Amateur Service and Amateur-Satellite Service

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Amateur and amateur-satellite services Edition 2007

*31947* Amateur and amateur-satellite services Radiocommunication Bureau Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2008 ISBN 92-61-12361-9

International Telecommunication Union

Amateur and amateur-satellite services

Edition 2007

Radiocommunication Bureau

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Foreword

This Handbook provides general information about the amateur and amateur-satellite services. It also includes a compendium of existing ITU texts of relevance to the amateur and amateur-satellite services.

The amateur service is the oldest radio service and pre-dates regulation of radiocommunication. In 1912, amateurs could use any frequency above 1.5 MHz, as these frequencies were regarded “of no value for marine, governmental and commercial communications” or “undesirable and scarcely useful”. By 1924, amateurs made way for other services in bands above 1.5 MHz. Today, the amateur service operates in relatively small allocations throughout the spectrum.

The 1963 World Administrative Radio Conference created Footnote 284A, which states: “In the band 144-146 MHz, artificial satellites may be used by the amateur service”. The amateur-satellite was created and given frequency allocations at the 1971 Space WARC. Since then, more than 60 amateur satellites have been designed, constructed and operated by amateurs. In addition, amateur radio has been used aboard manned space stations including MIR and the International Space Station. Most of the astronauts and cosmonauts are licensed amateur radio operators.

Self-training is an important purpose of the amateur services, as articulated in the definition of the amateur service in Article 1 of the Radio Regulations (RR).

Radio amateurs have made significant technical contributions to the fields of radio propagation, high frequency single sideband radiotelephone, HF data communications, packet radio protocols and communication satellite design.

RR No. 25.9A encourages administrations to allow amateur stations to support disaster relief. Amateur radio continues to provide basic radiocommunications especially in the early days of a disaster following the loss or overloading of normal telecommunications networks.

This Handbook is intended to present, in one publication, information about the amateur services for administrations and amateur radio organizations.

Paul RINALDO Chairman, Radiocommunication Working Party 8A (Working Group 1 – Amateur services)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Foreword ...... iii

CHAPTER 1 – THE AMATEUR SERVICES...... 1

1.1 Nature of the amateur services ...... 1 1.2 Training...... 1 1.3 Mutual recognition of amateur radio licences ...... 2 1.3.1 CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-01 ...... 2 1.3.2 OAS International Amateur Radio Permit (IARP) ...... 2 1.4 Standardized operator qualifications ...... 2 1.4.1 Recommendation ITU-R M.1544...... 2 1.4.2 CEPT harmonized amateur radio examination certificate (HAREC)...... 2 1.5 Classification of amateur radio licences ...... 3 1.5.1 Individual amateur licence ...... 3 1.5.2 Club stations...... 3 1.5.3 Special event stations...... 3 1.6 Technical characteristics of stations ...... 3

CHAPTER 2 – AMATEUR SERVICE...... 5

2.1 Applications of bands allocated to the amateur service...... 5 2.2 Amateur radio band plans...... 6 2.3 Amateur service operations and operator training...... 7 2.3.1 Typical operations...... 7 2.3.2 Operating activities...... 7 2.3.3 Radiosport ...... 7 2.4 Role of the amateur service in emergency telecommunications...... 8 2.4.1 Amateur networks available for emergency telecommunications ...... 9

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Page 2.5 Amateur systems...... 10 2.5.1 Telegraphy systems...... 10 2.5.2 Data communications systems ...... 10 2.5.3 Internetworking...... 11 2.5.4 Telephony systems...... 11 2.5.5 Image communications systems...... 11 2.5.6 Multimedia systems ...... 11 2.6 Experimentation in the amateur service ...... 12 2.6.1 System development ...... 12 2.6.2 Antenna design...... 12 2.6.3 Personal computers...... 12 2.6.4 Propagation research...... 12 2.6.5 Digital signal processing...... 12

CHAPTER 3 – AMATEUR-SATELLITE SERVICE...... 13

3.1 Applications of bands allocated to the amateur-satellite service...... 13 3.2 Background...... 14 3.3 Operational amateur satellites...... 14 3.4 Amateur earth stations ...... 15 3.5 Experimentation in the amateur-satellite service...... 15

CHAPTER 4 – EXTRACTS OF RADIO REGULATIONS (EDITION OF 2004)...... 17

ARTICLE 1 – Terms and definitions ...... 17 ARTICLE 5 – Table of Frequency Allocations...... 18 ARTICLE 19 – Identification of stations ...... 40 ARTICLE 25 – Amateur services ...... 42 APPENDIX 42 – Table of allocation of international call sign series ...... 44 RESOLUTION 641 – Use of the frequency band 7 000-7 100 kHz...... 51 RESOLUTION 642 – Relating to the bringing into use of earth stations in the amateur-satellite service ...... 52 RESOLUTION 644 – Telecommunication resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations ...... 53

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Page

CHAPTER 5 – ITU-R QUESTIONS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES...... 55

QUESTION ITU-R 48-5/8 – Techniques and frequency usage in the amateur service and amateur-satellite service...... 55

QUESTION ITU-R 209-2/8 – Contributions of the mobile and amateur services and associated satellite services to the improvement of disaster communications ...... 57

CHAPTER 6 – ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES ...... 59

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1041-2 – Future amateur radio systems...... 59

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1042-3 – Disaster communications in the amateur and amateur-satellite services...... 62

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1043-2 – Use of the amateur and amateur-satellite services in developing countries...... 63

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1044-2 – Frequency sharing criteria in the amateur and amateur-satellite services ...... 65

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1172 – Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service ...... 67

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1544 – Minimum qualifications of radio amateurs...... 101

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1677 – International Morse code ...... 102

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1732 – Characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services for use in sharing studies ...... 109

CHAPTER 7 – ITU-R REPORTS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES ...... 117

REPORT ITU-R M.2085 – Role of the amateur and amateur-satellite services in support of disaster mitigation and relief ...... 117

CHAPTER 8 – ITU-D RECOMMENDATIONS AND HANDBOOKS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES...... 123

RECOMMENDATION ITU-D 13.1 – Effective utilization of the amateur services in disaster mitigation and relief operations...... 123

Extract of ITU-D Handbook on Emergency Telecommunications ...... 125

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CHAPTER 1

THE AMATEUR SERVICES

1.1 Nature of the amateur services

The amateur service is the oldest radio service and pre-dates regulation of radiocommunication. The original reason for regulation of the radio spectrum was to improve maritime safety and to ensure that coast stations would communicate with all ships, not just those using their company’s equipment. In 1912, amateurs could use any frequency above 1.5 MHz, as they were regarded as “of no commercial value for maritime, governmental and commercial communications”. However, the value of the higher frequency bands was recognized in the 1920s. Today, the amateur service retains relatively narrow bands throughout the entire radio spectrum. These bands provide the whole range of radio wave propagation mechanisms and, through experimentation, amateurs have contributed to the understanding of propagation.

Radio amateurs have made significant technical contributions to the field of radio propagation, HF single-sideband radio, HF data communication systems, digital radio protocols and communications-satellite design.

Amateur radio continues to play an important role in disaster communications. It has a unique ability to provide radiocommunication independent of the telephone network or other radio services, particularly in the first few days before relief agencies are at the scene and have set up emergency telecommunication services.

The amateur services include self-training as an important purpose. This includes training of young people in radiocommunications. Radio amateurs have the opportunity of planning, designing, building, operating and maintaining a complete radio station, which contributes to the telecommunication human resources development of a country.

The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) is the Federation of the national amateur radio associations existing in most countries. It represents the amateur and amateur-satellite services in the ITU and regional telecommunications organizations, and is a Sector Member of the ITU Radio- communication and Telecommunication Development Sectors.

1.2 Training

Some national amateur radio societies have one or more training courses and publications designed for individuals preparing to take amateur licence examinations. Some have continuing education courses in a variety of subjects including courses on preparedness for emergencies.

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1.3 Mutual recognition of amateur radio licences

Amateurs sometimes visit other countries and want to operate their amateur stations. The types of reciprocal operating authority are:

– CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-01

– International Amateur Radio Permit

– reciprocal agreement, and in some cases

– visitor licences issued by an administration based on showing of a valid licence from the operator’s country of origin.

1.3.1 CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-01

The Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) adopted Recommendation T/R 61-01 (revised Nicosia 2003) CEPT Radio Amateur Licence to make it possible for radio amateurs from CEPT countries to operate during short visits in other CEPT countries without obtaining an individual temporary licence from the visited CEPT country. The Recommendation permits non-CEPT countries to participate in this licensing system.

1.3.2 OAS International Amateur Radio Permit (IARP)

The IARP was created by the Organization of American States (OAS) at the recommendation of the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL). It permits amateurs from signatory countries of the Americas to operate in other signatory countries of the Americas to operate without seeking a special licence or permit other than the IARP.

1.4 Standardized operator qualifications

1.4.1 Recommendation ITU-R M.1544

This Recommendation establishes minimum qualifications of radio amateurs. HAREC is a more detailed syllabus applicable to CEPT countries and others which have adopted it for convenience. Other countries have developed their own syllabi and pools of examination questions. National societies are aware of the systems used in other countries and there is a trend toward uniformity of approaches.

1.4.2 CEPT harmonized amateur radio examination certificate (HAREC)

CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-02 makes it possible for CEPT administrations to issue a Harmonized Amateur Radio Examination Certificate (HAREC). The HAREC document shows proof of successfully passing an amateur radio examination which complies with the Examination Syllabus for the HAREC. It facilitates the issuance of an individual licence to radio amateurs who stay in a country for a longer term than that mentioned in CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-01. It also facilitates the issuing of an individual licence to a radio amateur returning to his native country showing the HAREC certificate issued by a foreign administration. The Recommendation has a provision for non-CEPT countries to participate in this system.

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1.5 Classification of amateur radio licences

Although there is variation by country, there may be two kinds of licences:

– operator licence and

– station licence.

The operator licence is a permit for a person to operate an amateur station. The operator licence may be valid for a specified number of years but there are some administrations issuing lifetime operator licences. Station licences are typically issued for a certain number of years to enable the administration to maintain a current database of amateur stations.

1.5.1 Individual amateur licence

Most amateur radio licences are issued to individual operators. The privileges of a licence may not be transferred to other persons but a licensee may permit another person to operate the amateur station provided that a licensee is in direct control of the transmissions.

1.5.2 Club stations

Administrations may issue club station licences to an amateur radio organization. Normally, the licence is issued to a “trustee” who is normally a licensed operator and is responsible for the proper operation of the club station. Club stations are particularly valuable for educational purposes.

The premier example of a radio club is the International Amateur Radio Club (IARC) using the call sign 4U1ITU operating in the ITU Varembé office building. It is available for use by ITU delegates who are licensed radio amateurs upon issuance of a visitor’s licence.

1.5.3 Special event stations

Some administrations issue temporary licences for special events, such as to commemorate a national anniversary. These licences may be issued to an individual or club.

1.6 Technical characteristics of stations

RR No. 25.7 provides that “The maximum power of amateur stations shall be fixed by the administrations concerned”. While the manner of regulating transmitter power varies among administrations, it is typically specified as peak envelope power output. The maximum power typically is set at between 26 and 33 dBW for the most qualified operators, with lower limits for certain frequency bands and classes of operator licence.

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CHAPTER 2

AMATEUR SERVICE

2.1 Applications of bands allocated to the amateur service

The following table describes typical applications of frequency bands available to the amateur service. Refer to Article 5 of the Radio Regulations (RR) for the specific allocation status of each band. Refer to national regulations for specific allocations, as they may vary by country.

Frequency band Metric (kHz) Applications reference (R = Region)

160 m 1 810-1 850 R1 Its propagation characteristics allow short-range communications during daytime hours, and medium and long-range communications during night- 1 800-2 000 R2, R3 time hours. This band is particularly useful during sunspot minima, when the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is below 3 500 kHz.

80 m 3 500-3 800 R1 This band is used for contacts over distances of up to 500 km during the day, and for distances of 2 000 km and more at night. It is heavily used 3 500-4 000 R2 during communications emergencies. 3 500-3 900 R3

40 m 7 000-7 200 R1, R3 The 7 MHz band is heavily used 24 hours each day. During daylight hours, 7 000-7 300 R2 the band carries the bulk of amateur sky wave communication over distances of less than 1 300 km.

30 m 10 100-10 150 This band is in use 24 hours each day, as a bridge between the 7 MHz and all regions, secondary 14 MHz bands.

20 m 14 000-14 350 This is the most popular band for international communications.

17 m 18 068-18 168 The band is used as an alternative to 14 MHz which is often congested with traffic.

15 m 21 000-21 450 These bands are used particularly during the daytime and when sunspot activity is high. 12 m 24 890-24 990

10 m 28 000-29 700 Frequency band

(MHz) 6 m 50-52 or 50-54 This band is used for local communication at all times, including certain R1 countries telecommand of objects such as models. Sky wave, tropospheric scatter and meteor burst propagation are used for distances up to 2 000 km. 50-54 R2, R3 2 m 144-146 R1 This band is heavily used throughout the world for short-range communications including the use of repeaters. 144-148 R2, R3 1.25 m 220-225 R2 Where allocated, this band serves as an alternative to the 144 MHz band for short-range communications.

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Frequency band Metric (MHz) (end ) Applications reference (R = Region)

70 cm 430-440 all regions This band is used for short-range communications including amateur secondary analogue and digital television. Amateur use of this band is generally secondary to radiodetermination. 430-450 and 440-450 certain countries secondary RR No. 5.270 33 cm 902-928 R2 secondary The 902 MHz band is allocated to the amateur service only in Region 2, where it is also used for industrial, scientific and medical applications, and low-power devices.

23 cm 1 240-1 300 secondary These bands are used for short-range communications and for experimentation. 13 cm 2 300-2 450 secondary

9 cm 3 300-3 500 R2, R3 secondary

5 cm 5 650-5 850 R1, R3

5 650-5 925 R2

Frequency band

(GHz)

3 cm 10-10.5 secondary 1.2 cm 24-24.05 primary 24.05-24.25 secondary 6 mm 47-47.2 4 mm 76-77.5 secondary 77.5-78 primary 78-81 secondary 2.5 mm 122.25-123 secondary 2 mm 134-136 primary 136-141 secondary 1 mm 241-248 secondary 248-250 primary

2.2 Amateur radio band plans The allocations of frequency bands for the amateur service are made by the ITU and are reflected in national regulations. The specific applications for parts of these allocations are recommended by “band plans”. Each IARU regional organization develops a regional band plan on the usage of frequencies. They are general guidance which may not take into account the variations of regulations of each country within the region. For this reason, some national societies develop national band plans complying with national regulations and being compatible to the extent possible with the regional band plan.

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2.3 Amateur service operations and operator training

2.3.1 Typical operations

Typical operations within the amateur service consist of contacts between two, or among more, amateur stations as stated in RR No. 1.56, that is “for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs”.

Normal operations include dialogue between operators on a variety of subjects including technical discussions. There is also an exchange of formal and informal messages now normally transmitted via data communications modes. A number of contests are carried out to demonstrate the level of proficiency, to challenge and raise the level of operator skills, demonstrate amateur station capabilities and commemorate special events.

2.3.2 Operating activities

Radio amateurs use their stations in a wide variety of operating modes. Many amateurs spend much of their time listening to other amateur stations making a two-way contact (known as a “QSO” – a Q code meaning “I can communicate with…”). They may join the contact and contribute to the ongoing conversation. The contacts may be lengthy lasting as much as an hour but are often very brief, simply the exchange of call signs, signal reports, names and locations. Brief contacts are common for amateur stations operating from locations (countries and call sign prefixes) which are rarely on the air.

Another operating mode is to call CQ (meaning “General call to all stations”) to invite any other station to make contact. If more than two stations are involved in a contact, it may be called a “roundtable”. A group contact made regularly (same day of the week, same time and frequency) is called a “net”. Nets exist for different purposes, such as exchange of messages related to emergencies, health and welfare information, weather conditions and others.

2.3.3 Radiosport

Radiosport is the term for a variety of amateur radio competitive activities. Some are sponsored by the IARU, others by amateur radio national societies or amateur radio magazines, and a few have their origins in state-sponsored sport programmes. These activities have formal rules published by the sponsors, have measures of performance or achievement, and normally involve publication of results and issuance of a certificate or diploma.

2.3.3.1 Contesting

Contesting is a competitive activity usually involving an attempt to reach a goal, perhaps to make contact with as many amateur stations as possible during a given time period, on certain frequencies and within specified geographical areas. There are contests throughout the year, particularly on weekends.

An example of a contest is the “CQ-M International DX Contest” sponsored by the Russian national amateur radio society – Soyuz Radiolyubitelei Rossii (SRR). The stated purpose of this contest is “to unite people in peaceful coexistence, foster mutual understanding, and engage in sportsmanship and cooperation through amateur radio”. It normally operates on a second full weekend in May of each year on amateur service bands at 1.8, 3.5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 MHz.

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2.3.3.2 Awards programmes

In recognition of international two-way amateur radio communication, the IARU issues Worked- All-Continents (WAC) certificates to amateur radio stations of the world. Qualification for the WAC award is based on an examination by the International Secretariat, or a member-society, of the IARU of QSL (“I am acknowledging receipt”) cards that the applicant has received from other amateur stations in each of the six continents.

DXCC is an award issued by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) for proof of a station contacting stations in at least 100 different countries.

Islands on the Air (IOTA), sponsored by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB), is intended to encourage contacts with amateur stations on islands throughout the world.

Many national amateur radio societies issue certificates or diplomas for contacting a certain number of amateur stations in their territories under specified conditions.

2.3.3.3 DXpeditions

DX (meaning “long distance”) expeditions, “DXpeditions,” are organized to put rare locations (countries or remote places with few or no regularly operated amateur stations) on the air for limited times. They provide amateur stations the opportunity to make contact with these rare locations and exchange QSL cards as proof of contact.

2.3.3.4 Amateur radio direction finding

Amateur radio direction finding (ARDF), sometimes called “orienteering” or “rabbit hunting,” is a time limited race to demonstrate skills in searching for radio transmitters. Amateur service bands at 3.5 MHz and 144 MHz are normally used. ARDF began in Northern and Eastern Europe but has spread world wide, particularly the Northern Hemisphere. Annual ARDF activities are conducted in a number of countries operating under IARU rules. IARU sponsors World Championships.

2.3.3.5 High speed telegraphy

High speed telegraphy (HST) challenges operators to correctly copy Morse code at the highest possible speeds. International world championships are sponsored by the IARU.

2.4 Role of the amateur service in emergency telecommunications

Its wide scope of activities and the skills of amateur radio operators make the amateur service a valuable asset in emergency telecommunications. It has a large number of operational amateur stations in almost all countries of the world, providing a robust network independent from any other. In many cases, it has provided the first, and sometimes the only, link outside the area affected by disaster. The amateur service has training programmes and emergency simulation exercises developed by some of the national amateur radio societies.

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Typical situations for which the amateur service can supplement emergency communications include:

– Initial emergency alerts may originate from individual amateur stations to bring an incident to the attention of competent institutional emergency services.

– In search and rescue operations, amateur stations can reinforce the professional teams by increasing their communication capabilities and reporting observations.

– Hospitals and similar establishments might in the aftermath of a disaster be without communications. Local amateur radio emergency groups prepare in advance for such assistance.

– Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) and other incidents may require the evacuation of residents, and coordination between the disaster site and the evacuation sites or shelters. Amateur emergency stations may be asked to establish communications with such institutions.

2.4.1 Amateur networks available for emergency telecommunications

2.4.1.1 Short-range networks

Amateur short-range networks provide operational or tactical communications at the site of a disaster and with the surrounding areas. They can include fixed, mobile and nomadic equipment typically using frequencies in the bands 50-54 MHz, 144-148 MHz and 420-450 MHz, noting that there are regional and national differences in these frequency ranges.

Repeater stations are used to extend the communication range of VHF and UHF stations. Positioned in elevated locations, they allow communication between fixed or mobile amateur stations separated by obstructions such as mountains or tall buildings when operating in an urban environment. A repeater station receives on one channel and transmits on a different frequency, usually within the same frequency band.

2.4.1.2 Medium-range networks

Amateur medium-range networks typically provide communication from the disaster site to organizational and administrative centres outside an affected area, or to headquarters of response providers in neighbouring countries. They also ensure communication with vehicles, vessels and aircraft operating outside the coverage of available VHF or UHF networks. Communication at medium distances of up to 500 km may be accomplished by near-vertical-incidence sky-wave (NVIS) propagation at lower MF/HF in bands 1 800-2 000 kHz, 3 500-4 000 kHz and 7 000- 7 300 kHz, noting that there are regional and national differences in these bands. In addition, several national administrations have designated specific frequencies (channels) for amateur radio emergency traffic and related training.

2.4.1.3 Long-range networks

Amateur long-range networks provide communication with headquarters of international emergency and disaster response providers. They serve as backup connections between offices of such institutions in different countries or on different continents. Amateur stations routinely communicate over long distances typically beyond 500 km, using oblique-incidence sky-wave propagation in bands from 3 500 kHz through 29.7 MHz.

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2.5 Amateur systems

For the purpose of sharing studies, characteristics of typical amateur systems are documented in Recommendation ITU-R M.1732.

2.5.1 Telegraphy systems

Morse code – International Morse code in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R M.1677 continues to be used in the amateur service despite the removal of the mandatory requirement for demonstration of Morse proficiency from RR Article 25 at WRC-03. Some administrations have discontinued Morse testing while others have maintained an examination at 5 words per minute for certain classes of amateur licences. Morse code telegraphy is does not require complex equipment and is a robust mode capable of operation with weak signals during poor conditions.

Radioteletype – Known as RTTY in the amateur service, this mode involves teleprinters at each end of the radio circuit. There continues to be 45 Bd, start-stop, frequency-shift RTTY operation and narrow-band direct-printing (NBDP) using a variant of Recommendation ITU-R M.476 (known as AMTOR) in the amateur service HF bands. The trend is toward replacing these modes with narrow-band PSK systems such as PSK31 and various data communications modes.

PSK31 – PSK31 is a digital communications mode intended for interactive keyboard operation between personal computers and an amateur single-sideband (SSB) transceiver. Its data rate is 31.25 Bd (about 30 words per minute) and its emission symbol is 60H0J2B. It is implemented using software written for personal computer sound cards.

2.5.2 Data communications systems

PACTOR-II – PACTOR-II is an adaptive data communications system using different modulation and encoding methods depending on channel quality. It uses two-tone differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulation. With data compression, its effective throughput is 1 200 bit/s. Its emission symbol is 375HJ2D.

PACTOR-III – This and other voice-frequency bandwidth data communications systems are gaining increased use in the amateur service. It is a software upgrade for existing PACTOR-II modems. Through the use of compression, throughputs up to 5 200 bit/s are achieved. Its emission symbol is 2K20J2D.

CLOVER 2000 – Data compression permits throughputs up to 5 200 bit/s. Its emission symbol is 2K00J2D.

MFSK16 – This is a data communications system using 16-tone frequency-shift keying, affording a data rate of 3 000 bit/s. Its emission symbol is 316HJ2D.

APRS – An automatic position reporting system (APRS) is in operation in the amateur service. Individual mobile units derive their locations from global positioning satellites, and report tracking, mapping and related data to amateur stations via HF or VHF amateur packet radio.

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2.5.3 Internetworking

The Internet is used as an interconnection between amateur service networks. Several methods have been developed.

WinLink 2000 – This method permits automatic transfer of messages between the Internet and remote amateur stations.

IRLP – The Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP) uses Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for interconnection of amateur stations by means of the Internet.

EchoLink – This system links a personal computer to an amateur station via the Internet.

2.5.4 Telephony systems

SSB – Amateur single sideband suppressed carrier telephony has virtually replaced double-sideband amplitude-modulated telephony in the amateur service. The emission symbol is 2K70J3E, although there is some use of narrower and wider bandwidths. SSB is used on frequencies from 1.8 MHz through 47.2 GHz.

Digital voice – Digital voice has been used in the amateur service since the year 2000. Two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technologies have been used, one based on the AMBE encoder-decoder and the other a variant of Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) modified to fit inside a 2.7 kHz bandwidth. Early applications have been on HF including transatlantic tests. Use in VHF/UHF/microwave bands is expected to increase.

Frequency modulated voice – FM voice, emission symbols 11K0F3E and 16K0F3E, are in use from 29 MHz to 47.2 GHz. The use of FM repeaters for extension of range is common.

2.5.5 Image communications systems

SSTV – Amateurs use slow-scan television SSTV systems currently employing cameras and personal computers with special software for slow transmissions of colour images in voice- frequency bandwidths.

FSTV – Most amateur fast-scan television, using NTSC or PAL systems, involves the use of repeaters for extension of ranges. FSTV systems operate on frequencies above 420 MHz.

DATV – Radio amateurs have developed full-motion digital television using digital compression techniques in bandwidths of 1.5 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s in frequencies above 420 MHz.

2.5.6 Multimedia systems

There is continuing research in amateur systems capable of combining data, voice and image communications. There is some use of wireless-standard equipment in the band 2 400-2 450 MHz, in accordance with limitations of domestic amateur licences, to achieve extended ranges.

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D-Star – This is a digital voice and data system developed by the Japan Amateur Radio League (JARL) in cooperation with the administration and industry. It is designed for user access at VHF. Digitized voice/audio signals and short data messages are supported. Modulation methods supported are: GMSK, QPSK and 4-FSK, at a date rate of 4.8 kbit/s. Voice encoding method is AMBE (2020) at 2.4 kbit/s within 6 kHz bandwidth. For data, the transmission rate is 128 kbit/s within a bandwidth of 150 kHz.

Backbone communication between repeaters containing multiplexed digitized voice/audio, user data, and link control data signals at 10 Mbit/s within a bandwidth of 10.5 MHz.

2.6 Experimentation in the amateur service

The amateur service is, at least in part, an experimental service offering the possibility of proving performance of new technologies.

2.6.1 System development

The most concentrated efforts by radio amateurs are developing advanced digital transmission of data and multimedia information.

2.6.2 Antenna design

Typical amateur stations are located in residences or in private automobiles. Both installations present antenna installation constraints, and there is a continual need to develop innovative antenna system designs.

2.6.3 Personal computers

Personal computers (PCs) are now part of virtually every amateur station. Nevertheless, there is need for development of software to assume functions heretofore performed by hardware. In addition to programmes implemented using the PC central processor, attention is being given to software to exploit the capabilities of PC sound cards for functions such as modems.

2.6.4 Propagation research

In the early days of radio, radio amateurs were credited with discovery and exploitation of propagation modes. While other communication services are interested in reliable propagation to deliver a required signal, amateurs are also motivated to find unusual propagation openings.

Radio amateurs operate a global HF beacon system known as the IARU Beacon Project, http://www.ncdxf.org/beacons.html. In addition, there are HF, VHF, UHF and SHF beacons in many countries to give real-time signals to indicate a propagation path.

2.6.5 Digital signal processing

There is work on DSP implementations of filters and modems. Radio amateurs have developed digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms for reduction or suppression of atmospheric noise (static), power-line noise and certain types of interfering signals. These techniques have been implemented in commercial products and experimentation continues.

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CHAPTER 3

AMATEUR-SATELLITE SERVICE

3.1 Applications of bands allocated to the amateur-satellite service The following table describes typical applications of frequency bands available to the amateur- satellite service. Refer to RR Article 5 for the specific allocation status of each band.

Frequency band Frequency band Metric (kHz) Applications (kHz) reference (R = Region)

7 000-7 100 40 m All Regions The HF bands are used only for limited amateur- satellite applications because of potential inter- 14 000-14 250 20 m All Regions ference to and from terrestrial uses. 18 068-18 168 17 m All Regions

21 000-21 450 15 m All Regions

24 890-24 990 12 m All Regions Frequency band Frequency band

(MHz) (MHz) 28-29.7 10 m All Regions This band is used primarily in conjunction with an input or output in the 144 MHz band. 144-146 2 m All Regions These bands are in heavy use by numerous amateur 435-438 70 cm All Regions, RR No. 5.282 satellites for inputs and outputs.

1 260-1 270 23 cm All Regions, RR No. 5.282 These bands are used as alternatives to the 144 MHz Earth-to-space only and 435 MHz bands because of congestion.

2 400-2 450 13 cm All Regions, RR No. 5.282

3 400-3 410 9 cm Regions 2 and 3 only RR No. 5.282

5 650-5 670 5 cm All Regions, RR No. 5.282 These bands are used for experimental amateur Earth-to-space only satellites.

5 830-5 850 All Regions secondary space-to-Earth only Frequency band Frequency band

(GHz) (GHz) 10.45-10.5 3 cm All Regions secondary These bands are used for amateur-satellite 24-24.05 1.2 cm All Regions communications. 47-47.2 6 mm All Regions These bands are used for experimental amateur 76-77.5 4 mm All Regions secondary satellites. 77.5-78 All Regions primary 78-81 All Regions secondary 134-136 2 mm All Regions primary 136-141 2 mm All Regions secondary 241-248 1 mm All Regions secondary 248-250 1 mm All Regions primary

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 3 - 14 -

3.2 Background The amateur-satellite programme began in 1961 with the design and launch of OSCAR I (the first satellite using the acronym Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio), also known as OSCAR-1. The original Project OSCAR group was responsible for the first 4 amateur satellites. In 1969 the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) was formed in the USA. This was followed by the establishment of organizations in other countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Russian Republic (and the former Soviet Union) and the Republic of South Africa. With some exceptions, these satellites were built by licensed radio amateurs including university students. Most satellites have been of the low-Earth-orbiting (LEO) type. Some have been designed for highly elliptical orbits (HEOs). Owing to cost, there have been no geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) satellites in the amateur-satellite service. Technology developed in the amateur-satellite service has been applied directly to commercial LEO satellite systems, and the amateur-satellite service has served as a training ground for design engineers.

3.3 Operational amateur satellites

Satellite Launch Observations AMSAT-OSCAR 7 1974 Linear transponder, beacons (sunlight hours)

AMSAT-OSCAR 16 1990 1 200-Bd store-and-forward digital repeater LUSAT-OSCAR 19 1990 Telemetry beacon

Fuji-OSCAR 29 1996 9 600-Bd store-and forward, linear transponder, beacon, “digitalker”

Gurwin-OSCAR 32 1998 9 600-Bd packet bulletin board

SEDSat-OSCAR 33 1998 9 600-Bd packet repeater

Navy-OSCAR 44 2001 1 200-Bd store-and-forward digital repeater Saudi-OSCAR 50 2002 FM repeater and several experiments RS-22 2003 Telemetry beacon AMSAT-OSCAR 51 2004 FM voice repeater, packet bulletin board VUSat-OSCAR 52 2005 Linear transponder and Morse CW beacon CubeSat-OSCAR 55 2003 Telemetry beacons CubeSat-OSCAR 56 2006 Telemetry beacon and packet repeater CubeSat-OSCAR 57 2003 Beacon and telemetry CubeSat-OSCAR 58 2005 Beacon and telemetry

HITSat-OSCAR 59 2006 1 200-Bd packet and Morse beacon

GeneSat-1 2006 1 200-Bd telemetry beacon

NAV-OSCAR 60 2006 1 200-Bd packet repeater

NAV-OSCAR 61 2006 1 200-Bd packet repeater

NRL-OSCAR 62 2007 1 200-Bd packet repeater ARISS Ongoing Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) includes voice communications, packet radio and several experiments.

NOTE – Additional information is available at http://www.amsat.org.

Chapter 3 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 15 -

3.4 Amateur earth stations

Amateur earth stations in the amateur-satellite service fall into two classes: telecommand and users.

Telecommand stations located throughout the world are privileged to turn amateur satellites on and off, and to modify their operation in accordance with RR No. 25.11.

User stations are licensed amateur stations with essentially the same equipment as used for terrestrial amateur operations. The primary differences are antennas and transmitter-receivers optimized for amateur-satellite operations.

3.5 Experimentation in the amateur-satellite service

The amateur-satellite service is highly experimental. It was not certain at the beginning of the OSCAR programme whether small groups of amateurs could design satellites, arrange for their launch, develop sufficient financial resources, and manage orbiting satellites. These questions were answered positively in the early years of the programme. Each satellite offered new challenges that were successfully met by licensed amateurs.

Because resources were scare and were scattered in different countries, it became necessary to use “distributed engineering” to accomplish design, construction and testing of amateur satellites. Internet e-mail, amateur-satellite conferences and amateur radio communications were instrumental in the coordination.

In addition to solving “radio” design challenges, many lessons were learned concerning the physical and thermal design of the spacecraft, attitude control, power system management and orbital mechanics. The amateur-satellite service has proven to be a good training ground for satellite technology.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 3

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CHAPTER 4

EXTRACTS OF RADIO REGULATIONS (EDITION OF 2004)

ARTICLE 1

Terms and definitions

Section III – Radio services

1.56 amateur service: A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self- training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.

1.57 amateur-satellite service: A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 18 -

ARTICLE 5

Table of Frequency Allocations

Section I – Regions and areas

5.2 For the allocation of frequencies the world has been divided into three 1 Regions as shown on the following map and described in Nos. 5.3 to 5.9: ° ° 0 0 7 7 1 1 160°140°120°100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100°120° 140°160°180° C B A 75° 75°

60° REGION 1 60° REGION 2 40° 40° 30° 30° 20° 20°

0° 0°

20° 20° 30° 30° 40° 40° REGION 3 REGION 3 C B A 60° 60°

° 160°140°120°100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100°120° 140°160°180° ° 0 0 7 7 1 1 5-01 The shaded part represents the Tropical Zones as defined in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21.

5.3 Region 1: Region 1 includes the area limited on the east by line A (lines A, B and C are defined below) and on the west by line B, excluding any of the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran which lies between these limits. It also includes the whole of the territory of Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey and Ukraine and the area to the north of Russian Federation which lies between lines A and C. 5.4 Region 2: Region 2 includes the area limited on the east by line B and on the west by line C. 5.5 Region 3: Region 3 includes the area limited on the east by line C and on the west by line A, except any of the territory of Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey and Ukraine and the area to the north of Russian Federation. It also includes that part of the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran lying outside of those limits.

1 5.2.1 It should be noted that where the words “regions” or “regional” are without a capital “R” in these Regulations, they do not relate to the three Regions here defined for purposes of frequency allocation.

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 19 -

5.6 The lines A, B and C are defined as follows:

5.7 Line A: Line A extends from the North Pole along meridian 40° East of Greenwich to parallel 40° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 60° East and the Tropic of Cancer; thence along the meridian 60° East to the South Pole.

5.8 Line B: Line B extends from the North Pole along meridian 10° West of Greenwich to its intersection with parallel 72° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 50° West and parallel 40° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 20° West and parallel 10° South; thence along meridian 20° West to the South Pole.

5.9 Line C: Line C extends from the North Pole by great circle arc to the intersection of parallel 65° 30′ North with the international boundary in Bering Strait; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 165° East of Greenwich and parallel 50° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 170° West and parallel 10° North; thence along parallel 10° North to its intersection with meridian 120° West; thence along meridian 120° West to the South Pole.

5.10 For the purposes of these Regulations, the term “African Broadcasting Area” means:

5.11 a) African countries, parts of countries, territories and groups of territories situated between the parallels 40° South and 30° North;

5.12 b) islands in the Indian Ocean west of meridian 60° East of Greenwich, situated between the parallel 40° South and the great circle arc joining the points 45° East, 11° 30′ North and 60° East, 15° North;

5.13 c) islands in the Atlantic Ocean east of line B defined in No. 5.8 of these Regulations, situated between the parallels 40° South and 30° North.

5.14 The “European Broadcasting Area” is bounded on the west by the western boundary of Region 1, on the east by the meridian 40° East of Greenwich and on the south by the parallel 30° North so as to include the northern part of Saudi Arabia and that part of those countries bordering the Mediterranean within these limits. In addition, Iraq, Jordan and that part of the territory of Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey and Ukraine lying outside the above limits are included in the European Broadcasting Area.

5.15 The “European Maritime Area” is bounded to the north by a line extending along parallel 72° North from its intersection with meridian 55° East of Greenwich to its intersection with meridian 5° West, then along meridian 5° West to its intersection with parallel 67° North, thence along parallel 67° North to its intersection with meridian 32° West; to the west by a line extending along meridian 32° West to its intersection with parallel 30° North; to the south by a line extending along parallel 30° North to its intersection with meridian 43° East; to the east by a line extending along meridian 43° East to its intersection with parallel 60° North, thence along parallel 60° North to its intersection with meridian 55° East and thence along meridian 55° East to its intersection with parallel 72° North.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 20 -

5.16 1) The “Tropical Zone” (see map in No. 5.2) is defined as:

5.17 a) the whole of that area in Region 2 between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn;

5.18 b) the whole of that area in Regions 1 and 3 contained between the parallels 30° North and 35° South with the addition of:

5.19 i) The area contained between the meridians 40° East and 80° East of Greenwich and the parallels 30° North and 40° North;

5.20 ii) that part of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya north of parallel 30° North.

5.21 2) In Region 2, the Tropical Zone may be extended to parallel 33° North, subject to special agreements between the countries concerned in that Region (see Article 6).

5.22 A sub-Region is an area consisting of two or more countries in the same Region.

Section II – Categories of services and allocations

5.23 Primary and secondary services

5.24 1) Where, in a box of the Table in Section IV of this Article, a band is indicated as allocated to more than one service, either on a worldwide or Regional basis, such services are listed in the following order:

5.25 a) services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example: FIXED); these are called “primary” services;

5.26 b) services the names of which are printed in “normal characters” (example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services (see Nos. 5.28 to 5.31).

5.27 2) Additional remarks shall be printed in normal characters (example: MOBILE except aeronautical mobile).

5.28 3) Stations of a secondary service:

5.29 a) shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date;

5.30 b) cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date;

5.31 c) can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date.

5.32 4) Where a band is indicated in a footnote of the Table as allocated to a service “on a secondary basis” in an area smaller than a Region, or in a particular country, this is a secondary service (see Nos. 5.28 to 5.31).

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 21 -

5.33 5) Where a band is indicated in a footnote of the Table as allocated to a service “on a primary basis”, in an area smaller than a Region, or in a particular country, this is a primary service only in that area or country.

5.34 Additional allocations

5.35 1) Where a band is indicated in a footnote of the Table as “also allocated” to a service in an area smaller than a Region, or in a particular country, this is an “additional” allocation, i.e. an allocation which is added in this area or in this country to the service or services which are indicated in the Table (see No. 5.36).

5.36 2) If the footnote does not include any restriction on the service or services concerned apart from the restriction to operate only in a particular area or country, stations of this service or these services shall have equality of right to operate with stations of the other primary service or services indicated in the Table.

5.37 3) If restrictions are imposed on an additional allocation in addition to the restriction to operate only in a particular area or country, this is indicated in the footnote of the Table.

5.38 Alternative allocations

5.39 1) Where a band is indicated in a footnote of the Table as “allocated” to one or more services in an area smaller than a Region, or in a particular country, this is an “alternative” allocation, i.e. an allocation which replaces, in this area or in this country, the allocation indicated in the Table (see No. 5.40).

5.40 2) If the footnote does not include any restriction on stations of the service or services concerned, apart from the restriction to operate only in a particular area or country, these stations of such a service or services shall have an equality of right to operate with stations of the primary service or services, indicated in the Table, to which the band is allocated in other areas or countries.

5.41 3) If restrictions are imposed on stations of a service to which an alternative allocation is made, in addition to the restriction to operate only in a particular country or area, this is indicated in the footnote.

5.42 Miscellaneous provisions

5.43 1) Where it is indicated in these Regulations that a service or stations in a service may operate in a specific frequency band subject to not causing harmful interference to another service or to another station in the same service, this means also that the service which is subject to not causing harmful interference cannot claim protection from harmful interference caused by the other service or other station in the same service. (WRC-2000)

5.43A 1bis) Where it is indicated in these Regulations that a service or stations in a service may operate in a specific frequency band subject to not claiming protection from another service or from another station in the same service, this means also that the service which is subject to not claiming protection shall not cause harmful interference to the other service or other station in the same service. (WRC-2000)

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 22 -

5.44 2) Except if otherwise specified in a footnote, the term “fixed service”, where appearing in Section IV of this Article, does not include systems using ionospheric scatter propagation.

Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations

1 800-2 194 kHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

1 800-1 810 1 800-1 850 1 800-2 000 RADIOLOCATION AMATEUR AMATEUR 5.93 FIXED

1 810-1 850 MOBILE except aeronautical AMATEUR mobile RADIONAVIGATION 5.98 5.99 5.100 5.101 Radiolocation

1 850-2 000 1 850-2 000 FIXED AMATEUR MOBILE except aeronautical FIXED mobile MOBILE except aeronautical mobile RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION 5.92 5.96 5.103 5.102 5.97

5.92 Some countries of Region 1 use radiodetermination systems in the bands 1 606.5-1 625 kHz, 1 635- 1 800 kHz, 1 850-2 160 kHz, 2 194-2 300 kHz, 2 502-2 850 kHz and 3 500-3 800 kHz, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21. The radiated mean power of these stations shall not exceed 50 W. 5.93 Additional allocation: in Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Nigeria, Uzbekistan, Poland, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, the Czech Rep., Tajikistan, Chad, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the bands 1 625-1 635 kHz, 1 800-1 810 kHz and 2 160-2 170 kHz and, in Bulgaria, the bands 1 625-1 635 kHz and 1 800-1 810 kHz, are also allocated to the fixed and land mobile services on a primary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21. (WRC-2000) 5.96 In Germany, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, the Russian Federation, Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Norway, Uzbekistan, Poland, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, the Czech Rep., the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, administrations may allocate up to 200 kHz to their amateur service in the bands 1 715-1 800 kHz and 1 850-2 000 kHz. However, when allocating the bands within this range to their amateur service, administrations shall, after prior consultation with administrations of neighbouring countries, take such steps as may be necessary to prevent harmful interference from their amateur service to the fixed and mobile services of other countries. The mean power of any amateur station shall not exceed 10 W. (WRC-03)

5.97 In Region 3, the Loran system operates either on 1 850 kHz or 1 950 kHz, the bands occupied being 1 825-1 875 kHz and 1 925-1 975 kHz respectively. Other services to which the band 1 800-2 000 kHz is allocated may use any frequency therein on condition that no harmful interference is caused to the Loran system operating on 1 850 kHz or 1 950 kHz.

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 23 -

5.98 Alternative allocation: in Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Congo (Rep. of the), Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Spain, Ethiopia, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, the Syrian Arab Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Somalia, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey and Ukraine, the band 1 810-1 830 kHz is allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.99 Additional allocation: in Saudi Arabia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Uzbekistan, Slovakia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. Slovenia, Chad, and Togo, the band 1 810- 1 830 kHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.100 In Region 1, the authorization to use the band 1 810-1 830 kHz by the amateur service in countries situated totally or partially north of 40° N shall be given only after consultation with the countries mentioned in Nos. 5.98 and 5.99 to define the necessary steps to be taken to prevent harmful interference between amateur stations and stations of other services operating in accordance with Nos. 5.98 and 5.99.

5.101 Alternative allocation: in Burundi and Lesotho, the band 1 810-1 850 kHz is allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis.

5.102 Alternative allocation: in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the band 1 850-2 000 kHz is allocated to the fixed, mobile except aeronautical mobile, radiolocation and radionavigation services on a primary basis.

5.103 In Region 1, in making assignments to stations in the fixed and mobile services in the bands 1 850- 2 045 kHz, 2 194-2 498 kHz, 2 502-2 625 kHz and 2 650-2 850 kHz, administrations should bear in mind the special requirements of the maritime mobile service.

3 230-5 003 kHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

3 500-3 800 3 500-3 750 3 500-3 900 AMATEUR AMATEUR AMATEUR FIXED FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical MOBILE mobile 5.119

5.92 3 750-4 000

3 800-3 900 AMATEUR FIXED FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) MOBILE except aeronautical LAND MOBILE mobile (R)

3 900-3 950 3 900-3 950 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 5.123 BROADCASTING

3 950-4 000 3 950-4 000 FIXED FIXED BROADCASTING BROADCASTING 5.122 5.125 5.126

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 24 -

5.119 Additional allocation: in Honduras, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela, the band 3 500-3 750 kHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis.

5.122 Alternative allocation: in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, the band 3 750-4 000 kHz is allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis.

5.123 Additional allocation: in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the band 3 900-3 950 kHz is also allocated to the broadcasting service on a primary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21.

5.125 Additional allocation: in Greenland, the band 3 950-4 000 kHz is also allocated to the broadcasting service on a primary basis. The power of the broadcasting stations operating in this band shall not exceed that necessary for a national service and shall in no case exceed 5 kW.

5.126 In Region 3, the stations of those services to which the band 3 995-4 005 kHz is allocated may transmit standard frequency and time signals.

5 003-7 450 kHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

7 000-7 100 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE 5.140 5.141 5.141A

7 100-7 200 AMATEUR 5.141A 5.141B 5.141C 5.142

7 200-7 300 7 200-7 300 7 200-7 300 BROADCASTING AMATEUR BROADCASTING 5.142

5.138 The following bands:

6 765-6 795 kHz (centre frequency 6 780 kHz),

433.05-434.79 MHz (centre frequency 433.92 MHz) in Region 1 except in the countries mentioned in No. 5.280,

61-61.5 GHz (centre frequency 61.25 GHz),

122-123 GHz (centre frequency 122.5 GHz), and

244-246 GHz (centre frequency 245 GHz) are designated for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications. The use of these frequency bands for ISM applications shall be subject to special authorization by the administration concerned, in agreement with other administrations whose radiocommunication services might be affected. In applying this provision, administrations shall have due regard to the latest relevant ITU-R Recommendations.

5.140 Additional allocation: in Angola, Iraq, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia and Togo, the band 7 000-7 050 kHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 25 -

5.141 Alternative allocation: in Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Madagascar, the band 7 000-7 050 kHz is allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. (WRC-97)

5.141A Additional allocation: in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the bands 7 000-7 100 kHz and 7 100-7 200 kHz are also allocated to the fixed and land mobile services on a secondary basis. (WRC-03)

5.141B Additional allocation: after 29 March 2009, in Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Bahrain, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, China, Comoros, Korea (Rep. of), Diego Garcia, Djibouti, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Eritrea, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Mauritania, New Zealand, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, Singapore, Sudan, Tunisia, Viet Nam and Yemen, the band 7 100-7 200 kHz is also allocated to the fixed and the mobile, except aeronautical mobile (R), services on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.141C In Regions 1 and 3, the band 7 100-7 200 kHz is allocated to the broadcasting service until 29 March 2009 on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.142 Until 29 March 2009, the use of the band 7 100-7 300 kHz in Region 2 by the amateur service shall not impose constraints on the broadcasting service intended for use within Region 1 and Region 3. After 29 March 2009 the use of the band 7 200-7 300 kHz in Region 2 by the amateur service shall not impose constraints on the broadcasting service intended for use within Region 1 and Region 3. (WRC-03)

7 450-13 360 kHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

10 100-10 150 FIXED Amateur

13 360-18 030 kHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

14 000-14 250 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE

14 250-14 350 AMATEUR 5.152

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 26 -

5.149 In making assignments to stations of other services to which the bands:

13 360-13 410 kHz, 4 990-5 000 MHz, 94.1-100 GHz,

25 550-25 670 kHz, 6 650-6 675.2 MHz, 102-109.5 GHz, 37.5-38.25 MHz, 10.6-10.68 GHz, 111.8-114.25 GHz, 73-74.6 MHz in Regions 1 and 3, 14.47-14.5 GHz, 128.33-128.59 GHz, 150.05-153 MHz in Region 1, 22.01-22.21 GHz, 129.23-129.49 GHz, 322-328.6 MHz, 22.21-22.5 GHz, 130-134 GHz, 406.1-410 MHz, 22.81-22.86 GHz, 136-148.5 GHz, 608-614 MHz in Regions 1 and 3, 23.07-23.12 GHz, 151.5-158.5 GHz,

1 330-1 400 MHz, 31.2-31.3 GHz, 168.59-168.93 GHz,

1 610.6-1 613.8 MHz, 31.5-31.8 GHz in Regions 1 and 3, 171.11-171.45 GHz,

1 660-1 670 MHz, 36.43-36.5 GHz, 172.31-172.65 GHz,

1 718.8-1 722.2 MHz, 42.5-43.5 GHz, 173.52-173.85 GHz,

2 655-2 690 MHz, 42.77-42.87 GHz, 195.75-196.15 GHz,

3 260-3 267 MHz, 43.07-43.17 GHz, 209-226 GHz,

3 332-3 339 MHz, 43.37-43.47 GHz, 241-250 GHz,

3 345.8-3 352.5 MHz, 48.94-49.04 GHz, 252-275 GHz

4 825-4 835 MHz, 76-86 GHz,

4 950-4 990 MHz, 92-94 GHz, are allocated, administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service (see Nos. 4.5 and 4.6 and Article 29). (WRC-2000)

5.150 The following bands:

13 553-13 567 kHz (centre frequency 13 560 kHz),

26 957-27 283 kHz (centre frequency 27 120 kHz),

40.66-40.70 MHz (centre frequency 40.68 MHz),

902-928 MHz in Region 2 (centre frequency 915 MHz),

2 400-2 500 MHz (centre frequency 2 450 MHz),

5 725-5 875 MHz (centre frequency 5 800 MHz), and

24-24.25 GHz (centre frequency 24.125 GHz) are also designated for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications. Radiocommunication services operating within these bands must accept harmful interference which may be caused by these applications. ISM equipment operating in these bands is subject to the provisions of No. 15.13.

5.152 Additional allocation: in Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Côte d’Ivoire, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the band 14 250-14 350 kHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. Stations of the fixed service shall not use a radiated power exceeding 24 dBW. (WRC-03)

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 27 -

18 030-23 350 kHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

18 068-18 168 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE 5.154 . . .

21 000-21 450 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE

5.154 Additional allocation: in Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the band 18 068-18 168 kHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis for use within their boundaries, with a peak envelope power not exceeding 1 kW. (WRC-03)

23 350-27 500 kHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

24 890-24 990 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE

27.5-47 MHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 28-29.7 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE

5.162A Additional allocation: in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Vatican, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, the Russian Federation, Finland, France, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, the Czech Rep., the United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland the band 46-68 MHz is also allocated to the radiolocation service on a secondary basis. This use is limited to the operation of wind profiler radars in accordance with Resolution 217 (WRC-97). (WRC-2000)

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 28 -

47-75.2 MHz Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 47-68 BROADCASTING 50-54 AMATEUR 5.162A 5.163 5.164 5.165 5.162A 5.166 5.167 5.168 5.170 5.169 5.171

5.163 Additional allocation: in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, the Czech Rep., Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the bands 47-48.5 MHz and 56.5-58 MHz are also allocated to the fixed and land mobile services on a secondary basis. (WRC-03)

5.164 Additional allocation: in Albania, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Côte d’Ivoire, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Jordan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Morocco, Mauritania, Monaco, Nigeria, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Syrian Arab Republic, the United Kingdom, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Swaziland, Chad, Togo, Tunisia and Turkey, the band 47-68 MHz, in Romania the band 47-58 MHz, in South Africa the band 47-50 MHz, and in the Czech Rep. the band 66-68 MHz, are also allocated to the land mobile service on a primary basis. However, stations of the land mobile service in the countries mentioned in connection with each band referred to in this footnote shall not cause harmful interference to, or claim protection from, existing or planned broadcasting stations of countries other than those mentioned in connection with the band. (WRC-03)

5.165 Additional allocation: in Angola, Cameroon, Congo (Rep. of the), Madagascar, Mozambique, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Chad, the band 47-68 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis.

5.166 Alternative allocation: in New Zealand, the band 50-51 MHz is allocated to the fixed, mobile and broadcasting services on a primary basis; the band 53-54 MHz is allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis.

5.167 Alternative allocation: in Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore and Thailand, the band 50-54 MHz is allocated to the fixed, mobile and broadcasting services on a primary basis.

5.168 Additional allocation: in Australia, China and the Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea, the band 50-54 MHz is also allocated to the broadcasting service on a primary basis.

5.169 Alternative allocation: in Botswana, Burundi, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, the Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the band 50-54 MHz is allocated to the amateur service on a primary basis.

5.170 Additional allocation: in New Zealand, the band 51-53 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis.

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 29 -

5.171 Additional allocation: in Botswana, Burundi, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, the band 54-68 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis.

137.175-148 MHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 144-146 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE 5.216 146-148 146-148 146-148 FIXED AMATEUR AMATEUR MOBILE except aeronautical FIXED mobile (R) MOBILE 5.217 5.217

5.216 Additional allocation: in China, the band 144-146 MHz is also allocated to the aeronautical mobile (OR) service on a secondary basis.

5.217 Alternative allocation: in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cuba, Guyana and India, the band 146-148 MHz is allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis.

220-335.4 MHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 220-225 223-230 AMATEUR 223-230 BROADCASTING FIXED FIXED Fixed MOBILE MOBILE Mobile Radiolocation 5.241 BROADCASTING

5.241 In Region 2, no new stations in the radiolocation service may be authorized in the band 216-225 MHz. Stations authorized prior to 1 January 1990 may continue to operate on a secondary basis.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 30 -

410-460 MHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 420-430 FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile Radiolocation 5.269 5.270 5.271 430-432 430-432 AMATEUR RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur 5.271 5.272 5.273 5.274 5.275 5.276 5.277 5.271 5.276 5.277 5.278 5.279 432-438 432-438 AMATEUR RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur Earth exploration-satellite Earth exploration-satellite (active) 5.279A (active) 5.279A 5.138 5.271 5.272 5.276 5.277 5.280 5.281 5.282 5.271 5.276 5.277 5.278 5.279 5.281 5.282 438-440 438-440 AMATEUR RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur 5.271 5.273 5.274 5.275 5.276 5.277 5.283 5.271 5.276 5.277 5.278 5.279 440-450 FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile Radiolocation 5.269 5.270 5.271 5.284 5.285 5.286

5.269 Different category of service: in Australia, the United States, India, Japan and the United Kingdom, the allocation of the bands 420-430 MHz and 440-450 MHz to the radiolocation service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33).

5.270 Additional allocation: in Australia, the United States, Jamaica and the Philippines, the bands 420- 430 MHz and 440-450 MHz are also allocated to the amateur service on a secondary basis.

5.271 Additional allocation: in Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, India, Latvia, Lithuania, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan, the band 420-460 MHz is also allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service (radio altimeters) on a secondary basis. (WRC-03)

5.272 Different category of service: in France, the allocation of the band 430-434 MHz to the amateur service is on a secondary basis (see No. 5.32).

5.273 Different category of service: in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the allocation of the bands 430- 432 MHz and 438-440 MHz to the radiolocation service is on a secondary basis (see No. 5.32). (WRC-03)

5.274 Alternative allocation: in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the bands 430-432 MHz and 438-440 MHz are allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis.

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 31 -

5.275 Additional allocation: in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Latvia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro and Slovenia, the bands 430-432 MHz and 438-440 MHz are also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis. (WRC-97)

5.276 Additional allocation: in Afghanistan, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Malta, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea, Singapore, Somalia, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Turkey and Yemen, the band 430-440 MHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis and the bands 430- 435 MHz and 438-440 MHz are also allocated to the mobile, except aeronautical mobile, service on a primary basis. (WRC-97)

5.277 Additional allocation: in Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cameroon, Congo (Rep. of the), Djibouti, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Poland, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, the Czech Rep., Romania, Rwanda, Tajikistan, Chad, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the band 430-440 MHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.278 Different category of service: in Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guyana, Honduras, Panama and Venezuela, the allocation of the band 430-440 MHz to the amateur service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33).

5.279 Additional allocation: in Mexico, the bands 430-435 MHz and 438-440 MHz are also allocated on a primary basis to the land mobile service, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21.

5.279A The use of this band by sensors in the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) shall be in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R SA.1260-1. Additionally, the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) in the band 432-438 MHz shall not cause harmful interference to the aeronautical radionavigation service in China. The provisions of this footnote in no way diminish the obligation of the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) to operate as a secondary service in accordance with Nos. 5.29 and 5.30. (WRC-03)

5.280 In Germany, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia and Switzerland, the band 433.05- 434.79 MHz (centre frequency 433.92 MHz) is designated for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications. Radiocommunication services of these countries operating within this band must accept harmful interference which may be caused by these applications. ISM equipment operating in this band is subject to the provisions of No. 15.13.

5.281 Additional allocation: in the French Overseas Departments in Region 2 and India, the band 433.75- 434.25 MHz is also allocated to the space operation service (Earth-to-space) on a primary basis. In France and in Brazil, the band is allocated to the same service on a secondary basis.

5.282 In the bands 435-438 MHz, 1 260-1 270 MHz, 2 400-2 450 MHz, 3 400-3 410 MHz (in Regions 2 and 3 only) and 5 650-5 670 MHz, the amateur-satellite service may operate subject to not causing harmful interference to other services operating in accordance with the Table (see No. 5.43). Administrations authorizing such use shall ensure that any harmful interference caused by emissions from a station in the amateur-satellite service is immediately eliminated in accordance with the provisions of No. 25.11. The use of the bands 1 260- 1 270 MHz and 5 650-5 670 MHz by the amateur-satellite service is limited to the Earth-to-space direction.

5.283 Additional allocation: in Austria, the band 438-440 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile, except aeronautical mobile, services on a primary basis.

5.284 Additional allocation: in Canada, the band 440-450 MHz is also allocated to the amateur service on a secondary basis.

5.285 Different category of service: in Canada, the allocation of the band 440-450 MHz to the radiolocation service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33).

5.286 The band 449.75-450.25 MHz may be used for the space operation service (Earth-to-space) and the space research service (Earth-to-space), subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21.

5.317A Administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) may use those parts of the band 806-960 MHz which are allocated to the mobile service on a primary basis and are used or planned to be used for mobile systems (see Resolution 224 (WRC-2000)). This identification does not preclude the use of these bands by any application of the services to which they are allocated and does not establish priority in the Radio Regulations. (WRC-2000)

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 32 -

5.322 In Region 1, in the band 862-960 MHz, stations of the broadcasting service shall be operated only in the African Broadcasting Area (see Nos. 5.10 to 5.13) excluding Algeria, Egypt, Spain, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Zambia, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21. (WRC-2000)

890-1 300 MHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 890-942 890-942 FIXED FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical MOBILE 5.317A mobile 5.317A BROADCASTING BROADCASTING 5.322 Radiolocation Radiolocation 902-928 FIXED Amateur Mobile except aeronautical mobile 5.325A Radiolocation 5.150 5.325 5.326 5.323 5.327 . . .

1 240-1 300 EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (active) RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space) 5.328B 5.329 5.329A SPACE RESEARCH (active) Amateur 5.282 5.330 5.331 5.332 5.335 5.335A

5.325 Different category of service: in the United States, the allocation of the band 890-942 MHz to the radiolocation service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33), subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21.

5.325A Different category of service: in Cuba, the allocation of the band 902-915 MHz to the land mobile service is on a primary basis. (WRC-2000)

5.326 Different category of service: in Chile, the band 903-905 MHz is allocated to the mobile, except aeronautical mobile, service on a primary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21.

5.327 Different category of service: in Australia, the allocation of the band 915-928 MHz to the radiolocation service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33).

5.328B The use of the bands 1 164-1 300 MHz, 1 559-1 610 MHz and 5 010-5 030 MHz by systems and networks in the radionavigation-satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, is received by the Radiocommunication Bureau after 1 January 2005 is subject to the application of the provisions of Nos. 9.12, 9.12A and 9.13. Resolution 610 (WRC-03) shall also apply. (WRC-03)

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 33 -

5.329 Use of the radionavigation-satellite service in the band 1 215-1 300 MHz shall be subject to the condition that no harmful interference is caused to, and no protection is claimed from, the radionavigation service authorized under No. 5.331. Furthermore, the use of the radionavigation-satellite service in the band 1 215- 1 300 MHz shall be subject to the condition that no harmful interference is caused to the radiolocation service. No. 5.43 shall not apply in respect of the radiolocation service. Resolution 608 (WRC-03) shall apply. (WRC-03)

5.329A Use of systems in the radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-space) operating in the bands 1 215- 1 300 MHz and 1 559-1 610 MHz is not intended to provide safety service applications, and shall not impose any additional constraints on other systems or services operating in accordance with the Table. (WRC-2000)

5.330 Additional allocation: in Angola, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, the United Arab Emirates, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, Somalia, Sudan, Chad, Togo and Yemen, the band 1 215-1 300 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.331 Additional allocation: in Algeria, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, China, Korea (Rep. of), Croatia, Denmark, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Estonia, the Russian Federation, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Lesotho, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Somalia, Sudan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Venezuela and Viet Nam, the band 1 215-1 300 MHz is also allocated to the radionavigation service on a primary basis. In Canada and the United States, the band 1 240- 1 300 MHz is also allocated to the radionavigation service, and use of the radionavigation service shall be limited to the aeronautical radionavigation service. (WRC-03)

5.332 In the band 1 215-1 260 MHz, active spaceborne sensors in the Earth exploration-satellite and space research services shall not cause harmful interference to, claim protection from, or otherwise impose constraints on operation or development of the radiolocation service, the radionavigation-satellite service and other services allocated on a primary basis. (WRC-2000)

5.334 Additional allocation: in Canada and the United States, the band 1 350-1 370 MHz is also allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.335 In Canada and the United States in the band 1 240-1 300 MHz, active spaceborne sensors in the earth exploration-satellite and space research services shall not cause interference to, claim protection from, or otherwise impose constraints on operation or development of the aeronautical radionavigation service. (WRC-97)

5.335A In the band 1 260-1 300 MHz, active spaceborne sensors in the Earth exploration-satellite and space research services shall not cause harmful interference to, claim protection from, or otherwise impose constraints on operation or development of the radiolocation service and other services allocated by footnotes on a primary basis. (WRC-2000)

2 170-2 520 MHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

2 300-2 450 2 300-2 450 FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE Amateur RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Amateur 5.150 5.282 5.395 5.150 5.282 5.393 5.394 5.396

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 34 -

5.393 Additional allocation: in the United States, India and Mexico, the band 2 310-2 360 MHz is also allocated to the broadcasting-satellite service (sound) and complementary terrestrial sound broadcasting service on a primary basis. Such use is limited to digital audio broadcasting and is subject to the provisions of Resolution 528 (WARC-92)*, with the exception of resolves 3 in regard to the limitation on broadcasting-satellite systems in the upper 25 MHz. (WRC-2000)

5.394 In the United States, the use of the band 2 300-2 390 MHz by the aeronautical mobile service for telemetry has priority over other uses by the mobile services. In Canada, the use of the band 2 300-2 483.5 MHz by the aeronautical mobile service for telemetry has priority over other uses by the mobile services.

5.395 In France and Turkey, the use of the band 2 310-2 360 MHz by the aeronautical mobile service for telemetry has priority over other uses by the mobile service. (WRC-03)

5.396 Space stations of the broadcasting-satellite service in the band 2 310-2 360 MHz operating in accordance with No. 5.393 that may affect the services to which this band is allocated in other countries shall be coordinated and notified in accordance with Resolution 33 (Rev.WRC-97)*. Complementary terrestrial broadcasting stations shall be subject to bilateral coordination with neighbouring countries prior to their bringing into use.

2 700-4 800 MHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

3 300-3 400 3 300-3 400 3 300-3 400 RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur Fixed Mobile 5.149 5.429 5.430 5.149 5.430 5.149 5.429

3 400-3 600 3 400-3 500 FIXED FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) Amateur Mobile Mobile Radiolocation Radiolocation 5.433 5.282 5.432 5.431

5.429 Additional allocation: in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Congo (Rep. of the), Korea (Rep. of), the United Arab Emirates, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea and Yemen, the band 3 300-3 400 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis. The countries bordering the Mediterranean shall not claim protection for their fixed and mobile services from the radiolocation service. (WRC-03) 5.430 Additional allocation: in Azerbaijan, Cuba, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Romania and Turkmenistan, the band 3 300-3 400 MHz is also allocated to the radionavigation service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.431 Additional allocation: in Germany, Israel and the United Kingdom, the band 3 400-3 475 MHz is also allocated to the amateur service on a secondary basis. (WRC-03) 5.432 Different category of service: in Korea (Rep. of), Japan and Pakistan, the allocation of the band 3 400-3 500 MHz to the mobile, except aeronautical mobile, service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33). (WRC-2000)

* Note by the Secretariat: This Resolution was revised by WRC-03.

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 35 -

5.433 In Regions 2 and 3, in the band 3 400-3 600 MHz the radiolocation service is allocated on a primary basis. However, all administrations operating radiolocation systems in this band are urged to cease operations by 1985. Thereafter, administrations shall take all practicable steps to protect the fixed-satellite service and coordination requirements shall not be imposed on the fixed-satellite service.

5 570-7 250 MHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

5 650-5 725 RADIOLOCATION MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 5.446A 5.450A Amateur Space research (deep space) 5.282 5.451 5.453 5.454 5.455

5 725-5 830 5 725-5 830 FIXED-SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION (Earth-to-space) Amateur RADIOLOCATION Amateur 5.150 5.451 5.453 5.455 5.456 5.150 5.453 5.455

5 830-5 850 5 830-5 850 FIXED-SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION (Earth-to-space) Amateur RADIOLOCATION Amateur-satellite (space-to-Earth) Amateur Amateur-satellite (space-to-Earth) 5.150 5.451 5.453 5.455 5.456 5.150 5.453 5.455

5 850-5 925 5 850-5 925 5 850-5 925 FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE Amateur Radiolocation Radiolocation 5.150 5.150 5.150

5.446A The use of the bands 5 150-5 350 MHz and 5 470-5 725 MHz by the stations in the mobile service shall be in accordance with Resolution 229 (WRC-03). (WRC-03)

5.450 Additional allocation: in Austria, Azerbaijan, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the band 5 470-5 650 MHz is also allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.450A In the band 5 470-5 725 MHz, stations in the mobile service shall not claim protection from radiodetermination services. Radiodetermination services shall not impose on the mobile service more stringent protection criteria, based on system characteristics and interference criteria, than those stated in Recommendation ITU-R M.1638. (WRC-03)

5.450B In the frequency band 5 470-5 650 MHz, stations in the radiolocation service, except ground-based radars used for meteorological purposes in the band 5 600-5 650 MHz, shall not cause harmful interference to, nor claim protection from, radar systems in the maritime radionavigation service. (WRC-03)

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 36 -

5.451 Additional allocation: in the United Kingdom, the band 5 470-5 850 MHz is also allocated to the land mobile service on a secondary basis. The power limits specified in Nos. 21.2, 21.3, 21.4 and 21.5 shall apply in the band 5 725-5 850 MHz.

5.452 Between 5 600 MHz and 5 650 MHz, ground-based radars used for meteorological purposes are authorized to operate on a basis of equality with stations of the maritime radionavigation service.

5.453 Additional allocation: in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cameroon, China, Congo (Rep. of the), Korea (Rep. of), Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Gabon, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Chad, Thailand, Togo, Viet Nam and Yemen, the band 5 650-5 850 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis. In this case, the provisions of Resolution 229 (WRC-03) do not apply. (WRC-03)

5.454 Different category of service: in Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the allocation of the band 5 670-5 725 MHz to the space research service is on a primary basis (see No. 5.33). (WRC-03)

5.455 Additional allocation: in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cuba, the Russian Federation, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Moldova, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the band 5 670-5 850 MHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

5.456 Additional allocation: in Cameroon, the band 5 755-5 850 MHz is also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

10-11.7 GHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 10-10.45 10-10.45 10-10.45 FIXED RADIOLOCATION FIXED MOBILE Amateur MOBILE RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur 5.479 5.479 5.480 5.479 10.45-10.5 RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur-satellite 5.481

5.479 The band 9 975-10 025 MHz is also allocated to the meteorological-satellite service on a secondary basis for use by weather radars.

5.480 Additional allocation: in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the band 10-10.45 GHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis. (WRC-2000)

5.481 Additional allocation: in Germany, Angola, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Ecuador, Spain, Guatemala, Hungary, Japan, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Uzbekistan, Paraguay, Peru, the Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea, Tanzania, Thailand and Uruguay, the band 10.45-10.5 GHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis. (WRC-03)

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 37 -

22-24.75 GHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 24-24.05 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE 5.150 24.05-24.25 RADIOLOCATION Amateur Earth exploration-satellite (active) 5.150

40-47.5 GHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 47-47.2 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE

66-81 GHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 76-77.5 RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur-satellite Space research (space-to-Earth) 5.149 77.5-78 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE Radio astronomy Space research (space-to-Earth) 5.149 78-79 RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur-satellite Radio astronomy Space research (space-to-Earth) 5.149 5.560 79-81 RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur-satellite Space research (space-to-Earth) 5.149

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 38 -

5.560 In the band 78-79 GHz radars located on space stations may be operated on a primary basis in the Earth exploration-satellite service and in the space research service. 5.561 In the band 74-76 GHz, stations in the fixed, mobile and broadcasting services shall not cause harmful interference to stations of the fixed-satellite service or stations of the broadcasting-satellite service operating in accordance with the decisions of the appropriate frequency assignment planning conference for the broadcasting- satellite service. (WRC-2000)

119.98-151.5 GHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 122.25-123 FIXED INTER-SATELLITE MOBILE 5.558 Amateur 5.138 134-136 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE Radio astronomy 136-141 RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur-satellite 5.149

202-248 GHz

Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 241-248 RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur-satellite 5.138 5.149 248-250 AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE Radio astronomy 5.149

248-1 000 GHz

Allocation to services

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

275-1 000 (Not allocated) 5.565

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 39 -

5.565 The frequency band 275-1 000 GHz may be used by administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for the following spectral line measurements for passive services:

– radio astronomy service: 275-323 GHz, 327-371 GHz, 388-424 GHz, 426-442 GHz, 453- 510 GHz, 623-711 GHz, 795-909 GHz and 926-945 GHz;

– Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-277 GHz, 294-306 GHz, 316-334 GHz, 342-349 GHz, 363-365 GHz, 371-389 GHz, 416-434 GHz, 442-444 GHz, 496-506 GHz, 546-568 GHz, 624-629 GHz, 634-654 GHz, 659-661 GHz, 684-692 GHz, 730-732 GHz, 851-853 GHz and 951-956 GHz.

Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the allocation Table is established in the above- mentioned frequency band. (WRC-2000)

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 4 - 40 -

ARTICLE 19

Identification of stations

Section I – General provisions

19.1 § 1 All transmissions shall be capable of being identified either by identification 1 signals or by other means . 19.2 § 2 1) All transmissions with false or misleading identification are prohibited. 19.3 2) Where practicable and in appropriate services, identification signals should be automatically transmitted in accordance with relevant ITU-R Recommendations. 19.4 3) All transmissions in the following services should, except as provided in Nos. 19.13 to 19.15, carry identification signals: 19.5 a) amateur service; … 19.12 6) When identification signals are transmitted they shall comply with the provisions of this Article. … 19.18 § 5 Identification signals shall wherever practicable be in one of the following forms: 19.19 a) speech, using simple amplitude or frequency modulation; 19.20 b) international Morse code transmitted at manual speed; 19.21 c) a telegraph code compatible with conventional printing equipment; 19.22 d) any other form recommended by the Radiocommunication Sector. 19.23 § 6 To the extent possible the identification signal should be transmitted in accordance with relevant ITU-R Recommendations. …

1 19.1.1 In the present state of the technique, it is recognized nevertheless that the transmission of identifying signals for certain radio systems (e.g. radiodetermination, radio relay systems and space systems) is not always possible.

Chapter 4 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 41 -

Section III – Formation of call signs

19.45 § 21 1) The twenty-six letters of the alphabet, as well as digits in the cases specified below, may be used to form call signs. Accented letters are excluded. 19.46 2) However, the following combinations shall not be used as call signs: 19.47 a) combinations which might be confused with distress signals or with other signals of a similar nature; 19.48 b) combinations in Recommendation ITU-R M.1172 that are reserved for the abbreviations to be used in the radiocommunication services. (WRC-03) 19.49 (SUP – WRC-03) 19.50 § 22 Call signs in the international series are formed as indicated in Nos. 19.51 to 19.71. The first two characters shall be two letters or a letter followed by a digit or a digit followed by a letter. The first two characters or in certain cases the first character of a call sign 4 constitute the nationality identification . … 19.67 Amateur and experimental stations 19.68 § 30 1) – one character (provided that it is the letter B, F, G, I, K, M, N, R or W) and a single digit (other than 0 or 1), followed by a group of not more than four characters, the last of which shall be a letter, or – two characters and a single digit (other than 0 or 1), followed by a group of not more than four characters, the last of which shall be a letter. (WRC-03) 19.68A 1A) On special occasions, for temporary use, administrations may authorize use of call signs with more than the four characters referred to in No. 19.68. (WRC-03) 19.69 2) However, the prohibition of the use of the digits 0 and 1 does not apply to amateur stations. …

4 19.50.1 For call sign series beginning with B, F, G, I, K, M, N, R, W and 2, only the first character is required for nationality identification. In the cases of half series (i.e. when the first two characters are allocated to more than one Member State), the first three characters are required for nationality identification. (WRC-03)

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ARTICLE 25

Amateur services

Section I – Amateur service

25.1 § 1 Radiocommunication between amateur stations of different countries shall be permitted unless the administration of one of the countries concerned has notified that it objects to such radiocommunications. (WRC-03)

25.2 § 2 1) Transmissions between amateur stations of different countries shall be limited to communications incidental to the purposes of the amateur service, as defined in No. 1.56 and to remarks of a personal character. (WRC-03)

25.2A 1A) Transmissions between amateur stations of different countries shall not be encoded for the purpose of obscuring their meaning, except for control signals exchanged between earth command stations and space stations in the amateur-satellite service. (WRC-03)

25.3 2) Amateur stations may be used for transmitting international communications on behalf of third parties only in case of emergencies or disaster relief. An administration may determine the applicability of this provision to amateur stations under its jurisdiction.

25.4 (SUP – WRC-03)

25.5 § 3 1) Administrations shall determine whether or not a person seeking a licence to operate an amateur station shall demonstrate the ability to send and receive texts in Morse code signals. (WRC-03)

25.6 2) Administrations shall verify the operational and technical qualifications of any person wishing to operate an amateur station. Guidance for standards of competence may be found in the most recent version of Recommendation ITU-R M.1544. (WRC-03)

25.7 § 4 The maximum power of amateur stations shall be fixed by the administrations concerned. (WRC-03)

25.8 § 5 1) All pertinent Articles and provisions of the Constitution, the Convention and of these Regulations shall apply to amateur stations. (WRC-03)

25.9 2) During the course of their transmissions, amateur stations shall transmit their call sign at short intervals.

25.9A § 5A Administrations are encouraged to take the necessary steps to allow amateur stations to prepare for and meet communication needs in support of disaster relief. (WRC-03)

25.9B § 5B An administration may determine whether or not to permit a person who has been granted a licence to operate an amateur station by another administration to operate an amateur station while that person is temporarily in its territory, subject to such conditions or restrictions it may impose. (WRC-03)

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Section II – Amateur-satellite service

25.10 § 6 The provisions of Section I of this Article shall apply equally, as appropriate, to the amateur-satellite service. 25.11 § 7 Administrations authorizing space stations in the amateur-satellite service shall ensure that sufficient earth command stations are established before launch to ensure that any harmful interference caused by emissions from a station in the amateur-satellite service can be terminated immediately (see No. 22.1). (WRC-03)

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APPENDIX 42 (Rev.WRC-03)

Table of allocation of international call sign series

(See Article 19)

Call sign series Allocated to AAA-ALZ United States of America AMA-AOZ Spain APA-ASZ Pakistan (Islamic Republic of) ATA-AWZ India (Republic of) AXA-AXZ Australia AYA-AZZ Argentine Republic A2A-A2Z Botswana (Republic of) A3A-A3Z Tonga (Kingdom of) A4A-A4Z Oman (Sultanate of) A5A-A5Z Bhutan (Kingdom of) A6A-A6Z United Arab Emirates A7A-A7Z Qatar (State of) A8A-A8Z Liberia (Republic of) A9A-A9Z Bahrain (Kingdom of)

BAA-BZZ China (People’s Republic of)

CAA-CEZ Chile CFA-CKZ Canada CLA-CMZ Cuba CNA-CNZ Morocco (Kingdom of) COA-COZ Cuba CPA-CPZ Bolivia (Republic of) CQA-CUZ Portugal CVA-CXZ Uruguay (Eastern Republic of) CYA-CZZ Canada C2A-C2Z Nauru (Republic of) C3A-C3Z Andorra (Principality of) C4A-C4Z Cyprus (Republic of) C5A-C5Z Gambia (Republic of the) C6A-C6Z Bahamas (Commonwealth of the) *C7A-C7Z World Meteorological Organization C8A-C9Z Mozambique (Republic of)

DAA-DRZ Germany (Federal Republic of) DSA-DTZ Korea (Republic of) DUA-DZZ Philippines (Republic of the) D2A-D3Z Angola (Republic of) D4A-D4Z Cape Verde (Republic of) D5A-D5Z Liberia (Republic of) D6A-D6Z Comoros (Union of) D7A-D9Z Korea (Republic of)

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Call sign series Allocated to EAA-EHZ Spain EIA-EJZ Ireland EKA-EKZ Armenia (Republic of) ELA-ELZ Liberia (Republic of) EMA-EOZ Ukraine EPA-EQZ Iran (Islamic Republic of) ERA-ERZ Moldova (Republic of) ESA-ESZ Estonia (Republic of) ETA-ETZ Ethiopia (Federal Democratic Republic of) EUA-EWZ Belarus (Republic of) EXA-EXZ Kyrgyz Republic EYA-EYZ Tajikistan (Republic of) EZA-EZZ Turkmenistan E2A-E2Z Thailand E3A-E3Z Eritrea E4A-E4Z Palestinian Authority1 E5A-E5Z New Zealand – Cook Islands **

FAA-FZZ France

GAA-GZZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

HAA-HAZ Hungary (Republic of) HBA-HBZ Switzerland (Confederation of) HCA-HDZ Ecuador HEA-HEZ Switzerland (Confederation of) HFA-HFZ Poland (Republic of) HGA-HGZ Hungary (Republic of) HHA-HHZ Haiti (Republic of) HIA-HIZ Dominican Republic HJA-HKZ Colombia (Republic of) HLA-HLZ Korea (Republic of) HMA-HMZ Democratic People’s Republic of Korea HNA-HNZ Iraq (Republic of) HOA-HPZ Panama (Republic of) HQA-HRZ Honduras (Republic of) HSA-HSZ Thailand HTA-HTZ Nicaragua HUA-HUZ El Salvador (Republic of) HVA-HVZ Vatican City State HWA-HYZ France HZA-HZZ Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of) H2A-H2Z Cyprus (Republic of) H3A-H3Z Panama (Republic of) H4A-H4Z Solomon Islands H6A-H7Z Nicaragua H8A-H9Z Panama (Republic of)

IAA-IZZ Italy

1 In response to Resolution 99 (Minneapolis, 1998) of the Plenipotentiary Conference. (WRC-2000)

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Call sign series Allocated to JAA-JSZ Japan JTA-JVZ Mongolia JWA-JXZ Norway JYA-JYZ Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of) JZA-JZZ Indonesia (Republic of) J2A-J2Z Djibouti (Republic of) J3A-J3Z Grenada J4A-J4Z Greece J5A-J5Z Guinea-Bissau (Republic of) J6A-J6Z Saint Lucia J7A-J7Z Dominica (Commonwealth of) J8A-J8Z Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

KAA-KZZ United States of America

LAA-LNZ Norway LOA-LWZ Argentine Republic LXA-LXZ Luxembourg LYA-LYZ Lithuania (Republic of) LZA-LZZ Bulgaria (Republic of) L2A-L9Z Argentine Republic

MAA-MZZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

NAA-NZZ United States of America

OAA-OCZ Peru ODA-ODZ Lebanon OEA-OEZ Austria OFA-OJZ Finland OKA-OLZ Czech Republic OMA-OMZ Slovak Republic ONA-OTZ Belgium OUA-OZZ Denmark

PAA-PIZ Netherlands (Kingdom of the) PJA-PJZ Netherlands (Kingdom of the) – Netherlands Antilles PKA-POZ Indonesia (Republic of) PPA-PYZ Brazil (Federative Republic of) PZA-PZZ Suriname (Republic of) P2A-P2Z Papua New Guinea P3A-P3Z Cyprus (Republic of) P4A-P4Z Netherlands (Kingdom of the) – Aruba P5A-P9Z Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

RAA-RZZ Russian Federation

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Call sign series Allocated to SAA-SMZ Sweden SNA-SRZ Poland (Republic of) SSA-SSM Egypt (Arab Republic of) SSN-STZ Sudan (Republic of the) SUA-SUZ Egypt (Arab Republic of) SVA-SZZ Greece S2A-S3Z Bangladesh (People’s Republic of) S5A-S5Z Slovenia (Republic of) S6A-S6Z Singapore (Republic of) S7A-S7Z Seychelles (Republic of) S8A-S8Z South Africa (Republic of) S9A-S9Z Sao Tome and Principe (Democratic Republic of)

TAA-TCZ Turkey TDA-TDZ Guatemala (Republic of) TEA-TEZ Costa Rica TFA-TFZ Iceland TGA-TGZ Guatemala (Republic of) THA-THZ France TIA-TIZ Costa Rica TJA-TJZ Cameroon (Republic of) TKA-TKZ France TLA-TLZ Central African Republic TMA-TMZ France TNA-TNZ Congo (Republic of the) TOA-TQZ France TRA-TRZ Gabonese Republic TSA-TSZ Tunisia TTA-TTZ Chad (Republic of) TUA-TUZ Côte d'Ivoire (Republic of) TVA-TXZ France TYA-TYZ Benin (Republic of) TZA-TZZ Mali (Republic of) T2A-T2Z Tuvalu T3A-T3Z Kiribati (Republic of) T4A-T4Z Cuba T5A-T5Z Somali Democratic Republic T6A-T6Z Afghanistan T7A-T7Z San Marino (Republic of) T8A-T8Z Palau (Republic of) T9A-T9Z Bosnia and Herzegovina

UAA-UIZ Russian Federation UJA-UMZ Uzbekistan (Republic of) UNA-UQZ Kazakhstan (Republic of) URA-UZZ Ukraine

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Call sign series Allocated to VAA-VGZ Canada VHA-VNZ Australia VOA-VOZ Canada VPA-VQZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland VRA-VRZ China (People’s Republic of) – Hong Kong VSA-VSZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland VTA-VWZ India (Republic of) VXA-VYZ Canada VZA-VZZ Australia V2A-V2Z Antigua and Barbuda V3A-V3Z Belize V4A-V4Z Saint Kitts and Nevis V5A-V5Z Namibia (Republic of) V6A-V6Z Micronesia (Federated States of) V7A-V7Z Marshall Islands (Republic of the) V8A-V8Z Brunei Darussalam

WAA-WZZ United States of America

XAA-XIZ Mexico XJA-XOZ Canada XPA-XPZ Denmark XQA-XRZ Chile XSA-XSZ China (People’s Republic of) XTA-XTZ Burkina Faso XUA-XUZ Cambodia (Kingdom of) XVA-XVZ Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of) XWA-XWZ Lao People’s Democratic Republic XXA-XXZ China (People’s Republic of) Macao ** XYA-XZZ Myanmar (Union of)

YAA-YAZ Afghanistan YBA-YHZ Indonesia (Republic of) YIA-YIZ Iraq (Republic of) YJA-YJZ Vanuatu (Republic of) YKA-YKZ Syrian Arab Republic YLA-YLZ Latvia (Republic of) YMA-YMZ Turkey YNA-YNZ Nicaragua YOA-YRZ Romania YSA-YSZ El Salvador (Republic of) YTA-YUZ Serbia (Republic of) ** YVA-YYZ Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Y2A-Y9Z Germany (Federal Republic of)

ZAA-ZAZ Albania (Republic of) ZBA-ZJZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ZKA-ZMZ New Zealand ZNA-ZOZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ZPA-ZPZ Paraguay (Republic of)

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Call sign series Allocated to ZQA-ZQZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ZRA-ZUZ South Africa (Republic of) ZVA-ZZZ Brazil (Federative Republic of) Z2A-Z2Z Zimbabwe (Republic of) Z3A-Z3Z The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

2AA-2ZZ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3AA-3AZ Monaco (Principality of) 3BA-3BZ Mauritius (Republic of) 3CA-3CZ Equatorial Guinea (Republic of) 3DA-3DM Swaziland (Kingdom of) 3DN-3DZ Fiji (Republic of) 3EA-3FZ Panama (Republic of) 3GA-3GZ Chile 3HA-3UZ China (People’s Republic of) 3VA-3VZ Tunisia 3WA-3WZ Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of) 3XA-3XZ Guinea (Republic of) 3YA-3YZ Norway 3ZA-3ZZ Poland (Republic of)

4AA-4CZ Mexico 4DA-4IZ Philippines (Republic of the) 4JA-4KZ Azerbaijani Republic 4LA-4LZ Georgia 4MA-4MZ Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 4OA-4OZ Montenegro (Republic of) ** 4PA-4SZ Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of) 4TA-4TZ Peru *4UA-4UZ United Nations 4VA-4VZ Haiti (Republic of) 4WA-4WZ Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 4XA-4XZ Israel (State of) *4YA-4YZ International Civil Aviation Organization 4ZA-4ZZ Israel (State of)

5AA-5AZ Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 5BA-5BZ Cyprus (Republic of) 5CA-5GZ Morocco (Kingdom of) 5HA-5IZ Tanzania (United Republic of) 5JA-5KZ Colombia (Republic of) 5LA-5MZ Liberia (Republic of) 5NA-5OZ Nigeria (Federal Republic of) 5PA-5QZ Denmark 5RA-5SZ Madagascar (Republic of) 5TA-5TZ Mauritania (Islamic Republic of) 5UA-5UZ Niger (Republic of the) 5VA-5VZ Togolese Republic 5WA-5WZ Samoa (Independent State of) 5XA-5XZ Uganda (Republic of) 5YA-5ZZ Kenya (Republic of)

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Call sign series Allocated to 6AA-6BZ Egypt (Arab Republic of) 6CA-6CZ Syrian Arab Republic 6DA-6JZ Mexico 6KA-6NZ Korea (Republic of) 6OA-6OZ Somali Democratic Republic 6PA-6SZ Pakistan (Islamic Republic of) 6TA-6UZ Sudan (Republic of the) 6VA-6WZ Senegal (Republic of) 6XA-6XZ Madagascar (Republic of) 6YA-6YZ Jamaica 6ZA-6ZZ Liberia (Republic of)

7AA-7IZ Indonesia (Republic of) 7JA-7NZ Japan 7OA-7OZ Yemen (Republic of) 7PA-7PZ Lesotho (Kingdom of) 7QA-7QZ Malawi 7RA-7RZ Algeria (People’s Democratic Republic of) 7SA-7SZ Sweden 7TA-7YZ Algeria (People’s Democratic Republic of) 7ZA-7ZZ Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)

8AA-8IZ Indonesia (Republic of) 8JA-8NZ Japan 8OA-8OZ Botswana (Republic of) 8PA-8PZ Barbados 8QA-8QZ Maldives (Republic of) 8RA-8RZ Guyana 8SA-8SZ Sweden 8TA-8YZ India (Republic of) 8ZA-8ZZ Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)

9AA-9AZ Croatia (Republic of) 9BA-9DZ Iran (Islamic Republic of) 9EA-9FZ Ethiopia (Federal Democratic Republic of) 9GA-9GZ Ghana 9HA-9HZ Malta 9IA-9JZ Zambia (Republic of) 9KA-9KZ Kuwait (State of) 9LA-9LZ Sierra Leone 9MA-9MZ Malaysia 9NA-9NZ Nepal 9OA-9TZ Democratic Republic of the Congo 9UA-9UZ Burundi (Republic of) 9VA-9VZ Singapore (Republic of) 9WA-9WZ Malaysia 9XA-9XZ Rwandese Republic 9YA-9ZZ Trinidad and Tobago

* Series allocated to an international organization.

** Updated according to http://www.itu.int/cgi-bin/htsh/glad/ (as of 15/05/2007).

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RESOLUTION 641 (Rev.HFBC-87)

Use of the frequency band 7 000-7 100 kHz

The World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the HF Bands Allocated to the Broadcasting Service (Geneva, 1987),

considering a) that the sharing of frequency bands by the amateur and broadcasting services is undesirable and should be avoided; b) that it is desirable to have world-wide exclusive allocations for these services in band 7; c) that the band 7 000-7 100 kHz is allocated on a world-wide basis exclusively to the amateur service,

resolves that the broadcasting service shall be prohibited in the band 7 000-7 100 kHz and that the broadcasting stations operating on frequencies in this band shall cease such operation,

urges the administrations responsible for the broadcasting stations operating on frequencies in the band 7 000-7 100 kHz to take the necessary steps to ensure that such operation ceases immediately,

instructs the Secretary-General to bring this Resolution to the attention of administrations.

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RESOLUTION 642 Relating to the bringing into use of earth stations in the amateur-satellite service

The World Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1979),

recognizing that the procedures of Articles 9 and 11 are applicable to the amateur-satellite service,

recognizing further a) that the characteristics of earth stations in the amateur-satellite service vary widely; b) that space stations in the amateur-satellite service are intended for multiple access by amateur earth stations in all countries; c) that coordination among stations in the amateur and amateur-satellite services is accomplished without the need for formal procedures; d) that the burden of terminating any harmful interference is placed upon the administration authorizing a space station in the amateur-satellite service pursuant to the provisions of No. 25.11,

notes that certain information specified in Appendix 4 cannot reasonably be provided for earth stations in the amateur-satellite service,

resolves

1 that when an administration (or one acting on behalf of a group of named administrations) intends to establish a satellite system in the amateur-satellite service and wishes to publish information with respect to earth stations in that system it may: 1.1 communicate to the Radiocommunication Bureau all or part of the information listed in Appendix 4; the Bureau shall publish such information in a Special Section of its BR IFIC requesting comments to be communicated within a period of four months after the date of publication; 1.2 notify under Nos. 11.2 to 11.8 all or part of the information listed in Appendix 4; the Bureau shall record it in a special list;

2 that this information shall include at least the characteristics of a typical amateur earth station in the amateur-satellite service having the facility to transmit signals to the space station to initiate, modify, or terminate the functions of the space station.

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RESOLUTION 644 (Rev.WRC-2000)

Telecommunication resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations

The World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul, 2000),

considering a) that ITU, in the same spirit as reflected in Articles 40 and 46 of its Constitution has specifically recognized the importance of the international use of radiocommunications in the event of natural disasters, epidemics, famines and similar emergencies; b) that the Plenipotentiary Conference (Minneapolis, 1998), in endorsing Resolution 19 of the World Telecommunication Development Conference (Valetta, 1998), adopted Resolution 36 (Rev. Minneapolis, 1998) on telecommunications in the service of humanitarian assistance; c) that administrations have been urged to take all practical steps to facilitate the rapid deployment and effective use of telecommunication resources for disaster mitigation and disaster relief operations by reducing and, where possible, removing regulatory barriers and strengthening transborder cooperation between States,

recognizing a) the potential of modern telecommunication technologies as an essential tool for disaster mitigation and relief operations and the vital role of telecommunications for the safety and security of relief workers in the field; b) the particular needs of developing countries and the special requirements of the inhabitants of remote areas,

noting that the Intergovernmental Conference on Emergency Telecommunications (ICET-98), held from 16 to 18 June 1998 in Tampere, Finland, adopted the Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations (Tampere Convention),

resolves to invite the ITU Radiocommunication Sector to continue to study, as a matter of urgency, those aspects of radiocommunications that are relevant to disaster mitigation and relief operations, such as decentralized means of communications that are appropriate and generally available, including amateur radio facilities and mobile and portable satellite terminals,

instructs the Director of the Radiocommunication Bureau to support administrations in their work towards the implementation of Resolution 36 (Rev. Minneapolis, 1998) and the Tampere Convention.

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CHAPTER 5

ITU-R QUESTIONS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES

QUESTION ITU-R 48-5/8

Techniques and frequency usage in the amateur service and amateur-satellite service

(1978-1982-1990-1993-1998-2003)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that the Radio Regulations define an amateur service and an amateur-satellite service, allocate frequencies to them on an exclusive or shared basis, and provide for the cessation of emissions from amateur satellites; b) that the amateur and amateur-satellite services provide benefits of self-training, intercommunication, and technical investigation carried on by amateurs, that is, by duly qualified and authorized persons throughout the world interested in radio techniques solely for the development of personal skills and mutual exchange of information without pecuniary interest; c) that, incidental to their basic purposes, the amateur and amateur-satellite services have pioneered new and novel techniques for radio reception and transmission using inexpensive equipment with relatively small antennas; d) that frequency dependent factors determine to a large extent the effectiveness of radiocommunications in the amateur and amateur-satellite services; e) that the amateur service and the amateur-satellite service continue to make significant contributions to the observation and understanding of propagation phenomena; f) that amateur and amateur-satellite station operators continue to contribute to the development and demonstration of spectrum conservation techniques throughout the radio- frequency spectrum; g) that the amateur and amateur-satellite services provide communications during natural disasters and other catastrophic events when normal communications are temporarily interrupted or inadequate for the needs of human relief operations; h) that the amateur and amateur-satellite services contribute to the training of operators and technical personnel, which is of particular benefit to developing countries,

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decides that the following Question should be studied 1 What are the most desirable technical and operational characteristics of future systems for the amateur and amateur-satellite services? 2 What techniques being applied or investigated in these services may be of interest to other services? 3 How can these services make greater contributions to training of operators and technicians in developing countries? 4 What are the appropriate criteria for frequency sharing between the amateur, amateur-satellite and other radiocommunication services? 5 What technical and operational characteristics are most suitable for amateur and amateur-satellite systems for communications during natural disasters? 6 What modifications, if any, should be considered in the provisions addressing communication, technical characteristics and operator qualifications in the amateur service and amateur-satellite service?

further decides 1 that the results of the above studies should be included in one or more Recommendations; 2 that the above studies should be completed by 2006.

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QUESTION ITU-R 209-2/8* Contributions of the mobile and amateur services and associated satellite services to the improvement of disaster communications

(1995-1998-2006)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) Resolution 36 (Rev. Marrakesh, 2002); b) Resolution 644 (Rev.WRC-2000) on telecommunication resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations; c) that the Tampere Convention on the provision of telecommunication resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations by the Intergovernmental Conference on Emergency Telecommunications (ICET-98) came into force on 8 January 2005, decides that the following Question should be studied 1 What are the technical, operational and related procedural aspects of radiocommunications for disaster warning, mitigation and relief operations? 2 What improvements can be made in radiocommunications for disaster warning, mitigation and relief operations? 3 What information relating to the above should be reported to a future competent World Radiocommunication Conference? further decides 1 that the results of the above studies should be included in one or more Recommendations; 2 that the above studies should be completed by 2007.

Category: S1

* This Question should be brought to the attention of Radiocommunication Study Groups 4 and 9. The results of these studies should be brought to the attention of ITU-D Study Group 2.

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CHAPTER 6

ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1041-2

Future amateur radio systems (Question ITU-R 48/8) (1994-1998-2003)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) Question ITU-R 48/8; b) that different future systems are under study; c) that system compatibility is necessary for international operation; d) the need for flexible systems capable of adapting to new developments and natural disasters; e) that the amateur and amateur-satellite bands below 5 GHz are heavily used, and there is a need to reduce interference within these services; f) that the bands above 5 GHz will be subject to increasing use; g) that to communicate at distances beyond line of sight, propagation characteristics of the bands above 144 MHz usually require use of terrestrial or satellite radio-relays; h) that there is increasing need for high-speed digital communications; j) that commonality of hardware, software and protocols is desirable in order to achieve economies of scale and reduce the cost of systems, recommends that future systems in the amateur and amateur-satellite services should incorporate the following objectives and characteristics, and take into account the following frequency band considerations:

1 Objectives General objectives for future systems in the amateur and amateur-satellite services should:

1.1 General 1.1.1 Promote design of robust systems capable of providing communication during natural disasters.

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1.1.2 Accommodate the needs of amateur operators in urban, rural and remote areas, including those in developing countries.

1.1.3 Make systems widely available to amateur operators at an acceptable cost, recognizing that amateur operators fund their own stations.

1.1.4 Develop compatible and interoperable terrestrial and satellite systems.

1.1.5 Provide a flexible architecture that will facilitate introduction of technology advancements.

1.1.6 Minimize radiated power.

1.2 Technical

1.2.1 Promote increased spectrum efficiency, e.g. through use of automatic power control, automatic link establishment, adaptive antennas, diversity reception, digital signal processing, software defined radio and access techniques such as time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA).

1.2.2 Ensure information integrity through error control techniques.

1.2.3 Encourage the development of common interfaces for the interconnection of equipment.

1.3 Operational

1.3.1 Provide for operational flexibility and self-organization.

1.3.2 Support international roaming within the amateur services.

1.3.3 Permit amateur stations to gain access to particular capabilities made possible by advances in technology, e.g. automatic language translation, databases, etc.

1.4 Methods of radiocommunication

Support, among others, the following:

1.4.1 Morse code

In accordance with ITU-T Recommendation F.1, Division B.

1.4.2 Narrow-band direct-printing

International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2, as defined in ITU-T Recommendation F.1, Division C, and Recommendation ITU-R M.625 except for modified station identification.

1.4.3 Telephony

Telephony of commercial quality.

1.4.4 Facsimile

In accordance with appropriate ITU-T Recommendations, subject to radio environments.

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1.4.5 Data transmission

Synchronous and asynchronous in accordance with appropriate ITU-T Recommendations, consistent with bandwidth limitations and propagation at MF/HF and higher frequencies.

1.4.6 Television

Slow and fast scan television using appropriate regional standards, including digital techniques.

1.4.7 New transmission modes

Experimentation and development of new modes of transmission in order to advance the state of the art.

2 Technical characteristics

Amateur and amateur-satellite systems should have technical characteristics that provide worldwide interoperability, and allow origination, relay and termination of communications independent of other radio services. Design emphasis should be placed on reliability, robustness and flexibility of reconfiguration for efficient emergency communications. Multiple access techniques (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA) should be selected for optimum spectrum efficiency and frequency reuse. The selection of modulation techniques should take into account resistance to interference and immunity to adverse propagation conditions.

3 Operational characteristics

Systems should be capable of operation in urban, residential and rural areas, and should be suitable for use in fixed and/or mobile applications. Mobile systems should include personal pocket terminals and systems suitable for operation in vehicles. Small, inexpensive systems capable of being upgraded should be available for new users and those in developing countries. Satellite systems should be designed to serve both industrialized and developing countries. Systems should facilitate education of operators and technicians.

4 Frequency band considerations

4.1 Spectrum requirements

Worldwide common frequency bands to facilitate international working, international roaming and commonality of equipment.

4.2 Spectrum utilization

Frequency bands as associated with future amateur radio systems should be chosen for operations to carry out the desired communication with minimum power, maximum frequency reuse and sharing, minimum interference to other services, in accordance with the Radio Regulations, and spectrum efficiency. More consideration should be given to using bands above 5 GHz.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1042-3

Disaster communications in the amateur and amateur-satellite services

(Question ITU-R 48/8)

(1994-1998-2003-2007)

Scope

This Recommendation provides guidance on the development of amateur and amateur-satellite service networks supporting preparedness and radiocommunications during disaster and relief operations.

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) Resolution 36 of the Plenipotentiary Conference (Kyoto, 1994); b) Resolution 644 (Rev.WRC-2000) concerning telecommunications resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations; c) the entry into force of the Tampere Convention on the provision of telecommunications resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations by the Intergovernmental Conference (1998) on 8 January 2005; d) ITU-D Resolution 34 (Doha, 2006) (Rev. WTDC-06) on telecommunication resources in the service of humanitarian assistance; e) Recommendation ITU-D 13.1 (Geneva, 2006) regarding effective utilization of the amateur services in disaster mitigation and relief operations; f) that No. 25.9A of the Radio Regulations states that administrations are encouraged to take the necessary steps to allow amateur stations to prepare for and meet communication needs in support of disaster relief; g) that the amateur service provides valuable training for radio operators,

recommends

1 that administrations encourage the development of amateur service and amateur-satellite service networks capable of providing radiocommunications in the event of natural disasters;

2 that such networks be robust, flexible and independent of other telecommunications services and capable of operating from emergency power;

3 that amateur organizations be encouraged to promote the design of robust systems capable of providing radiocommunications during disasters and relief operations.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1043-2

Use of the amateur and amateur-satellite services in developing countries

(Question ITU-R 48/8)

(1994-1998-2003)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that in developing countries there is an urgent need for experienced radiocommunications operators and technicians; b) that there is a need for radio stations in rural and remote areas for use during natural disasters; c) that the amateur and amateur-satellite services have the potential to contribute to meeting these needs; d) that, in particular, these services offer the opportunity for obtaining interactive training and experience; e) Resolution 15 of WARC-79,

recommends

1 that administrations encourage and facilitate the amateur and amateur-satellite services to:

1.1 develop radio operator skills;

1.2 train engineers and technicians to design, construct and maintain radio equipment and systems;

1.3 assist in forming groups capable of providing local support;

1.4 exchange technical and operational information;

1.5 experiment with new technology;

1.6 establish stations in rural and remote areas;

1.7 give special consideration to youth programmes;

2 that administrations facilitate the rapid deployment and effective use of telecommunication resources for disaster mitigation and for disaster relief operations by alleviating and, where possible, removing barriers and strengthening transborder cooperation between States;

3 that administrations use volunteers, where possible, to facilitate development of the amateur services;

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4 that, to accommodate the particular needs of developing countries, radio systems be developed with the following characteristics:

4.1 minimum investment;

4.2 capable of adapting to a variety of transportation and operational environments, e.g., vibration and shock, temperature and humidity extremes, dust, and a range of power sources;

4.3 sufficient flexibility to accommodate different communications distances, propagation conditions and electromagnetic environments;

4.4 ease of maintenance.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1044-2

Frequency sharing criteria in the amateur and amateur-satellite services

(Question ITU-R 48/8)

(1994-1998-2003)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that the Radio Regulations (RR) define an amateur service and an amateur-satellite service, allocate frequencies to them on an exclusive or shared basis, and provide for the cessation of emissions from amateur satellites in the event of interference; b) that the amateur-satellite service shares certain allocated frequency bands with the amateur service and other radiocommunication services; c) Resolution 641 (Rev.HFBC-87) of the World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the HF Bands Allocated to the Broadcasting Service (Geneva, 1987) on the use of the frequency band 7 000-7 100 kHz,

recommends

1 that the amateur and amateur-satellite services may share, subject to suitable sharing criteria, with the radiolocation service, the fixed service, mobile services where traffic density is low, some meteorological aids and certain satellite services with low power flux-densities;

2 that the amateur and amateur-satellite services should not share with safety, distress and operational traffic of the aeronautical or maritime mobile services for safety of life reasons. Any additional sharing with the amateur and amateur-satellite services should not introduce services, systems or stations with high signal densities, such as high density land mobile systems;

3 that future sharing studies should consider the needs of the amateur and amateur-satellite services for weak signal reception, in at least a part of each allocated band;

4 that for space stations operating in the amateur-satellite service:

4.1 space telecommand be used as the principal means of reducing power or ceasing emissions in the event of interference;

4.2 that, in implementing the provisions specified in RR No. 25.11 administrations and space telecommand operators should be promptly notified in the event that interference is reported, so that immediate corrective action can be taken;

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4.3 in bands shared with services other than the amateur service, suitable transmission techniques, such as bandwidth expansion and energy dispersal modulation techniques be chosen, as appropriate to the sharing situation, as a means of maximizing shared use;

4.4 accordingly, power flux-density limits need not be imposed;

5 that Recommendation ITU-R F.240 – Signal-to-interference protection ratios for various classes of emission in the fixed service below about 30 MHz, may be used for sharing studies involving the amateur services and other services unless more specific technical information is available.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1172*

Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service (1995)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that there is a need to describe miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used in the maritime mobile service,

recommends 1 that the use of miscellaneous abbreviations and signals for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service be in accordance with Annex 1.

ANNEX 1

Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service

Section I. Q Code

Introduction

1 The series of groups listed in this Annex range from QOA to QUZ. 2 The QOA to QQZ series are reserved for the maritime mobile service. 3 Certain Q code abbreviations may be given an affirmative or negative sense by sending, immediately following the abbreviation, the letter C or the letters NO (in radiotelephony spoken as: CHARLIE or NO). 4 The meanings assigned to Q code abbreviations may be amplified or completed by the appropriate addition of other groups, call signs, place names, figures, numbers, etc. It is optional to fill in the blanks shown in parentheses. Any data which are filled in where blanks appear shall be sent in the same order as shown in the text of the following tables.

* This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

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5 Q code abbreviations are given the form of a question when followed by a question mark in radiotelegraphy and RQ (ROMEO QUEBEC) in radiotelephony. When an abbreviation is used as a question and is followed by additional or complementary information, the question mark (or RQ) should follow this information.

6 Q code abbreviations with numbered alternative significations shall be followed by the appropriate figure to indicate the exact meaning intended. This figure shall be sent immediately following the abbreviation.

7 All times shall be given in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) unless otherwise indicated in the question or reply.

8 An asterisk * following a Q code abbreviation means that this signal has a meaning similar to a signal appearing in the International Code of Signals.

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Abbreviations Available for the Maritime Mobile Service A. List of Abbreviations in Alphabetical Order

Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QOA Can you communicate by radio- I can communicate by radiotele- telegraphy (500 kHz)? graphy (500 kHz). QOB Can you communicate by radio- I can communicate by radiotelephony (2 182 kHz)? telephony (2 182 kHz). QOC Can you communicate by radiote- I can communicate by radiotele- lephony (channel 16 – frequency phony (channel 16 – frequency 156.80 MHz)? 156.80 MHz).

QOD Can you communicate with me I can communicate with you in … in … 0. Dutch 5. Italian 0. Dutch 5. Italian 1. English 6. Japanese 1. English 6. Japanese 2. French 7. Norwegian 2. French 7. Norwegian 3. German 8. Russian 3. German 8. Russian 4. Greek 9. Spanish? 4. Greek 9. Spanish. QOE Have you received the safety signal I have received the safety signal sent by … (name and/or call sent by … (name and/or call sign)? sign).

QOF What is the commercial quality of The quality of your signals is … my signals? 1. not commercial 2. marginally commercial 3. commercial.

QOG How many tapes have you to send? I have … tapes to send.

QOH Shall I send a phasing signal for Send a phasing signal for … sec- … seconds? onds. QOI Shall I send my tape? Send your tape.

QOJ Will you listen on … kHz (or MHz) I am listening on … kHz (or MHz) for signals of emergency for signals of emergency posi- position-indicating radiobeacons? tion-indicating radiobeacons.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QOK Have you received the signals of an I have received the signals of an emergency position-indicating emergency position-indicating radiobeacon on … kHz (or radiobeacon on … kHz (or MHz)? MHz). QOL Is your vessel fitted for reception of My vessel is fitted for the reception selective calls? If so, what is your of selective calls. My selective selective call number or signal? call number or signal is … QOM On what frequencies can your ves- My vessel can be reached by a sel be reached by a selective call? selective call on the following frequency/ies … (periods of time to be added if necessary). QOO Can you send on any working fre- I can send on any working frequency? quency. QOT Do you hear my call; what is the I hear your call; the approximate approximate delay in minutes delay is … minutes. before we may exchange traffic? QRA What is the name of your vessel (or The name of my vessel (or station) station)? is … QRB How far approximately are you The approximate distance between from my station? our stations is … nautical miles (or kilometres). QRC By what private enterprise (or state The accounts for charges of my administration) are the accounts station are settled by the private for charges for your station enterprise … (or state ad- settled? ministration).

QRD Where are you bound for and where I am bound for … from … are you from?

QRE What is your estimated time of ar- My estimated time of arrival at … rival at … (or over … ) (place)? (or over … ) (place) is … hours.

QRF Are you returning to … (place)? I am returning to … (place). or Return to ... (place).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QRG Will you tell me my exact fre- Your exact frequency (or that quency (or that of … )? of … ) is ... kHz (or MHz). QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies.

QRI How is the tone of my trans- The tone of your transmission is … mission? 1. good 2. variable 3. bad.

QRJ How many radiotelephone calls I have … radiotelephone calls to have you to book? book. QRK What is the intelligibility of my The intelligibility of your signals signals (or those of … (name (or those of … (name and/or call and/or call sign))? sign)) is … 1. bad 2. poor 3. fair 4. good 5. excellent.

QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or I am busy with … (name and/or call sign)). Please do not interfere. QRM Is my transmission being interfered Your transmission is being inter- with? fered with … 1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely.

QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static … 1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QRO Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power. QRP Shall I decrease transmitter power? Decrease transmitter power.

QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster (… words per minute). QRR Are you ready for automatic I am ready for automatic opera- operation? tion. Send at … words per minute.

QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly ( … words per minute). QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending. QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you. QRV Are you ready? I am ready.

QRW Shall I inform … that you are call- Please inform … that I am calling ing him on … kHz (or MHz)? him on … kHz (or MHz).

QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at … hours on … kHz (or MHz).

QRY What is my turn? Your turn is Number … (or ac- (Relates to communication.) cording to any other indication). (Relates to communication.)

QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by … (on … kHz(or MHz)). QSA What is the strength of my signals The strength of your signals (or (or those of … (name and/or call those of … (name and/or call sign))? sign)) is … 1. scarcely perceptible 2. weak 3. fairly good 4. good 5. very good.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading. QSC Are you a low traffic ship station? I am a low traffic ship station. QSD Are my signals mutilated? Your signals are mutilated. QSE* What is the estimated drift of the The estimated drift of the survival survival craft? craft is … (figures and units). QSF* Have you effected rescue? I have effected rescue and am proceeding to … base (with … persons injured requiring ambulance).

QSG Shall I send … telegrams at a time? Send … telegrams at a time. QSH Are you able to home with your I am able to home with my direc- direction-finding equipment? tion-finding equipment (on … (name and/or call sign)). QSI I have been unable to break in on your transmission. or Will you inform … (name and/or call sign) that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on … kHz (or MHz)).

QSJ What is the charge to be collected The charge to be collected to … to … including your internal including my internal charge is charge? … francs. QSK Can you hear me between your I can hear you between my signals; signals and if so may I break in break in on my transmission. on your transmission? QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram Repeat the last telegram which which I sent you (or some you sent me (or telegram(s) previous telegram)? number(s) … ).

QSN Did you hear me (or … (name I did hear you (or … (name and/or and/or call sign)) on … kHz (or call sign)) on … kHz (or MHz). MHz)?

QSO Can you communicate with … I can communicate with … (name (name and/or call sign) direct (or and/or call sign) direct (or by by relay)? relay through … ).

QSP Will you relay to … (name and/or I will relay to … (name and/or call call sign) free of charge? sign) free of charge.

QSQ Have you a doctor on board (or is I have a doctor on board (or … … (name of person) on board)? (name of person) is on board). QSR Shall I repeat the call on the calling Repeat your call on the calling fre- frequency? quency; did not hear you (or have interference). QSS What working frequency will you I will use the working frequency use? … kHz (or MHz) (in the high frequency bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given). QSU Shall I send or reply on this fre- Send or reply on this frequency (or quency (or on … kHz (or MHz)) on … kHz (or MHz)) (with (with emissions of class … )? emissions of class … ). QSV Shall I send a series of Vs (or Send a series of Vs (or signs) for signs) for adjustment on this adjustment on this frequency (or frequency (or on … kHz (or on … kHz (or MHz)). MHz))?

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QSW Will you send on this frequency (or I am going to send on this fre- on … kHz (or MHz)) (with quency (or on … kHz (or MHz)) emissions of class … )? (with emissions of class … ).

QSX Will you listen to … (name and/or I am listening to … (name and/or call sign(s)) on … kHz (or MHz), call sign(s)) on … kHz (or or in the bands …/ channels …? MHz), or in the bands …/ channels … QSY Shall I change to transmission on Change to transmission on another another frequency? frequency (or on … kHz (or MHz)). QSZ Shall I send each word or group Send each word or group twice (or more than once? … times). QTA Shall I cancel telegram (or Cancel telegram (or message) message) number …? number … QTB Do you agree with my counting of I do not agree with your counting words? of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.

QTC How many telegrams have you to I have … telegrams for you (or for send? … (name and/or call sign)).

QTD* What has the rescue vessel or res- … (identification) has recovered… cue aircraft recovered? 1. … (number) survivors 2. wreckage 3. … (number) bodies.

QTE What is my TRUE bearing from Your TRUE bearing from me is … you? degrees at … hours. or or What is my TRUE bearing from … Your TRUE bearing from … (name and/or call sign)? (name and/or call sign) was … degrees at … hours. or or

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QTE What is the TRUE bearing of … The TRUE bearing of … (name (cont.) (name and/or call sign) from … and/or call sign) from … (name (name and/or call sign)? and/or call sign) was … degrees at … hours. QTF Will you give me my position Your position according to the according to the bearings taken by bearings taken by the direction- the direction-finding stations finding stations which I control which you control? was … latitude, … longitude (or other indication of position), class … at … hours. QTG Will you send two dashes of ten I am going to send two dashes of seconds each (or carrier) fol- ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by your call sign (or name) lowed by my call sign (or name) (repeated … times) on … kHz (or (repeated … times) on … kHz MHz)? (or MHz). or or Will you request … (name and/or I have requested … (name and/or call sign) to send two dashes of call sign) to send two dashes of ten seconds each (or carrier) fol- ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by his call sign (and/or lowed by his call sign (and/or name) (repeated … times) on name) (repeated … times) on ... … kHz (or MHz)? kHz (or MHz).

QTH What is your position in latitude My position is … latitude, … and longitude (or according to longitude (or according to any any other indication)? other indication).

QTI* What is your TRUE course? My TRUE course is … degrees.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QTJ* What is your speed? My speed is … knots (or kilometres per hour or … statute miles per hour). (Requests the speed of a ship or (Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air aircraft through the water or air respectively.) respectively.) QTK* What is the speed of your aircraft in The speed of my aircraft in relation relation to the surface of the to the surface of the Earth is … Earth? knots (or … kilometres per hour or … statute miles per hour).

QTL* What is your TRUE heading? My TRUE heading is … degrees. QTM* What is your MAGNETIC head- My MAGNETIC heading is ing? … degrees.

QTN At what time did you depart from I departed from … (place) at … (place)? … hours. QTO Have you left dock (or port)? I have left dock (or port). or or Are you airborne? I am airborne. QTP Are you going to enter dock (or I am going to enter dock (or port). port)? or or Are you going to alight (or land)? I am going to alight (or land). QTQ Can you communicate with my I am going to communicate with station by means of the your station by means of the International Code of Signals International Code of Signals (INTERCO)? (INTERCO).

QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is … hours. QTS Will you send your call sign I will send my call sign (and/or (and/or name) for … seconds? name) for … seconds. QTT The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QTU What are the hours during which My station is open from … to your station is open? … hours. QTV Shall I stand guard for you on the Stand guard for me on the fre- frequency of … kHz (or MHz) quency of … kHz (or MHz) (from … to … hours)? (from … to … hours).

QTW* What is the condition of survivors? Survivors are in … condition and urgently need … QTX Will you keep your station open for I will keep my station open for further communication with me further communication with you until further notice (or until until further notice (or until … hours)? … hours). QTY* Are you proceeding to the position I am proceeding to the position of of incident and if so when do you incident and expect to arrive at expect to arrive? … hours (on ... (date)).

QTZ* Are you continuing the search? I am continuing the search for … (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage).

QUA Have you news of … (name and/or Here is news of … (name and/or call sign)? call sign). QUB* Can you give me in the following Here is the information requested: order information concerning: the … direction in degrees TRUE and (The units used for speed and speed of the surface wind; distances should be indicated.) visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at … (place of observation)?

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QUC What is the number (or other indi- The number (or other indication) cation) of the last message you of the last message I received received from me (or from … from you (or from … (name (name and/or call sign))? and/or call sign)) is … QUD Have you received the urgency I have received the urgency signal signal sent by … (name and/or sent by … (name and/or call call sign)? sign) at … hours.

QUE Can you speak in … (language), I can speak in … (language) on with interpreter if necessary; if … kHz (or MHz). so, on what frequencies? QUF Have you received the distress sig- I have received the distress signal nal sent by … (name and/or call sent by … (name and/or call sign)? sign) at … hours. QUH* Will you give me the present baro- The present barometric pressure at metric pressure at sea level? sea level is … (units). QUM May I resume normal working? Normal working may be resumed. QUN 1. When directed to all stations: My position, TRUE course and Will vessels in my immediate speed are … vicinity … or (in the vicinity of … latitude, … longitude) or (in the vicinity of …) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? 2. When directed to a single station: Please indicate your position, TRUE course and speed.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QUO* Shall I search for…. Please search for … 1. aircraft 1. aircraft 2. ship 2. ship 3. survival craft 3. survival craft in the vicinity of … latitude, in the vicinity of … latitude, … longitude (or according to any … longitude (or according to other indication)? any other indication).

QUP* Will you indicate your position by My position is indicated by … … 1. searchlight 1. searchlight 2. black smoke trail 2. black smoke trail 3. pyrotechnic lights? 3. pyrotechnic lights.

QUR* Have survivors … Survivors ... 1. received survival equipment 1. are in possession of survival 2. been picked up by rescue equipment dropped by … vessel 2. have been picked up by rescue 3. been reached by ground rescue vessel party? 3. have been reached by ground rescue party. QUS* Have you sighted survivors or Have sighted … wreckage? If so, in what position? 1. survivors in water 2. survivors on rafts 3. wreckage in position … latitude, … longitude (or according to any other indication). QUT* Is position of incident marked? Position of incident is marked by … 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. … (specify other marking).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

QUU* Shall I home ship or aircraft to my Home ship or aircraft … (name position? and/or call sign) … 1. to your position by sending your call sign and long dashes on … kHz (or MHz) 2. by sending on … kHz (or MHz) TRUE track to reach you.

QUW* Are you in the search area desig- I am in the … (designation) search nated as … (designator or lati- area. tude and longitude)? QUX Do you have any navigational I have the following navigational warnings or gale warnings in warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force? force: … QUY* Is position of survival craft marked? Position of survival craft was marked at … hours by … 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. … (specify other marking). QUZ May I resume restricted working? Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed.

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B. List of Signals According to the Nature of Questions, Answer or Advice

Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Name QRA What is the name of your vessel (or The name of my vessel (or station) station)? is …

Route QRD Where are you bound for and where I am bound for … from … are you from?

Position QRB How far approximately are you The approximate distance between from my station? our stations is … nautical miles (or kilometres).

QTH What is your position in latitude and My position is … latitude, … lon- longitude (or according to any gitude (or according to any other other indication)? indication).

QTN At what time did you depart from I departed from … (place) at … (place)? … hours.

Quality of Signals QOF What is the commercial quality of The quality of your signals is … my signals? 1. not commercial 2. marginally commercial 3. commercial.

QRI How is the tone of my trans- The tone of your transmission is… mission? 1. good 2. variable 3. bad.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Quality of Signals (cont.) QRK What is the intelligibility of my The intelligibility of your signals signals (or those of … (name (or those of … (name and/or call and/or call sign))? sign)) is … 1. bad 2. poor 3. fair 4. good 5. excellent.

Strength of Signals QRO Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power. QRP Shall I decrease transmitter power? Decrease transmitter power. QSA What is the strength of my signals The strength of your signals (or (or those of … (name and/or call those of … (name and/or call sign))? sign)) is … 1. scarcely perceptible 2. weak 3. fairly good 4. good 5. very good. QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.

Keying QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster (… words per minute). QRR Are you ready for automatic I am ready for automatic opera- operation? tion. Send at … words per minute.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Keying (cont.) QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly (… words per minute). QSD Are my signals mutilated? Your signals are mutilated.

Interference QRM Is my transmission being interfered Your transmission is being inter- with? fered with … 1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely.

QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static … 1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely.

Adjustment of Frequency QRG Will you tell me my exact fre- Your exact frequency (or that quency (or that of …)? of …) is … kHz (or MHz). QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies. QTS Will you send your call sign I will send my call sign (and/or (and/or name) for … seconds? name) for … seconds.

Choice of Frequency and/or Class of Emission QOO Can you send on any working fre- I can send on any working frequency? quency.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Choice of Frequency and/or Class of Emission (cont.) QSN Did you hear me (or … (name I did hear you (or … (name and/or and/or call sign)) on … kHz (or call sign)) on … kHz (or MHz). MHz)? QSS What working frequency will you I will use the working frequency use? … kHz (or MHz) (in the high frequency bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given). QSU Shall I send or reply on this fre- Send or reply on this frequency (or quency (or on … kHz (or MHz)) on … kHz (or MHz)) (with (with emissions of class …)? emissions of class …). QSV Shall I send a series of Vs (or signs) Send a series of Vs (or signs) for for adjustment on this frequency adjustment on this frequency (or (or on … kHz (or MHz))? on … kHz (or MHz)). QSW Will you send on this frequency (or I am going to send on this fre- on … kHz (or MHz)) (with quency (or on … kHz (or MHz)) emissions of class …)? (with emissions of class …).

Change of Frequency QSY Shall I change to transmission on Change to transmission on another another frequency? frequency (or on … kHz (or MHz)).

Establishing Communication QOA Can you communicate by radio- I can communicate by radiotele- telegraphy (500 kHz)? graphy (500 kHz).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Establishing Communication (cont.) QOB Can you communicate by radio- I can communicate by radiotele- telephony (2 182 kHz)? phony (2 182 kHz). QOC Can you communicate by radio- I can communicate by radiotelephony (channel 16 – telephony (channel 16 – fre- frequency 156.80 MHz)? quency 156.80 MHz). QOD Can you communicate with me I can communicate with you in … in … 0. Dutch 5. Italian 0. Dutch 5. Italian 1. English 6. Japanese 1. English 6. Japanese 2. French 7. Norwegian 2. French 7. Norwegian 3. German 8. Russian 3. German 8. Russian 4. Greek 9. Spanish? 4. Greek 9. Spanish. QOT Do you hear my call; what is the I hear your call; the approximate approximate delay in minutes delay is … minutes. before we may exchange traffic?

QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or I am busy with … (name and/or call sign)). Please do not interfere. QRV Are you ready? I am ready.

QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at … hours on … kHz (or MHz).

QRY What is my turn? Your turn is Number … (or ac- (Relates to communication.) cording to any other indication). (Relates to communication.)

QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by … (on … kHz (or MHz)). QSC Are you a low traffic ship station? I am a low traffic ship station.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Establishing Communication (cont.) QSR Shall I repeat the call on the calling Repeat your call on the calling fre- frequency? quency; did not hear you (or have interference). QTQ Can you communicate with my I am going to communicate with station by means of the your station by means of the International Code of Signals International Code of Signals (INTERCO)? (INTERCO).

QUE Can you speak in … (language), I can speak in … (language) on with interpreter if necessary; if so, … kHz (or MHz). on what frequencies?

Selective Calls QOL Is your vessel fitted for reception of My vessel is fitted for the reception selective calls? If so, what is your of selective calls. My selective selective call number or signal? call number or signal is … QOM On what frequencies can your ves- My vessel can be reached by a sel be reached by a selective call? selective call on the following frequency/ies … (periods of time to be added if necessary).

Time QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is ... hours.

QTU What are the hours during which My station is open from … to your station is open? … hours.

Charges QRC By what private enterprise (or state The accounts for charges of my administration) are the accounts station are settled by the private for charges for your station enterprise … (or state ad- settled? ministration).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Charges (cont.) QSJ What is the charge to be collected to The charge to be collected to … … including your internal including my internal charge is charge? … francs.

Transit QRW Shall I inform … that you are call- Please inform … that I am calling ing him on … kHz (or MHz)? him on … kHz (or MHz).

QSO Can you communicate with … I can communicate with … (name (name and/or call sign) direct (or and/or call sign) direct (or by by relay)? relay through …).

QSP Will you relay to … (name and/or I will relay to … (name and/or call call sign) free of charge? sign) free of charge.

QSQ Have you a doctor on board (or is I have a doctor on board (or … … (name of person) on board)? (name of person) is on board).

QUA Have you news of … (name and/or Here is news of … (name and/or call sign)? call sign). QUC What is the number (or other indi- The number (or other indication) cation) of the last message you of the last message I received received from me (or from … from you (or from … (name (name and/or call sign))? and/or call sign)) is ...

Exchange of Correspondence QOG How many tapes have you to send? I have … tapes to send. QOH Shall I send a phasing signal for Send a phasing signal for … seconds? … seconds.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Exchange of Correspondence (cont.) QOI Shall I send my tape? Send your tape.

QRJ How many radiotelephone calls I have … radiotelephone calls to have you to book? book. QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.

QSG Shall I send … telegrams at a time? Send … telegrams at a time. QSI I have been unable to break in on your transmission. or Will you inform … (name and/or call sign) that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on … kHz (or MHz)). QSK Can you hear me between your I can hear you between my signals; signals and if so may I break in on break in on my transmission. your transmission? QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt. QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram Repeat the last telegram which which I sent you (or some previ- you sent me (or telegram(s) ous telegram)? number(s) …). QSZ Shall I send each word or group Send each word or group twice (or more than once? … times). QTA Shall I cancel telegram (or mes- Cancel telegram (or message) sage) number …? number … QTB Do you agree with my counting of I do not agree with your counting words? of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Exchange of Correspondence (cont.) QTC How many telegrams have you to I have … telegrams for you (or for send? … (name and/or call sign)). QTV Shall I stand guard for you on the Stand guard for me on the fre- frequency of … kHz (or MHz) quency of … kHz (or MHz) (from … to … hours)? (from … to … hours). QTX Will you keep your station open for I will keep my station open for further communication with me further communication with you until further notice (or until until further notice (or until … hours)? … hours).

Movement QRE What is your estimated time of ar- My estimated time of arrival at … rival at … (or over …) (place)? (or over …) (place) is … hours.

QRF Are you returning to … (place)? I am returning to … (place). or Return to … (place). QSH Are you able to home with your I am able to home with my direc- direction-finding equipment? tion-finding equipment (on … (name and/or call sign)).

QTI* What is your TRUE course? My TRUE course is … degrees. QTJ* What is your speed? My speed is … knots (or kilometres per hour or … statute miles per hour). (Requests the speed of a ship or (Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air aircraft through the water or air respectively.) respectively.)

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Movement (cont.) QTK* What is the speed of your aircraft in The speed of my aircraft in relation relation to the surface of the to the surface of the Earth is … Earth? knots (or … kilometres per hour or … statute miles per hour).

QTL* What is your TRUE heading? My TRUE heading is … degrees. QTM* What is your MAGNETIC heading? My MAGNETIC heading is … degrees.

QTN At what time did you depart from I departed from … (place) at … (place)? … hours. QTO Have you left dock (or port)? I have left dock (or port). or or Are you airborne? I am airborne. QTP Are you going to enter dock (or I am going to enter dock (or port). port)? or or Are you going to alight (or land)? I am going to alight (or land). QUN 1. When directed to all stations: My position, TRUE course and Will vessels in my immediate speed are … vicinity … or (in the vicinity of … latitude, … longitude) or (in the vicinity of …) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? 2. When directed to a single station: Please indicate your position, TRUE course and speed.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Meteorology QUB* Can you give me in the following Here is the information requested: order information concerning: the … direction in degrees TRUE and (The units used for speed and speed of the surface wind; distances should be indicated.) visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at … (place of observation)? QUH* Will you give me the present baro- The present barometric pressure at metric pressure at sea level? sea level is … (units). QUX Do you have any navigational I have the following navigational warnings or gale warnings in warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force? force: …

Radio Direction-Finding QTE What is my TRUE bearing from Your TRUE bearing from me is you? … degrees at … hours. or or What is my TRUE bearing from … Your TRUE bearing from … (name and/or call sign)? (name and/or call sign) was … degrees at … hours. or or What is the TRUE bearing of … The TRUE bearing of … (name (name and/or call sign) from … and/or call sign) from … (name (name and/or call sign)? and/or call sign) was … degrees at … hours.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Radio Direction-Finding (cont.) QTF Will you give me my position ac- Your position according to the cording to the bearings taken by bearings taken by the direction- the direction-finding stations finding stations which I control which you control? was … latitude, … longitude (or other indication of position), class … at … hours. QTG Will you send two dashes of ten I am going to send two dashes of seconds each (or carrier) fol- ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by your call sign (or lowed by my call sign (or name) name) (repeated … times) on (repeated … times) on … kHz … kHz (or MHz)? (or MHz). or or Will you request … (name and/or I have requested … (name and/or call sign) to send two dashes of call sign) to send two dashes of ten seconds each (or carrier) fol- ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by his call sign (and/or lowed by his call sign (and/or name) (repeated … times) on name) (repeated … times) on … kHz (or MHz)? … kHz (or MHz).

Suspension of Work QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending. QUM May I resume normal working? Normal working may be resumed. QUZ May I resume restricted working? Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed.

Safety QOE Have you received the safety signal I have received the safety signal sent by … (name and/or call sent by … (name and/or call sign)? sign).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Safety (cont.) QUX Do you have any navigational I have the following navigational warnings or gale warnings in warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force? force: …

Urgency QUD Have you received the urgency I have received the urgency signal signal sent by … (name and/or sent by … (name and/or call call sign)? sign) at … hours.

Distress QOJ Will you listen on … kHz (or MHz) I am listening on … kHz (or MHz) for signals of emergency position- for signals of emergency indicating radiobeacons? position-indicating radiobeacons. QOK Have you received the signals I have received the signals of an of an emergency position- emergency position-indicating indicating radiobeacon on radiobeacon on … kHz (or … kHz (or MHz)? MHz). QUF Have you received the distress sig- I have received the distress signal nal sent by … (name and/or call sent by … (name and/or call sign)? sign) at … hours. QUM May I resume normal working? Normal working may be resumed. QUZ May I resume restricted working? Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed.

Search and Rescue QSE* What is the estimated drift of the The estimated drift of the survival survival craft? craft is … (figures and units).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Search and Rescue (cont.) QSF* Have you effected rescue? I have effected rescue and am proceeding to … base (with … persons injured requiring ambulance).

QTD* What has the rescue vessel or res- … (identification) has recovered… cue aircraft recovered? 1.…. (number) survivors 2. wreckage 3. … (number) bodies.

QTW* What is the condition of survivors? Survivors are in … condition and urgently need … QTY* Are you proceeding to the position I am proceeding to the position of of incident and if so when do you incident and expect to arrive at expect to arrive? … hours (on … (date)).

QTZ* Are you continuing the search? I am continuing the search for … (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage). QUN 1. When directed to all stations: My position, TRUE course and Will vessels in my immediate speed are … vicinity … or (in the vicinity of … latitude, … longitude) or (in the vicinity of …) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? 2. When directed to a single station: Please indicate your position, TRUE course and speed.

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Search and Rescue (cont.) QUO* Shall I search for … Please search for … 1. aircraft 1. aircraft 2. ship 2. ship 3. survival craft 3. survival craft in the vicinity of … latitude, in the vicinity of … latitude, … longitude (or according to any … longitude (or according to other indication)? any other indication).

QUP* Will you indicate your position by My position is indicted by … … 1. searchlight 1. searchlight 2. black smoke trail 2. black smoke trail 3. pyrotechnic lights? 3. pyrotechnic lights.

QUR* Have survivors … Survivors … 1. received survival equipment 1. are in possession of survival equipment dropped by … 2. been picked up by rescue 2. have been picked up by rescue vessel vessel 3. been reached by ground rescue 3. have been reached by ground party? rescue party.

QUS* Have you sighted survivors or Have sighted … wreckage? If so, in what position? 1. survivors in water 2. survivors on rafts 3. wreckage in position … latitude, … longitude (or according to any other indication). QUT* Is position of incident marked? Position of incident is marked by … 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. … (specify other marking).

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Abbreviation Question Answer or Advice

Search and Rescue (cont.) QUU* Shall I home ship or aircraft to my Home ship or aircraft … (name position? and/or call sign) … 1. to your position by sending your call sign and long dashes on ... kHz (or MHz) 2. by sending on … kHz (or MHz) TRUE track to reach you.

QUW* Are you in the search area desig- I am in the … (designation) search nated as … (designator or lati- area. tude and longitude)? QUY* Is position of survival craft marked? Position of survival craft was marked at … hours by … 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. … (specify other marking). QUZ May I resume restricted working? Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed.

Identification QTT The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.

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Section II. Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Signals

Abbreviation Definition or signal

AA All after … (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). AB All before … (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). ADS Address (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). AR End of transmission. AS Waiting period. BK Signal used to interrupt a transmission in progress. BN All between … and … (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). BQ A reply to an RQ. BT Signal to mark the separation between different parts of the same transmission. C Yes or “The significance of the previous group should be read in the affirmative”. CFM Confirm (or I confirm). CL I am closing my station. COL Collate (or I collate). CORRECTION Cancel my last word or group. The correct word or group follows (used in radiotelephony, spoken as KOR-REK-SHUN). CP General call to two or more specified stations (see Recommendation ITU-R M.1170). CQ General call to all stations. CS Call sign (used to request a call sign).

______

Note: When used in radiotelegraphy, a bar over the letters composing a signal denotes that the letters are to be sent as one signal.

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Abbreviation Definition or signal

DE “From …” (used to precede the name or other identification of the calling station). DF Your bearing at … hours was … degrees, in the doubtful sector of this station, with a possible error of … degrees. DO Bearing doubtful. Ask for another bearing later (or at … hours). DSC Digital selective calling. E East (cardinal point). ETA Estimated time of arrival. INTERCO International Code of Signals groups follow (used in radiotelephony, spoken as IN-TER-CO). K Invitation to transmit. KA Starting signal. KTS Nautical miles per hour (knots). MIN Minute (or Minutes). MSG Prefix indicating a message to or from the master of a ship concerning its operation or navigation. MSI Maritime safety information. N North (cardinal point). NBDP Narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy. NIL I have nothing to send to you. NO No (negative). NW Now. NX Notice to Mariners (or Notice to Mariners follows). OK We agree (or It is correct). OL Ocean letter. P Prefix indicating a private radiotelegram. PBL Preamble (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). PSE Please. R Received.

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Abbreviation Definition or signal RCC Rescue coordination centre. REF Reference to … (or Refer to …). RPT Repeat (or I repeat) (or Repeat …). RQ Indication of a request. S South (cardinal point). SAR Search and Rescue. SIG Signature (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). SLT Radiomaritime Letter. SVC Prefix indicating a service telegram. SYS Refer to your service telegram. TFC Traffic. TR Used by a land station to request the position and next port of call of a mobile station; used also as a prefix to the reply. TU Thank you. TXT Text (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). VA End of work. W West (cardinal point). WA Word after … (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). WB Word before … (used after a question mark in radiotelegraphy or after RQ in radiotelephony (in case of language difficulties) or after RPT, to request a repetition). WD Word(s) or Group(s). WX Weather report (or Weather report follows). XQ Prefix used to indicate the transmission of a service note. YZ The words which follow are in plain language.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1544

Minimum qualifications of radio amateurs (Question ITU-R 48/8) (2001)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that No. 1.56 of the Radio Regulations (RR) defines the amateur service as: “A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest”; b) that RR No. 1.57 defines the amateur-satellite service as: “A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service”; c) that certain minimum operator operational and technical qualifications are necessary for proper operation of an amateur or amateur-satellite station,

recommends 1 that administrations take such measures as they judge necessary to verify the operational and technical qualifications of any person wishing to operate an amateur station; 2 that any person seeking a licence to operate an amateur station should demonstrate theoretical knowledge of: – Radio regulations – international – domestic – Methods of radiocommunication – radiotelephony – radiotelegraphy – data and image – Radio system theory – transmitters – receivers – antennas and propagation – measurements – Radio emission safety – Electromagnetic compatibility – Avoidance and resolution of radio frequency interference.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1677

International Morse code (2004)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that versions of the Morse code have been in use since 1844; b) that it continues to be used in some radiocommunication services including the amateur and amateur-satellite services, and to a diminishing extent in the mobile and fixed services; c) that the code needs to be updated from time-to-time to meet the needs of the radiocommunication services,

recommends 1 that Annex 1 should be used to define the Morse code characters and their applications in the radiocommunication services.

Annex 1

Operational provisions applying to Morse working

Part I – Morse code

1 Morse code signals 1.1 The following are the written characters that may be used and the corresponding Morse code signals: 1.1.1 Letters a . − i . . r . − . b − . . . j . − − − s . . . c − . − . k − . − t − d − . . l . − . . u . . − e . m − − v . . . − accented e . . − . . n − . w . − − f . . − . o − − − x − . . − g − − . p . − − . y − . − − h . . . . q − − . − z − − . .

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1.1.2 Figures 1 . − − − − 6 − . . . . 2 . . − − − 7 − − . . . 3 . . . − − 8 − − − . . 4 . . . . − 9 − − − − . 5 . . . . . 0 − − − − − 1.1.3 Punctuation marks and miscellaneous signs Full stop (period) ...... [ . ] . − . − . − Comma ...... [ , ] − − . . − − Colon or division sign...... [ : ] − − − . . . Question mark (note of interrogation or request for repetition of a transmission not understood) ...... [?] . . − − . . Apostrophe...... [ ’ ] . − − − − . Hyphen or dash or subtraction sign ...... [ – ] − . . . . − Fraction bar or division sign...... [ / ] − . . − . Left-hand bracket (parenthesis) ...... [ ( ] − . − − . Right-hand bracket (parenthesis)...... [ ) ] − . − − . − Inverted commas (quotation marks) (before and after the words) ...... [“ ”] . − . . − . Double hyphen...... [=] − . . . − Understood...... − . Error (eight dots)...... Cross or addition sign ...... [+] . − . − . Invitation to transmit...... − . − Wait ...... − . . . End of work ...... − . − Starting signal (to precede every transmission)...... − . − . − Multiplication sign...... [×] − . . − 1 Commercial at ………………………………………… [@] .– – .– .

2 Spacing and length of the signals 2.1 A dash is equal to three dots. 2.2 The space between the signals forming the same letter is equal to one dot. 2.3 The space between two letters is equal to three dots. 2.4 The space between two words is equal to seven dots. 2.5 On the Wheatstone instrument, where perforators are used, the space between two letters shall be equal to one centre hole perforation and the space between two words shall be equal to three centre holes.

1 Vocabulary note: In December 2002, the French General Committee on Terminology approved the term “arobase” for the @ symbol used in e-mail addresses.

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3 Transmission of signs for which there is no corresponding signal in the Morse code

3.1 Signs that have no corresponding signal in the Morse code, but that are acceptable in the writing of telegrams, shall be sent as follows:

3.2 Multiplication sign

3.2.1 For the multiplication sign, the signal corresponding to the letter X shall be transmitted.

3.3 Percentage or per thousand sign

3.3.1 To indicate the signal % or ‰, the figure 0, the fraction bar and the figures 0 or 00 shall be transmitted successively (i.e. 0/0, 0/00).

3.3.2 A whole number, a fractional number, or a fraction, followed by a % or ‰ sign, shall be transmitted by joining up the whole number, the fraction number, or the fraction to the % or ‰ by a single hyphen.

Examples: For 2%, transmit 2-0/0, and not 20/0 For 4½‰, transmit 4-1/2-0/00, and not 41/20/00

3.4 Inverted commas (quotation marks)

3.4.1 The special signal for inverted commas shall be transmitted before and after the word or words. However, where code converters are used, the apostrophe may be transmitted twice before and twice after the word or words to signal inverted commas (quotation marks).

3.5 Minute and second signs

3.5.1 To transmit the minute ( ′ ) or second ( ″ ) signs, when such signs follow figures – for example 1′15″ – the apostrophe signal (. − − − −.) must be used once or twice as appropriate. The signal (.− . . −.) reserved for inverted commas may not be used for the second sign.

4 Transmission of groups of figures and letters, of ordinal numbers or of fractions

4.1 A group consisting of figures and letters shall be transmitted without spaces between figures and letters.

4.2 Ordinal numbers composed of figures and letters, 30me, 25th, etc., shall be transmitted in the form 30ME, 25TH, etc.

4.3 A number that includes a fraction shall be transmitted with the fraction linked to the whole number by a single hyphen.

Example: For 1¾, transmit 1-3/4, and not 13/4. For ¾ 8, transmit 3/4-8, and not 3/48. For 363½ 4 5642, transmit 363-1/2 4 5642, and not 3631/2 4 5642

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Part II – General transmission rules

1 All correspondence between two stations shall begin with the call signal.

1.1 For calling, the calling station shall transmit the call sign (not more than twice) of the station required, the word DE followed by its own call sign, the appropriate service abbreviation to indicate a priority telegram, an indication of the reason for the call and the signal – . – unless there are special rules peculiar to the type of apparatus used. The call shall always be made at hand speed.

2 The station called must reply immediately by transmitting the call sign of the calling station, the word DE followed by its own call sign and the signal – . –

2.1 If the station called is unable to receive, it shall give the wait signal. If it expects the wait to exceed ten minutes, the reason and probable duration shall be given.

2.2 When a station called does not reply, the call may be repeated at suitable intervals.

2.3 When the station called does not reply to the repeated call, the condition of the circuit must be examined.

3 The double hyphen (– . . . –) shall be transmitted either to separate:

3.1 the preamble from the service indications;

3.2 the service indications from each other;

3.3 the service indications from the address;

3.4 the station of destination from the text;

3.5 the text from the signature.

4 A transmission, once begun, may not be interrupted to give place to a communication of higher priority except in a case of absolute urgency.

5 Every telegram shall be terminated with a cross signal (. – . – .).

6 The end of the transmission shall be indicated by the cross signal (. – . – .) followed by the invitation to transmit signal K (– . –).

7 The end of work shall be indicated by the station that transmitted the last telegram. The correct indication is the end of work signal (. . . – . –).

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Part III – Transmission of telegrams with identical text

1 Identical texts

1.1 When a station has to transmit to the same station more than five telegrams having identical texts and comprising more than 50 actual words, it may transmit the text once only. In that case, the text shall be transmitted in the first telegram only, and the text of all the telegrams with identical text that follow shall be replaced by the words TEXT NR . . . (number of first telegram).

1.2 This procedure necessitates the transmission in succession of all telegrams with identical text.

1.3 The receiving station must be informed of the transmission of telegrams with identical text by a service note on the following lines:

. . . TELEGRAMS WITH IDENTICAL TEXT FOLLOW

1.4 When reception is possible by means of perforated tape, the receiving station should be informed in ample time to allow it to receive telegrams with identical text by tape.

Part IV – Transmission irregularities – Service notes

1 To indicate wait, the corresponding signal (. – . . .) shall be transmitted.

2 If the sending operator becomes aware of an error, he shall stop, give the error signal (...... ), repeat the last word correctly transmitted and continue the transmission.

3 If it is necessary to interrupt the transmission for any reason, the procedure shall be as follows until transmission stops.

3.1 Morse simplex, transmit a series of dots.

3.2 Morse duplex, transmit the letters BK.

3.3 Once transmission has been stopped, the receiving operator shall repeat the last word correctly received followed by a question mark. The sending operator shall resume transmission from that word.

3.4 If a repetition is asked for after a long interruption, the telegram and the part of the telegram in question must be precisely indicated.

4 Service notes XQ can be interposed between telegrams of a series.

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Part V – Checking the number of words transmitted – Acknowledgement of receipt

1 Checking the number of words transmitted

1.1 Where the receiving operator finds a discrepancy between the number of actual words shown in the preamble line and the number received, he shall notify the sending operator by indicating the number of words received, followed by the first character of each word (example: 17 WDS J C R B 2 D . . . etc.). If the sending operator has simply made an error in transmitting the number of words, he shall reply ADMITTED and indicate the actual number of words (example: 17 ADMITTED); if not, he shall rectify the passage found to be incorrect according to the initials received. In both cases, he shall interrupt, if necessary, the transmission of the initials as soon as he is able to rectify or confirm the number of words.

2 Acknowledgement of receipt

2.1 After the verification of the number of words and the rectification of any errors, the receiving station shall acknowledge to the sending station the receipt of the telegram or telegrams forming the series.

2.2 A single telegram shall be acknowledged by the letter R followed by the number of the telegram received, for example: R 436.

2.3 For an SVH telegram, a government telegram with priority, or a telegram relative to the application of the United Nations Charter, receipt shall be acknowledged in the form: R 436 SVH or R 436 ETAT.

2.4 For a series of telegrams, the letter R shall be given with the number of telegrams received, and also the first and last numbers of the series, for example, R 6 157 162.

2.5 If the series includes SVH telegrams or government telegrams with priority, the acknowledgement of receipt shall be supplemented by the numbers of these telegrams thus:

R 6 157 162 INCLUDING 159 SVH 161 ETAT

2.6 In every case, the acknowledgement of receipt must be transmitted immediately in the following form:

LR 683 MISSING 680 RETAINED 665. This acknowledgement of receipt contains the last received (683), the number 680 missing and the number 665 retained.

2.7 The sending operator must request the acknowledgement of receipt immediately after the transmission of an SVH telegram, a government telegram with priority or a telegram relative to the application of the United Nations Charter. In such cases, the acknowledgement of receipt shall take the following form:

LR SVH 683

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Part VI – Transmission procedures

1 Transmission may be conducted as follows, according to the volume of traffic:

1.1 alternate transmission of telegrams;

1.2 alternate transmission in series.

2 In alternate transmission, the receiving station shall not have the right to interrupt the transmission to give place to a communication of higher priority, except in cases of absolute urgency.

3 The exchange of telegrams in alternate order between two stations in direct communication shall follow the rules concerning the order of transmission.

3.1 A telegram of higher priority in order of transmission shall not count in the alternate order.

3.2 The station that has just finished a transmission shall have the right to continue when it has telegrams awaiting transmission or when telegrams reach it that are entitled to priority over those that the station in communication has to transmit, unless the latter has already begun its transmission.

3.3 When a station has finished transmitting, the station that has just received shall transmit in its turn; if the latter has nothing to transmit, the former shall continue to send its traffic. If neither has anything to transmit, the stations shall exchange the end of work signal.

4 When traffic so justifies, and subject to agreement between the stations in communication, telegrams shall be exchanged in series alternately.

4.1 Telegrams of the same series shall be considered as forming a single transmission. However, each correctly received telegram shall be retained at the receiving position until the next but one telegram begins or for the time normally required to transmit a telegram of average length.

4.2 Each series shall comprise a maximum of five telegrams. Nevertheless, every telegram containing more than 100 words on the Morse instrument or more than 150 words on sound-reading instruments shall count as a series or terminate a series already in course of transmission.

4.3 The sending station shall end a series in course of transmission when it has only letter telegrams to send. It shall not resume transmission until the station with which it is working has no more telegrams of higher priority on hand.

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RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1732

Characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services for use in sharing studies

(Question ITU-R 48-4/8)

(2005)

Scope

This Recommendation documents the technical and operational characteristics of systems used in the amateur service and amateur-satellite services for the purposes of carrying out sharing studies. The systems and their characteristics described in this Recommendation are considered representative of those operating in the frequency bands available to these services ranging from 135.7 kHz through 47.2 GHz.

The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

considering a) that the Radio Regulations (RR) defines an amateur service and an amateur-satellite service and allocates frequencies to them on an exclusive or shared basis; b) that systems in the amateur and amateur-satellite services operate over a wide range of frequencies; c) that the technical characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services may vary within a band; d) that some ITU-R technical groups are considering the potential for the introduction of new types of systems or services in bands used by systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services; e) that representative technical and operational characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services are required to determine the feasibility of introducing new types of systems into frequency bands in which the amateur and amateur-satellite services operate,

recommends

1 that the technical and operational characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services described in Annex 1 should be considered representative of those operating in the frequency bands allocated to the amateur and amateur-satellite services;

2 that Recommendation ITU-R M.1044 should be used as a guide in studies of the compatibility between systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services and systems operating in other services.

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Annex 1

Characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services for use in sharing studies

1 Introduction

A number of frequency bands are allocated to the amateur and amateur-satellite services throughout the spectrum. These bands have been selected to provide different propagation conditions.

Amateur and amateur-satellite stations perform a variety of functions, such as:

– training, intercommunication between amateur stations and technical investigations by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest (RR Nos. 1.56, 1.57);

– disaster relief communications as elaborated in Recommendation ITU-R M.1042.

2 Operational characteristics

Amateur stations and amateur-satellite earth stations generally do not have assigned frequencies but dynamically select frequencies within an allocated band using listen-before-talk techniques. Terrestrial repeaters, digital relay stations and amateur satellites use frequencies selected on the basis of voluntary coordination within the amateur services. Some amateur frequency allocations are exclusive to the amateur and amateur-satellite services. Many of the allocations are shared with other radio services and amateur operators are aware of the sharing limitations.

Communications may be initiated on prearranged schedule or by one station initiating a general or specific call. One or more stations may respond. Formal and informal nets may be initiated as needed. Contacts may last from about one min to about one h, depending on traffic to be transmitted.

Operating protocols vary according to communication requirements and propagation. MF and HF bands are used for near-vertical-incidence-sky wave to global paths. VHF, UHF and SHF bands are used for short-range communications. Amateur satellites afford an opportunity to use frequencies above HF for long-distance communications.

3 Technical characteristics

Tables 1 to 6 contain technical characteristics of representative systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services. This information is sufficient for general calculation to assess the compatibility between these systems and systems operating in other services. The upper frequency boundaries shown in Tables 1 to 6 represent the state of current amateur system deployment, which is expected to extend to higher frequencies over time.

Chapter 6 Amateur and amateur-satellite services mtu n mtu-aelt evcs Chapter 6 Amateur and amateur-satellite services

TABLE 1 Characteristics of amateur systems for Morse on-off keying

Parameter Value

Mode of operation CW Morse CW Morse Slow Morse 10-50 baud < 20 baud (Earth-moon-Earth) ≤ 1 baud CW (1) Frequency band (MHz) 1.8-7.3 10.1-29.7 50-450 902-47 200 144 432 1 296 0.136 Necessary bandwidth and 150HA1A 150HA1A 150HA1A 150HA1A 50H0A1A 50H0A1A 50H0A1A 1H00A1B class of emission (emission 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 50H0J2A 50H0J2A 50H0J2A 1H00J2B designator) Transmitter power (dBW)(2) 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 17-31.7 23 Transmitter line loss (dB) 0.2 0.3-0.9 1-2 0-10 1-2 1-2 1-4 0.0 - 111 - Transmitting antenna gain −20 to 15 −10 to 21 0-26 10-40 20-26 20-26 25-40 −22 (dBi) Typical e.i.r.p. (dBW) −17.2 to 46.5 −7.3 to 52.4 2-55 1-45 38-55 38-55 68 1 Antenna polarization Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal Horizontal, Horizontal Horizontal, Horizontal, Vertical vertical vertical vertical vertical, vertical, LHCP, LHCP, RHCP RHCP Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Receiver noise figure (dB)(3) 13 7-13 0.5-2 1-7 1 1 1 13 (1) With the exception of the band around 0.136 MHz, the amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. (3) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers.

hpe Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 6 TABLE 2 Characteristics of amateur systems for narrow-band direct printing telegraphy and data

Parameter Value

Mode of operation(1) PSK31 NBDP PACTOR 2 PACTOR 3 CLOVER 2000 MFSK16 31 baud 50 baud Frequency band (MHz)(2) 1.8-29.7 1.8-29.7 1.8-29.7 1.8-29.7 1.8-29.7 1.8-29.7 Necessary bandwidth and class of 60H0J2B 250HF1B 375HJ2D 2K20J2D 2K00J2D 316HJ2D emission (emission designator) 2K00J2B 316HJ2B Transmitter power (dBW)(3) 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 Feeder loss (dB) 0.2-0.9 0.2-0.9 0.2-0.9 0.2-0.9 0.2-0.9 0.2-0.9 Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) −20 to 21 −20 to 21 −20 to 21 −20 to 21 −20 to 21 −20 to 21 - 112 - Typical e.i.r.p. (dBW) −17.2 to 52.5 −17.2 to 52.5 −17.2 to 52.5 −17.2 to 52.5 −17.2 to 52.5 −17.2 to 52.5 Antenna polarization Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, vertical vertical vertical vertical vertical vertical Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.7 2.4 0.5 Receiver noise figure (dB)(4) 7-13 7-13 7-13 7-13 7-13 7-13 (1) PSK31 is a data system using PSK at 31.1 bauds. PACTOR 2 is a data system using DPSK modulation with rates varying according to conditions. PACTOR 3 is a data system with a potential throughput of up to 5.2 kbit/s. CLOVER 200 is a digital data system capable of rates up to 5.2 kbit/s. MFSK16 is a data system using 16-tone FSK and forward error correction. Further information about these modes of operation can be obtained from the ARRL HF Digital Handbook, American Radio Relay League, ISBN: 0-87259-915-9, published 2003. (2) Amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (3) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. (4) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers.

mtu n mtu-aelt evcs Chapter 6 Amateur and amateur-satellite services

TABLE 3 Characteristics of amateur analogue voice systems

Parameter Value

Mode of operation SSB voice FM voice (1) Frequency band (MHz) 1.8-7.3 10.1-29.7 50-450 902-47 200 50-450 902-47 200 Necessary bandwidth and class of 2K70J3E 2K70J3E 2K70J3E 2K70J3E 11K0F3E 11K0F3E emission (emission designator) 16K0F3E 16K0F3E 20K0F3E 20K0F3E Transmitter power (dBW)(2) 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7

Feeder loss (dB) 0.2 0.3-0.9 1-2 0-10 1-2 0-10 - 113 - Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) −20 to 15 −10 to 21 0-23 0-40 0-26 0-40 Typical e.i.r.p. (dBW) −16.8 to 46.5 −7.3 to 52.4 2-53.7 1-45 2-55 1-45 Antenna polarization Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, vertical vertical vertical vertical vertical vertical Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 9 9 15 15 Receiver noise figure (dB)(3) 13 7-13 0.5-2 1-7 0.5-2 1-7 (1) Amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. (3) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers.

hpe Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 6

TABLE 4 Characteristics of amateur digital voice and multimedia systems

Parameter Value

Mode of operation Digital voice Digital voice and multimedia (1) Frequency band (MHz) 1.8-7.3 10.1-29.7 50-450 1 240-1 300 5 650-10 500 Necessary bandwidth and class of emission 2K70J2E 2K70J2E 2K70J2E 2K70G1D 2K70G1D (emission designator) 5k76G1E 6K00F7D 6K00F7D 8K10F1E 16K0D1D 16K0D1D 150KF1W 150KF1W 10M5F7W - 114 - Transmitter power (dBW)(2) 3-31.7 3-31.7 3-31.7 1-10 3 Feeder loss (dB) 0.2 0.3-0.9 1-2 1-3 1-6 Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) −20 to 15 −10 to 21 0-26 30 36 Typical e.i.r.p. (dBW) −16.8 to 46.5 −7.3 to 52.4 2-55 39 38 Antenna polarization Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal Horizontal, Horizontal, vertical vertical vertical vertical Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 2.7 2.7 2.7, 5.76, 8.1 2.7, 6, 16, 130 2.7, 6, 16, 130, 10 500 Receiver noise figure (dB)(3) 13 7-13 1 2 2 (1) Amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. (3) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers.

mtu n mtu-aelt evcs Chapter 6 Amateur and amateur-satellite services TABLE 5 Characteristics of amateur-satellite systems in the Earth-to-space direction

Mode of operation CW Morse, 10-50 baud SSB voice, digital voice, FM voice, data

(1) Frequency band (MHz) 28 144-5 670 10 450-24 050 28 144-5 670 10 450-24 050

Necessary bandwidth and class of 150HA1A 150HA1A 150HA1A 2K70J3E 2K70J3E 2K70J3E emission (emission designator) 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 2K70J2E 16K0F3E 16K0F3E 16K0F3E 44K2F1D 44K2F1D 88K3F1D 88K3F1D

Transmitter power (dBW)(2) 0-20 0-20 0-13 0-20 0-20 0-13

Feeder loss (dB) 0.2-1.5 0.2-3 0.2-3 0.2-1.5 0.2-3 0.2-3

Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) –2 to 10 –2 to 27 –2 to 31 –2 to 10 –2 to 27 –2 to 31 - 115 -

Typical e.i.r.p. (dBW) 10-29 10-45 10-42 10-29 10-45 10-42

Antenna polarization Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, vertical, vertical, vertical, vertical, vertical, vertical, RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP

Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.7, 16 2.7, 16, 50, 100 2. 7, 16, 50, 100

Receiver noise figure (dB)(3) 3-10 1-3 1-7 3-10 1-3 1-7

(1) Amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. (3) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers.

hpe Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 6

TABLE 6 Characteristics of amateur-satellite systems in the space-to Earth direction

Mode of operation CW Morse, 10-50 baud SSB voice, digital voice, FM voice, data

(1) Frequency band (MHz) 28 144-5 850 10 450-24 050 28 144-5 850 10 450-24 050 Necessary bandwidth and class of 150HA1A 150HA1A 150HA1A 2K70J3E 2K70J3E 2K70J3E emission (emission designator) 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 150HJ2A 2K70J2E 16K0F3E 16K0F3E 16K0F3E 44K2F1D 44K2F1D 88K3F1D 88K3F1D Transmitter power (dBW)(2) 10 10 10 10 10 0-10

Feeder loss (dB) 0.2-1 0.2-1 0.2-1 0.2-1 0.2-1 0.2-1 - 116 - Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) 0 0-6 0-6 0 0 0-6 Typical e.i.r.p. (dBW) 9 9-15 9-15 9 9-15 9-15 Antenna polarization Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, Horizontal, vertical, vertical, vertical, vertical, vertical, vertical, RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP RHCP, LHCP Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.7, 16 2.7, 16, 50, 100 2.7, 16, 50, 100 Receiver noise figure (dB)(3) 3-10 1-3 1-7 3-10 1-3 1-7 (1) Amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) While total transmitter power of 20 dB is assumed, 10 dBW is used as power is shared among signals in passband. (3) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers.

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CHAPTER 7

ITU-R REPORTS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES

REPORT ITU-R M.2085*

Role of the amateur and amateur-satellite services in support of disaster mitigation and relief (2006) Scope This Report is intended to document the role of the amateur and amateur-satellite services in provision of radiocommunications in support of disaster mitigation and relief. It includes information developed after the South-East Asia tsunami in December 2004.

1 Introduction The amateur services have a long history of providing radiocommunications during emergencies and in support of disaster relief. Some important attributes of the amateur services are that stations are distributed throughout the world in populated and sparsely populated areas, have flexible equipment with frequency agility, and have trained radio operators capable of reconfiguring networks to meet the specific needs of an emergency. Amateur stations are regularly involved in emergency radiocommunications for relief of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones; tornadoes, floods; fires; volcanic eruptions; and some man-made emergencies such as chemical spills.

2 Related texts Much concerning the use of the amateur and amateur-satellite services is documented in ITU-R and ITU-D texts, namely: – Article 5 of the Radio Regulations (RR) lists frequency allocations for the amateur and amateur-satellite service; – Article 25 establishes basic rules for the amateur and amateur-satellite services. In particular, it states: “25.9A § 5A Administrations are encouraged to take the necessary steps to allow amateur stations to prepare for and meet communication needs in support of disaster relief. (WRC-03);” – Resolution 644 (Rev.WRC-2000) – Telecommunications resources for disaster mitigation and relief operations; – Resolution 646 (WRC-2003) – Public protection and disaster relief;

* This Report should be brought to the attention of Telecommunication Standardization Study Group 2.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 7 - 118 -

– Recommendation ITU-R M.1042 – Disaster communications in the amateur and amateur- satellite services; – Recommendation ITU-R M.1732 documents the technical and operational characteristics of systems used in the amateur service and amateur-satellite services; – Recommendation ITU-D 13 – Effective utilization of the amateur services in disaster mitigation and relief operations; The ITU-D Handbook on Emergency Telecommunications (2005), in particular: Part II, Chapter 5 – The Amateur Radio Service – includes the following: – the roles of the amateur service in emergency telecommunications; – short-, medium- and long-range networks; – communications modes; – operating frequencies; – repeater stations; – the organization of amateur radio emergency service; – third party communications in the amateur radio service; – optimizing the use of the amateur radio service as a public service. Part III of the ITU-D Handbook lists frequencies allocated to the amateur and amateur-satellite services as well as those allocated to the mobile service likely to be used for emergency radiocommunications. It includes antenna, propagation and other useful information related to emergency radiocommunications. The, contents of the ITU-D Handbook drew heavily on studies developed in ITU-R and ITU-R contributed to the work of the Handbook editorial team. The ITU-R Special Supplement, Emergency and Disaster relief, lists studies carried out by Radiocommunication Study Groups and annexes related texts.

3 GAREC The first Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Conference took place on 13-14 June 2005 in Tampere, Finland. The conference reviewed the possibilities to further improve the contributions the amateur service can make to the goals defined by the World Summit on the Information Society, including: – the existing structures and agreements of cooperation between national amateur radio organizations and institutional providers of emergency and disaster response services; – the role of the amateur service in national and international humanitarian assistance and in disaster prevention and preparedness; – the role of the amateur service in capacity building and in improving affordable connectivity; – the need for a supportive regulatory framework as part of an enabling environment to improve access to communication.

Chapter 7 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 119 -

Among the conclusions of the 2005 conference were that:

– The amateur service has proven capabilities and capacities to serve the international community through its global network of infrastructure-independent stations. Such stations are not only most likely to withstand the physical impact of disasters, but their flexibility furthermore avoids the overload all public networks inevitably experience in the aftermath of disasters. The broad spectrum of technologies used by the amateur service allows the joint use of traditional media and new technologies.

– Beyond its character as a global network, the amateur service is an invaluable resource of skilled operators, trained and experienced in maintaining communications under the most adverse conditions. It is thus essential, to ensure that this resource can be fully utilized in the service of emergency and disaster response providers.

As a result of GAREC-2005, the International Amateur Radio Union Administrative Council established a working group to develop an International Emergency Communication Handbook for the Amateur Radio Service.

The second Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Conference was held on 19-20 June 2006 in Tampere, Finland in parallel with the International Conference on Emergency Communications (ICEC-2006), which reviewed the status of implementation and application of the Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunications for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations (ICET-98, in force since 8 January 2005).

4 Emergency centre of activity frequencies

International Amateur Radio Union Region 1 organization (IARU R1) General Conference 2005 adopted the frequencies 21 360 kHz, 18 160 kHz and 14 300 kHz and recommended their adoption by IARU Regions 2 and 3 by their next competent conferences in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Region 3 did so at its conference in Bangalore, India in August 2006. In addition, IARU Region 1 adopted the frequencies 7 060 kHz and 3 760 kHz as centres of activity for that Region.

Emergency radio frequencies in the VHF and UHF bands vary by country.

It should be noted that amateur radio equipment is frequency agile within certain bands and typically is continuously tunable rather than set to specific channels. Thus the above centres of activity are nominal frequencies on or near which a number of networks can be supported as needed.

5 Recent operational experiences

5.1 Tsunami in South-East Asia in December 2004

Amateur radio organizations and individual amateurs in several of the countries affected by the 26 December 2004 earthquake and subsequent tsunamis in South-East Asia began emergency radiocommunications activities. On that date, a special amateur radio operation known as a “DXpedition” was underway in Port Blair on Andaman Island when the earthquake struck. The operation was quickly shifted to emergency mode.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 7 - 120 -

Within 30 minutes of the quake that triggered the tsunami, the station had one transceiver outside with a mobile whip antenna, powered by the hotel generator, and was taking health-and-welfare messages from the people there. Many people wanted to tell relatives on the Indian mainland that they were safe. The station in Port Blair made radio contact with several amateur stations in India and Thailand.

Another amateur station was established on Car Nicobar Island, one of the worst-hit areas that had been totally cut off from communications. Amateurs from Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand made contact with the Indian amateur emergency net and extended their fullest cooperation.

Many amateur stations on the Indian mainland participated in an emergency net on 7 MHz. Indian amateurs established stations in Tamil Nadu, the hardest hit area on the mainland. Amateurs handled health-and-welfare, emergency and medical messages.

Thai amateurs relayed information between affected areas along the west coast in the south to government agencies. An amateur radio-internet interconnection system known as EchoLink enabled amateurs in Thailand to relay information to friends and relatives of those who had been on vacation in the stricken areas.

During the emergency, there was uncertainty whether it was permissible for amateur stations to transmit messages internationally on behalf of third parties. Fortunately, Article 25 of the Radio Regulations as revised at WRC-03 made it possible to transmit such messages between countries which do not object to such transmissions.

In an effort to lend any assistance possible to the earthquake/tsunami disaster, a low-Earth orbit amateur satellite known as AMSAT OSCAR 51 was reconfigured as a store-and-forward packet radio “bulletin board” for those in the disaster area.

Amateur stations provided emergency communications to government and relief organizations during the tsunami and its aftermath. At some locations, amateur radio was the only communications available for several days until regular telephone and data communications was restored.

5.2 Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005

Katrina was the most extensive of three hurricanes that affected the southern United States during 2005, the other two being Wilma and Rita.

Katrina devastated coastal areas of the states of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. Soon after Katrina’s landfall, about 250 amateur radio operators responded on an unprecedented scale. Amateur radio was uniquely suited by virtue of the availability of HF communications covering long distances without fixed infrastructure. Amateur stations used a variety of operating modes including voice, packet radio and Morse telegraphy.

Throughout the emergency, approximately 1 000 amateur radio operators provided emergency communications for 250 shelters and kitchens operated by non-governmental relief agencies, principally in Alabama, northern Florida and Mississippi. At airports in Texas and Alabama, radio amateurs tracked evacuees and notified the Baton Rouge operations centre of their whereabouts so their families would be able to find them. Amateur radio operators in New Orleans participated in locating stranded persons because local cell phone calls could not be made by stranded victims due

Chapter 7 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 121 - to inoperative wireline infrastructure. Emergency (“911”) call centres could not handle calls from relatives calling in from outside the affected area, so they passed those health-and-welfare inquiries to amateur operators stationed at those call centres. Amateurs also relayed information of stranded persons to the centres. Amateur stations provided links between Coast Guard helicopters and emergency centres because ambulance crews could not contact the helicopters directly. The amateur radio industry helped by making significant contributions of equipment and supplies, including HF and VHF transceivers, power supplies, batteries and antenna systems. The equipment was transported to areas where amateur equipment was damaged or destroyed or where more permanent installations were required.

6 Preparedness measures Several countries have established preparedness measures including training courses, held major exercises and concluded agreements between amateur radio organizations and national and international disaster response institutions including government and non-governmental organizations.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 7

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CHAPTER 8

ITU-D RECOMMENDATIONS AND HANDBOOKS RELEVANT TO THE AMATEUR SERVICES

RECOMMENDATION ITU-D 13.1

Revision to Recommendation ITU-D 13

Effective utilization of the amateur services1 in disaster mitigation and relief operations2 (January, 2006)

ITU-D Study Group 2,

considering, a) that the amateur services continue to provide communications for disaster mitigation and relief operations in some countries; b) that some countries experiencing natural calamities may not take advantage of the disaster communications capabilities of the amateur services; c) that effective amateur services disaster communications depend largely on the availability of amateur operators located throughout a country; d) that international humanitarian assistance after the occurrence of a natural disaster often includes the provision of amateur operators and of equipment from an assisting country; e) that barriers to operating permission and to the movement of operators and equipment have in many cases hindered the full use of telecommunication capabilities made available from outside an affected country; f) that the Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations adopted by the Intergovernmental Conference on Emergency Telecommunications (Tampere, 1998) established a framework for the reduction and/or removal of these barriers; g) that some countries do not have a national framework for the effective utilization of the amateur services for provision of disaster mitigation and relief operations;

1 The amateur service is defined in the Radio Regulations at 1.56 as a radiocommunication service for the purpose of self- training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.

2 After approval, this Recommendation should be sent to the ITU-R Study Group 8 for information.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 8 - 124 - h) that Resolution 19 of the World Telecommunication Development Conference (Valletta, 1998), Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations, resolves to invite ITU-D to ensure that proper consideration be given to emergency telecommunications as an element of telecommunication development, including, in close coordination and collaboration with ITU-R, by facilitating and encouraging the use of decentralized means of communications that are appropriate and generally available, including those provided by the amateur radio services; i) that Resolution 644 of the World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1997), Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations, resolves to invite ITU-R to continue to study, as a matter of urgency, those aspects of radiocommunications that are relevant to disaster mitigation and relief operations, such as decentralized means of communications that are appropriate and generally available, including amateur radio facilities; j) that Recommendation ITU-R M.1042-2 (2003), Disaster Communications in the Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services, encourages the development of such services and of making such networks robust, flexible and independent of other telecommunication services and capable of operating from emergency power; k) that Resolution 36 of the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference (rev. Marrakech, 2002), “Telecommunication in the service of humanitarian assistance”, urges Member States to take all practical steps for the application of the Tampere Convention; l) that No. 25.3 of the Radio Regulations (WRC-03) provides that “Amateur stations may be used for transmitting international communications on behalf of third parties only in case of emergencies or disaster relief. An administration may determine the applicability of this provision to amateur stations under its jurisdiction”; m) that No. 25.9A of the Radio Regulations (WRC-03) provides that “Administrations are encouraged to take the necessary steps to allow amateur stations to prepare for and meet communication needs in support of disaster relief,”

recommends

1 that administrations should include the amateur services in their national disaster plans and telecommunication assistance information inventories;

2 that administrations should reduce and remove barriers to the effective utilization of the amateur services for disaster communications and related training activities;

3 that amateur and disaster relief organizations and providers of emergency response develop memoranda of understanding (MoU) between themselves and with administrations as well as to cooperate, together with other concerned parties, in developing and making available model agreements and best practices in disaster telecommunications3.

3 Illustrative examples of such agreements are available on request from ITU/BDT.

Chapter 8 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 125 -

Extract of ITU-D Handbook on Emergency Telecommunications

CHAPTER 5

The Amateur Radio Service

5 Introduction

Among the Radio Services defined in the Radio Regulations (RR), and regulated by this international treaty governing all aspects of radio communication, the Amateur Radio Service (RR S1.56, Geneva 1998) is the most flexible one. Using modes from Morse code and voice to television and to most advanced data modes, communicating in allocated frequency bands ranging from 136 kHz (longwave) throughout the HF (shortwave), VHF and UHF all the way into the GHz range, Amateur radio was throughout its history and still is today at the forefront of technology. Amateur radio operators form a global (long range) network, but they are equally at home when it comes to local (short range) or even satellite communications. Most of all, however, they acquire their skills because of their personal interest in the subject of radio communications, and they are the experts in achieving extraordinary results with whatever limited resources available.

These characteristics make the Amateur Radio Service a unique asset for communications under the often extreme conditions encountered in emergency and disaster response. Its technical information and training material covers the most critical aspects of emergency Telecommunications and much of part 3, the technical annex of this handbook, is based on the experience gained during more than 90 years of public service communications. The operational characteristics of many elements of emergency radio Telecommunications are best explained on the example of the amateur radio service. Most of the content of Chapter5 is thus applicable to all radio communication services utilized in response to emergencies and disasters.

The amateur radio service should not be confused with “citizens band” or “personal radio” operations, which are forms of public networks and described in Chapter 2 of part 2 of this handbook. Amateur radio operators have to pass an examination given by or on behalf of the respective national administration prior to the issuance of an individual, personal operator’s license.

The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) is the federation of the national amateur radio associations existing in most countries. It represents the interests of the amateur radio service in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and in international Conferences. The IARU supports emergency telecommunication applications of its members and ensures the exchange of information and experience among them.

5.1 The Roles of the Amateur Radio Service in Emergency Telecommunications

Its wide scope of activities and of the skills of amateur radio operators make the amateur radio service a valuable asset in practically all sectors of emergency telecommunications. The following few points characterize this service: • It has a large number of operational amateur radio stations in all regions and almost all countries of the world, providing a network which is independent from any other. It has in many cases provided the first and often for a long time only link with areas affected by disaster. Examples for this go back to the early days of radio, but are also found in most recent events, such as the role played when hurricanes hit on islands in the Caribbean in 2004.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 8 - 126 -

• Their skills make amateur radio operators a prime human resource for emergency telecommunications. Many operators apply their skills and experience in the service of humanitarian assistance, be it temporarily as volunteers with governmental or non-governmental organizations, or as emergency telecommunication professionals with units of international organizations and other disaster response institutions.

• The training programmes and emergency simulation exercises developed by some of the national amateur radio societies are applicable to all sectors of emergency Telecommunications and can be adapted for training of all potential users of telecommunication in emergency situations.

• The technical documentation, literature and electronic resources, available for the amateur radio service, are unique resources for information on how to solve problems with often very limited and possibly improvised means.

The importance of the amateur radio service in emergency Telecommunications has been recognized in many documents and was reconfirmed by the World Radiocommunication Conference WRC-2003 (Geneva, 2003), which modified article 25 of the Radio Regulations, facilitating emergency operations of amateur radio stations and related training of operators, and encouraging all States, to reflect these changes in their national regulations.

5.2 Amateur Radio Networks and their Ranges

Three types of radio networks are typical for the amateur radio services, and all three are encountered in major disaster response operations.

5.2.1 Short-range networks

Typically provide operational or tactical communications at the site of a disaster and with the surrounding areas. They can include fixed, mobile and portable equipment and are mostly using frequencies in the VHF and UHF spectrum. The amateur radio service has frequency allocations as follows:

• 50-54 MHz (also known as the 6 meter band, but in some regions only 50-52 MHz is available due to restrictions). This band provides good ground wave propagation beyond line-of sight covering up to about 100 km. Depending on propagation conditions, this band can be subject to interferences from sky-wave signals.

• 144-148 MHz (2 meter band, restricted in some regions only to 144-146 MHz).This band is the best choice for local communication between hand-held transceivers within coverage of up to about 10 km or up to about 30 km with directional antennas. Radio amateurs are most likely to have fixed, mobile and hand-held transceivers for this band. Communication over a wider area is possible using a repeater installed in a favourable location with sufficient height over average terrain. Repeaters can furthermore be equipped with telephone interconnection devices (known as auto patch).

• 420-450 MHz (70 centimetre band, available in some regions only within 430-440 MHz). This band covers ranges shorter than those for the 2-meter band but otherwise has similar characteristics, including the possibility to use repeaters.

• Several bands in the range between 1 and 50 GHz. These bands have applications primarily for broadband, and point-to-point data links

5.2.2 Medium-range Networks

Typically provide communication from the site of an event to organisational and administrative centres outside an affected area, or to headquarters of response providers in neighbouring countries. They also ensure communication with vehicles, vessels and aircraft operating outside the coverage of available VHF

Chapter 8 Amateur and amateur-satellite services - 127 - or UHF networks. Communication at medium distances of 100-500 km may be accomplished by near- vertical-incidence sky wave (NVIS) propagation at the lower HF frequencies of up to about 7 MHz. The band characteristics are as follows: • 1800-2000 kHz (160 meter band): This band is most useful at nightime and during low solar activity. Under field conditions, the dimensions of antennas may restrict the use of this band, which is also frequently affected by atmospheric noise, particularly in the tropical zone. • 3500-4000 kHz (80 meter band, only available in some regions within 3500-3800 kHz): This is an excellent nightime band. Like all frequency ranges below about 5 MHz it can be subject to high atmospheric noise. • 7000-7300 kHz (40 meter band, in some regions available within 7000-7100 kHz): This is an excellent daytime band for near-vertical-incidence sky wave paths. At the higher latitudes, especially during periods of low sunspot activity, lower frequencies may be preferable. In view of this band’s importance for amateur radio emergency communications, the World Radiocommunication Conference WRC-03 (Geneva, 2003) has initiated the process to increase the allocations in regions so far limiting the band to less than 300 kHz, and some national administrations have already implemented an increase from 100 to 200 kHz). • In the 5 MHz range, several national administrations have allocated fixed frequencies (channels) for amateur radio emergency traffic and related training. The 5 MHz range allows the most reliable links in the medium range during 24 hours per day and under most propagation conditions.

5.2.3 Long-range networks Ensure the links with headquarters of international emergency and disaster response providers. They also serve as backup connections between offices of such institutions in different countries or on different continents. Amateur stations routinely communicate over long distances, typically beyond 500 km, using oblique-incidence sky wave propagation in HF. The characteristics of the respective bands are as follows: • 3500-4000 kHz (80 meter band, available in some regions within 3500-3800 kHz): This is an excellent nightime band, particularly during low sunspot activity. However, communications may be affected by high atmospheric noise, particularly at low latitudes. • 7000-7300 kHz (40 meter band, which is available in some regions within 7000-7100 kHz): This band is a good choice for up to around 500km during daytime and for long distances, including intercontinental paths, at nightime. • 10100-10150 kHz (30 meter band): The 30-m band has good day and night propagation and can be used for data communication. It is not currently used for voice because of its limited width. • 14000-14350 kHz (20 meter band): The 20-m band is the common choice for the daytime communication over long distances. • Propagation on the following bands is suitable for longer distances during daytime and high sunspot activity: – 18068-18168 kHz (17 meter band) – 21000-21450 kHz (15 meter band) – 24890-24990 kHz (12 meter band) – 28000-29700 kHz (10 meter band)

5.2.4 Amateur radio satellites Can serve as an alternative to HF sky wave links for medium and long-range communication. The amateur radio service does not at this stage operate geostationary satellites or interlinked satellite constellations. Its satellites not therefore provide continuous global coverage, but in some cases the

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 8 - 128 - storage-and-forward capability allows the forwarding of messages between stations without simultaneous access. Further developments in the Amateur Radio Satellite service is be expected to increase its applications in emergency telecommunications. The amateur radio satellite service uses specific frequencies within the allocated bands, mostly in the VHF range and above. Communication over some satellites is possible with low power equipment and with low gain antennas.

5.3 Operating Frequencies

Different from most other services, the amateur radio service enjoys the privilege of band allocations, the use of which is left to the self regulation of the amateur radio associations. Flexible use of the rare commodity of frequency spectrum thus allows particular flexibility in operations.

The allocated frequency bands are described and their characteristics given in 5.2. above. The choice of the most suitable frequency band and of the most convenient channel within the selected band is, given in the band plans prepared by the IARU, and choice is prerogative of each individual operator. In emergency situations, any radio station can establish contact on any frequency that it can technically operate on. In such a situation, stations of the amateur radio service can be contacted, or can initiate contacts with, stations of other services such as the maritime or the land fixed or mobile service.

In some countries, specific frequencies (channels) have been defined as emergency frequencies. Due to the dynamic use of frequencies within the allocated amateur radio bands, a permanent reservation of such channels outside times of acute emergencies is however problematic and a restrictive policy in respect to the use of the available spectrum might prove counter-productive. In some cases, national administrations have assigned frequencies adjacent to the allocated amateur radio bands to disaster response organizations, thus facilitating communications with stations of this service and allowing the use of amateur radio equipment and antennas with ease.

5.4 Communication Modes

Stations of the amateur radio service are authorized to use a wide variety of transmission modes, provided the allocated frequency bands, IARU and national band plans, and national regulations provide the bandwidth needed for the particular mode chosen. The selection of the appropriate mode in any specific case depends on numerous factors, including volume and nature of the information to be transmitted, technical specifications of the equipment available and the quality of the communications link. The following communication modes are most commonly used in the amateur radio service as well as in other services such as the maritime and the fixed and land mobile services:

• Radio Telegraphy: Use of the international Morse code is still widespread throughout the amateur services and can play an important role in disaster communications, particularly when only elementary equipment or low transmitter power are available. The use of Morse code also helps to overcome language barriers in international telecommunications. Its effective use requires operators with skills greater than the minimum licensing requirements.

• Data communications: These have the advantage of accuracy and of creating records for later reference. Messages can be stored in computer memory or on paper. Digital data communication requires additional equipment such as a desktop or laptop computer communication interface, processor or modem. The communication processor performs encoding and decoding, breaks the data into transmission blocks for transmission and restores incoming data into a stream. It also compensates for transmission impairments, compresses and decompresses data, and handles analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue conversions.

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• HF (shortwave) links: The Amateur Radio Service uses a variety of data communications protocols. PACTOR II and III is one of the common modes available for amateur disaster communications and is also used on emergency networks of the United Nations and other organizations. Depending on the specific requirements of a network, other data modes are available, among them PSK-31, a real-time data communications mode, replacing the radio teletype (RTTY) links used in the past.

• Packet radio: This is a powerful tool for traffic handling. Text messages can be prepared and edited off-line then transmitted in shortest time, thus reducing congestion on busy traffic channels. Packet radio can be used by fixed as well as mobile or portable stations. This is an error-correcting mode and uses the radio spectrum efficiently. It allows multiple communications on the same frequency at the same time by using time-shifting communication. By storing messages on packet bulletin boards (PBBS) or mailboxes, stations can communicate with other stations not on the air at the time. Packet radio operates over permanently established or temporary networks. The AX.25 packet radio protocol is a reliable and efficient method of data communications at rates of 1 200-9 600 bit/s, depending on the equipment used.

• Suppressed-Carrier Single-Sideband (SSB) radiotelephony: This is the most commonly used mode for HF (shortwave) voice radio links. Due to its high efficiency and narrow bandwidth, SSB has replaced the previously used amplitude modulation (AM) in all services using HF except the broadcast service. It can however only be received by equipment designed for this mode and not by ordinary broadcast receivers. Due to the narrow bandwidth, the voice signal might be somewhat difficult to understand for untrained ears. On frequency ranges, where more bandwidth is available, another voice mode is more common.

• Frequency modulation: This is used in local and regional fixed and mobile networks. It has the advantages of high audio quality and resistance against interference such as caused by vehicle engines and is therefore the communication mode of choice on local VHF and UHF networks.

• Image communications: The amateur radio Service supports two more modes that make the transmission of facsimile and television possible. In emergency situations, television images can provide valuable information from the site of an event. Analogue image communication modes are now generally replaced by the transmission of images as digital files using data modes.

5.5 Repeater Stations

Repeater Stations or Relays are used to extend the communication range of VHF and UHF stations. Positioned in elevated locations they allow communication between fixed or mobile stations separated by obstructions such as mountains or tall buildings when operating in an urban environment. A repeater station receives on one channel and transmits on a different frequency, usually within the same band. Filters, so called duplexers, prevent interference between its simultaneously operating transmitter and the receiver. Important considerations for the location of a repeater station are not only its geographical coverage, but also its power requirements. Rechargeable batteries, supplied from solar cells or wind generators are the most common solutions.

Special forms of repeaters are the analogue or digital transponders used in the amateur radio satellite service. Like terrestrial relays, they re-transmit a received signal on a different frequency; their geographical coverage or “footprint” is however much larger. Transponders on board of balloons or

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 8 - 130 - aircraft have successfully been used by radio amateurs and might in the future become available as an additional tool for emergency telecommunications. Digital transponders have the capability to store received messages, and to re-transmit them on demand, at the time when the receiving station is within their range.

5.6 The Organization of Amateur Radio Emergency Service

Amateur radio Service is a continuous activity. At any given time, at least some networks and operators of this service are available and can assume a role in emergency Telecommunications without delay. Additional resources can be mobilized on very short notice. For an efficient application of the service to emergency and disaster response, a higher degree of preparedness, including training, exercises and mobilization procedures, is desirable. Cooperation with the International Telecommunication Union has facilitated the training of some radio amateurs on the African continent in the past.

The structures of cooperation between the amateur radio service and the national authorities, emergency services and disaster response providers, depend on the situation in each country. The outline presented in the following sections is mostly based on the concepts used in the USA. The general principles should however be applicable in most parts of the world. In all cases, decisive factors include the number of amateur radio stations involved and the number of certified operators, as well as the structures of national response mechanisms.

5.6.1 The Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) Groups

Amateur Radio Emergency Service Groups, in several countries known as ARES, consist of licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public interest. All licensed amateurs are eligible for membership in the ARES. Members of ARES groups either use their own personal emergency-powered equipment, or operate equipment that the group has acquired and maintains specifically for emergency telecommunications. The outline of standard ARES procedures given in the following section may also serve as a guideline for emergency Telecom- munications support teams in general. The following important points must be noted:

• Preparedness requires, that team members are familiar with the functions they are expected to assume and prepared to do on shortest notice. Credentials should be provided for recognition by local authorities. If possible, an ARES activation should start with an operational and a technical briefing, based on information received from the requesting authority and supplemented by reports from amateur radio, media, and other sources. The briefing must include an overview of identified equipment and manpower requirements, hierarchical structures, ARES contacts, and conditions to be expected in the affected area.

• Travel time spent on the way to a disaster-affected location should be used for review of the situation with the team. The review should include task assignments, checklists, affected area profile, mission disaster relief plan, strengths and weaknesses of previous and current responses, maps, technical documents, contact lists, tactical operation procedures, and response team requirements.

• Upon arrival, team leaders should check with local ARES officials and obtain information on frequencies in use, current actions, available personnel, communication and computer equipment, and support facilities. The ARES plan in effect for the specific disaster should be obtained. Priority should be given to the establishment of an initial intra-team communication network and HF or VHF links to the home location. Team leaders should meet with served agencies, amateur radio clubs’ communications staff, local communications authorities and others as needed to obtain information and coordinate the use of frequencies. Communication site selections should take into account team requirements and local constraints.

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• During operations team leaders should continuously assess the operational status of regular communication facilities and of the networks of other response teams, to coordinate operations and avoid duplications. Proper safety and security procedures must be followed. Periodic reviews of communication effectiveness should be conducted with served units and communication personnel.

• An exit strategy for amateur communicators needs to be in place from the beginning of an operation. It needs to be negotiated with served agencies and host officials in time. To obtain volunteers’ commitment to travel and participate, they must be assured that there will be an end to their commitment. Leaders must coordinate with served agencies in determining when equipment and personnel are no longer needed. A demobilization plan needs to contain clear definitions on the handover of responsibilities. A debriefing should be conducted at the earliest possible time and might include individual performance evaluations. Problems stemming from personality conflicts should however preferably be addressed and resolved outside of formal reports, as they provide distractions to the reports. Equipment should be accounted for. Lessons learned need to be documented and be made available for broader review, comments and use in future training and preparedness activities.

• Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) are a key element in all emergency operations. In emergency Telecommunications such SPO need to be in place in particular on message format and handling, the use of simplex channels, repeater operations, and on station identification. Following such standard principles of operations is preferable to the introduction of new and possibly not previously exercised ad hoc procedures.

• Amateur radio operators do not need training on basic communication skills or general technical matters. They do however need to become familiar with the operational environment and with the partners they serve with. Proper disaster training needs to prepare the participants for systematic and accurate work in even the most chaotic environment. The moto should be, “It’s people, who communicate, not radios”.

• Training should focus on the following subjects: emergency telecommunications, traffic handling, net or repeater operation, and technical knowledge. Practical on-the-air activities, such as a Field Day or a Simulated Emergency Test (SET) offer training opportunities on a nationwide basis for individuals and groups and reveal weak areas in which more training or improvements to equipment are needed. In addition, drills and tests can be designed specifically to check the readiness and the reliability of emergency equipment that is not permanently in use. A drill or test that includes interest and practical value makes a group motivated to participate because it is purpose or goal oriented. In order to present a realistic scenario, training should be centred on a simulated disaster situation and, if possible, in combination with training exercises of other partners in emergency assistance.

• Exercises should include the activation of emergency networks; including the assignment of mobile stations to served agencies, the originating and processing of messages and the use of emergency-powered equipment. As warranted by traffic loads, liaison stations may need to be assigned to receiving traffic on a local network and relay it to outside destinations. To a large degree, the value of any exercise depends on its careful evaluation and on the application of lessons learned.

• Field Day (FD) events are a traditional form of exercise with a competitive character. During a field day, radio amateurs operate under simulated emergency conditions. A premium is placed on operating skills and adapting equipment to meet the challenges of emergency conditions and related logistics. Amateurs are used to operate stations capable of short, medium and long-range communications at almost any place and under difficult conditions. Essential is the use of other sources of energy other than commercial power. Use of generators, batteries, wind, and solar power is an important element in this whole exercise.

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• Simulated Emergency Test (SET) builds emergency-communications skills. SET help operators in gaining communication experience in using standard procedures under simulated emergency conditions, and to experiment with some new concepts. Issues to remember about SET are that it:

– determines strong points, capabilities and limitations in providing emergency communications to improve the response to a real emergency,

– provides a demonstration, to served agencies and the public through the news media, of the value of Amateur radio, particularly in time of need,

– exercises VHF-to-HF interfaces at the local level,

– encourages an increased use of digital modes for handling high-volume traffic and point-to- point welfare messages,

– strengthens the cooperation between amateur radio operators, users and disaster response organizations, and

– focuses energies on ARES communications at the local level, on the use and recognition of tactical communications, and on the procedures for formal message traffic.

• Traffic handling includes the forwarding of messages from and to others outside the circle of amateur radio operators. Where national regulations allow, amateurs radio stations can handle such third party traffic both in routine situations and in times of disaster. Such public-service communications make amateur radio a valuable public resource and provide the best training for emergency telecommunications. The traffic network structures differ in the various countries, but the outline given in the following section may serve as an example:

– The Tactical Network is the frontline net activated during an incident. Such a net is often used by a single government agency to coordinate with amateur radio operations within their jurisdiction. There may be several tactical nets in operation for a single incident depending on the volume of traffic and number of agencies involved. Communications typically include both traffic handling and resource mobilization.

– A Resource Network may be needed to recruit operators and equipment in support of operations on the Tactical Networks in large scale operations. As an incident requires more operators or equipment, the Resource Network evolves as a check-in place for volunteers to register and to receive their assignments.

– A Command Network may become necessary if the dimension of a disaster response operation increases and more partners become involved in the incident. This network allows incident managers to communicate with each other to resolve inter- or intra-agency problems, particularly between cities, or within larger operational areas. It is conceivable, that such a network becomes overloaded over passage of time due to high traffic volume. It may consequently be necessary to create multiple command nets to cover all requirements.

– Closed networks operate with a network control station responsible for overseeing the flow of communications. When the amount of traffic is low or sporadic, such a network control function may not be required. In an open network, participating stations simply announce their presence and remain on standby. If they have traffic, they directly call another station after checking that the channel is not presently occupied. In a closed network, any station wishing to establish a contact, calls the network control station for authorization. The network

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control station might either authorize direct communication on the calling channel or assign a working channel to the respective stations. Upon completion of their communication, the participating stations report to the network control station on the main frequency. For this type of operation, it is essential that the network control station keeps a record of the activities of all stations and of working channels assigned. This will ensure that all stations remain continuously available for urgent messages.

– Network discipline and message-handling procedures are fundamental concepts of amateur radio network operation. Training should involve as many different operators as possible in network control station and other functions. The basically informal character of amateur radio operations makes it necessary to pay particular attention to the procedures for handling messages within and among the different networks and between the amateur radio service and other networks. Permanently established traffic networks are ideal means to ensure efficient message handling during an emergency.

– An Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) or Command Post (CP) is usually established by the authorities in charge of a disaster response operation. The CP primarily controls the initial activities in emergency and disaster situations, and is typically a self-starting, spontaneously established entity. The initial functions of the CP are to assess the situation, to report to a dispatcher and to identify and request appropriate resources. The Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) responds to requests from a CP by dispatching equipment and personnel, anticipating needs to provide further support and assistance and pre-positioning additional resources in a staging area. If the situation at the site of the event changes, the CP provides the EOC with an update and maintains control until the arrival of additional or specialized resources. By being located outside the perimeter of potential danger, the EOC can use any appropriate type of communications, concentrate on gathering data from all partners involved, and mobilize and dispatch the requested means of response.

– The format chosen to handle traffic on a network depends on operational conditions and its selection requires knowledge of the possibilities and limitations of the Telecommunications resources available. Tactical traffic supports the initial response operations in an emergency situation, typically involving few operators within a limited area. Tactical traffic, even though unformatted and seldom written, is particularly important when different organizational entities are getting involved in the operations. The use of one VHF or UHF calling frequency, including possibly the use of repeaters and network frequencies, characterize most typical tactical communications. One way to make tactical network operation transparent is to use tactical call-signs, i.e. words that describe a function, location or agency, rather than call-signs of the Amateur Radio Service. When operators change shifts or locations, the set of tactical calls remains the same. Call-signs like “Event Headquarters”, “Network Control” or “Weather Centre” promote efficiency and coordination in public-service communication activities. Amateur radio stations must however identify their stations at regular intervals with the assigned call signs.

– Formal message traffic is handled in a standard message format and primarily on permanently or temporarily established HF and VHF networks. There may be links between local, regional and international networks. When accuracy is more important than speed, formatting a message before it is transmitted increases the accuracy of the information transmitted. Packet radio is a preferred mode for the handling of formal messages. It also allows the forwarding of traffic between various networks with a minimum of re-formatting, thus ensuring accuracy.

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Health and Welfare Traffic is, for those affected by a disaster, of highest importance. The need to communicate may be less dramatic than the loss of one’s home, but just in extreme situations a loss of such basic commodities as access to a telephone is felt very much. Secondary to the priority traffic of emergency response services, the handling of welfare traffic as a service to the public and often originating from places evacuees at shelters or at hospitals is a task of the amateur radio service. Incoming health-and-welfare traffic should always only be handled after all emergency and priority traffic is cleared. Answering welfare inquiries can take time and questions might have already been answered through restored circuits. Stations at shelters, acting as network control stations, may exchange information on the HF bands directly with destination areas as propagation permits. They may also handle formal traffic through outside operators.

5.6.2 Typical Situations for Amateur Radio Emergency Communications

Despite the wide spectrum of requirements in a disaster situation, amateur radio operators should neither seek nor accept any duties other than those foreseen in the agreements on their status in an emergency operation. Volunteer communicators are not the decision makers in relief operations, and they are not normally qualified or authorized to take on responsibilities beyond those of communicators. The amateur radio service provides communications in support of those who provide the actual emergency response. Operators with skills in other fields such as search and rescue or first aid and affiliation to respective organizations need to decide in advance, which role they wish to accept within an operation.

• Initial Emergency Alerts may originate from individual amateur radio operators using their equipment and networks to bring an incident to the attention of the competent institutional emergency services. Using their VHF hand-held and mobile radios, radio amateurs might activate a repeater autopatch code, connecting a repeater to a telephone line. By dialling an emergency number, the operator has direct access to the respective services.

• In Search and Rescue operations, operators of the amateur radio service can reinforce the professional teams by increasing their communication capabilities but also by making and reporting own observations.

• Hospitals and similar establishments might in the aftermath of a disaster be without communications. This affects in particular the coordination among various providers of health services. Inside a hospital, ARES operators might temporarily serve as replacement to a paging system and maintain critical interdepartmental communications. Local amateur radio emergency groups should prepare in advance for such hospital communications and ARES groups should be familiar with the communication structures they might be asked to replace.

• Chemical Spills and other incidents involving hazardous materials may require the evacuation of residents and the coordination between the disaster site and the evacuation sites or shelters. The term “hazardous materials” (HAZMAT) refers to substances or materials which, if released in an uncontrolled manner, are harmful to people, animals, crops, water systems, or other elements of the environment. The list includes explosives, flammable and combustible gases, liquids and solid material, oxidizing, poisonous and infectious substances, radioactive materials, and corrosives. The initial problem in an incident with such materials is the determination of the nature and quantity of the chemicals involved. Various institutions maintain registers of hazardous materials in order to provide rapid indications of the hazards associated with potentially dangerous substances, but this most essential information will not be available unless communications can be established immediately. ARES operators may be asked to establish communications with such institutions. Information on potential and real information sources, as well as the standard markings of hazardous goods and basic safety procedures should therefore be included in the briefing material of ARES groups.

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5.7 Third Party Communications in the Amateur Radio Service

Under normal circumstances an, amateur radio communication connects two parties communicating with each other. In emergency situations, operators will be requested to pass a message on behalf of a third party, a person or organization that is not necessarily present at the radio station.

5.8 Optimising the Use of the Amateur Radio Service as a Public Service

The amateur radio service is occasionally considered as a thing of the past. This mistaken impression may stem from its name, which distinguishes it from all other radio services. It is however just this distinction, which expresses the value of this service in times when other communication capabilities are lost. The amateur radio operator is able to communicate using the widest variety of tools, and the amateur radio service often makes the difference between “no communication” and a maybe less user-friendly, but functioning communications. The fact that personal mobile communications are becoming readily available to the majority of the people worldwide, does not make their users skilled communicators; they are consumers, and not active participants. In an emergency situation, communication such as that provided by radio amateurs continues to play a critical role. It is up to the national administrations and to the providers of emergency response, to keep making best use of this time proven, invaluable resource.

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Chapter 8

International Telecommunication Union

Amateur and amateur-satellite services Edition 2007

*31947* Amateur and amateur-satellite services Radiocommunication Bureau Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2008 ISBN 92-61-12361-9