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Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2020 Website: www.gijhsr.com Review Article P-ISSN: 2456-9321

Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Piper betle L.

Depi Sakinah, Rusdi, Sestry Misfadhila

School of Pharmaceutical Science (STIFARM Padang), Padang, Indonesia.

Corresponding Author: Sestry Misfadhila

ABSTRACT medicine for various types of diseases. However, betelplants are often found Currently, traditional treatment in the form of through out Indonesia, usedoronly as an or medicinal or is widely used by the namental . [1] . The rapeutic using plants that exist The plant (Piper betle) can in nature a part from having no sid effects can reach tens of meters in length. The shape of also be used for a long time. Betel leaf extract has been used as a mouth wash when the mouth the flat betel leaf resembles a heart, and the is swollen, cleanses bad breath, stops bleeding, stalk is rather long. The leaf surface is green and treats other diseases such as vaginal and slippery, while the trunk is slightly discharge, coughing, hoarseness, and skin brownish-green with a rough and wrinkled wounds. Betel (Piper betle) is known to have skin surface. Betel fruit is a buni fruit that is pharmacological effects, in cluding round in shape and is grayish-green. Roots antibacterial, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti- tap, round and yellowish-brown. [2] inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and The betel plant has compound antidiabetic. The phytochemicals of the betel flowers with gender 1, a house of 1 or 2. plant contain saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, The bulb stands alone at the end and facing and triterpenoid essential oils, essential oils the leaves. grain length about 5 - 15 cm and (consisting of chavicol, chavibetol, carvacrol, eugenol, estragol), sesquiterpenes, , and width 2 - 5 cm. The male ear is about 1.5 - 3 starch. cm long, and there are two short stamens, while the female ear is about 2.5 - 6 cm Keywords: Betel; Piper betle L; traditional use; long, where there are three to five white and phytochemicals; pharmacological activity yellowish green pistils. [3]

INTRODUCTION Indonesian people have known various types of traditional medicinal plants that have been known from generation to generation. A kind of conventional medicine known is the betel plant (Piper betle) from the . Betelis a native Indonesian plant that grows vinesorleans on other treet runks. Betelisused as a medicinal plant that plays a role in life and various Malay family ceremonies. In Indonesia, betelis a typical flora of the Riau archipel ago province. The peopleofthe Riau Islands Figure 1. BetelPlant[1] highly up hold the culture of the beteleating ceremony, especially during the welcoming ceremony for guests and using betel as a

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 59 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L.

The classificationofbetel (Piper betle L.) is TRADITIONAL USE as follows: [4] Betel (Piper betle) is a plant that Kingdom : Plantae contains secondary metabolites which are Division : Spermatophyta useful as a base for . Sub-division : Angiosperms This betel plant is native to central and Class : Magnoliopsida eastern Malesia and was planted around Sub-class : Magnolilidae 2,500 years ago in the Malesia regionand Order : tropical Asia to Madagascar and East Familia : Piperaceae Africa. This type of betel also grows and : Piper spreads in South and South China, : Piper betle L. which was brought by Europeans in the 15thcentury. [7] Betel is scattered throughout Piper betle leaves have been used Indonesia, often found in yards. The traditionally in India, China, and preferred growing place is at an altitude of for the prevention of bad breath due to their 200-1000 masl, which has a rainfall of 2250 antibacterial activity, as a mouth freshener - 4750 mm per year. This plant grows in and chewing, for their wound healing slightly humid forest areas with moist soil properties, to enhance digestion and conditions, areas that are shaded and [5] pancreatic lipase activity, for the protected from the wind. Betel leaf has a prevention of cataracts and pulmonary distinctive aromatic smell, is spicy and diseases and, to prevent secretions or to warm. Betel leaf extract is used as a mouth bleed as well as aromatic and wash when the mouth is swollen, cleanses anti-flatulence agents. [24] bad breath, stops bleeding, and other In , the betel leaf extract is diseases such as vaginal discharge, [6] often used as an adjuvant and can be mixed coughing, hoar seness, and skin wounds. with different drugs for better effects Secondary metabolitec ompounds besides being used as a single drug. Betel produced by the betel plant are saponins, leaf has been used as an aromatic, beneficial flavonoids, polyphenols, and triterpenoi for the sound, laxative, appetizer. Besides dessential oils, essential oils (consisting of that, the aphrodisiac effect of chewing betel chavicol, chavibetol, carvacrol, eugenol, has been shown in ancient texts. Betel is estragol), sesquiterpenes, sugar, and starch. also believed to give strength to the liver [7] The content in betel leaf has [5] and regulate blood flow. Its anti- also proven to be an effective antiseptic. inflammatory and antimicrobial utility is emphasized in several places. In Ayurveda, DATA COLLECTION it acts as a Vata and Kapha suppressant. In compiling this review article, the Betel leaf also helps expel mucus from the technique used is to use literature review by respiratory tract because of the potential looking for sources or literature in the form heat generated from the leaves. According of primary data or official book forms and to the Greek system, it has a pleasant taste national and international journals in the last and smellsto increase taste and appetite, 20 years (2000-2020) as well as in making tonic to the brain, heart, and liver, reduce this review, traditional use, and taste, clear the throat and cleanse the blood. pharmacology. The primary references used [26] in this review article were searched through The study was conducted to trusted website ssuch as Science Direct, determine the types of plants used by the Research Gate, Google Scholar, NCBI, and community in Masbangun Village, Kayong other published and relied on journals. Utara Regency, West Kalimantan Province, mostly traditional medicine toover come health problems related to femininity, how

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 60 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L. to process and use it. The field study was oils from the leaves contain carvacrol, conducted from January - February 2019. eugenol, chavicol, allylkatekol, cineol, All data obtained were analyzed with use estragol, caryophyllene, cardinene, p- value (UVi) and electability level (Fidelity cymenedaneugenolmethylether. [8] level, FL). The number of medicinal plants Identification of essential oils from pecies known to the public is 16 species. A fresh Piper betle var. Bangla desi and Piper total of 320 respondents who were betle var. Deswari leaves were isolated interviewed using a questionnaire with the using conventional Clevenger type water criteria of residents who are permanently distillation for 3 hours. The essential oils domiciled, and are 17 years old or have were obtained 0.12% and 0.15% (v/w), grown up. The types of plants with the respectively. The oil is dried over anhydrous highest use value (UVi) were banana, sodium sulfate and stored in a sterile tube in , turmeric, andbetel. Medicinal plants the refrigerator at 4°C. The essential oils that have the highest Fidelity level (FL) were analyzed using Perkin-Elmer GC value are banglai, gotu kola leaves, ginger 8500, equipped with a flame ionization (pre/postpartum, banana heart (breast detector, using BP-1 (polydimethylsiloxane, feeding), majakani (vaginal discharge), 50 mx 0.25 mm). The results of the analysis singkil leaves (body odor), bean sprouts of essential oils by GC and GC-MS (female fertility) and coconut oil (black identified twenty-five and thirty-five hair). Betel leaf is widely used by the components, respectively. Eugenol community in Masbangun Villagere lated to (50.29%), α selinene (11.39%), β selinene femininity issues. Betelleaf is believed for (10.14%), germacrene D (2.82%), α postpartum treatment, vaginal discharge, farnesene (2.48%), hydroxyl chavicol (1.20 menstrualpain, body odor, and fertility. %), methyl eugenol (1.17%) was the main Betel leaf is a multifunctional plant and component identified, accounting for 79.4% contains phenolic compounds that are of the total oil from the leaves of the Piper cytotoxic and canfunction as antibacterials. betle bangladesi variety. Like wise, the main [28] components identified in Piperbetle leaf oil Piper betle leaves are also used to of deswari variety were eugenol (28.44%), stop nose bleeds by taking two fresh Piper safrole (27.48%), α selinene (7.32%), α betle leaf sheets, washed, rolled, and then farnesene (4.70%), β selinene (1.72%), inserted into the nostril. [1] Besides, Piper methyl eugenol (1.46%), germacerene D betle is also used as a medicine, especially (0.91%), eugenyl acetate (1.72%), isosafrol for fever, wounds, eye infections. [25] (1.62%) and caryophyllene (1.14%). [9] Ethylacetate extract from betel leaf PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW (Piper betle) was fractionated using column Extraction of betel leaf with chromatography. The fraction collected is differents olvents, namely ether (40-60 oC), then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. chloroform, ethanol, and water extract The estimation of total flavonoids was obtained phytosterol results in all extracts determined using the colorimetric method of except water extract. Alkaloids were not aluminum chloride, the absorbance was found in petroleum ether extracts, while measured at 420 nm using a UV-Visible carbohydrates, water, tannins, and phenols Spectrophotometer. The isolated component were found in ethanol and water extracts. is further purified by recrystallization. The Flavonoids were found in ethanol extract compounds were identified and confirmed and essential oil only in the water extract. It by HPTLC, 1 H-NMR and IR, and the can be concluded that Piper betle leaf spectrum of the compounds. The extract contains phytosterols, alkaloids, compounds were characterized based on carbohydrates, water, tannins, phenols, spectroscopic analysis and compared with flavonoids, and essential oils. The essential data in the literature. Spectral analysis of the

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 61 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L. isolated fraction revealed the presence of as compounds in the leaf extracts of Hydroxy Chavicol, Chavibetol, and Eugenol different betel leaf extracts. [27]

Figure 2. HydroxyChavicol [27] Figure 3. Chavibetol [27]

and then heated for 15 minutes at 90 oC. The bacteria used were bacteria (S.aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli) and, as a positive control, used ampicillin-sulbactam. From the results obtained, betel leaf (Piper betle) is proven to show inhibition of zone diameter against Gram-positive bacteria Figure 4.Eugenol [27] (S.aureus, S. epidermidis) and gram- negative bacteria (E. coli). Betel leaf Phytochemical analysis of betel leaf contains alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, was also carried out using water, ethanol, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, methanol, butanolic, and acetone solvents to steroids, and essential oils. The essential oil evaluate the presence of secondary contains 5- (2-propenyl) - 1,3-benzodioxole metabolites such as steroids, saponins, (25.67%), eugenol (18.27%), and 2- flavonoids, phytosterols, phenolic methoxy-4- (2-propenyl) acetate-phenol compounds, tannins, and other compounds. (8.00%). The antibacterial activity comes The results obtained were betel from essential oils, namely oxygenated extractcontaining steroids, diterpenes, and terpenoids, eg alcohol and phenolic terpenes tannins in all extracts. Alkaloids and are the most active, while some phenols are contained only in water extracts hydrocarbons are usually inactive. [11] and butanol. Coumarin and saponins were The results of other studies also contained in acetone and water extracts, showed an antibacterial effect on betel leaf emodin in butanol extracts, and flavonoids (Piper betle), which was tested on gram- in all extracts except methanol extract. [10] positive bacteria (Bacillussubtilis, In other studies, it was also found Staphylococcusaureus, and that the ethanol extract of betel leaf (Piper Micrococcusluteus) and gram-negative betle) contains alkaloids, tannins, and (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas phenolics, while the water extract of betel Aeruginosa). The extraction of Piper betle leaf contains saponins and glycosides. [14] leaves with ethanol and water solvents showed that both extracts had anti bacterial PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES activity. The significant antibacterial effect ANTIBACTERIAL may be due to the presence of many potent Measurement of antibacterial compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, activity using the disc diffusion method, phenolic substances, and glycosides. [14] first dried betel leaves (Piper betle), and Anti bacterial effects were also found, then pounded using a blender, after which especially in betel leaf extract (Piper betle) the betel leaves were extracted with water with ethanol, ethylacetate, and methanol as

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 62 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L. solvents. [15] aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia Methanol extract of betel leaf (Piper coli showed a clear zone of inhibition betle) was macerated and refluxed and then against all bacteria. This is due to the sterol tested for antibacterial activity using the activity, which is obtained in large disc diffusion method similar to the quantities in the betel extract. Also, betel previous research method. The test bacteria extract contains fatty acids, palmitic acid, used was Staphylococcus aureus ATCC stearic acid, and hydroxy ester fatty acids, 25923. The test solutions were made in 6 which show potent antimicrobial activity (six) different concentrations, namely 0, 5, against various pathogenic microorganisms. 10, 15, 20, 25%. Observations were made [13] for three days by calculating the diameter of Antimicrobial activity of fresh Piper the inhibition area (mm). For macerated betle Linn leaf extract also demons methanol extract, the highest inhibition zone tratedinhibition against both gram- is shown at a concentration of 25% at 1.66 positiveand gram-negative bacterials trains mm, and the lowest zone at a concentration by the discdiffusion method. The result of 5% betel leaf extract is 1.07 mm. In srevealed that all extract sexhibite deffective contrast, at a concentration of 0%, it does in hibitory action againstS. aureus. The not show an inhibition zone. Refluxed ether extract was shown to be more methanol extract had the highest inhibition effective than standard penicillin. The zone shown at a concentration of 20% at aqueous extract was also found to be 1.64 mm and the smallest inhibition zone at significantly effective against Bacillus and a concentration of 5% betel leaf extract P. Aureginosa compared tost and which was 1.12 mm, whereas at a ardpenicillin. [17] concentration of 0% it did not show an inhibition zone. [21] ANALGESIC AND ANTI- INFLAMMATORY ANTIMICROBIAL The betel leaf hydroalcoholic extract The antimicrobial activity test of (HEPBL) was extracted using Soxhlet betel leaf ethanol extract used the equipment, and phytochemical analysis was discdiffusion method. Previously, performed. Wistar rats weighing 150-220 phytochemical tests were carried out on grams (age 8 to 12 weeks) and Swiss albino betel leaf powder (Piper betle), and it was mice weighing 22-25 g of both sexes were found to contain carbohyd rates, proteins, experimental animals. The methods used polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, were tail-flick and acetic acid induction alkaloids, and total antioxidants. The methods to study analgesic activity, while ethanol extract showed antioxidant activity carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton using the DPPH method. The antioxidants pellet granuloma models were used for anti- in medicinal plants can provide inflammatory action. HEPBL showed antimicrobial properties; it is eviden tthat significant analgesic activity at doses of 100 these extracts confirm significant mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, and showed antimicrobial activity against all tested significant anti-inflammatory activity at bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and mg/kg. The sub-therapeutic dose of HEPBL Staphylococcus aureus). [12] at 50 mg/kg also strengthens the sub- Other experiments also prove four therapeutic effect of the standard analgesic different extracts (water, methanol, ethyl dose. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory acetate, and petroleum ether) of Piper betle activity of P.betle can be attributed to the leaf, which were tested against four presence of phytochemical compounds, different pathogenic bacteria, namely namely flavonoids, tannins, phenols and Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus glycosides. [16]

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 63 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L.

ANTIOXIDANTS sample extract was known to have good The ethanol extract of betel leaf is antioxidant properties with ethanol extract antioxidant with a mean IC50 (µg/ml) for having a high DPPH radical scavenging DPPH ascorbic acid radical was found to be activity of 92.0 ± 0.68%, while the methanol 3.128. The mean IC50 (µg/ml) of the ethanol extract was found to contain gallic acid extract was found to be 9,362. The ethanolic equivalent 0.39 ± 0.05 mg/ml. Antioxidants extract of Piper betle L. leaves showed a are effective in reducing glucosere leased by moderate effect on DPPH radical. [18] cortisol-induced chicken hepatocytes. The ethanol extract of betel leaf Treatment with 15% methanol extract of (Piper betle) with various concentrations fresh betel leaf was seen to increase in the (5%, 10%, and 15%) has been shown to first hour and then decrease to a maximum have an antioxidant effect through of 60 minutes when compared to glucose experiments with experimental animals used released by cortisol-induced chicken in rabbits. Rabbits were shaved, then affixed hepatocytes withdry 5% ethanol extract of with hot metal to the rabbit's back, until the Piper betle leaf powder. Gluconeogenes is dermis and the tissue that was bound under was seen to decrease over time with it, causing blisters on the skin. The hepatocy tetreatment with 15% methanol treatment was carried out for seven days, extract of fresh Piper betle flowers and 5% basting the treatment evenly once every day. ethanol extract of dry powdered betel leaf. Then carried out macroscopic observations The methanol extract showed a more of the development of wound healing on the significant reduction in gluconeogenesis rabbit's back. Bioplacenton was used as a when compared to the ethanol extract. The positive control. Betel leaf ethanol extract at MTT test proved that the sample extract was concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% can not found to betoxicat volumes of 10, 20, heal burns on the back skin of rabbits 30, 40, and 50 µl after incubating (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The healing hepatocytes for 24 hours. [22] process is faster because the betel leaf In vivo studies were carried out by contains bioactive molecules such as analyzing the metabolites of bete lleaf saponins, tannins, essential oils, flavonoids, (Piper betle) in water and ethanol extracts and phenols. [19] with GC-MS. Fourteen metabolites were found in Piper betle leaves, five of which ANTIPROLIFERATION were first discovered. Alanine and β- Ethylacetate extract ofPiper betle sitosterol are the primary amino acids and leaves showed the highest in hibitory sterols. Stearic and palmitic acids are the effecton MCF-7 human breast cancer primary fatty acids. Meanwhile, the cellproliferation (IC50 = 65 μg/ml) compared evaluation of the ability to inhibit α- to Piper betle leaf extrac twith water, glucosidase was determined methanol, andhexane. MCF-7 cells were spectrophotometrically with the Ascent grown and maintained in RPMI 1640 Multiskan plate reader (Thermo Electron culture media with the addition of some Corporation), based on the reaction with supplements. The test parameters used PNP-] G. The absorbance was measured at included cellviability (MTT method), 400 nm, and three independent tests were enzymeantioxidant activity test, Catalasetest performed in triplicate then the results were (CAT), super oxided is mutase test (SOD), compared with acarbose (positive control), and glutathione peroxidase test (GPx). [20] tested under the same conditions. The ethanol and water extracts of P. betle leaves ANTIDIABETIC showed a strong capacity to inhibit α- Exvivo studies prove that Crude glucosidase in a concentration-dependent betel leaf (Piper betle) flower extract is manner, with IC50 values of 0.069 and 0.257 efficient in reducing glucose synthesis. The mg/mL, respectively. [23]

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 64 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE 4. Tjitrosoepomo, Gembong., 1993. The hepatoprotector is a compound Taksonomi Tumbuhan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah that functions to protect the liver. Mada University Press. Methotrexate (MTX) and folate are folate 5. Dalimartha, S., 2008. Atlas tumbuhanobat antagonists that are currently used as first- Indonesia (Vol. 2). Jakarta: NiagaSwadaya. 6. Moejanto, R, D., 2003. Khasiat & Manfaat line therapy for autoimmune diseases such Daun Sirih Obat Mujarab dari Masa ke as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Still, Masa. Jakarta: PT Agromedia Pustaka. their use is limited because they can cause 7. Syamsuhidayat, S.S. and Hutapea, J.R., hepatotoxicity or liver poisoning. The 1991. Inventaris Tanaman Obat Indonesia. ethanol extract of betel leaf (Piper betle) Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik can reduce hepatoxicity in methotrexate Indonesia, pp.286-287. (MTX) inducedrats. Miceinduced with extra 8. Saini, S., Anju, D., andSanju, N. betel leaf ethanol intraperitoneally with a Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical concentration of 50 or 100 mg kg-1 bw Studies of Piper betle Linn Leaf. showed hepato protective activity in mice International Journal of Pharmacy and given a single dose of MTX of 20 mg kg -1, Pharmaceutical Science. 2016; 8(5):222- 226. bw, intraperitoneally and had more hepato 9. Saxena, M., Naveen, K, K., Priyanka, S., protective properties. Higher compared to Kodakandla, V, S., and Santosh, K, S. folicacid at a concentration of 1 mg kg -1 [29] Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical bb, ip. Composition of Leaf Oil in Two Varieties of Piper betle From Northern Planto f India. CONCLUSION Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. Betel (Piper betle) is a type of plant 2014; 73: 95-99. from the Piperaceae family which has 10. Patil, R, S., Pooja, M, H., Kiran, V, S., traditionally been widely used as a mouth Pooja, P, K., andRanjeet, R, D. freshener, wound healing, for the prevention Phytochemical Potentialan in Vitro of cataracts, bleeding, and stimulants. In Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle Linn. Leaf Extracts. Journalo f Chemical and Ayurveda, the betel leaf extract is often used Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;7(5):1095- as an adjuvant, aromatic, beneficial for 1101. sound, laxative, appetizer, aphrodisiac 11. Hartini, Y, S., Yohanes, M, S, D., Rekhel, effect, and helps increase taste and appetite, N., and Elisa S. Antagonistic Antibacterial stop nose bleeds, fever, sores, and eye Effect of Betel and Red betel Combination infections. Chemical content in betel against Gram-positive and Gram-negative includes saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, Bactria. International Journal of Curren and triterpenoid essential oils, essential oils Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018; (consisting of chavicol, chavibetol, 7(5):267-272. carvacrol, eugenol, estragol), 12. Datta, A., Shreya, G., and Mukesh S., sesquiterpenes, sugar, and starch. Based on Antimicrobial Property of Piper betel Leaf Against Clinical Isolates of Bacteria. studies, Piper betle has bioactivity as International Journal of Pharma Sciences antibacterial, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti- and Research. 2011; 2(3):104-109. inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, 13. Chakraborty, D., andBarkha, S. antiproliferative, and hepatoprotective. Antimicrobial, Anti-oxidativeand Anti- hemolytic of Piper betelLeafExtracts. REFERENCES International Journal of Pharmacy and 1. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirih Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 3(3):192- 2. Dalimartha, S., 2007. Atlas TumbuhanObat 199. Indonesia 14. Kaveti, B., Lisa, T., Tan, S, K., and Mirza, (TumbuhanTembelekan).http://www.iptek.n B. Antibacterial Activity of Piper Betel et.id/ind/pd_tanobat/gambar/tembelek .jpg Leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy 3. Steenis, V., CGGJ., 1997. Flora. Jakarta: Teaching & Practices. 2011; 2(3): 129-132. PradnyaParamitha.

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 65 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Depi Sakinah et. al. Review of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Piper betle L.

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Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 66 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020