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Dutch Drinking Water Statistics 2015 European Benchmarking Co-operation

Dutch Drinking Water Statistics 2015

INDEX

Index

Introduction 4

1. The drinking water companies 6 2. Water abstraction 10 3. Water production 13 4. Water distribution 15 5. Water sales 17 6. Household drinking water consumption 21 7. Business drinking water usage by economic activity 25 8. Drinking water taxes 27 9. Water price 30 10. Financial balance sheet and investments 35 11. Areas managed by the drinking water companies 37

Appendix 1 Supply areas and related municipalities 2015 38 Appendix 2 List of used resources 41

Colophon 42

3 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Introduction

You are looking at the publication of Drinking Water Statistics 2015. The publication contains the basic information about the Dutch drinking water industry and its development over time. Through this publication Vewin contributes to providing transparent information on the Dutch drinking water industry. The data are also used for providing information to third parties such as ministries, the European Union, companies, institutions and consumers.

Since 1997, the Dutch drinking water companies have participated in the Vewin benchmark report that is used to report the performance of the drinking water companies in terms of water quality, level of service, environmental performance, finance & efficiency. The data contained in this report are largely derived from the benchmark database.

Drinking Water Statistics 2015 also contains a number of tables of which the data are available via other sources. The data in the overview of water charges (Table 17), for instance, are derived from the Vewin publications Overview of Water Charges 2014 and 2015. The data on the breakdown of drinking water consumption at home are derived from the report Household Drinking Water Consumption 2013, prepared by TNS NIPO on behalf of Vewin. A number of data obtained from Statistics , such as the distribution of drinking water consumption by business users per business category (Table 12), have also been included in the report.

The sector overview (Table 1) provides a summary of the data contained in the report. The different aspects of this overview are further explained in the following chapters: first general data on the drinking water companies (1), followed by water abstraction (2), water production (3), water distribution (4), water sales (5), household water usage (6), business water usage (7), drinking water taxes (8) and the water price (9). Chapter 10 focuses on the financial sector balance sheet and investments and finally, Chapter 11 discusses the areas managed by the drinking water companies.

4 INTRODUCTION

Table 1 - Sector overview

1990 2000 2010 2013 2014 General number of drinking water companies 52 24 10 10 10 number of employees (FTE) 1) 8,422 6,803 5,228 5,002 4,939 number of connections (x 1,000) 2) 5,674 7,042 7,701 7,973 8,011 mains supply network (x 1,000 km) 93 108 118 119 119

Drinking water production (million m3) own production 1,227 1,183 1,136 1,126 1,124 import balance and purchase from third parties 104789

Drinking water supply sales (million m3) 1,167 1,127 1,090 1,076 1,068 turnover (million €) 3) 743 1,418 1,442 1,351 1,347

Financial aspects (million €) investments 263 419 458 431 472 drinking water taxes 4) . 334 399 258 402

1) Number of employees on the payroll, calculated as people working full time.

2) Since 2000 administrative connections (service addresses), before 2000 service connections.

3) Comprises reimbursements for the variable rate, standing charges and/or charges for available capacity. Excluding VAT and tap water tax.

4) Groundwater tax, provincial groundwater levies, distribution refunds, tap water tax and VAT.

5 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

1. The drinking water companies

General Tables 2 and 3 provide a number of general characteristics of the drinking water companies. Figure 1 shows the supply areas. Appendix 1 shows the municipalities per supply area.

Figure 1 - Supply areas

6 DRINKING WATERS COMPANIES

Characterisation All ten drinking water companies produce and distribute drinking water. In addition to producing and distributing drinking water, Waternet is also responsible for processing waste water, and groundwater and surface water management. In addition to the ten drinking water companies, Watertransportmaatschappij Rijn-Kennemerland (WRK) and Waterwinnings- bedrijf Brabantse Biesbosch (WBB) also operate on the Dutch market. WRK and WBB do not distribute drinking water themselves but deliver partly treated water to drinking water companies and the industry. Waternet and PWN are responsible for providing WRK’s day-to- day management, and Evides Waterbedrijf is responsible for WBB’s day-to-day management.

Legal form Except Waternet (foundation), the drinking water companies are public limited companies. Shareholders are the municipalities and provinces. Evides N.V. performs the drinking water activities in a subsidiary called Evides Drinkwater B.V. Stichting Waternet is a foundation that was called into existence by the city of and the Water Board Amstel Gooi and Vecht. In addition to the drinking water supply, the foundation is responsible for the municipal sewerage and also for the sewage treatment and water management activities on behalf of the Water Board.

Table 2 - Key figures supply areas per 31-12-2014

Population Surface area Employees Network x 1,000 km2 FTE 1) length (km) n Brabant Water 2,460 5,026 700 18,135 n Dunea 1,267 601 517 4,775 n Evides Waterbedrijf 2,085 3,226 527 13,152 n Oasen 756 1,115 267 4,108 n PWN 1,682 3,628 523 9,918 n Vitens 5,613 15,208 1,226 47,192 n Waternet 982 287 399 2) 3,107 n Waterbedrijf 597 2,403 227 5,065 n Waterleidingmaatschappij Drenthe 434 2,486 154 4,937 n WML 1,118 2,209 399 8,757 The Netherlands 16,993 36,189 4,939 119,146

1) FTE own payroll

2) Personnel employed serving the drinking water supply 7 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Table 3 - Drinking water supply per supply area 2014

Connections 1) Production Sales Turnover x 1,000 million m3 million m3 million € n Brabant Water 1,125 175 164 158 n Dunea 611 77 72 125 n Evides Waterbedrijf 1,032 168 154 198 n Oasen 343 41 45 66 n PWN 783 88 99 169 n Vitens 2,598 341 326 357 n Waternet 495 88 67 99 n Waterbedrijf Groningen 281 45 42 43 n Waterleidingmaatschappij Drenthe 201 31 28 29 n WML 541 70 71 103 The Netherlands 8,011 1,124 1,068 1,347

1) Administrative connections per 31-12-2014

8 DRINKING WATER COMPANIES

Development of the number of companies In the middle of the 19th century the first water companies were established, starting with the water company of Amsterdam. Gradually, the entire Netherlands was connected to the water mains. As a result of various mergers the number of companies was later reduced. The development of the number of drinking water companies is shown in Figure 2. Currently, ten drinking water companies are responsible for the supply of drinking water in the Netherlands.

Number Figure 2 250 Development of the

200 number of drinking water companies 150

100

50

0 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010

Personnel Figure 3 illustrates the development of the personnel working in the sector. Between 1990 and 2005, the number of FTEs on the payroll of drinking water companies decreased by more than 40%. After this, the number of FTEs has been around 5000. In 2014, the number of FTEs was 4,939, with an additional 389 FTEs in temporary employees.

Figure 3 FTE 9,000 Development of 8,000 personnel own payroll 7,000 6,000 5,000 Own payroll 4,000 3,000 2,000 Temporary staff (employment agencies) 1,000 0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

9 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

2. Water abstraction

Water balance Figure 4 shows the water balance of 2014. The balance shows the quantities of water abstracted, produced and supplied by the entire sector. Water abstraction has been indicated per type of raw water source and according to the processing method used (direct processing and infiltration). Supply has been categorised into supply to households and the business market, as well as supply among drinking water companies (wholesale supply). The WRK supply to drinking water companies has been included as wholesale supply. WBB, however, has been included as part of Evides Waterbedrijf. Other water has only been included in the water balance to the extent that it is produced and supplied by the drinking water companies (excluding subsidiaries) and by WRK.

Water abstraction At the top of the water balance (Figure 4) the quantities of water abstracted in the sector as a whole are indicated per type of raw water source. These quantities are specified per water company in Table 4.

Table 4 - Water abstraction 2014 (million m3)

Total Ground- River- Natural Surface water groundwater dune water water n Brabant Water 181 181 - - - n Dunea 77 - - - 77 n Evides Waterbedrijf 1) 204 17 - - 187 n Oasen 43 6 37 - - n PWN 32 5 - 2 25 n Vitens 352 342 10 - - n Waternet 36 - - 12 25 n Waterbedrijf Groningen 47 42 - - 5 n Waterleidingmaatschappij Drenthe 32 32 - - - n WML 72 51 21 - - n Watertransportmaatschappij 148 - - - 148 Rijn-Kennemerland Nederland 1,224 675 68 14 466

1) Including Waterwinningsbedrijf Brabantse Biesbosch

10 WATER ABSTRACTION

Figure 4 - Water balance 2014 (million m3)

Abstraction Abstraction of Abstraction of river Abstraction of groundwater natural dune water groundwater of surface water 675 14 68 466

1,224

Artificial infiltration Direct processing ¹) 85 1,142 Wholesale purchase of semi-processed water 93 Infiltration processes

Stock development Stock development –2 –2

Abstraction Other from dunes abstraction 180 anders0

180 Third parties Supplied other water 5 Purchase of 69 semi-processed water Production processes 27 (water treatment) Wholesale Production losses 22 39 Wholesale supply of semi-processed water 117 1,124

Abroad 11 Purchase of drinking water Non-revenue water ²)

Wholesale 49 Distribution processes 65 purchase 38 1,070 Wholesale supply 37 783 285 2 Households Business market Abroad

¹) 93 million m³ is still infiltrated after wholesale supply. Therefore, the sector as a whole has directly processed 1,049 million m³ (1,142 direct processing minus 93 wholesale purchase for the purpose of infiltration) and infiltrated (85+93=) 177 million m³. ²) Including water not charged (e.g. firewater) and measuring differences.

11 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

The total water abstraction in 2014 amounted to 1,224 million m3, 53 million m3 less than ten years ago (-4.1%). Compared to 2013, the amount of water abstracted remained virtually the same.

Figure 5 shows a time series of water abstraction according to type of source. Between 1990 and 2000, the percentage share of surface water in the overall abstraction rose from 34% to 39%, while the share of (river) groundwater, including natural dune water dropped from 66% to 61%. From that moment on, the share of both sources remained unchanged. Even after 2008, this share hardly changed. Since then, the percentage share of surface water amounts to 38% and that of (river) groundwater including natural dune water 62%.

Figure 5 - Development of water abstraction by source

Million m³ 1,000

(River) groundwater 800

600 Surface water

400

200 Natural dune water 0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Part of the abstracted water is processed into ‘other water’ (see Chapter 3). Excluding the water that is abstracted to be used as 'other water', the share of surface water is currently 35% and the share of (river) groundwater including natural dune water 65%.

12 WATER PRODUCTION

3. Water production

Production of drinking water Table 3 (Chapter 1) shows the produced quantities of drinking water per company in 2014. Collectively, the sector produced 1,124 million m³ of drinking water, a decrease of 27 million m³ compared to ten years ago in 2004 (-2.4%) and 102 million m³ less than in the peak year of 1990 (-8.4%). Compared to 2013 the production decreased by 2.2 million m3 (-0.2%). Figure 6 shows the development of the sector’s total production since 1950. It shows from which sources the drinking water is produced.

Figure 6 - Development of drinking water production by source

Million m³ 1,400

1,200

1,000 Surface water

800 Natural dune water 600 Groundwater 400 (incl. river groundwater)

200

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Water softening As part of the treatment process the drinking water companies soften the drinking water. The advantage of softening the water is that this causes less scale in warm water appliances like coffee makers and in the bathroom. It also means that less detergent is needed during washing. Figure 7 shows the hardness of Dutch drinking water per region.

Production of other water Other water implies water that is not of drinking water quality. Usually this concerns applications requiring less drastic treatment (e.g. process water), but it may also refer to applications requiring precisely more drastic treatment (e.g. demineralised water). As indicated in the water balance (Figure 4), the sector (including WRK) sold 69 million m3 of other water in 2014. This amount consists mainly of supplies by WRK to industrial customers and the supply by the Evides drinking water company to the Evides industrial water subsidiary.

13 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Additionally – and this has not been included in the water balance – other water is supplied by subsidiaries that focus specifically on other water. In 2014, this group of companies produced around 75 million m3 of other water for the Dutch market. This is excluding the water produced in installations that are managed and operated on behalf of the client. No water is actually supplied in this case.

Figure 7 - Hardness of Dutch drinking water

Very softVery water soft water Soft waterSoft water Average water Average water Moderately hard water Moderately hard water Hard water Hard water

14 WATER DISTRIBUTION

4. Water distribution

Table 5 provides an overview of the length and structure of the mains supply network as of 31 December 2014. The development of the network length and the most frequently used materials are shown in Figure 8. This clearly puts forward the increased use of PVC. At the moment more than half the drinking water network consists of PVC. At the same time the asbestos cement network and cast iron network have each decreased gradually.

Table 5 - Length and structure of the mains supply network 2014 (kilometer)

Total PVC Asbestos cementCast iron Polyethylene (PE)Ductile cast ironSteel Concrete Other n Brabant Water 18,135 9,630 6,576 1,365 284 70 95 45 70 n Dunea 4,775 2,138 688 683 363 220 34 93 556 n Evides Waterbedrijf 13,152 7,345 3,091 508 1,264 11 795 68 70 n Oasen 4,108 2,347 293 136 1,089 52 184 2 5 n PWN 9,918 2,373 4,189 628 1,822 497 173 193 43 n Vitens 47,192 30,089 9,485 3,800 3,290 90 164 80 194 n Waternet 3,107 930 62 732 233 495 106 366 182 n Waterbedrijf Groningen 5,065 2,245 1,639 906 116 - 119 21 20 n Waterleidingmaatschappij Drenthe 4,937 3,609 1,025 - 144 158 1 - - n WML 8,757 1,739 3,763 536 87 1,737 890 2 2 The Netherlands 119,146 62,445 30,812 9,294 8,691 3,330 2,561 871 1,142

15 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Figure 8 - Development of the mains supply network

Km 140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

Other 60,000 Polyethylene 40,000 PVC

20,000 Cast iron

0 Asbestos cement

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

16 WATER SALES

5. Water sales

Sales and turnover 2014 Table 3 (Chapter 1) shows the drinking water supply and turnover of 2014 per company. The water balance sheet (Chapter 2) also shows the other water sale. Table 6 provides an overview of the drinking water sales in 2014, including a breakdown into the user groups households and business market. In Table 7, this breakdown is specified per drinking water company.

Table 6 - Summary of water sales 2014

1)

3 1) € 3

/ per connection 3 Administrativeconnections Sales million m Averagem supply Turnovermillion Average€ price/ m

End users households 7,826,924 783 100.1 1,072 1.37 End users business market 183,637 285 1,550 275 0.97 End users total 8,010,561 1,068 133 1,347 1.26 Wholesale sales . 37 . 22 0.58 Exports . 2 . . .

1) Comprises reimbursements for the variable rate, standing charges and/or charges for available capacity.

Excluding VAT and tap water tax.

Table 7 - Sale in the supply areas by user group 2014 (million m3)

Households Business market Total n Brabant Water 101 63 164 n Dunea 54 18 72 n Evides Waterbedrijf 100 54 154 n Oasen 31 14 45 n PWN 81 18 99 n Vitens 269 57 326 n Waternet 48 20 67 n Waterbedrijf Groningen 24 18 42 n Waterleidingmaatschappij Drenthe 23 5 28 n WML 51 19 71 The Netherlands 783 285 1,068

17 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Development of sales Over the previous century, Dutch drinking water sales showed a considerable increase: from around 300 million m3 in 1950 to around 800 million m3 in 1970 and subsequently to 1,160 million m3 in 1990 - 1995. Since then, sales have decreased by approximately 100 million m3 (Figure 9), which equates to an average drop of 0.4% per year. The strongest decrease was between 1995 and 2005 (-85 million m3; -0.7% per year). After this, sales remained virtually unchanged until 2010. The period between 2010 and 2014 again shows a downward trend (-0.5% per year). During periods of extreme heat and/or dry weather a higher household consumption can be observed. The years 2003 and 2006 are good examples of this.

Figures 10 and 11 show the development of the sales for the user groups households and business market . This shows that the decrease in sales was mainly attributable to the business users. Here, sales between 1990 and 2014 declined by 84 million m3 (-23%), despite a growing economy and higher employment level (Figure 12). Between 1995 and 2005, the decrease amounted to 57 million m3 (-1.6% annually on average). Reasons included water savings, water reuse and substitution of drinking water by other water as well as private water extractions. After a slight increase between 2005 and 2010, another decline in sales on the business market can be observed in recent years. Between 2010 and 2014, sales fell from 303 to 285 million m3 (-1.5% annually on average).

Household drinking water use only changed slightly compared to 1990. In 24 years, it has decreased by 14 million m3, or 1.8% (less than 0.1% per year). Although there has been a considerable decline in household usage per person (Table 8), this is largely compensated by a population increase (Figure 13).

1) Figures 10 and 11 show the development of the sales per user group since 1990; The figures until 2007 relate to corrected data.

The original time series for 2007 showed a strong decline among business users, and a strong increase among household users.

This did not concern an actual change, but was the result of an administrative change at one of the companies in 2007 related

to the harmonisation of the registration of user groups. To restore the comparability with previous years, the original time series

(1990-2006) has been adjusted for this.

18 WATER SALES

Figure 9 Million m³ 1,200 Development of

1,150 drinking water sales

1,100

1,050

1,000

950

900 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

Million m³ Figure 10 900 Development of

850 drinking water sales to households 800

750

700

650

600 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

Figure 11 Development of drinking water sales to the business market

19 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Figure 12 - Drinking water use in the business market vs economic developments

Index (1990 = 100) 170 160 Gross Domestic Product 150 140 130 120 Employment 110 100 90 Drinking water use 80 in business market (m3) 70 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Source: Statistics Netherlands

Figure 13 - Drinking water use by households vs growth of population

Index (1990 = 100) 125 Number of households 120 115 Population 110 105 100 Drinking water use by households (m3) 95 90 Consumption per person 85 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Source: Statistics Netherlands

20 HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION

6. Household drinking water consumption

Household drinking water use by application Vewin periodically surveys the Dutch population on the amount of water the households consume and how this water is used. Table 8 shows the main outcomes of a survey conducted by TNS-NIPO in 2013. The main uses of household drinking water are the shower, toilet and the washing machine (Figure 14). Between 1995 and 2013 household water consumption per head dropped by more than 13%. This is primarily due to the growing penetration of low-water-use toilets and washing machines. Bathing water levels also dropped. The shower, however, was used more frequently in the course of time (Figure 15). People have been taking longer showers while the number of comfort showers increased as well.

Table 8 - Household drinking water use (liter per person per day)

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 Bath 9.0 6.7 3.7 2.8 2.5 2.8 1.8 Shower 38.3 39.7 42.0 43.7 49.8 48.6 51.4 Washbasin 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.2 Flushing the toilet 42.0 40.2 39.3 35.8 37.1 33.7 33.8

Doing the laundry by hand 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.4 Doing the laundry by machine 25.5 23.2 22.8 18.0 15.5 14.3 14.3 Doing the dishes by hand 4.9 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.1 3.6 Doing the dishes by machine 0.9 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0

Food preparation 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.0 Drinking coffee, tea and water 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.0

Other 6.7 6.1 6.7 6.4 5.3 5.3 3.4 Total 137.1 131.9 130.7 123.8 127.5 120.1 118.9

21 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Figure 14 - Household drinking water use by application (2013)

1 2 1 1 2 3 3 Shower Flushing the toilet 4 % Doing the laundry by machine Washbasin 43 % Doing the dishes by hand Other 12 % Doing the dishes by machine Bath Doing the laundry by hand Drinking coffee, tea and water Food preparation

28 %

Figure 15 - Development of household drinking water use by application (liter per person per day)

60 Shower 50

40 Flushing the toilet 30

20 Doing the laundry by machine 10 Bath 0 1995 1998 2001 2014 2007 2010 2013

22 HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION

Tables 9 -11 show water consumption by age, household size and gender. Water consumption among people aged between 25 and 34 is highest. This is primarily due to the fact that people in this age group shower more and longer. People aged 18 to 24 too use relatively much water for showering. Older people, however, use more water for flushing the toilet.

Table 9 - Water consumption by age 2013 (liter per person per day)

0-12 years 13-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Bath 4.3 1.1 0.2 0.7 2.9 1.7 1.3 1.1 Shower 31.9 58.8 74.0 91.3 59.2 48.2 38.1 35.0 Washbasin 5.2 4.8 6.5 6.1 4.5 4.4 5.4 5.2 Flushing the toilet 25.1 26.9 35.1 33.3 32.2 35.0 37.6 41.1 Doing the laundry by hand 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.4 Doing the laundry by machine 10.9 11.9 12.9 14.2 14.8 15.8 16.7 15.1 Doing the dishes by hand 0.9 1.3 2.4 4.5 2.9 3.3 4.8 7.4 Doing the dishes by machine 2.6 2.1 2.2 1.1 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.6 Food preparation 0.5 0.4 2.5 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.8 Coffee / tea 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 Drinking water 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 Other kitchen tap use 1.8 2.6 8.0 4.4 2.6 3.9 2.8 5.3 Total 84.1 111.3 147.6 158.9 124.5 118.7 112.5 117.0

People in small households consume more water per person than people in larger households. This is explained by the fact that certain applications can be used simultaneously for more persons. However, the two-person households appear to use more water per person than single person households. This is primarily due to the higher consumption through the toilet. The underlying reason for this is that elderly people in the Netherlands (relatively high usage via toilet) are slightly overrepresented among the two-person households.

23 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Table 10 - Water consumption by household size (liter per person per day)

1-pers. 2-pers. 3-pers. 4-pers 5+ Bath 0.4 1.4 2.7 3.4 3.2 Shower 54.2 48.9 53.9 49.7 51.4 Washbasin 5.5 5.2 5.4 4.7 5.5 Flushing the toilet 33.7 39.0 31.4 31.0 28.5 Doing the laundry by hand 1.3 2.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 Doing the laundry by machine 16.3 16.7 12.7 12.4 9.4 Doing the dishes by hand 6.4 5.2 2.0 1.5 1.2 Doing the dishes by machine 1.2 2.1 2.0 2.6 1.7 Food preparation 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 Coffee/tea 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 Drinking water 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 Other 4.6 4.5 3.0 1.7 3.1 Total 126.5 128.0 115.6 108.7 106.4

It is further noticeable that women consume more water than men. This is primarily due to a more frequent use of the toilet.

Male Female Table 11 Bath 1.6 2.0 Water consumption Shower 50.0 52.3 by gender 2013 (liter Washbasin 5.5 5.0 per person per day) Flushing the toilet 29.9 37.1 Doing the laundry by hand 1.5 1.3 Doing the laundry by machine 13.7 14.7 Doing the dishes, by hand 3.7 3.4 Doing the dishes by machine 2.0 2.0 Food preparation 0.7 1.3 Coffee/tea 0.5 0.6 Drinking water 0.4 0.4 Other kitchen tap use 2.9 3.8 Total 112.4 124.0

24 BUSINESS DRINKING WATER USAGE

7. Business drinking water usage by economic activity

Statistics Netherlands periodically publishes a breakdown of the drinking water use in the Netherlands (Statistics Netherlands, 2015). Statistics Netherlands derives the breakdown of the total drinking water consumption into households and the business market from the Vewin drinking water statistics. The business use from these statistics is further broken down by Statistics Netherlands into economic activities. The most recent data for which this was done was the water use by business users of 2012. An overview of the breakdown can be found in Table 12. The code in the first column is the so-called SIC code according to the latest Standard Industrial Classification of Statistics Netherlands for economic activities (SIC 2008).

How did Statistics Netherlands determine the drinking water consumption for each activity? The business market roughly consists of agriculture, the service sector and the industry. The origin/calculation method of the drinking water consumption depends on the group involved: Agriculture Statistics Netherlands derived the agricultural drinking water use from research conducted by the Agricultural Economics Research Institute (in Dutch: Landbouw Economisch Instituut or LEI). Industry Industrial drinking water use was determined by Statistics Netherlands after consulting the environmental annual reports of individual industrial companies. The sum of the water use of the reporting companies was raised to totals per sub-industry, according to the ratio of the total industrial production in the sub-industry versus the sum of the industrial production of these reporting companies. For the sub-industries with no reporting companies, the consumption level was estimated according to historical user data that were previously collected through surveys among companies. Service sector As for the service sector, first Statistics Netherlands determined the relationship between the amount of drinking water used and the number of working people for each economic activity. This was done based on the client files of several drinking water companies. By linking these files to the companies’ register of Statistics Netherlands, each supply address (and the amount of drinking water supplied to the address) could be provided with the SIC code of the economic activity and the number of working people. For each activity this linking allowed Statistics Netherlands to determine the average drinking water consumption per working person. This average was then multiplied by the actual number of people working in the SIC class of that economic activity in order to assess the drinking water consumption in this SIC class. 25 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

The accuracy of the figures regarding the breakdown into sub-industries has improved in comparison with those presented in Drinking Water Statistics 2012 (business use 2004-2008). The environmental annual reports which Statistics Netherlands used as a basis do not distinguish drinking water and ‘other water’. In the new breakdown, Statistics Netherlands has paid special attention to the removal of the component ‘other water’ from these data.

Table 12 - Business drinking water usage by economic activity (million m3)

SIC Economic activity 2005 2010 2011 2012 A-U All economic activities 295.5 303.4 298.6 287.4 A Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 47.6 43.8 42.7 39.3 B Mineral extraction 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.5 C Industry 143.4 138.3 134.1 132.0 10-12 Food, drink and tobacco industry 60.3 60.2 63.5 62.8 13-15 Textile, clothing and leather industry 2.5 2.5 2.4 1.5 16-18 Wood, paper and printing industry 5.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 19 Oil industry 16.4 13.9 13.1 11.5 20 Chemical industry 23.0 26.1 23.1 27.6 21 Pharmaceutical industry 15.7 8.7 6.8 5.6 22-23 Plastic and building materials industry 7.3 8.3 7.7 7.0 24-25 Basic metal and metal manufacturing industry 4.5 4.8 4.1 3.5 26-27 Electrical and electronic industry 3.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 28 Machinery industry 2.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 29-30 Transport industry 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 31-33 Other industry and repairs 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 D Power supply 2.3 8.6 9.6 3.3 E Water companies and waste management 3.6 5.0 3.5 4.5 F Construction industry 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 G-I Trading, transport and hospitality 33.8 35.5 36.3 36.5 J Information and communication 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 K Financial services 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 L Rental and trading of real estate 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 M-N Business services 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 O-Q Public authorities and care 26.7 29.4 29.7 29.7 R-U Culture, recreation, other services 20.5 25.0 24.9 25.4

Source: Statistics Netherlands 26 DRINKING WATER TAXES

8. Drinking water taxes

In their everyday activities, drinking water companies deal with provincial groundwater levies, distribution and concession reimbursements, tap water tax and Dutch VAT (6%). The first two are cost-price increasing taxes that are covered via the drinking water rate, the last two mentioned taxes (tap water tax and Dutch VAT) are consumer taxes which the water company pays to the tax authority on behalf of consumers. These are charged on top of the drinking water rate and do not form part of the drinking water turnover. Until 2012, the companies also had to deal with a national groundwater tax.

Table 13 represents the rate change of the national groundwater tax and tap water tax. Both taxes are based on the Environmental Taxes Act (in Dutch: Wet Belastingen op Milieu- grondslag). The groundwater tax on the extraction of groundwater was introduced in 1995 and abolished in 2012. Tap water tax is levied since 2000 over the first 300 m3 of tap water purchased. Between 2000 and 2013, this tax gradually increased from 12.9 to 16.5 cents per m3 and was then doubled to 33.0 cents per m3 in 2014. In 2015, the tax is 33.3 cents per m3.

Table 13 - Water tax rates under the Environmental Taxes Act 1990 - 2015 (cents/m3)

1990 1995 2000 2010 2013 2014 2015 Groundwater tax - normal rate – 15.4 16.0 19.5 – – – - infiltration discount – 12.7 13.4 16.3 – – –

Tap water tax – – 12.9 15.7 16.5 33.0 33.3

The provincial groundwater levy varies per province. The average rate of the provinces in 2015 is 1.5 cents per cubic metre abstracted groundwater (Table 14). The distribution and concession reimbursements are levied in an increasing number of municipalities. These reimbursements vary per municipality.

27 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Table 14 - Provincial groundwater levies 2005 - 2015 (cents/m3)

Province 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 Groningen 2.00 1.11 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 Drenthe 1.00 1.06 1.10 1.10 1.15 Overijssel 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 Flevoland 1.71 1.14 1.41 1.41 1.41 Gelderland 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.50 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 Noord- 0.81 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 Zuid-Holland 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 2.54 2.75 2.75 2.92 3.17 Noord-Brabant 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.13 1.39 1.39 1.45 1.52 Average 1.46 1.39 1.46 1.48 1.51

Against the volume of drinking water sold in 2014, on average 1.1 cent was paid in provincial groundwater levies per cubic meter and 1.5 cent for distribution and concession reimbursements. On a local level, the distribution and concession reimbursements can reach up to € 49.70 per household per year (see Table 17 of Chapter 9), which amounts to € 0.50/m³ for an average family (100.1 m3/year).

Figure 16 shows the development of the drinking water taxes. The taxes levied on drinking water amount to a total of € 402 million (€ 0.38/m3) in 2014. Due to the doubling of the tap water tax in 2014, the total drinking water taxes are back at roughly the same level as before the abolition of the groundwater tax.

Of the drinking water taxes in 2014, € 28 million (€ 0.03/m³) consists of cost-price increasing taxes (groundwater levies and distribution refunds) and € 374 million (€ 0.35/m³) of the consumer taxes tap water tax and VAT. On average, the water taxes constitute 23.4% of the total drinking water consumer price (Table 15).

28 DRINKING WATER TAXES

Figure 16 - Development of drinking water taxes

Million € 500

400

300 VAT

Tap water tax 200 Distribution refunds

100 Provincial groundwater levies

0 Groundwater tax

2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

29 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

9. Water price

Consumer price (including tap water tax and VAT) Tables 15 and 16 represent the build-up of the consumer price, including consumer taxes (tap water tax and VAT) which the customer pays on top of the drinking water rate. Due to the doubling of the tap water tax, the total price for the consumer increased in comparison to 2013. In 2014, the average consumer price amounted to € 1.61 as opposed to € 1.47 in 2013 (+9.8%). The consumer price for the user group households amounted to an average price of € 1.80 compared to € 1.60 in 2013 (+12.3%). The increase is largely attributable to the doubling of the tap water tax and the extra VAT levied in addition to this rate. For an average household (100.1 m3/year), the bill for drinking water amounted to € 180 in 2014 as opposed to € 162 in 2013 (at 100.8 m3/year). Excluding consumer taxes, the annual bill of the average household rose from € 136 to € 137.

Table 15 - Average consumer price in the Netherlands 1)

2013 2014 Change Percentage € / m3 € / m3 of total price Cost-price water company 1.23 1.24 0.6% 76.6% Cost-price increasing taxes 0.03 0.03 1.6% Average rate 1.26 1.26 VAT and tap water tax 0.21 0.35 65.3% 21.7% Total consumer price 1.47 1.61 9,8%

1) Households and business users jointly

Table 16 - Average consumer price for households 2014

2013 2014 Change Percentage € / m3 € / m3 of total price Cost-price water company 1.32 1.34 1.8 % 74.6 % Cost-price increasing taxes 0.03 0.03 1.4 % Average rate 1.35 1.37 VAT and tap water tax 2) 0.26 0.43 68.9 % 24.0 % Total consumer price 1.60 1.80 12.3 %

2) 2013: € 0.165 + 6% VAT over (€ 1.35 + € 0.165); 2014: € 0.330 + 6% VAT over (€ 1.37 + € 0.33)

30 WATER PRICE

Figure 17 shows the impact of the taxes on the drinking water price in a time series. Looking at the past decade, the average consumer price has increased from € 1.50/m3 in 2004 to € 1.61/m3 in 2014 (+7.6%). Excluding taxes, the consumer price increased in this period from € 1.17/m3 to € 1.24/m3 (+5.9%).

€/m³ Figure 17 - Development 2.00 of the nominal consumer 1.80 Including taxes 1) 1.60 price 1.40 1.20 1.00 Excluding taxes 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

The development of the consumer price including taxes shows several trend breaks. The increase in 1995 was caused by the introduction of the national groundwater tax. In 1999, VAT was increased from 6% to the then general rate of 17.5%. In 2000, the VAT increase was eliminated, but the tap water tax was introduced. The decrease in 2012 was due to the elimination of the national groundwater tax in that year, and the increase in 2014 was the result of the doubling of the tap water tax rate. The general inflation also affects the water price. If the previous water prices are adjusted to the general price level of 2014 (Figure 18), it becomes evident that the current consumer price is in fact € 0.17 per m3 lower than ten years ago (€ 1.61 per m3 in 2014 versus € 1.78 per m3 in 2004).

€/m³ Figure 18 - Development 2.00 Including taxes of the real consumer 1.80 1.60 price (2014 = 100) 1) 1.40 1.20 Excluding taxes 1.00 0.80 1) The Figures 17 and 18 show 0.60 0.40 the average consumer price 0.20 of households and business 0 users jointly . 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

31 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Drinking water rates of households by region (based on rates excluding VAT and tap water tax). Prior to each new calendar year the drinking water companies determine the rates. The rates for households are shown in Table 17. All companies charge a rate per cubic metre (volumetric rate) and a fixed rate per year (standing charge). In addition, a number of municipalities charge an amount that drinking water companies pay to municipalities as compensation for having pipes in the municipal ground (distribution refunds) on to consumers.

The result in the total per m3 column was calculated using the volumetric rate, the standing charge and the distribution refunds (in so far as these were levied), and indicates the average drinking water rate per m3 in an area for a standard family (2.19 people) and an average consumption (43.4 m³ per person per year) and does not include tap water tax and VAT. In 2015, this average total rate amounted to €1.42 per m3 of drinking water, the same as in 2014. On average, 56% of this total rate consists of a volumetric rate (€ 0.79/m3) and 44% of a fixed amount (standing charge and distribution refunds: € 59.97/year, which comes to € 0.63/m3).

The rates in the regions vary from € 1.12/m3 in the province of Groningen and € 2.23/m3 in the municipality of . A large part of this difference is caused by the distribution refunds. Without the distribution refunds, the rates vary from € 1.12/m3 to € 1.83/m3. Figure 19 shows the development of the rates without distribution refunds. It shows that the spread between 1999 and 2009 decreased significantly (from 1.17 to 0.50 €/m3). After 2009, the spread rose somewhat again and is now situated at 0.71 €/m3.

Notes Table 17 (page 33 and 34)

1) Excluding tap water tax on the first 300 m3 and excluding VAT (6%).

2) The total price per m3 for a standard family of 2.19 persons (Statistics Netherlands, 2013) and an annual consumption per person

of 43.4 m3 (TNS-NIPO, 2014). This means the price for an annual consumption per family of 95.0 m3 .

Calculation: (standing charge + distribution refunds + 95 m3 x volumetric rate) / 95.0 m3 .

3) Including any meter rental and fee for public fire extinguishing.

4) In 2014 municipality without distribution refunds.

5) The total per m3 for the Netherlands was calculated here based on the average standing charge (incl. distribution refunds), the average

volumetric rate and the average consumption of 95.0 m3 per household. If calculated based on the quotient of turnover and sales to

households, the outcome is: € 1.37 /m3 . The difference has to do, inter alia, with payment discounts (e.g. for paying by direct debit),

resulting in a turnover which is lower than at the standard rate, and slightly higher sales per household (100.1 m3 , see Table 6) then

calculated based on the TNS-NIPO survey (95.0 m3 ).

32 WATER PRICE

Table 17 - Drinking water rates of households 2014-2015 1)

2014 2015 Change

Total 2) Standing 3) Extra amount Volumetric Total 2) Total 2015

charge distr. refunds rate vs. 2014

€ per m3 € per year € per year € per m3 € per m3 % Waterbedrijf Groningen • General (without distribution refunds) 1.11 45.45 0.64 1.12 1.1% • 1.36 24.05 1.37 1.0% • 4) 23.84 1.37 Waterleidingmaatschappij Drenthe 1.17 60.00 0.55 1.18 1.4% Vitens • General (without distribution refunds) 1.15 45.00 0.68 1.15 0.2% • Dronten 1.32 15.86 1.32 0.2% • Lelystad 1.28 13.00 1.29 1.0% • Zeewolde 1.39 22.74 1.39 0.2% PWN 1.83 58.80 1.21 1.83 - Waternet 1.68 42.15 1.24 1.68 - Dunea • General (without distribution refunds) 1.69 61.18 1.06 1.70 0.6% • (centre Benthuizen) 1.78 7.80 1.79 0.5% • Den Haag 1.89 18.70 1.90 0.4% • 1.94 22.70 1.94 - 0.1% • 2.04 31.50 2.04 - 0.5% • Leidschendam-Voorburg 1.75 5.60 1.76 0.5% • Noordwijkerhout 2.22 49.70 2.23 0.4% • 2.17 36.80 2.09 - 3.5% • Pijnacker-Nootdorp 1.79 15.90 1.87 4.5% • (Nesselande) 1.74 3.10 1.74 - 0.5% • 1.81 10.50 1.81 0.4% • 1.98 39.10 2.12 6.7% • 1.82 11.70 1.83 0.3% • 2.14 40.70 2.13 - 0.3% • 4) 5.50 1.76 • (Zevenhuizen-Moerkapelle) 2.09 31.90 2.04 - 2.6% Brabant Water • General 1.20 70.44 0.46 1.20 - • Baarle Hertog 1.32 0.88 1.32 0.1%

33 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

2014 2015 Change

Total 2) Standing 3) Extra amount Volumetric Total 2) Total 2015

charge distr. refunds rate vs. 2014

€ per m3 € per year € per year € per m3 € per m3 % Oasen • General (without distribution refunds) 1.56 76.25 0.76 1.56 - • 1.74 16.62 1.74 -0.1% • Gouda 1.66 17.50 1.75 5.4% • Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht 1.67 10.75 1.68 0.5% • en Braassem 2.00 41.96 2.01 0.1% • Leerdam 1.67 10.41 1.67 0.1% • 1.71 14.55 1.72 0.2% • 1.69 12.32 1.69 - 0.1% • Alphen aan den Rijn 1.67 23.28 1.81 8.4% • 1.64 9.04 1.66 1.0% • Zederik 1.80 22.16 1.80 - 0.2% • 1.95 37.48 1.96 0.3% • Zuidplas () 1.78 19.44 1.77 - 0.5% Evides Waterbedrijf Zeeland and Zuid-Holland • General (without distribution refunds) 1.54 59.76 0.91 1.54 - • Rotterdam 1.61 8.45 1.63 1.1% • 1.65 10.12 1.65 - 0.3% • 1.69 13.83 1.69 - 0.3% • 1.64 9.78 1.65 0.2% • Den Haag (Wateringse Veld) 1.57 2.82 1.57 - 0.1% Noord Brabant 1.29 59.76 0.66 1.29 - WML 1.68 86.64 0.72 1.63 - 3.0% The Netherlands 1.42 5) 57.57 2.40 0.79 1.42 0.4%

Figure 19 -Spread of overall household drinking water rates (excluding tap water tax and VAT) €/m³ 2.50

2.00 Supply area with highest rate (excluding distribution refunds) 1.50 Average drinking water rate Supply area with lowest rate 1.00

0.50

0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 34 FINANCIAL BALANCE

10. Financial balance sheet and investments

Financial balance sheet Table 18 shows the balance sheet of the Dutch drinking water sector. The balance sheet was created by aggregating the figures of the individual drinking water companies. The total balance sheet assets at end-2014 were € 6.5 billion euro. 2.1 billion (32.8%) of which was financed by own capital, 3.9 billion (60.4%) by loans and 0.4 billion (6.8%) by other capital (contributions from third parties and provisions).

Table 18 - Financial balance sheet drinking water companies per 31-12-2014 (million €)

Activa Liabilities

Fixed assets Own capital – tangible fixed assets 5,849 – share capital 36 – intangible fixed assets 1 – reserves 2,101 – financial fixed assets 354 6,204 Other capital – third party contributions 261 – provisions 185

Current assets Long-term loan capital 3,100 – stocks 16 – account receivables/debtors 270 Short-term loan capital – liquid assets/cash 33 – loans 447 319 – creditors 108 – advances 29 – other 255 840

Total 6,523 Total 6,523

35 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Investments Figure 20 shows how the investment level has been developing. From the early 1990s to 2008 investments diminished gradually. This partly followed from a decrease in water demand, as a result of which hardly any expansion investments were necessary in the production capacity. Also the use of cheaper mains materials (PVC), taking life-extending measures and taking smart investment decisions based on better information (asset management) contributed to controlling investment costs. An upward trend can be observed as of 2008. Investments in both water treatment and in the mains network have increased since then. Of the investments in 2014, 51% went to the distribution, 40% to production and 3% to information and communication technology (Figure 21).

Figure 20 Million € 700 Development of the investments 600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Figure 21

3% ICT 6% Other Investments by process 2014

51% Distribution/infrastructure 40% Means of production

36 MANAGED AREAS

11. Areas managed by the drinking water companies

Nature conservation areas For the purpose of water abstraction the drinking water companies manage an area of 20,615 ha. This area consists largely of nature conservation areas: 18,948 ha in total. This is 0.5% of the total area of the Netherlands. By way of comparison: Staatsbosbeheer manages around 265,000 hectares of nature conservation areas and Natuurmonumenten 106,000 ha. The nature conservation areas managed by the water companies are not used exclusively for water extraction, but a large part (79%) is also open to the public (Figure 22).

Figure 22 Figure 23 Managed nature conservation Groundwater protection area 2014 areas 2014 (109,855 ha)

20,000 18,000 18,948 3,963 16,000 ha ha 14,000 11% Intended for water extraction 14,985 purposes only (12,137 ha) 12,000 ha 10,000 8,000 6,000 89% Other uses besides water 4,000 extraction (97,718 ha) 2,000 0 Total surface Not open Open to of managed nature to public the public conservation areas

Groundwater protection area A water extraction area is a small area directly surrounding the drinking water extraction wells, which is intended only for the extraction of drinking water. The water extraction area is surrounded by a groundwater protection area in which other activities may take place on a limited scale.

There is a total of 109,855 hectares of groundwater protection area in the Netherlands. 11% thereof is intended exclusively for water extraction purposes (Figure 23). The remaining 89% also has other uses besides water extraction.

37 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Appendix 1 Supply areas and related municipalities 2015

Aalburg, Alphen-Chaam, Asten, Baarle-Hertog, Baarle-Nassau, , (partly) , , Best, , , , , , , , Deurne, , , , , Etten-Leur, , Geldrop- Mierlo, Gemert-Bakel, Gilze en , , Grave, Haaren, , Heeze-, , 's-Hertogenbosch, , , , , , , , Sint Michielsgestel, , , Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten, Sint Oedenrode, , , , , Reusel-De Mierden, , , Schijndel, , , , (partly), , , , , , , , , Werkendam, Woudrichem and . Also supplies to a number of plots in .

Den Haag (excluding Wateringseveld), Hazerswoude-dorp (Hogeveenseweg and Westzijdeweg), , Katwijk, , Leiden, Leidschendam-Voorburg, , , Noordwijkerhout, Oegstgeest, Pijnacker-Nootdorp, Rijswijk, Rotterdam (Nesselande) Teylingen, Voorschoten, Wassenaar, Zoetermeer and Zuidplas (excluding centre of Moordrecht).

Albrandswaard, , Bergen op Zoom (Halsteren and Lepelstraat), , , Borsele, , Capelle aan den IJssel, , , Den Haag (Wateringseveld), , Goeree-Overflakkee, Goes, , Hulst, Kapelle, , Maassluis, Middelburg, Midden-Delfland, Noord-Beveland, Oud- Beijerland, Reimerswaal, Rotterdam (including Hoek van Holland and the ports), Schiedam, Schouwen-Duiveland, Sluis, Spijkenisse, , Terneuzen, Tholen, Veere, Vlaardingen, Vlissingen, Westland, , and Zwijndrecht (Heerjansdam).

38 SUPPLY AREAS

Alblasserdam, Alphen aan den Rijn (except Benthuizen), Bodegraven- Reeuwijk, Giessenlanden, , Gouda, Hardinxveld-Giessendam, Hendrik Ido Ambacht, , Krimpen a/d IJssel, , Leerdam, Leiderdorp, Molenwaard, Nieuwkoop, , , , Vianen, Waddinxveen, Zederik, Zoeterwoude, Zuidplas (centre of Moordrecht) and Zwijndrecht (except Heerjansdam).

Aalsmeer, , (partly), , Bergen, , , , Bussum, , , Edam- Volendam, , Graft-de Rijp, , Haarlemmerliede & Spaarnwoude, , , , , , , , , , , , Laren, , Naarden, , , , , , , , , , , , , , (partly), , and Zeevang. Also supplies to a number of plots in the municipalities of Amsterdam, Eemnes, , Hillegom, , Kaag en Braassem and Muiden.

All municipalities in the provinces of Friesland, Gelderland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Flevoland, and the municipalities of Hilversum, Wijdemeren (partly), Meppel and Westerveld (partly).

39 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Amstelveen (built-up area, partly), Amsterdam, , Heemstede, Muiden and Ouder-Amstel. Also supplies to Schiphol (including the former Fokker complex) and a number of plots in Abcoude, Landsmeer, Oostzaan and Haarlemmermeer.

Appingedam, Bedum, Bellingwedde, De Marne, Delfzijl, Eemsmond, Groningen, Grootegast, Haren, Hoogezand-Sappemeer, Leek, Loppersum, Marum, Menterwolde, Oldamt, , , Stadskanaal, Ten Boer, Tynaarloo (Eelde-Paterswolde), , Vlagtwedde, Winsum and Zuidhorn.

Aa en Hunze, Assen, Borger-Odoorn, Coevorden, De Wolden, Emmen, Hoogeveen, Meppel (part of outside area), Midden-Drenthe, Noordenveld, Westerveld (partly) and Tynaarlo (partly).

Beek, Beesel, Bergen, Brunssum, Echt-Susteren, Eijsden-Margraten, Gennep, Gulpen-Wittem, Heerlen, Horst aan de Maas, Kerkrade, Landgraaf, Leudal, Maasgouw, Maastricht, Meerssen, Mook en Middelaar, Nederweert, Nuth, Onderbanken, Peel en Maas, Roerdalen, Roermond, Schinnen, Simpelveld, Sittard-Geleen, Stein, Vaals, Valkenburg aan de Geul, Venlo, , Voerendaal and .

40 USED SOURCES

Appendix 2 List of used sources

1. Statistics Netherlands, Statline, www.cbs.nl (2015)

2. Statistics Netherlands, Milieurekeningen 2013 [Environmental Accounts for 2013] (2014)

3. Vewin, Dutch Drinking Water Statistics 2012, the water cycle from source to tap (2012)

4. Vewin, Overview of Water Charges as of 1 January 2014 (2014)

5. Vewin, Overview of Water Charges as of 1 January 2015 (2015)

6. Vewin/TNS-NIPO, Household Drinking Water Consumption 2013 (2014)

7. Staatsbosbeheer, www.staatsbosbeer.nl (2015)

8. Natuurmonumenten, Annual report 2014, www.natuurmonumenten.nl (2015)

41 DUTCH DRINKING WATER STATISTICS 2015

Colophon

Issued by: Association of Dutch water companies (Vewin) PO Box 90611 2509 LP The Netherlands

Author: P.J.J.G. Geudens, BASc BEc (Vewin)

Design: Arno Geels, The Hague

November 2015

Vewin no. 2015/135/6259

42 Dutch Drinking Water Statistics 2015