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La Fundación De Un Régimen: La Construcción Simbólica Del

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La Fundación De Un Régimen: La Construcción Simbólica Del UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Departamento de Historia del Pensamiento y de los Movimientos Sociales y Políticos LA FUNDACIÓN DE UN RÉGIMEN. LA CONSTRUCCIÓN SIMBÓLICA DEL FRANQUISMO MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Zira Box Varela Bajo la dirección del doctor Fernando del Rey Reguillo Madrid, 2008 • ISBN: 978-84-692-0998-1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología. Departamento de Historia del Pensamiento y de los Movimientos Sociales y Políticos. Tesis doctoral: La fundación de un régimen. La construcción simbólica del franquismo. Doctoranda : Zira Box Varela. Director : Fernando del Rey Reguillo. Profesor Titular del departamento de Historia del Pensamiento y de los movimientos Sociales y Políticos. 1 Índice AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCCIÓN...........................................................................................................................8 La hora de España: un territorio de lucha ......................................................................... 14 CAPÍTULO 1. LA VICTORIA ................................................................................................. 34 De las puertas de la ciudad a la agonía de Madrid: la mitificación de la guerra .................... 45 La Pascua de España ......................................................................................................... 58 La Paz, esa inmensa tarea ................................................................................................. 69 La aparente unidad del régimen: la gran secuencia ritual de la Victoria .......................... 85 CAPÍTULO 2. TEODICEAS FRANQUISTAS: MÁRTIRES Y CAÍDOS ........................ 110 Caídos por Dios y por España o caídos por España (y por Dios): hacia la compleja síntesis franquista .................................................................................................. 117 Los otros mártires del régimen: Mártires de la Tradición para un partido unificado... y un Caudillo ............................................................................................... 146 Mitificación y glorificación de José Antonio Primo de Rivera ...................................... 156 El perenne recuerdo de los caídos: monumentos, cruces y consagración de los lugares del martirio ................................................................................................... 174 Monumentos a los caídos .................................................................................... 176 La consagración de los lugares del martirio ...................................................... 186 2 CAPÍTULO 3. EL CALENDARIO FESTIVO FRANQUISTA: LOS VALORES DEL NUEVO RÉGIMEN ........................................................................................ 193 Fiestas religiosas y nacionales: la Inmaculada Concepción y Santiago Apóstol .......... 196 Día de la Inmaculada (8 de diciembre) .............................................................. 197 Santiago Apóstol (25 de julio) ............................................................................ 205 Fiestas nacionales ........................................................................................................... 210 La primera fiesta nacional: el Dos de Mayo ...................................................... 210 El 18 de julio: Fiesta de Exaltación del Trabajo ................................................ 220 El 1 de octubre: Día del Caudillo ....................................................................... 232 El 12 de octubre: Día de la Raza ........................................................................ 243 19 de abril: Día de la Unificación ...................................................................... 260 13 de julio y 20 de noviembre. Los días de luto nacional: una pugna de memorias ....................................................................................................... 268 CAPÍTULO 4. LOS SÍMBOLOS DEL NUEVO ESTADO .................................................. 282 Los símbolos nacionales del Nuevo Estado .................................................................... 285 La bandera .......................................................................................................... 285 El himno .............................................................................................................. 298 El escudo ............................................................................................................. 307 La omnipresencia del Movimiento y su Caudillo: un denso magma de imágenes y símbolos ................................................................................................ 312 El partido de FET y de las JONS: un terreno abonado para la lucha simbólica ............. 336 CAPÍTULO 5. EL CUERPO DE LA NACIÓN: MADRID, LA CAPITAL IMPERIAL DEL NUEVO ESTADO ................................................................................. 353 La arquitectura y el urbanismo al servicio del Nuevo Estado ........................................ 360 La arquitectura ................................................................................................... 360 3 El urbanismo ....................................................................................................... 368 Madrid, una capital para un Imperio ............................................................................... 374 La ciudad que no pudo ser: el fracaso de la fachada representativa ............................... 401 Proyectos para una fachada representativa: Religión, Patria y Jerarquía ....... 408 Enclaves de Capitalidad: la Ciudad Universitaria y la Plaza de la Moncloa ... 415 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................................... 437 BIBLIOGRAFÍA.......................................................................................................................444 4 Agradecimientos Cuando un trabajo de años llega a su fin, resulta indispensable comenzar agradeciendo a todos aquellos que, a lo largo del tiempo, han contribuido a hacerlo viable y a mejorarlo. En primer lugar, debo comenzar por el departamento de Historia del Pensamiento y de los Movimientos Sociales y Políticos , de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, donde se ha realizado la presente tesis doctoral. Cuando entré en él, su director era Rafael Cruz, y es a él a quien debe dirigirse mi primer agradecimiento, por su buena acogida y su disposición para echarme siempre una mano en todo lo que he necesitado desde entonces. Los profesores y compañeros con los que he convivido todo este tiempo han contribuido a hacer del departamento de Historia un sitio estupendo para trabajar y un sitio muy agradable en el que estar. Todos ellos merecen un reconocimiento sincero, especialmente los junior , Diego Palacios, Javier Muñoz Soro, Hugo García y Noelia Adánez, así como Nigel Townson. Marcela García Sebastiani ha sido durante todos estos años mucho más que una simple compañera. Su capacidad de trabajo, su seriedad, su vocación y su ética han sido y son para mí un ejemplo reconfortante. Nere Basabe y Scheherezade Pinilla son, también, mucho más; amigas y confidentes, han compartido todo este tiempo dentro y fuera de la universidad. Y lo mejor, aparte de los devenires de esta tesis, han estado conmigo en casi todo lo demás. Por último, el departamento no sería lo mismo sin Susana Fernández, cuya eficacia ha hecho que todo haya resultado más fácil, y cuya amabilidad y comprensión han sido siempre de una enorme ayuda. El trabajo que he realizado en Madrid ha sido productivo, en gran medida, gracias a los profesionales con los que me he encontrado. Quiero mencionar a Cristina Antón Barrero, la bibliotecaria de la Hemeroteca Municipal, y a Pedro Berrocal Solís y José Gómez del Pino, los cómplices ordenanzas que durante años han recogido mis peticiones y me han facilitado el tiempo que he pasado entre periódicos. Dos estancias realizadas en Estados Unidos resultaron muy útiles para conseguir bibliografía y para abrirme hacia otras cosas. La primera de ellas fue en la Universidad de California, en San Diego, siendo esencial para mi traslado allí la diligencia de Carol Larkin y Hermila Torres y, una vez en la universidad, la ayuda de Pamela Radcliff y del departamento de Historia, que me hicieron sentir como en casa. La segunda fue en la New School for Social Research de Nueva York. Esta vez fue José Casanova quien ejerció de anfitrión y 5 quien se tomó la molestia de dedicarme parte de su escaso tiempo y de ponerme bajo el cuidado de Claudio Lomnitz. Según he ido elaborando este trabajo, he tenido la suerte de contar con algunos lectores de excepción quienes, por pura generosidad, han tenido a bien leer textos embrionarios de esta investigación y hacerme llegar sus críticas y opiniones. Jesús Casquete ha sido uno de ellos, generoso como nadie a la hora de meterse entre pecho y espalda las múltiples páginas mías que han caído en sus manos. Paloma Aguilar ha sido también una excelente y animosa crítica, lo mismo que Javier Moreno Luzón, cuyo dinamismo es contagioso, y quien debe figurar entre los que han estado continuamente preparados para alentarme, ayudarme y discutir conmigo. Finalmente, Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida me ha hecho contraer
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