ISSN 2687-105Х Центр международных и сравнительно-правовых исследований International and Comparative Law Research Center ЛЕКЦИИ ЛЕТНЕЙ ШКОЛЫ ПО МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМУ ПУБЛИЧНОМУ ПРАВУ Обычное международное право Майкл Вуд COURSES OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Customary International Law Michael Wood ТОМ I / VOL. I Москва 2020 УДК 341.1/8 ББК 67.91 Л43 Лекции Летней Школы по международному публичному праву Л43 = Courses of the Summer School on Public International Law. – Т. I. Обычное международное право = Vol. I. Customary International Law / Майкл Вуд = Michael Wood. – М.: Центр международных и сравнительно-правовых исследований, 2020. – 90 с. Настоящее издание содержит материалы лекций сэра Майкла Вуда по теме «Обычное международное право», прочитанных им в рамках Летней Школы по международному публичному праву 2018 года. The present publication contains lectures by Sir Michael Wood on the topic “Customary International Law”, delivered by him within the frames of the 2018 Summer School on Public International Law. УДК 341.1/8 ББК 67.91 Все права защищены. Никакая часть данной книги не может быть воспроизведена в какой бы то ни было форме без письменного разрешения владельцев авторских прав. © Вуд Майкл, 2020 © Центр международных и сравнительно-правовых исследований, 2020 Летняя Школа по международному публичному праву 2018 года Summer School on Public International Law of 2018 Дорогие друзья! Центр международных и сравнительно-правовых исследований начинает публикацию лекций, прочитанных в рамках Летней Школы по международному публичному праву. Летняя Школа – проект Центра, призванный дать возможность тем, кто изучает международное право, занимается или планирует заниматься им, получить дополнительные знания о предмете и стимулировать самостоятельную работу слушателей. Занятия в Летней Школе состоят из лекций и семинаров общего и объединённых рамочной темой специальных курсов, которые проводятся ведущими экспертами по международному праву, а также индивидуальной и коллективной работы слушателей. Первая Летняя Школа состоялась в 2018 году. Специальные курсы были посвящены источникам международного права. Их прочитали Сэр Майкл Вуд («Обычное международное право»), Туллио Тревес («Источники международного права в международных судах и трибуналах»), Марсело Коэн («Право договоров»), Бахтияр Тузмухамедов («Международное право в конституционной юрисдикции»), Фрэнк Лэтти («Общие принципы права»). Общий курс международного публичного права прочёл Рейн Мюллерсон. Центр международных и сравнительно-правовых исследований выражает благодарность членам Консультативного Совета Летней Школы − Р.А. Колодкину, Р.А. Мюллерсону, С.М. Пунжину, Л.А. Скотникову, Б.Р. Тузмухамедову − и всем, кто внёс вклад в реализацию этой идеи, в том числе АО «Газпромбанк» за финансовую поддержку проекта. 5 Dear friends, International and Comparative Law Research Center is launching a publication of lectures delivered within the Summer School on Public International Law. The Summer School is a project of the Center aimed at providing those learning international law, working or aspiring to work in the area, with an opportunity to obtain advanced knowledge of the subject and encouraging participants engage in independent research. The Summer School’s curriculum is comprised of lectures and seminars of a general and special courses joined under one umbrella theme delivered by leading international law experts, as well as of independent and collective studying. The first Summer School was held in 2018. The Special Courses were devoted to the topic “Sources of International Law”. The courses were delivered by Sir Michael Wood (“Customary International Law”), Tullio Treves (“International Courts and Tribunals and the Sources of International Law”), Marcelo Kohen (“Law of Treaties”), Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (“Sources of International Law in Constitutional Jurisdiction”), and Franck Latty (“General Principles of Law”). The General Course on public international law was delivered by Rein Müllerson. International and Comparative Law Research Center wishes to express its appreciation to the members of the Advisory Body – Roman Kolodkin, Rein Müllerson, Sergey Punzhin, Leonid Skotnikov, and Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov, as well as others who helped implement the project, including Gazprombank (JSC) for their financial support for the project. 6 7 Сэр Майкл Вуд Член Комиссии международного права, специальный докладчик Комиссии по теме «Выявление международного обычного права», старший научный сотрудник Центра международного права им. Э. Лаутерпаха, Университет Кембриджа. Как барристер Twenty Essex Chambers (Лондон) он практикует в сфере международного публичного права, участвуя в рассмотрении многочисленных дел в международных судах и трибуналах. В 1999-2006 гг. он руководил Правовой службой Министерства иностранных дел и по делам Содружества Великобритании, придя на службу в 1970 году в качестве помощника юрисконсульта. Сэр Майкл Вуд является автором многочисленных книг и статей по различным вопросам международного публичного права. Sir Michael Wood Member of the International Law Commission, Special Rapporteur on Identification of Customary International Law, Senior Fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge. He is a barrister at Twenty Essex Chambers, London, where he practices in the field of public international law, including many cases before international courts and tribunals. He was Legal Adviser to the UK’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office between 1999 and 2006, having joined as an Assistant Legal Adviser in 1970. Sir Michael Wood is the author of numerous books and articles on diverse topics of public international law. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS LECTURE 1: Introductory: Russia and customary international law; Article 38(1)(b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; customary international law and treaties, general principles of law �����������11 Russian/USSR views of customary international law ��������������������������17 Article 38(1)(b) of the ICJ Statute . 24 LECTURE 2: The International Law Commission; customary international law and its identification . 32 The ILC as an institution . 32 Codification and progressive development of international law. 36 Identification of customary international law . 42 LECTURE 3: Identification of customary international law (continued) – ‘a general practice’ . 47 9 LECTURE 4: Identification of customary international law (continued) – acceptance as law and other issues . 60 Acceptance as law (opinio juris) . 60 Significance of certain materials ���������������������������������������������������������� 66 The persistent objector rule . 72 Particular customary international law . 73 LECTURE 5: Customary international law in action – international immunities and other issues . 75 10 LECTURE 1: Introductory: Russia and customary international law; Article 38(1)(b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; customary international law and treaties, general principles of law I thank Roman Kolodkin for his kind invitation and applaud his initiative in organising this first Summer School on Public International Law of the International and Comparative Law Research Center here in Moscow. I also wish to thank all those who have helped us, and especially Victoria and Margarita. The Summer School is an excellent innovation. It enables young international lawyers from across the Russian Federation, and beyond, to meet in a relaxed and extended way with international lawyers from outside Russia. Contacts between international lawyers from all parts of the world are vital for the discipline of international law. The Statute of the International Court of Justice makes this clear, when it provides (at Article 9) that ‘At every election, the electors shall bear in mind not only that the persons to be elected should individually possess the qualifications required, but also that in the body as a whole the representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world should be assured.’ Representation of the main legal systems of the world is also required by the Statute of the United Nations International Law Commission (the ‘Commission’ or ‘ILC’). This is all closely connected with the fact that international law is a universal system, one system of law that applies to all States and throughout the world. It is also excellent that this first Summer School is devoted to the sources of international law. Without a good understanding – and 11 Customary International Law I would say, a common understanding – of the sources of public international law, it is very difficult to see, let alone to apply, international law as a universal system. Even for lawyers who are not specialists in international law (for example, most judges in national courts), a basic understanding of the sources is important whenever they are called upon to address any question of international law. In this first lecture I shall introduce myself and then say a word about customary international law in Russia followed by some preliminary words about customary international law as a source of public international law. In the remaining lectures I propose to cover the following issues: (1) the UN International Law Commission and its role in relation to customary international law; (2) the two constituent elements of customary international law (a general practice, and acceptance as law) which are addressed in the conclusions and commentaries adopted in 2018 by the Commission