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (1980). Eel culture in India. Mar. Fish. Inf. We would like to express our appreciation Serv. 23, 1-7. to the following offices, institutes and persons: Fahmi, M. R. (2014). The impact of regulation Mr. Subtomy and Ms. Leni belonging to the banning export of glass eels for Indonesian local government of Sukabumi Regency, Local eels culture. Oral presentation at the Government of Bengkulu Province, Fatmawati International Symposium on Conservation, Fish Quarantine Station in Fatmawati Soekarno Management and Trade of Anguilla bicolor Airport in Bengkulu, certain eel farms in Java eel in Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, Nov. Island and certain eel collectors in both Bengkulu 2014. and Palabuhan Ratu. We would also like to express our gratitude to Mr. H. Ishitani, President Fahmi, M. R. & Hirnawati, R. (2010). Director of PT. Jawa Suisan Indah, and Mr. J. Keragaman ikan sidat tropis (Anguilla sp.) di Soetanto, Director of PT. Iroha Sidat Indonesia, perairan Sungai Cimandiri, Pelabuhan Ratu, for their offering of the information regarding Sukabumi. In A. Sudrajat (Ed.), Prosiding tropical eels and eel culture industries in Forum Inovasi Teknologi Akuakultur 2010. Indonesia. We have learnt much on management Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan of inland fishery in Indonesia from Prof. E. S. Perikana Budidaya, Badan Penelitian dan Kartamihardja, Research Institute for Fisheries Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan. Enhancement and Conservation, MMAF. We (Proceedings of a seminar: Technological would also like to show our appreciation to three innovation of aquaculture in Indonesia anonymous referees for giving us the useful 2010. Center for Aquaculture Research and suggestions to improve the original manuscript. Development, AMAFRAD. in Indonesian). This research project has been supported FAO (2015). Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics by Japanese Trust Fund, Government of Japan. (Global aquaculture production 1950- 2013) (FishStatJ). In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (online). Rome. REFERENCES (Updated March 2015). http://www.fao.org./ fishery/statistics/software/FishStatJ/en. Arai, T., Limbong, D., Otake, T. & Tsukamoto, K. (1999). Metamorphosis and inshore Hakim, A. H., Kamal, M. M., Butet, N. A. & migration of tropical eels Anguilla spp. In the Affandi, R. (2015). Species composition Indo -Pacific.Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 182, 283- of freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) in eight 293. rivers flowing to Palabuhanratu bay, Sukabumi, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu dan Bertin, L. (1956). Eels – a biological study. Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 7 (2), 573-585. London: Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd., 192pp. (in Indonesian) CITES (2015a). Convention on International Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M., Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Hammerson, G. A. & Gollock, M. and Flora, Appendices I, II and III (online). (2014a). Anguilla rostrata. The IUCN Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.cites.org/ Red List of Threatened Species 2014: eng/app/appendices.php e.T191108A72965914. http://dx.doi. org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS. CITES (2015b). What is CITES? (online). T191108A72965914.en. Downloaded on 25 Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.cites.org/ January 2016. eng/disc/what.php

12 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Jacoby, D. & Gollock, M. (2014a). Anguilla Silfvergrip, A.M.C. (2009). CITES Identification japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Guide to the Freshwater Eels (Anguillidae). Species 2014: e.T166184A1117791. http:// Report 5943, Version 1.1. March 2009. dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS. Stockholm: The Swedish Environmenta T166184A1117791.en. Downloaded on 25 Protection Agency, 133pp. http:// January 2016. www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/ publikationer/978-91-620-5943-9.pdf. Jacoby, D. & Gollock, M. (2014b). Anguilla Downloaded on 6 May 2016. anguilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T60344A45833138. http:// Sugeha, H. Y. & Suharti S. R. (2008). dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS. Discrimination and distribution of two T60344A45833138.en. Downloaded on 25 tropical short-finned eels (Anguilla bicolor January 2016. bicolor and Anguilla bicolor pacifica) in the Indonesian Waters. The NAGISA Westpac Jacoby, D., Harrison, I. J. & Gollock, M. Congress, 1-14. (2014b). Anguilla bicolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: Sugeha, H. Y. & Genisa M. U. (2015). External e.T166894A67015710. http://dx.doi. and internal morphological characteristics of org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS. glass eels Anguilla bicolor bicolor from the T166894A67015710.en. Downloaded on 25 Cibaliung River estuary, Banten, Indonesia. January 2016. Oceanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 40 (1), 37-48.

13 14 New Record of Parasesarma Raouli... (Ernawati Widyastuti & Dwi Listyo Rahayu)

NEW RECORD OF PARASESARMA RAOULI RAHAYU AND NG, 2009 (CRUSTASEA: BRACHYURA: SESARMIDAE) FROM THE RIAU ARCHIPELAGO, INDONESIA

Ernawati Widyastuti1* and Dwi Listyo Rahayu2

1Research Center of oceanography – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara, 11430, Indonesia. 2Marine Bio-industry Implementation Unit, Research Center of Oceanography – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). P.O. Box 1124, Mataram 83000, NTB, Indonesia. *Correspondence author: [email protected]

Received: April 2016 Accepted: May 2016

ABSTRACT

A specimen of Parasesarma raouli (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) was collected from the mangrove area of Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia in Oktober 2014. This species previously was known only from Johor strait, Peninsular Malaysia. Its color in life is recorded for the first time.

Keywords: Parasesarma raouli, new record, taxonomy, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION Rahayu and Ng, 2004; P. charis Rahayu and Ng, 2005, and P. paucitorum Rahayu and Ng, 2009 Parasesarma De Man, 1895 is one of the (De Man, 1895, 1902; Yeo et al., 2004; Ng et largest genera in the family Sesarmidae and al., 2008; Rahayu and Ng, 2010). Parasesarma currently contains 34 species (Ng et al., 2008; raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009, is now added to Rahayu and Ng, 2009; Davie and Pabriks, 2010; the Indonesian fauna as it is collected for the Koller et al., 2010; Rahayu and Li, 2013). All first time from Pulau Berang, Lingga, in the Riau its members possess an entire lateral carapace Archipelago. This species belongs to the group of margin without teeth or lobes, a male palm that Parasesarma which have long ambulatory legs, has two or three distinct pectinate crests, and the and closely resembles P. prashadi (Chopra and tubercles on the dorsal margin of the dactylus Das, 1937) [India], P. anambas and P. charis in of the male chela are distinct and differentiated having three pectinate crests on the upper surface (Rahayu and Ng, 2005). Parasesarma species can of the palm cheliped (Rahayu and Ng, 2009). be separated into two groups; one with relatively short ambulatory legs and the second which has relatively long ambulatory legs (Rahayu and Ng, 2009). MATERIAL AND METHODS Of the 34 described species of Parasesarma, The specimen was collected from Pulau 12 are present in Indonesian waters, namely P. Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia, plicatum (Latreille, 1803), P. ungulatum (H. Milne in mangrove environment (Figure 1) and is Edwards, 1853) P. leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869), deposited in the Reference Collection of Research P. moluccense (De Man, 1892), P. batavianum (De Center of Oceanography (RCO) - Indonesian Man, 1890), P. calypso (De Man, 1895), P. lenzii Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia. (De Man, 1895), P. kuekenthali (De Man, 1902), Measurements provided, in millimeters, are for P. rutilimanum (Tweedie, 1936), P. anambas Yeo, the carapace breadth at the widest point followed

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.93 15 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 15−19 by the length. The abbreviation G1 is used for the 3 transverse, crests; primary (distalmost) crest male first gonopod. composed of 16 tall, broad pectinate teeth; secondary crest with 13 broader, widely spaced, RESULTS pectinate teeth; third crest much shorter than Family SESARMIDAE Dana, 1851 preceding crests, with 6 lower, more widely Genus Parasesarma De Man, 1895 spaced, pectinate teeth; cutting edge of fixed Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009 finger 0.3 times length of chela; dorsal surface of (Figs. 2, 3) dactyl with 24 symmetrical, rounded, tubercles, Parasesarma melayuensis Serène – Yang, 1979: small and closely spaced proximally, becoming 51 (nomen nudum) larger, more clearly separated distally (Figure Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009: 36, 2D). Ambulatory legs long, slender, third pair Figs. 5, 6. longest, merus 2.6 times as long as wide (Figure 2A). Male abdomen moderately broad (Figure Material examined: CRU 1283, male, 6.60mm 2C); somite 6 with slightly convex lateral margin, x 6.17mm; 0° 0'59.62"S 104°39'35.86"E, Pulau almost twice as long as wide, telson semicircular, Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, coll. E. evenly rounded. G1 (Figure 3) relatively slender, Widyastuti, 5 October 2014. straight; apical process bent to form an angle of 45%, corneous part long, tapering, ending in Diagnosis: carapace broader than long, greatest truncated tip (Figure 3C); setae long, simple, width between prominent epibranchial angles; originating at the base of the apical process. lateral margins slightly convergent posteriorly; surface relatively smooth; regions well defined; Color in life: Carapace dark brown with some short setae on lateral margin (Figure 2A); front yellow specks on the protogastric region. deflexed downward (Figure 2B). Chelipeds Chelipeds light brown with orangish brown (Figure 2D) with upper surface of palm bearing dactylus and fixed finger. Meri of ambulatory

Figure 1. Map of the sampling area in Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia.

16 New Record of Parasesarma Raouli... (Ernawati Widyastuti & Dwi Listyo Rahayu)

Figure 2. Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009. Male (6.60mm x 6.17mm): A, dorsal view of carapace and legs; B, front of cephalothorax and third maxillipeds; C, abdomen; D, outer view of right cheliped.

Figure 3. Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009, right G1. A, B, entire length of right G1. C, tip of right G1.

17 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 15−19 legs dark brown, light brown on carpi, propodi REFERENCES and dactyls. Davie, P.J.F. & L. Pabriks. (2010). A new species Distribution: Parasesarma raouli was described of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: from Sungei Melayu, Johor Strait, Johor, Sesarmidae) from the mangrove of Western Peninsular Malaysia; and now recorded from Australia. Zootaxa, 2564: 62-68. Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia. Man, J.G. De. (1890). Carcinological studies in the Leiden Museum, No. 4. Notes from the Leiden Museum, 12(13): 49-126, pls. 3-6. REMARKS Man, J.G. De. (1895). Bericht uber die von Herrn Sciffscaptan Storm zur Atejeh, an den The specimen from Pulau Berang agrees well westlichen Kuchen von Malakka, Borneo und with the description and figure of the holotype of Celebes sowie in der Java-See gesammelten P. raouli from Johor Strait, Peninsular Malaysia. Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Zoologische There are small differences in the number of Jahrbücher, Abtheilung für Systematik. pectinate crest and the relative proportion of Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 8: 485- the merus of the third ambulatory legs. In the 609, pls. 12-14. holotype of P. raouli, the number of pectinate teeth on the first, second, and third crests are 15- Man, J.G. De. (1902). Die von Herrn Professor 17, 12-15, and 6 respectively, and the merus of the Kukenthal In Indischen Archipel gesammelten third ambulatory leg is 2.8 as long as wide; while Dekapoden und Stomatopoden. In: W. in the present specimen from Pulau Berang, the Kukenthal, Ergebnisse einer zoologischen number of pectinate teeth on the crests are 16, 13 Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo. and 6 respectively, and the merus of the third leg Abhandlungen Der Senckenbergischen is 2.6 times as long as wide. These differences are Naturforschen den Gesellschaft, 25: 467-929. probably related to the size as the specimen from Berang being smaller than the holotype. Koller, P.H., C. Liu & C.D. Schubart. (2010). A new semiterrestrial species of Parasesarma The specimen was found crawling on the De Man, 1895, from Taiwan (Decapoda, base of a mangrove tree in an environment Brachyura, Sesarmidae). In: Fransen, dominated by Sonneratia alba on a sand C.H.J.M., S. De Grave & P.K.L. Ng (eds.), substrate. Apparently, P. raouli is a rare species, Studies on Malacostraca: Lipke Bijdeley the type series contain 22 specimens and never Holthuis Memorial Volume. Crustaceana been recorded again until this one specimen from Monographs, 14: 357-368. Riau. Ng, P.K.L., Guinot, D. & Davie, P.J.F. (2008). Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS world. Raffles B. Zool., Supplement 17: 1-286. The authors would like to thank Ms. Rahayu, D.L. & Li, J. (2013). A new species of Anna Manuputty as coordinator of the coral the genus Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: reef monitoring project in the Lingga, Riau Sesarmidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines, Archipelago, and all personnel involved in and redescription of P. jamelense (Rathbun, helping to collect the sample. Thanks also due 1914). Raffles B. Zool., 61(2): 633-639. to Dharmawan, E.W. from Research Center of Oceanography, LIPI, for his assistance in the field and the drawing of the map.

18 New Record of Parasesarma Raouli... (Ernawati Widyastuti & Dwi Listyo Rahayu)

Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2005). On two new Yang, C.M. (1979). A list of Brachyura in species of the genera Haberma & Parasesarma the Zoological Reference Collection of (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: the Department of Zoology. Guide no. Sesarmidae) from Papua, Indonesia. 14, Department of Zoology, University of Zoologische Mededelingen, 79-2(8), 22.vii: Singapore, 60 pp. (mimeographed). 167-178, figs. 1-6. Yeo, D.C.J., D.L. Rahayu & P.K.L. Ng. (2004). Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2009). Two new Brachyura (Crustacea) of the Anambas species of Parasesarma De Man, 1895 from Expedition 2002. In: Ng, P.K.L., D. Wowor Southeast Asia (Crustacea: Decapoda: & D.C.J. Yeo (eds.), Scientific results of the Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Zootaxa, 1980: Anambas Expedition 2002. Raffles B. Zool., 29-40.Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2010). Supplement No.11: 79-88. Revision of the Parasesarma plicatum (Latreille, 1803) species-group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Zootaxa 2327: 1-22.

19 20 Effect Of Various Dietary Seaweeds ... (Asep Ridwanudin et.al)

EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETARY SEAWEEDS ON THE GROWTH OF GOLD-MOUTH TURBAN (Turbo chrysostomus L., 1758) AT LOMBOK, INDONESIA

Asep Ridwanudin1* Muhammad Firdaus1, Idham Sumarto Pratama1, and Sigit Anggoro Putro Dwiono1

1Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical Implementation Unit, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Pemenang, Lombok Utara, NTB, Indonesia *Correspondence author: [email protected]

Received: February 2016 Accepted: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Gold-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostomus L., 1758) is an important source of protein for coastal people in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. In order to acquire its seed production technique, research on the culture of the species was carried out since 2012. Feed source is a key concern when culturing animal, including turban snail. Growth of gold-mouth turban fed with seaweed Gracilaria sp., Ulva spp., and Kappaphycus alvarezii was evaluated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 snail juveniles with an initial body weight and shell length of 4.65 ± 0.00g and 24.55 ± 0.08mm, respectively. After six weeks feeding trial, snails fed with Gracilaria sp. diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) in final weight, final shell length, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and food intake compared to snails fed with Ulva spp. or K. alvarezii diets.

Keywords: Turbo chrysostomus, snail, growth, seaweed, diet.

INTRODUCTION spp.), green algae (Ulva rigida and Codium extricatum) and brown algae (Ecklonia radiate Gold-mouth turban or Turbo chrysostomus and Inyengaria stellata) at the rate of 1.45% is a marine gastropod belongs to family to 9.5% of body weight per day (Foster and Turbinidae. Turbinid species have been identified Hodgson, 1998). as herbivorous marine invertebrates (Kikutani et al., 2002; Quiñones and Michel-Morfín, Numerous seaweeds have been reported to 2006), and consumes macroalgae around their affect growth of marine gastropods including habitat (Wernberg et al., 2008). This species abalone (Capinpin and Corre, 1996; Naidoo et was collected as a protein source by local people al., 2006; Setyono, 2006; Angell et al., 2012; living in the coastal area of Lombok island, West O’Mahoney et al., 2014), marine snail, Norrisia Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. To acquire its seed norrisi (Wakefield and Murray, 1998),Lithopoma production technique, research on the culture of undosum (Cox and Murray, 2006) and green the species was carried out since 2012. Knowledge snail, Turbo marmoratus (Setyono and Dwiono, of suitable feed is an important aspect in the 2003). Among macroalgae, Gracilaria sp., success of animal culture practice. Gut content Kappaphycus alvarezii and Ulva sp. have been analysis of Turbo brunneus showed that their reported as potential feed sources for marine diet comprises mainly of Rhodophytes such as gastropod (Granado and Caballero, 2001; Dang Hypnea sp., Ceramium miniatum and Gracilaria et al., 2011). The mass cultivation technology of sp. (Ramesh and Ravichandran, 2008). Juvenile Gracilaria sp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii have of Turbo sarmaticus could consume and digest been well developed due to increasing demand red algae (Gelidium pristoides and Corralian of seaweeds for agar and carrageenan industries

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.91 21 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 21−26

Table 1. Design for feeding trial Diets Replicate Control Gracilaria sp. G1 G2 G3 CG1 CG2 CG3 Ulva spp. U1 U2 U3 CU1 CU2 CU3 K. alvarezii K1 K2 K3 CK1 CK2 CK3

(Santelices and Doty, 1989; Ask and Avanza, was established, i.e., a reservoir containing diet 2002). So far, a study on the utilization of without any juvenile, intended to monitor growth seaweed to feed marine snail, particularly for a and decomposition rates of the diet (Table 1).Each gold-mouth turban, have rarely been performed. tank was equipped with continuous aeration, placed in the outdoor laboratory with a natural Preliminary observation showed that gold- light cycle, and covered with 3mm mesh size mouth turban consumed Gracilaria sp., and plastic netting to reduce the sunlight and prevent general preference of turban shells indicated the juvenile creeping out from the tank. Two-inch that turbo could eat Rhodopyhta, Chlorophyta PVC pipe that cut longitudinally were placed in or Phaeophyta (Foster and Hodgson, 1998). the bottom of the tanks, provided a shelter for the Therefore, this study is intended to examine snails. The tanks were cleaned every two days to the effect of different dietary seaweeds or algae remove uneaten diet and fecal material, and at (Gracilaria sp., Ulva spp. and Kappaphycus the same time, 75% of the water were changed. alvarezii) on the growth of gold-mouth turban. Uneaten diets were weighed to calculate food intake. During the study, water temperature and salinity were recorded periodically. Every two MATERIALS AND METHODS weeks, all snails were weighed individually with a digital balance (0.01g scale) and shell length Experimental Diets measured using an analog caliper. In this study, Gracilaria sp. and K. alvarezii Growth Performance were purchased from a local farm in Sekotong, West Lombok, and Ulva spp. were collected from Growth performance was evaluated based on Gerupuk waters in Central Lombok, Indonesia. weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), Juvenile gold-mouth turban were fed with the food intake (FI), food conversion ratio (FCR) algae every two days at a level of 40% of the total and survival rate (SR). Growth performance body weight within six weeks of feeding trial. parameters were calculated according to Bautista- Teruel et al. (2003) with equations as follow; Feeding Trial

WG (%) = 100 x (Wt – W0) / W0 Two hundred and seventy hatchery-reared -1 SGR (% day ) = 100 x [(ln Wt – ln W0)/t] juvenile gold-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostomus) FI (g ind-1) = total food intake (g) / N of six months old was used in this study. Those FCR = total food intake (g) / total wet juveniles were produced in the hatchery of weight gain (g) Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical SR (%) = 100 x Nt / N0 Implementation Unit, Indonesian Institute of

Sciences (LIPI). The feeding trial was carried out Where Wo (g) is the initial mean body weight, for six weeks from 4 November to 18 December Wt (g) is the final mean body weight, t (day) is 2014. Juveniles were divided into three groups feeding period, N is number of snail in each tank, of 30 individuals for three replicates of each N0 is number of snail at the start of trial and Nt is treatment. Juveniles have an average of initial number of snail at the end of trial. body weight and shell length of 4.65±0.00g and 24.55±0.08mm. Juveniles were placed into nine Statistical Analysis experimental plastic tanks containing 10L of Data were analyzed by one-way analysis filtered seawater. A set of control for each diet of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 18 software

22 Effect Of Various Dietary Seaweeds ... (Asep Ridwanudin et.al) program at a significant level P<0.05. The abalone Haliotis asinina showed that Gracilaria Further Tukey test was completed when there heteroclada could increase the weight up to 2g were significant differences between trials. in 45 days of feeding trial (Capinpin and Core, 1996). The same trend of weight gain has also been found in abalone H. tuberculata coccinea RESULTS Reeve fed with G. cornea reared for sixty days resulting in increase of more than 0.2g (Viera et Water quality measurements during the al., 2005). It seems that seaweed Gracilaria sp. study showed that the water temperature in the as a feed source was more efficient in abalone experimental tanks varied from 23 to 26oC, while than in gold-mouth turban. However, weight gain the salinity ranged from 30 to 40‰. of gold-mouth turban fed with Gracilaria sp. was higher compared to weight gain of gold-mouth The growth data of gold-mouth turban (T. turban fed with Ulva spp. and K. alvarezii in the chrysostomus) fed with different seaweed diets present study. were presented in Table 2. Final weight, final shell length, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) Gracilaria sp. indicated to be more palatable and food intake of snails fed with Gracilaria sp. for gold-mouth turban than Ulva spp. and K. were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other alvarezii. High food intake of Gracilaria sp. also diet treatments. Snails fed with Ulva spp. and K. found in abalone H. discus hannai Ino (Qi et al., alvarezii showed a decrease in weight gain and 2010). Food intake of gold-mouth turban might SGR. However, the growth of snails fed with be influenced by nutritional content of seaweed. Ulva spp. were slightly (40%) higher than snails Although the nutrition contents of the seaweed fed with K. alvarezii. The maximun food intake were not analyzed in the present study, protein was achieved in snails fed with Gracilaria sp., content of Gracilaria sp. have been reported while food intake of Ulva spp., and K. alvarezii in the range of 11.27 to 21.54% dry matter were 92% and 75% lower than food intake of (Capinpin and Corre, 1996; Viera et al., 2005; Gracilaria sp., respectively. Survival rate (SR) Viera et al., 2011). Protein from Gracilaria spp. of snails fed with K. alvarezii was significantly has also been reported to be effectively utilized lower than those of snails that received the other by abalone H. tuberculata coccinea Reeve (Qi two diets. et al., 2010). Lower protein content in Ulva sp. and K. alvarezii (2.99 and 5.35% dry matter, DISCUSSION respectively) (Capinpin and Corre, 1996; Angell In the present study, Gracilaria sp. et al. 2012) may cause a low effect in the growth promotes positive effect on the growth of snail rate of T. chrysostomus in this study. T. chrysostomus during six weeks of feeding Gold-mouth turban consumed red algae K. trial with the average weight increase of 0.08g alvarezii four times lower than Gracilaria sp. or 1.72% of initial weight. Previous study on We suspect that feed preference of the snail was

Table 2. Growth performance of snails fed different diets for six weeks.1 Diets Initial Initial Final Final Weight SGR FI (g/ FCR SR weight shell weight shell gain (% / day/ (%) (g) length (g) length (%) day) ind) (mm) (mm) Gracilaria sp. 4.65 ± 24.56 ± 4.73 ± 27.17 ± 1.84 ± 0.04 ± 12.62 11.22 ± 97 ± 0.04 0.16 0.14a 2.82a 2.69a 0.06a ± 2.26a 157. 76 5.77a Ulva spp. 4.65 ± 24.64 ± 4.57 ± 25.26 ± -1.47 ± -0.03 ± 1.83 ± -50.54 ± 99 ± 0.03 0.12 0.04b 0.12b 1.67b 0.04b 0.29b 39.16 1.92a K. alvarezii 4.64 ± 24.46 ± 4.51 ± 24.96 ± -2.84 ± -0.07 ± 3.21 ± -41.84 ± 70 ± 0.05 0.13 0.04b 0.12b 1.82b 0.04b 0.57c 37.55 8.82b 1 Values are mean ± SD, obtained from three replicates (n=3) with 30 snails for each tank. Different superscripts in each column indicate significantly different mean values (P<0.05).

23 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 21−26 also influenced by the degree of toughness of the CONCLUSION seaweed. The results of this study were supported by McShane et al. (1994) who found that the The present study clearly indicates that toughness of seaweed has a significant influence seaweed Gracilaria sp. is prospective to be on food intake of abalone H. rubra, tough seaweed used as a diet for gold-mouth turban (Turbo being consumed less than soft seaweed. The low chrysostomus L., 1758) without negative effect consumption rate of K. alvarezii compared to on the growth performance. Gracilaria sp. has also been found in abalone H. asinina (Capinpin and Corre, 1996). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The low food intake of gold-mouth turban fed with Ulva spp. in the present study might be This study was funded by the Government of related to the chemical compound of the seaweed. Indonesia through Mataram Marine Bio Industry Some species of Ulva have been reported to Technical Implementation Unit, Indonesian produce dimethylsulfide (DMS) that could act Institute of Sciences (LIPI) fiscal year 2014 as feeding deterrents for marine herbivores (Van under project title “Gold-mouth turban (Turbo Alstyne and Houser, 2003; Erickson et al., 2006). chrysostomus) culture”. We would like to thank However, the percentage of the final weight of Dr. D.L. Rahayu for assistance in preparing this gold-mouth turban fed with Ulva spp. was twice manuscript. We are also grateful to Balkam F. as high as snail fed with K. alvarezii. Badi for providing gold-mouth turban used in the present study. We thank the anonymous reviewers Foster et al. (1999) found that enzyme for comments that improved the manuscript. activity of structural polysaccharide carrageenan was low in the digestive gland of marine gastropod T. sarmaticus fed with red, green and brown algae. In contrast, Rhodophyta K. REFERENCES alvarezii is an excellent source of carrageenan Angell, A.R., I. Pirozzi, R. de Nys & N.A. Paul. (Hayashi et al., 2007; Hung et al., 2009; Hayashi (2012). Feeding preferences and nutritional et al., 2011), and it reflects that low growth value of tropical algae for the abalone Haliotis performance of T. chrysostomus fed with K. asinina. PLoS ONE 7, e38857. doi:10.1371/ alvarezii might be related to carrageenan content journal.pone.0038857. and low enzyme activity. Foster et al. (1999) also showed that digestive enzyme activities of Ask, E.I. & R.V. Avanza. (2002). Advances storage polysaccharide of red algae were higher in cultivation technology of commercial compared to green and brown algae in marine eucheumatoid species: a review with gastropod T. sarmaticus. They demonstrated that suggestions for future research. Aquaculture, digestive enzyme activity in the digestive gland 206, 257-277. doi:10.1016/S0044- of storage polysaccharide glycogen and amylose 8486(01)00724-4. were 180.8 and 147.9 (μg-1 ml-1 h-1) mg-1 protein, respectively. Bautista-Teruel, M.N., A.C. Fermin, S.S. Koshio. (2003). Diet development and evaluation for Foster and Hodgson (1998) reported that juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinina: animal and apparent dry matter digestibility of red algae plant protein sources. Aquaculture, 219, 645- Gelidium pristoides and green algae Ulva rigida 653. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00410-6. in T. sarmaticus ranged from 1.06 to 2.32%, and from 2.85 to 8.91%, respectively. It could Capinpin Jr, E.C., & K.G. Corre. (1996). Growth be assumed that low growth performance of T. rate of the Philippine abalone, Haliotis chyrsostomus in the present study is due to low asinina fed an artificial diet and macroalgae. apparent dry matter digestibility of red algae K. Aquaculture, 144, 81-89. doi:10.1016/S0044- alvarezii. 8486(96)01332-4.

24 Effect Of Various Dietary Seaweeds ... (Asep Ridwanudin et.al)

Cox, T.E. & S.N. Murray. (2006). Feeding cellular structure of Kappaphycus alvarezeii preference and the relationships between (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultured in vitro. food choice and assimilation efficiency in the J. Appl. Phycol., 23, 439-447. doi:10.1007/ herbivorous marine snail Lithopoma undosum s10811-010-9595-6. (Turbinidae). Mar. Biol., 148, 1295-1306. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0166-3. Hung, L.D., K. Hori, H.Q. Nang, T. Kha & L.T. Hoa. (2009). Seasonal changes in growth rate, Dang, V.T., Y. Li, P. Speck & K. Benkendorff. carrageenan yield and lectin content in the (2011). Effect of micro and macroalgal diet red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in supplementations on growth and immunity Camranh Bay, Vietnam. J. Appl. Phycol., 21, of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata. 265-272. doi:10.1007/s10811-008-9360-2. Aquaculture, 320, 91-98. doi:10.1016/j. aquaculture.2011.08.009. Kikutani, K., H. Ohba & H. Yamakawa. (2002). Distribution and gut contents of the green Erickson, A.A., V.J. Paul, K.L. Van Alstyne snail Turbo marmoratus in Tokunoshima & L.M. Kwiatkowski. (2006). Palatability Island, Ryukyus (southern Japan). J. Tokyo of macroalgae that use different types of Univ. Fisheries, 88, 47-52. chemical defenses. J. Chem. Ecol., 32, 1883- 1895. doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9116-x. McShane, P.E., H.K. Gorfine & I.A. Knuckey. (1994). Factors influencing food selection Foster, G.G. & A.N. Hodgson. (1998). in the abalone Haliotis rubra (Mollusca: Consumption and apparent dry matter Gastropoda). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 176, 27- digestibility of six intertidal macroalgae by 37. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(94)90195-3. Turbo sarmaticus (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae). Aquaculture, 167, 211-227. Naidoo, K., G. Maneveldt, K. Ruck & J.J. Bolton. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00315-9. (2006). A comparison of various seaweed- based diets and formulated feed on growth rate Foster, G.G., A.N. Hodgson & C.S. Boyd. (1999). of abalone in a land-based aquaculture system. Polysaccharolytic activity of the digestive J. Appl. Phycology, 18, 437-443. doi:10.1007/ enzymes of the macroalgal herbivore, Turbo s10811-006-9045-7. sarmaticus (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. O’Mahoney, M., O. Rice, G. Mouzakitis & G. Part B, 122, 47-52. doi:10.1016/S0305- Burnell. (2014). Towards sustainable feeds 0491(98)10139-6. for abalone culture: Evaluating the use of mixed species seaweed meal in formulated Granado, I. & P. Caballero. (2001). Feeding feeds for the Japanese abalone, Haliotis discus rates of Littoria striata and Osilinus atratus hannai. Aquaculture, 430, 9-16.doi:10.1016/j. in relation to nutritional quality and chemical aquaculture.2014.02.036. defences of seaweeds. Mar. Biol., 138, 1213- 1224. doi:10.1007/s002270100544. Qi, Z., H. Liu, B. Li, Y. Mao, Z. Jiang, J. Zhang & J. Fang. (2010). Suitability of two seaweeds, Hayashi, L., E.J. de Paula & F. Chow. (2007). Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Sargassum Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four pallidum, as feed for the abalone Haliotis strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, discus hannai Ino. Aquaculture, 300, 189-193. Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.01.019. of São Paulo State, Brazil. J. Appl. Phycol., 19, 393-399. doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9135-6. Quiñones, O.E.H. & J.E. Michel-Morfín. (2006). Population structure and accompanying biota Hayashi, L., G.S.M. Faria, B.G. Nunes, C.S. of the snail Turbo (Callopoma) funiculosus Zitta, L.A. Scariot, T. Rover, M.R.L. Felix (Gatropoda: Turbinidae), on Socorro Island, & Z.L. Bouzan. (2011). Effects of salinity Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico. Rev. on the growth rate, carrageenan yield, and Biol. Trop., 54 (4), 1079-1084.

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Ramesh, R. & S. Ravichandran. (2008). Feeding Viera, M.P., J.L. Gómez-Pinchetti, G. Courtois biology with reference to alga preference and de Vicose, A. Bilbao, S. Suárez, R.J. Haroun scanning electron microscopy studies on the & M.S. Izquierdo. (2005). Suitability of radula of Turbo brunneus. Trends in Applied three red macroalgae as a feed for the Sci. Res., 3 (2), 189-195. abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve. Aquaculture, 248, 75-82. doi:10.1016/j. Santelices, B. & M.S. Doty. (1989). A Review of aquaculture.2005.03.002. Gracillaria farming. Aquaculture, 78, 95-133. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(89)90026-4. Viera, M.P., G. Courtois de Vicose, J.L. Gómez- Pinchetti, A. Bilbao, H. Fernandez-Palacios Setyono, D.E.D. and Dwiono, S.A.P. (2003). & M.S. Izquierdo. (2011). Comparative Feeding rate and growth of juvenile green performances of juvenile abalone (Haliotis snail (Turbo marmoratus) fed by macroalgae. tuberculata coccinea Reeve) fed enriched vs Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan ISOI. non-enriched macroalgae: Effect on growth Jakarta 10-11 Desember 2003. and body composition. Aquaculture, 319, 423- Setyono, D.E.D. (2006). Food preferences for 429. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture. 2011.07.024. juvenile tropical abalone (Haliotis asinina). Wakefield, R.L. & S.N. Murray. (1998). Factors Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 41, influencing food choice by the seaweed-eating 1-14. marine snail Norrisia norrisi (Trochidae). Mar. Van Alstyne, K.L. & L.T. Houser. Biol., 130, 631-642. (2003). Dimethylsufide release during Wernberg, T., M. White & M.A. Vanderklift. macroinvertebrate grazing and its role as an (2008). Population structure of turbinid activated chemical defense. Mar. Ecol. Prog. gastropods on wave-exposed subtidal reefs: Ser., 250, 175-181. effects of density, body size and algae on grazing behaviour. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 362, 169-179. doi: 10.3354/meps07416.

26 Microplastic In The Deep-Sea Sediment (Cordova, et.al.)

MICROPLASTIC IN THE DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN SUMATERA WATERS

Muhammad Reza Cordova1* and A’an J. Wahyudi1

1Research Center for Oceanography (RCO). Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur. Jakarta 14430. Indonesia. *Correspondence author: [email protected]

Received: March 2016 Accepted: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is recently ranked second as the world’s largest plastic wastes producer. Plastic is a very durable material that can be degraded by thermal oxidation with ultraviolet radiation and/or mechanically to smaller sizes. Degraded plastic with size less than 5mm is referred to as microplastic. Here, we investigate the pervasiveness of microplastic pollution by studying deep-sea sediments retrieved from western Sumatera in the eastern Indian Ocean during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (EWIN) 2015 research cruise. The cruise, which took place between May 7-18, is part of Indonesia’s contribution to the ongoing International Indian Ocean Expedition-2 (IIOE-2) campaign. Deep-sea sediments were taken at depths ranging from 66.8 to 2182m and microplastic characterization of the sediments was carried out following a modified flotation method. Our finding reveals that microplastics are present in 8 out of 10 sampling locations. We find 41 particles of microplastic in the forms of the granule (35 particles) and fiber (6 particles). Most or 20 microplastic particles are found at depths less than 500 m. Furthermore, the presence of microplastics in the western Sumatera sediments at more than 2000m deep confirms that plastics have pervaded marine environments including pristine areas despite being a relatively recent material that started being produced in the early 19th century.

Keywords: microplastic, sediment, pollution, Sumatera, eastern Indian Ocean

INTRODUCTION the world’s second largest plastic producer and consumer (Jambeck & Johnsen, 2015). With an The convenience of using plastics has resulted assumption that about 10% of plastics would end in its increased production throughout years with up in seas (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015), we a negative consequence to marine environments. can estimate that about 165,000 tons of plastic Being versatile, lightweight, strong, durable and waste pollute Indonesian seawaters every year. inexpensive materials, plastics are used to make The increased plastic use unfortunately poses tools, clothing, transportation and building as one of the major environmental problems materials, and more. Global plastic production today. This phenomena would endanger marine increased from about 0.5 million tons per year organisms as have been observed elsewhere in 1950 to 288 million tons in 2012. This trend (Moore et al., 2001). continued to increase at about 4% per year by 2016 (PlasticsEurope, 2010, 2013, 2015). In One concerning issue related to plastic Indonesia, the production of plastics reached 1.9 pollution is the existence of microplastic in million tons in 2013 with an average production the environment. Plastic can be degraded rate of 1.65 million tons per year (Kementerian by UV thermal oxidation and/or mechanical Perindustrian dan Perdagangan, 2013). As such, processes forming microscopic sizes (Andrady, it has been estimated that Indonesia is indeed 2011; Wagner et al., 2014). Plastic waste that

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.99 27 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35 is micrometer in size ahs been referred to as The eastern Indian Ocean especially microplastic. Aside from being a mechanically southwestern Sumatera waters is of an interest degraded plastic, microplastic in the environment for studying microplastic due to the fact that it could also come from microbeads contained is a busy domestic and international shipping in cosmetics and fabrics (Browne et al., route. This condition increases the possibility for 2011; Fendall & Sewell, 2009). Many studies receiving pollution. Furthermore, scientific data categorize microplastic as plastic waste with particularly on marine pollution and microplastic size no more than 5mm (Arthur et ald, 2009; from this area is rare. Therefore, it is important Wright et aly, 2013), while some categorize to characterize microplastic pollution in this microplastic as plastic waste with size below area by analyzing its pervasiveness in deep-sea 1mm (Browne et al., 2011; Van Cauwenberghe sediments. et al., 2013). Regardless, previous works have detected microplastics in coastal and mangrove ecosystems, the water column and even in MATERIALS AND METHODS deep-sea sediments (Claessens, et al., 2011; Mohamed Nor & Obbard, 2014; Moore et al., Deep-sea sediment sampling was conducted 2002; Thompson et al., 2004; Van Cauwenberghe during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-WIN) et al., 2013). The small size would increase research cruise between May 7-18, 2015. plastic bioavailability for digestion by marine Samples were retrieved using a 60 x 40 x 50cm organisms. Some laboratory studies show boxcore from 10 stations with depths ranging that detritivores organisms (e.g. amphipods), from 66.8 to 2182m (Figure 1). Sub-samples deposit feeders (e.g. lugworm), filter feeders were taken using a stainless steel shovel (20ml) (e.g. barnacles and bivalves), and deposit and from sediment surface within a 10cm x 5cm x suspension feeders (e.g. sea cucumber and 2cm section. Then, the samples were stored in a copepods) consume microplastics (Graham & freezer (4°C) prior to analysis at the Chemical Thompson, 2009; Thompson et al., 2004). Plastic Oceanography Laboratory of the Research consumption would irritate digestive system Center for Oceanography (Indonesian Institute of (Betts, 2008) and furthermore could cause other Sciences). serious problems since the consumed plastics may also adsorb organic pollutant (Teuten et Microplastic extraction was conducted using a al., 2009). Microplastic consumption by marine modified flotation method by using a concentrated organisms could happen as the organisms falsely saline solution at 1.18 g/l (Claessens et al., 2011; identify the microplastic as an edible food (Van Mohamed Nor & Obbard, 2014; Thompson et Cauwenberghe et al., 2012). al., 2004) and double-distilled deionized water.

Figure 1. Study site and sampling stations.

28 Microplastic In The Deep-Sea Sediment (Cordova, et.al.)

The sediments were oven dried (60°C, 24h). Particles identified as microplastic were counted To remove organic matters, the sediments were and measured. Microplastic samples were added with H2O2 and heated (90ºC), and then classified according to their sizes, which are the visible froth was removed. Dried sediment <20µm, 20-60µm, 60-100µm, 100-500µm and samples weighted 62.5g was put on erlenmeyer >500µm. And, their types were identified as fiber bottle with 250 ml concentrated saline solution, or granule. and then stirred using a mechanical shaker (200 rpm, 10 minutes). After 6 hours, the supernatant was extracted from the mixture and filtered into RESULT Whatman cellulose filter paper (diameter 47mm; pore size 0.45µm). Vacuum filtration unit was General trend used to accelerate the filtration process. Samples from the filter paper were stored in petri-disk A total of 41 microplastic particles were within a vacuum desiccator. found from eight out of ten the sampling stations (Table 1). The highest number of microplastics We conducted sample observation and (14 particles) was observed at a station located quantitative analysis using a Nikon Eclipse in the Sunda Strait at a depth of 88.5m (Station E600 microscope. The criteria for identifying 2). Microplastic particles were found only in two microplastic follows (Cole et al, (2013), namely types of sediments (i.e. sandy mud and mud), (a) organic or cellular structure is absent, (b) where 26 particles were found in the sandy homogenous in color, not shiny or sparkling, mud type of sediment and 15 particles in the (c) plastic fibers are unbranched and not tapered mud sediment. Whereas the two stations where at the ends, and (d) there is no segmented fiber. microplastic is absent are made of muddy sand

Table 1. Number of microplastic particles according to location, depth and sediment volume. Number Sediment Depth Sampling Location Latitude Longitude of Volume References (m) particles (cm3) South Atlantic Ocean 52.0°S 8.0°W 2749 1 25 Van Cauwenberghe et al. (2013) Nile Deep Sea Fan 32.4°N 31.7°E 1176 1 25 Van Cauwenberghe et al. (2013) North Atlantic Ocean 48.8°N 16.5°W 4842 3 25 Van Cauwenberghe et al. (2013) South of Portugal 37.1°N 7.5°W 27.4 6 859.03 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.2°W 9.7 6 245.44 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 37.1°N 8.6°W 19.4 1 245.44 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 36.9°N 8.9°W 18.7 1 981.75 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 36.9°N 8.9°W 18.7 1 1043.11 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.9°W 7.9 1 981.75 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.9°W 7.9 5 981.75 Frias et al (2016) South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.9°W 7.9 1 981.75 Frias et al. (2016) South of Portugal 37.0°N 9.0°W 22 4 460.19 Frias et al. (2016) Southwestern Sumatera 6.2°S 105.5°E 88.5 14 100 This study, Sandy mud Southwestern Sumatera 6.7°S 104.7°E 1962.8 4 100 This study, Mud Southwestern Sumatera 5.8°S 104.2°E 575.6 3 100 This study, Mud Southwestern Sumatera 6.1°S 103.9°E 2182 1 100 This study, Mud Southwestern Sumatera 5.1°S 103.6°E 1007.6 3 100 This study, Mud Southwestern Sumatera 4.6°S 102.4°E 503.2 4 100 This study, Mud Southwestern Sumatera 4.8°S 102.2°E 1732 0 100 This study, Muddy sand Southwestern Sumatera 5.1°S 101.9°E 719.2 0 100 This study, Mud clay Southwestern Sumatera 3.6°S 101.7°E 66.8 6 100 This study, Sandy mud Southwestern Sumatera 3.0°S 100.9°E 970.4 6 100 This study, Sandy mud

29 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35 and mud clay. Microplastics found in this study DISCUSSION are mainly observed in sampling stations with depths <500m (20 particles of microplastic, see The suspected sources Figure 2). Relatively higher amount of microplastics Our finding shows that microplastics found found in areas close to terrestrial input and in southwestern Sumatera sediments are in the along a busy shipping route is consistent with forms of granule and fiber (Figure 2). Most anthropogenic influence. The microplastic microplastics found in this study are granulates particles are found mostly from sediment from depths of less than 500 m with a total of samples taken from depths less than 500 m. These 16 particles. Fiber form is also most commonly particles were likely derived from anthropogenic found at the same depth range (<500m) with a activities on the west coast of Sumatera then total of 4 particles. carried by ocean currents (Mohamed Nor & Obbard, 2014). As for sampling station, most Based on the size classification of microplastic, or 14 particles of microplastic are found in the most observed microplastic particles in the Sunda Strait (Station 2) at a depth of 88.5 m. southwestern Sumatera sediments are those with This is a busy ocean shipping route with more the size range of 100-500µm with a total of 16 than 100,000 passengers and 2,200 ships passing particles (Figure 3). This is followed by the size by per year (Rusli, 2012). Therefore, our study range of 60-100µm (13 particles) and less than supports other works suggesting that areas near 20µm (6 particles). While the least of all are the port or along shipping traffic have high presence size range of 20-60µm and >500µm, each having of microplastic (Claessens et al., 2011). 3 particles.

Figure 2. Microplastic classification based on form.

30 Microplastic In The Deep-Sea Sediment (Cordova, et.al.)

Figure 3. Microplastic classification based on size.

Other sampling sites with higher amount of et al., 2013). Eventually, microplastic would microplastic are Station 1 (at a depth of 970.4m) reach the seabed and be covered with sand and and Station 10 (66.8m), each with 6 plastic mud (Ivar Do Sul & Costa, 2014). particles. We suspect that the high microplastic abundance came from the east coast of Sumatera The potential downward vector of microplastic specifically near Bengkulu. This area has large Marine snow is the downward export of rivers namely Bengkulu River, Jenggalu River organic matters that may also influence the and Babat River. In all, microplastic particles transport of microplastic and other pollutant. found from these three locations represent 63.4% Marine snow is a component in biogeochemical plastic particles found from all sampling sites vector of biological pump (Turner, 2015). And in this study. Indeed, the proximity to human as suggested by some studies, marine snow may activity causes higher exposure of microplastic also become a vector for microplastic downward (Frias et al., 2016). We also found microplastic transport (Goldberg, 1997; Van Cauwenberghe on the southwestern Sumatera deep-sea sediment et al., 2013). Furthermore, it has been widely sample taken at a depth of >2000m. This suggests known that the formation of marine snow is not that plastics which have been produced since merely composed of organic materials (e.g. fecal 1910 (with its mass production since the 1950s), pellets, phytodetritus, transparent exopolymer, have pervaded marine environments even in but also inorganic materials and others Graham pristine sites (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013). et al., 1999; Passow et al., 2014; Passow et al., Eventually, microplastics would fall into 2012). seabed via a process called “marine snow” The downward transport of microplastic (discussed more in the next section) and be could occur in stages along the depth. Since ingested by bottom-dwelling marine organisms plastic could adsorb organic pollutant (Teuten et that accumulate microplastics in their bodies al., 2009), it is possible that other non-pollutant (Goldberg, 1997). Plastics could reach sea bottom organic materials may also attach to plastic. at depths of >2000m within a few days or a year, This process may occur during the formation of depending on ocean currents (Van Cauwenberghe transparent exopolymer (TEP) by microorganisms

31 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35

(Turner, 2015). TEP itself attracts other materials CONCLUSION such as fecal pellets, phytodetritus from planktonic organisms, and even dead materials Microplastics found on the southwestern to aggregate into bigger sizes (M. Graham et Sumatera deep-sea sediments tend to increase al., 1999; Turner, 2015). This process would towards the main island, consistent with increased accelerate the downward export (Passow et al., anthropogenic activities. Our finding also 2014). However, the crucial downward export shows that microplastic pollution has pervaded process may happen in the twilight zone up to relatively pristine environments. We project that the upper aphotic zone (300-1000m) when the the continuing increase of plastic production and microbial process enhances biogeochemical consumption in Indonesia would lead to increased processes. Within this zone, marine snow may microplastic pollution that subsequently affects be degraded by microbes (Sanders et al., 2014), marine organisms. but the process may not affect the non-degradable ACKNOWLEDMENT microplastics. Then in the depth below 1000m, the microplastics would aggregate with freshly We thank the crew of the R/V Baruna Jaya VIII produced particulate matters (Liu et al., 2007), during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-WIN) the process that is affected by partial pressure of 2015. The research cruise is a flagship program CO2 and particle size (Passow et al., 2014). of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) that fully funded by the Government of Indonesia. We The potential impacts of microplastic also would like to thank Mr. Triyoni Purbonegoro Plastic pollution was initially seen as an for generating the maps and Dr. Cynthia Henny aesthetic problem (Galgani, Hanke, Werner, for her contribution in improving this manuscript. & De Vrees, 2013; Gregory, 2009), but many researches in recent decades show how marine animals could be negatively affected by the REFERENCES presence of plastics (Boerger, Lattin, Moore, & Moore, 2010; Galgani et al., 2013). Marine Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the organisms could be affected mainly through the marine environment. Mar. Pol. Bul. http:// winding of plastic, getting trapped by plastic doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2011.05.030 and plastic consumption (Gregory, 2009; Arthur, C., Baker, J., & Bamford, H. (2009). Thompson, Moore et al., 2009; Van Franeker et Proceedings of the International Research al., 2011). Worse, the microscopic size allows the Workshop on the Occurrence , Effects , and bioavailability of plastic through ingestion tract Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris. Group, (Betts, 2008). A number of marine organisms (January), 530. have been observed to accumulate microplastics in their bodies, including crabs (Farrell & Nelson, Betts, K. (2008). Why small plastic particles may 2013), copepods (Cole et al., 2013), blue mussels pose a big problem in the oceans. Envir. Sci. (Browne et al., 2008; Van Cauwenberghe & Tech. http://doi.org/10.1021/es802970v Janssen, 2014) and mussels (Van Cauwenberghe & Janssen, 2014). Microplastic ingested by Boerger, C. M., Lattin, G. L., Moore, S. L., & marine organisms could disrupt the functioning Moore, C. J. (2010). Plastic ingestion by of digestive tract (Cole et al., 2013) and become planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific a carrier for other organic contaminants adsorbed Central Gyre. Mar. Pol. Bul., 60(12), on microplastic such as brominated diphenyl 2275–2278. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls (Teuten et marpolbul.2010.08.007 al., 2009).

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35 36 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC LOGGING INSTRUMENT TO HELP SCIENTIFIC DIVER IN CORAL REEF MONITORING

Hollanda Arief Kusuma1*, Indra Jaya1 and Henry Munandar Manik

1Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Gedung Marine Center Lantai 3, FPIK-IPB, Bogor 16680 Indonesia *Correspondence author: [email protected]

Received: April 2016 Accepted: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is situated in the Coral Triangle region that has the world’s highest coral reef biodiversity. Therefore, coral reef monitoring needs to be conducted regularly to assess the condition of coral reef ecosystem for management purpose. There are several coral reef monitoring methods available such as the line intercept transect (LIT), point intercept transect (PIT), photo transect, belt transect and benthic towed-diver. In Indonesia, LIT and PIT are the most commonly used methods for coral monitoring. However, there is a main disadvantage when collecting data using these methods, that is scientific divers need to spend hours to input the data after dives. Here, we introduce an electronic logging instrument called Coral Input Data Instrument that helps to decrease the input data time by employing a look-up table system that simplifies data input process by replacing text with numerical coding. In addition, water quality data such as temperature, depth and visibility also are embedded in the electronic logging instrument. The instrument hardware consists of Arduino Mega 2560, keypad 4x3, LCD Module 16x2 character, real time clock, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, visibility sensor and micro SD card module. Arduino IDE 1.6.5 software is used to program the microcontroller. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the instrument in the field.

Keywords: instrumentation, coral reef monitoring, water quality, Arduino

INTRODUCTION categories and codes of English et al. (1994). Whereas the application of PIT in Indonesia could Coral reef condition is linked to natural factors adopt the codes established by COREMAP-LIPI and human activities. Changes caused by nature (Manuputty and Djuwariah, 2009). versus human activity are markedly different, therefore monitoring the impacts of human Technology that allows data collection from activities on coral reef ecosystems is important. coastal oceans in real time are important to a wide To do this, field monitoring needs to be conducted range of societal elements including academics/ regularly. Data from such observation are key to researchers, the military, resource managers, plan and assess coral reef management strategies. and marine safety and commercial operators. For instance, having real-time measurements Coral monitoring methods advance with could improve the management of accidents technological development. Some commonly involving hazardous materials, as well as increase used methods are the line intercept transect (LIT), the effectiveness of marine environmental point intercept transect (PIT), photo transect, belt monitoring. Coastal ocean data are well suited transect and benthic towed-diver (NOAA, 2015). for real time measurement since they can be The methods that are often used in Indonesia are collected on platforms with reliable and frequent LIT and PIT. LIT typically uses coral life-form communication with the shore or land.

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.96 37 Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49

For coral reef monitoring, scientific diver communication. Depth data is obtained from usually carries a slate with waterproof paper to MPX5700 from pressure, following a formula by record types of observed corals. Then the data Fofonoff & Millard (1983): are entered into a computer for further data processing. Considering many field observations h = [(((-1.82x10-15*p+2.279x10-10)* that need to be conducted across the archipelago, p-2.2512x10-5)*p+9.72659)*p]/g divers have expressed a common issue with where: the amount of time needed to input the data to h = depth (m) the computer that could take hours. Or worse, p = pressure (decibar) -2 sometimes the diver cannot read the data that g = gravity (9.8 m.s ) were written in the field. These disadvantages Note : 1 Pascal = 0.0001 decibar or 10-5 bar. motivate us to facilitate scientific divers by creating an instrument that allows efficient coral Visibility range is obtained using green laser data input. The instrument consists of a computer and light sensor TEMT6000. This visibility so that data obtained in the field can be processed measurement adopts the method by Zanezeld automatically when inputted into the computer. & Pegau (2003) which has been modified from In this paper, we also introduce a look up table Duntley (1963) and Preisendorfer (1976). The system incorporated into the instrument. light sensor yields values as light transmission coefficient which are converted to attenuation coefficient following: MATERIALS AND METHODS where: The first requirement for the instrument is that it has to be waterproof. Here, we design a waterproof case using Solidwork program. Inside the case, the placement of components is arranged using a design built by RepRap 3D Printer. Tr = Transmission Coefficient DN (l) = Digital Number on 10 cm The instrument also has to function as an DN (0) = Digital Number on 1 cm underwater e-logbook, by assisting scientific The transmission coefficient then is used to get divers to record coral data, measure water quality green laser attenuation coefficient: data and store both information in a micro SD card. Therefore the hardware of this instrument where: consists of Arduino Mega2560, real time clock cg = Green laser attenuation coefficient (m-1) DS1370, temperature sensor DS18B20, pressure sensor MPX5700, light sensor TEMT6000, ADC (analog to digital converter) 16 bit ADS1115, green laser (532nm), keypad 4x3, LCD 16x2 character and micro SD card module. l = distance between laser and light sensor (10 cm) All of these components are combined and Tr = Transmission coefficient simulated in Labcenter Electronics Proteus 8. Arduino firmware written using Arduino IDE Then, the green laser attenuation coefficient 1.6.5. Simulated data are stored in virtual SD is used to obtain attenuation coefficient (α) card file that is opened using WinImage. following: The instrument is designed so that it could From attenuation coefficient, visibility range (y) record coral data inputted manually by diver can be computed as: during coral monitoring surveys, but automatically records water quality parameters (temperature, depth, and visibility range). Temperature data is obtained from DS18B20 using 1 Wire

38 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

y = 4.55 / α number 2 (ACD) for life-form category when observing Acropora Digitate and enter number Two coral monitoring methods, LIT and PIT, 2 for genus code because this life-form belongs are accommodated by the instrument. When the to the genus Acropora. If the user selects PIT, user selects LIT, the inputs are form and genus the inputs are the numerical codes representing type codes following coral categories of English forms as shown in Table 3. This form code et al. (1994) and Veron (2000) as shown in Table follows the guideline established by COREMAP- 1 and Table 2. For example, the user would enter LIPI (Manuputty and Djuwariah, 2009).

Table 1. Type of life-form categories and codes based on English et al. (1994). Category Lifeform Code Note Hard Coral Live ACB 01 Acropora Branching ACD 02 Acropora Digitate ACE 03 Acropora Encrusting ACS 04 Acropora Submassive ACT 05 Acropora Tabluar CB 06 Non-Acropora Branching CE 07 Non-Acropora Encrusting CF 08 Non-Acropora Foliose CM 09 Non-Acropora Massive CS 10 Non-Acropora Submassive CHL 11 Heliopora CME 12 Millepora CMR 13 Mushroom Dead Coral DC 14 Dead Coral DCA 15 Dead Coral Algae Algae AA 16 Alga Asembly CA 17 Coraline Algae HA 18 Halimeda MA 19 Macro Algae TA 20 Turf Algae Biotic OT 21 Other SC 22 Soft Coral SP 23 Sponge ZO 24 Zoanthid Abiotic R 25 Rubble ROCK 26 Rock S 27 Sand Si 28 Silt

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Table 2. Type of genus based on Veron (2000).

Genus Family Code Genus Family Code Genus Family Code Acanthastrea Mussidae 1 Eusmilia Meandrinidae 38 Oculina Oculinidae 75 Acropora Acroporidae 2 Favia Faviidae 39 Oulastrea Faviidae 76 Agaricia Agariciidae 3 Favites Faviidae 40 Oulophyllia Faviidae 77 Alveopora Poritidae 4 Fungia Fungiidae 41 Oxypora Pectiniidae 78 Anacropora Acroporidae 5 Galaxea Oculinidae 42 Pachyseris Agariciidae 79 Anomastraea Siderastreidae 6 Gardineroseris Agariciidae 43 Palauastrea Astrocoeniidae 80 Astrangia Rhizangiidae 7 Goniastrea Faviidae 44 Paraclavarina Merulinidae 81 Astreopora Acroporidae 8 Goniopora Poritidae 45 Parasimplastrea Faviidae 82 Australogyra Faviidae 9 Gyrosmilia Meandrinidae 46 Pavona Agariciidae 83 Australomussa Mussidae 10 Halomitra Fungiidae 47 Pectinia Pectiniidae 84 Balanophyllia Dendrophylliidae 11 Heliofungia Fungiidae 48 Physogyra Euphyllidae 85 Barabattoia Faviidae 12 Herpolitha Fungiidae 49 Platygyra Faviidae 86 Blastomussa Mussidae 13 Heterocyatus Caryophylliidae 50 Plerogyra Euphyllidae 87 Boninastrea Merulinidae 14 Heteropsammia Dendrophylliidae 51 Plesiastrea Faviidae 88 Cantharellus Fungiidae 15 Horastrea Siderastreidae 52 Pocillopora Pocilloporidae 89 Catalaphyllia Euphyllidae 16 Hydnophora Merulinidae 53 Podabacia Fungiidae 90 Caulastrea Faviidae 17 Indophyllia Mussidae 54 Polyphyllia Fungiidae 91 Cladocora Faviidae 18 Isophyllia Mussidae 55 Porites Poritidae 92 Coeloseris Agariciidae 19 Leptastrea Faviidae 56 Poritipora Poritidae 93 Colpophyllia Faviidae 20 Leptoria Faviidae 57 Psammocora Siderastreidae 94 Coscinaraea Siderastreidae 21 Leptoseris Agariciidae 58 Pseudosiderastrea Siderastreidae 95 Ctenactis Fungiidae 22 Lithophyllon Fungiidae 59 Sandalolitha Fungiidae 96 Ctenella Meandrinidae 23 Lobophyllia Mussidae 60 Scapophyllia Merulinidae 97 Cycloseris Fungiidae 24 Madracis Astrocoeniidae 61 Schizoculina Oculinidae 98 Cynarina Mussidae 25 Manicina Faviidae 62 Scolymia Mussidae 99 Cyphastrea Faviidae 26 Meandrina Meandrinidae 63 Seriatopora Pocilloporidae 100 Dendrogyra Meandrinidae 27 Merulina Merulinidae 64 Siderastrea Siderastreidae 101 Diaseris Fungiidae 28 Micromussa Mussidae 65 Simplastrea Oculinidae 102 Dichocoenia Meandrinidae 29 Montastrea Faviidae 66 Solenastrea Faviidae 103 Diploastrea Faviidae 30 Montigyra Meandrinidae 67 Stephanocoenia Astrocoeniidae 104 Diploria Faviidae 31 Montipora Acroporidae 68 Stylaraea Poritidae 105 Duncanopsammia Dendrophylliidae 32 Moseleya Faviidae 69 Stylocoeniella Astrocoeniidae 106 Echinomorpha Pectiniidae 33 Mussa Mussidae 70 Stylophora Pocilloporidae 107 Echinophyllia Pectiniidae 34 Mussismilia Mussidae 71 Symphyllia Mussidae 108 Echinopora Faviidae 35 Mycedium Pectiniidae 72 Trachyphyllia Tracyphylliidae 109 Erythrastrea Faviidae 36 Mycetophyllia Mussidae 73 Turbinaria Dendrophylliidae 110 Euphyllia Euphyllidae 37 Nemenzophyllia Euphyllidae 74 Zoopilus Fungiidae 111

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Table 3. Point Intercept Transect Codes CODE CATEGORY NOTE 1 HCL Hard Coral Live 2 HCD Hard Coral Dead 3 SC Soft coral 4 AL Algae 5 OT Other

Figure 1. Coral input data instrument case design and dimension

Figure 2. Coral input data instrument electronic schematic used in Proteus 8

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RESULTS Next, the user must choose a coral survey method: 1. PIT (point intercept transect) or 2. LIT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (line intercept transect). This option would be This electronic logging instrument which used for naming files that are stored in the micro we name ‘Coral Input Data Instrument’ has a SD card. Station number is entered manually by dimension of 200mm x 150mm x 75mm (Figure the user. If the same station number is already 1). The upper part consists of LCD, keypad entered in the micro SD card, the LCD would attachment and visibility sensor. The bottom part display “ALREADY AVAILABLE” and the user consists of Arduino Mega2560, battery, pressure must enter a new station number. The method sensor, temperature sensor, ADC 16bit, real time used and the number of the station would from clock, micro SD card module and LCD module. the file name in the format of METHOD_NO This outer case is built from polylactic acid using STATION.TXT. a 3D printer. Then, the microcontroller would take the The Coral Input Data Instrument uses 8-bit laser transmission data from the light sensor ATMEL microcontroller ATMega2560. This TEMT6000 which is converted into digital values microcontroller has 86 programmable IO pins from analog values using the ADS1115 ADC. The (ATMEL, 2014) and is embedded into Arduino ADC works to increase the resolution to 16bit. Mega2560 board. Some important features Transmission value is converted into a value of used in this instrument include serial peripheral visibility and displayed on the LCD. Then, the interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I2C), one transmission data is stored in a file created earlier. wire communications and some digital gates. The The microcontroller also takes temperature data circuit schematic is shown in Figure 2. from DS18B20, displays on the LCD and stores it in a file that has been created. The microcontroller Following the flow chart shown in Figure 3, retrieves data from MPX5700 depth sensor. The the microcontroller starts by prompting “Coral ID depth value is obtained from converting pressure. System” on the LCD display and then initializing The depth value is displayed on the LCD and also the micro SD card. If no micro SD card is stored on the micro SD Card. detected, the instrument would not proceed to the next command and the LCD would display the If the method chosen is PIT, the user inputs a text “Init failed!” instead. If the initialization is code following Table 3 and when the user presses successful then the command would proceed with ‘#’, the microcontroller would take depth data initializing DS18B20. The, the microcontroller and store it along with the code inputted earlier would send an electronic signal containing the in the micro SD card. If the chosen method is address register DS18B20. If DS18B20 is not LIT, then the user must enter the distance, shape, found, then the LCD would display the text and genus according to Table 1 and Table 2. And “DS18B20 ERROR”. If initialization is successful, when the user presses ‘#’, the microcontroller the LCD would display the text “DS18B20 OK” would take the data and store it along with the and proceed to the next command. Next, DS1307 depth, transition distance, shape and genus codes RTC initialization is used to retrieve the data time inputted earlier in the micro SD card. and date. If the DS1307 is not found or has not PROTEUS SIMULATION been programmed, then it would display the text “Error. Please run the setTime” which means that Simulation in Proteus is used to see Coral Input the user must run firmware setTime or check the Data Instrument’s performance from firmware circuitry in case of errors in the DS1307 RTC compiled by Arduino IDE by inserting coral data installation. using LIT and PIT simulated in this software. The simulation follows schematic shown in Figure 2.

42 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

Figure 3. Coral Input Data Instrument flow chart.

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Figure 3 (Continued). Coral Input Data Instrument flow chart.

44 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

In LIT simulation, Coral Input Data In PIT simulation, temperature data, depth Instrument succeeded in retrieving temperature, and visibility show the same results as shown depth, and visibility data (Figure 4), while the in Figure 4. In this simulation, the only need user input coral data manually as shown in Figure to input category code number between 1 to 5 5. Data stored on virtual SD card is opened using according to Table 3 (Figure 8). Other numbers WinImage software (Figure 6) and saved as text would not be recognized by the instrument. The file (*.txt). This text file contains temperature PIT coral input data are also stored in virtual SD data, depth, visibility, transition distance, form card and opened using WinImage as text file. This and genus codes (Figure 7). file contains temperature data, depth, visibility, transition and form code (Figure 9).

Figure 4. Data display on LCD during simulation. a = visibility, b = temperature, and c = depth.

Figure 5. Step-by-step on inputting of coral data. a. User inputs transition distance, b. user inputs FORM code, c. user inputs GENUS code, d. user pushes # button to store the data in micro SD card and user inserts the next transition.

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Figure 6. WinImage software and coral survey data stored in virtual SD card.

Figure 7. Text file containing sensor data and coral input using LIT method that is stored in virtual SD card.

Figure 8. Coral input data using PIT method.

46 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

Figure 9. Text file containing sensor data and coral input using PIT Method that is stored in virtual SD card.

Figure 10. Diver using the Coral Input Data Instrument to record coral life-form and genus types using LIT and PIT methods.

Figure 11. Powerbank USB hole exposed by short-circuit

FIELD OBSERVATION (Table 4). The problem that occurred during the field test was waterproofing and buoyancy issues. Field observation and test was conducted The instrument could not stay for long at 6 m in Pramuka Island to assess performance of the depth, where the case leaked to cause electrical instrument in the field. The Coral Input Data short-circuit. The supply was burned and could Instrument succeeded during the field test (Figure not be used anymore (Figure 11). This happened 10), both in LIT and PIT methods. This instrument because seawater is a good element to conduct could decrease data input time about 50 percent electricity. Also, the instrument has positive for PIT method and almost same for LIT method buoyancy due to space inside the instrument.

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Table 4. Comparison of coral life-form and genus data retrieval times between manually inputted versus by using the instrument/ METHOD REPETITION MANUAL INSTRUMENT Point Intercept Transect 1 6 minute 15 second 3 minute 41 second 2 6 minute 25 second 3 minute 21 second Line Intercept Transect 1 14 minute 53 second 18 minute 43 second 2 15 minute 17 second 18 minute 21 second 3 14 minute 10 second 14 minute 57 second

DISCUSSION connections of each electronic component are in the right place. Wrong connection could result in Simulation is an important step in designing damage to electronic components. and implementing an instrument. Both hardware, and firmware (software) need to be designed. The Coral Input Data Instrument is an But often, there is no standard for hardware innovation that could help scientific divers in platform and with many options to be considered recording coral reef data using LIT and PIT when selecting hardware components. Having methods. Some researchers use ROV (Lam et.al., simulation before making the instrument would 2006) or Catlin Seaview Survey (González- save many hours of prototype development Rivero et al., 2014), but these instruments are because changing components in a hardware expensive. The Coral Input Data Instrument is a circuit is not an easy task after building the whole cheaper option. circuit as it requires cost and time (Cika and Grundler, 2010; Mohammed and Devaraj, 2013). The Coral Input Data Instrument has Therefore, simulation is used to decrease the cost several advantages, such as it could reduce data and time before manufacturing an instrument recording time, record water quality parameters (Su and Wang, 2010; Xinhuan et al., 2010). automatically, and decrease time for inputting With simulations, the circuit can be modified at data into computer. This instrument also has any stage until the expected performance and several disadvantages being new/unfamiliar results are obtained. Then, simulation results to divers, having a positive buoyancy case and with a particular hardware configuration can be waterproofing issue. compared for analysis.

Labcenter Electronics Proteus is often used CONCLUSION by engineer to simulate electronic schematic and instrument based on microcontroller (Su and The design process for creating the Coral Wang, 2010; Xinhuan et al., 2010; Xiumei and Input Data Instrument has been using Labcenter Jinfeng, 2011; Mohammed and Devaraj, 2013). Electronic Proteus with respect to efficiency, This software is popular because there are many quality and flexibility. With simulations, any components that can be used from the library, problem in firmware can be checked and fixed circuit simulation’s interactive, and real time before manufacturing the instrument. Field test simulation. observation shows that the instrument was able to work underwater for several hours, record Simulation conducted in developing the of water quality parameters automatically and Coral Data Input Instrument is very helpful decrease time for inputting data into computer. for evaluating firmware code used in this Improvements are still needed for waterproofing instrument. We can check and fix errors that and buoyancy to create a fully functioning appear in firmware code. Electronics simulation instrument. Future work also includes building using Proteus also helps us to ensure that the a converter program to provide coral data from numeric to life-form and genus types.

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