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Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Piper Betle L

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Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Piper Betle L Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2020 Website: www.gijhsr.com Review Article P-ISSN: 2456-9321 Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Piper betle L. Depi Sakinah, Rusdi, Sestry Misfadhila School of Pharmaceutical Science (STIFARM Padang), Padang, Indonesia. Corresponding Author: Sestry Misfadhila ABSTRACT medicine for various types of diseases. However, betelplants are often found Currently, traditional treatment in the form of through out Indonesia, usedoronly as an or medicinal plants or herbs is widely used by the namental plant. [1] community. The rapeutic using plants that exist The betel plant (Piper betle) can in nature a part from having no sid effects can reach tens of meters in length. The shape of also be used for a long time. Betel leaf extract has been used as a mouth wash when the mouth the flat betel leaf resembles a heart, and the is swollen, cleanses bad breath, stops bleeding, stalk is rather long. The leaf surface is green and treats other diseases such as vaginal and slippery, while the tree trunk is slightly discharge, coughing, hoarseness, and skin brownish-green with a rough and wrinkled wounds. Betel (Piper betle) is known to have skin surface. Betel fruit is a buni fruit that is pharmacological effects, in cluding round in shape and is grayish-green. Roots antibacterial, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti- tap, round and yellowish-brown. [2] inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and The betel plant has compound antidiabetic. The phytochemicals of the betel flowers with gender 1, a house of 1 or 2. plant contain saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, The bulb stands alone at the end and facing and triterpenoid essential oils, essential oils the leaves. grain length about 5 - 15 cm and (consisting of chavicol, chavibetol, carvacrol, eugenol, estragol), sesquiterpenes, sugar, and width 2 - 5 cm. The male ear is about 1.5 - 3 starch. cm long, and there are two short stamens, while the female ear is about 2.5 - 6 cm Keywords: Betel; Piper betle L; traditional use; long, where there are three to five white and phytochemicals; pharmacological activity yellowish green pistils. [3] INTRODUCTION Indonesian people have known various types of traditional medicinal plants that have been known from generation to generation. A kind of conventional medicine known is the betel plant (Piper betle) from the Piperaceae family. Betelis a native Indonesian plant that grows vinesorleans on other treet runks. Betelisused as a medicinal plant that plays a role in life and various Malay family ceremonies. In Indonesia, betelis a typical flora of the Riau archipel ago province. The peopleofthe Riau Islands Figure 1. BetelPlant[1] highly up hold the culture of the beteleating ceremony, especially during the welcoming ceremony for guests and using betel as a Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 59 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L. The classificationofbetel (Piper betle L.) is TRADITIONAL USE as follows: [4] Betel (Piper betle) is a plant that Kingdom : Plantae contains secondary metabolites which are Division : Spermatophyta useful as a base for traditional medicine. Sub-division : Angiosperms This betel plant is native to central and Class : Magnoliopsida eastern Malesia and was planted around Sub-class : Magnolilidae 2,500 years ago in the Malesia regionand Order : Piperales tropical Asia to Madagascar and East Familia : Piperaceae Africa. This type of betel also grows and Genus : Piper spreads in South India and South China, Species : Piper betle L. which was brought by Europeans in the 15thcentury. [7] Betel is scattered throughout Piper betle leaves have been used Indonesia, often found in yards. The traditionally in India, China, and Thailand preferred growing place is at an altitude of for the prevention of bad breath due to their 200-1000 masl, which has a rainfall of 2250 antibacterial activity, as a mouth freshener - 4750 mm per year. This plant grows in and chewing, for their wound healing slightly humid forest areas with moist soil properties, to enhance digestion and conditions, areas that are shaded and [5] pancreatic lipase stimulant activity, for the protected from the wind. Betel leaf has a prevention of cataracts and pulmonary distinctive aromatic smell, is spicy and diseases and, to prevent secretions or to warm. Betel leaf extract is used as a mouth bleed as well as aromatic stimulants and wash when the mouth is swollen, cleanses anti-flatulence agents. [24] bad breath, stops bleeding, and other In Ayurveda, the betel leaf extract is diseases such as vaginal discharge, [6] often used as an adjuvant and can be mixed coughing, hoar seness, and skin wounds. with different drugs for better effects Secondary metabolitec ompounds besides being used as a single drug. Betel produced by the betel plant are saponins, leaf has been used as an aromatic, beneficial flavonoids, polyphenols, and triterpenoi for the sound, laxative, appetizer. Besides dessential oils, essential oils (consisting of that, the aphrodisiac effect of chewing betel chavicol, chavibetol, carvacrol, eugenol, has been shown in ancient texts. Betel is estragol), sesquiterpenes, sugar, and starch. also believed to give strength to the liver [7] The essential oil content in betel leaf has [5] and regulate blood flow. Its anti- also proven to be an effective antiseptic. inflammatory and antimicrobial utility is emphasized in several places. In Ayurveda, DATA COLLECTION it acts as a Vata and Kapha suppressant. In compiling this review article, the Betel leaf also helps expel mucus from the technique used is to use literature review by respiratory tract because of the potential looking for sources or literature in the form heat generated from the leaves. According of primary data or official book forms and to the Greek system, it has a pleasant taste national and international journals in the last and smellsto increase taste and appetite, 20 years (2000-2020) as well as in making tonic to the brain, heart, and liver, reduce this review, traditional use, and taste, clear the throat and cleanse the blood. pharmacology. The primary references used [26] in this review article were searched through The study was conducted to trusted website ssuch as Science Direct, determine the types of plants used by the Research Gate, Google Scholar, NCBI, and community in Masbangun Village, Kayong other published and relied on journals. Utara Regency, West Kalimantan Province, mostly traditional medicine toover come health problems related to femininity, how Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 60 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L. to process and use it. The field study was oils from the leaves contain carvacrol, conducted from January - February 2019. eugenol, chavicol, allylkatekol, cineol, All data obtained were analyzed with use estragol, caryophyllene, cardinene, p- value (UVi) and electability level (Fidelity cymenedaneugenolmethylether. [8] level, FL). The number of medicinal plants Identification of essential oils from pecies known to the public is 16 species. A fresh Piper betle var. Bangla desi and Piper total of 320 respondents who were betle var. Deswari leaves were isolated interviewed using a questionnaire with the using conventional Clevenger type water criteria of residents who are permanently distillation for 3 hours. The essential oils domiciled, and are 17 years old or have were obtained 0.12% and 0.15% (v/w), grown up. The types of plants with the respectively. The oil is dried over anhydrous highest use value (UVi) were banana, sodium sulfate and stored in a sterile tube in ginger, turmeric, andbetel. Medicinal plants the refrigerator at 4°C. The essential oils that have the highest Fidelity level (FL) were analyzed using Perkin-Elmer GC value are banglai, gotu kola leaves, ginger 8500, equipped with a flame ionization (pre/postpartum, banana heart (breast detector, using BP-1 (polydimethylsiloxane, feeding), majakani (vaginal discharge), 50 mx 0.25 mm). The results of the analysis singkil leaves (body odor), bean sprouts of essential oils by GC and GC-MS (female fertility) and coconut oil (black identified twenty-five and thirty-five hair). Betel leaf is widely used by the components, respectively. Eugenol community in Masbangun Villagere lated to (50.29%), α selinene (11.39%), β selinene femininity issues. Betelleaf is believed for (10.14%), germacrene D (2.82%), α postpartum treatment, vaginal discharge, farnesene (2.48%), hydroxyl chavicol (1.20 menstrualpain, body odor, and fertility. %), methyl eugenol (1.17%) was the main Betel leaf is a multifunctional plant and component identified, accounting for 79.4% contains phenolic compounds that are of the total oil from the leaves of the Piper cytotoxic and canfunction as antibacterials. betle bangladesi variety. Like wise, the main [28] components identified in Piperbetle leaf oil Piper betle leaves are also used to of deswari variety were eugenol (28.44%), stop nose bleeds by taking two fresh Piper safrole (27.48%), α selinene (7.32%), α betle leaf sheets, washed, rolled, and then farnesene (4.70%), β selinene (1.72%), inserted into the nostril. [1] Besides, Piper methyl eugenol (1.46%), germacerene D betle is also used as a medicine, especially (0.91%), eugenyl acetate (1.72%), isosafrol for fever, wounds, eye infections. [25] (1.62%) and caryophyllene (1.14%). [9] Ethylacetate extract from betel leaf PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW (Piper betle) was fractionated using column Extraction of betel leaf with chromatography. The fraction collected is differents olvents, namely ether (40-60 oC), then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. chloroform, ethanol, and water extract The estimation of total flavonoids was obtained phytosterol results in all extracts determined using the colorimetric method of except water extract.
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