The Phytosociology and Synecology of Tasmanian Vegetation with Call/Tris

179

THE PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AND SYNECOLOGY OF TASMANIAN VEGETATION WITH CALL/TRIS

by S. Harris and J.B. Kirkpatrick

(with two tables, two text-figures and an appendix)

Eleven discernible floristic plant communities were identified in vegetation containing Callitris in Tasmania. C. rhomboidea and C. oblonga largely segregate into two sets of communities. These sets occupy distinctly different parts of the environmental range of Callitris in Tasmania. Callitris co-occurs with at least 14% of the Tasmanian native higher plant flora in rainforest, wet eucalypt forest, dry eucalypt forest, grassy woodland, scrub and heath, and is dominant in some quadrats of most communities. The major measured correlates of floristic variation in the data set were temperature and precipitation conditions. The combination of the wide ecological range demonstrated by the data set and the highly restricted nature of Callitris distribution suggests that the taxon has a range much diminished by short-term perturbation. Callitris may have been part of an extensive dry rainforest formation in eastern Tasmania before people invaded the area. Key Words: Callitris, dry rainforest, phytosociology, synecology.

In BANKS, M.R. et al. (Eds), 1991 (31:iii): ASPECTS OF TASMANIAN BOTANY-A TRIBUTE TO WINIFRED CURTIS. Roy. Soc. Tasm. Hobart: 179-189. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.124.2.179

INTRODUCTION METHODS

Callitris is the only native gymnosperm genus found in During the summers of 1986/87, 1987/88 and 1988/89, the drier parts of Tasmania, where it is sporadically floristic and environmental data were collected from prominent within a range characterised by seemingly 126 10 x 10 m quadrats distributed evenly throughout random absences and prominent disjunctions (Harris the range of Callitris in Tasmania. These data included 1989). The gymnosperms of the wetter parts of Tasmania floristic lists, height and cover by stratum, dominance, have suffered a considerable diminution of their ranges topographic position, the date of the last fire (where since European settlement (Kirkpatrick & Dickinson determinable from information, tree rings or growth 1984, Cullen & Kirkpatrick 1988, Brown 1988). whorls on Banksia), geomorphological situation (13 Experience elsewhere (e.g. Bowman et al. 1988) and classes), slope, surface geology, altitude, drainage (three some limited observations in Tasmania (Kirkpatrick classes), slope aspect, soil texture (using the classes of 1977, Brown & Bayly-Stark 1979a, Harris & Brown Corbett 1969), soil depth and surface soil pH (using a 1980, Harris & Kirkpatrick 1982, Duncan & Duncan CSIRO soil-testing kit). Class data, where possible, 1984, Duncan & Brown 1985) suggested to us that were arranged to form a continuous series. Thus, Callitris was also in a state of retreat. The investigation geologic classes were ordered from argillaceous to reported herein is part of a larger study directed towards siliceous and slope aspect was scored from northwest the long-term conservation management of Callitris to southeast to reflectthe effectof exposure on insolation. species and communities in Tasmania. Later papers Climatic data were derived from the extrapolated will discuss the autecology of C. rhomboidea and C. surfaces produced by the BIOCLIM modelling package oblonga, their regeneration and stand dynamics, the (Busby 1986). history and palaeohistory of their distributions, and The polythetic divisive classifactory program their conservation requirements. TWINSPAN (Hill 1979) was used to gain an initial In this paper we define and describe floristic sorted table which was reworked, where appropiiate, communities within the range of Callitris, analyse their using a table resorting program (Minchin1986). Eleven environmental relationships and discuss the implications communities were selected for description. The of these results. environmental relationships of the communities were determined using one-way analysis of vaiiance. Species nomenclature followsBuchanan et al. (1989). Structural nomenclature follows Duncan & Brown (1985) where aposite, and Specht (1981) otheiwise. 180 S.Harris and I.E. Kirkpatrick

TABLE 1 Percentage Frequency of Taxa Occurring in More than 40% of the Quadrats in Any One Group

1 = 1-10%,2 = 11-20%,3 =21-30%, 4 '" 31-40%, 5 =41-50%,6", 51·-60%, 7 '" 61-70%,8", 71-80%, 9 = 81-100%.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO 11

~~.---~------.------~------Holcus lanatus 7 2 2 Cassinia aculeata 9 2 Poa labillardieri 9 7 Rosa rubiginosa 4 5 2 Melaleuca gibbosa 6 3 Schoenus apogon 5 2 2 Eucalyptus ovata 4 8 3 1 1 Acacia dealbata 7 4 2 5 2 2 Eucalyptus viminalis 7 4 2 4 7 5 6 Leptospermum lanigerum 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 Plantago lanceolala 4 2 1 I 6 Ulex europaeus 4 2 9 1 1 4 Acaena navae-zelandiae 4 2 2 2 6 8 2 Bursaria spinosa 4 2 5 3 7 5 8 3 C allitris oblonga 9 9 2 1 1 4 1 Banksia marginata 2 3 6 2 4 4 5 Epacris impressa 5 7 4 2 2 3 Lomandra [angifolia 7 9 6 8 2 6 Bossiaea prostrata 3 2 2 5 I Callisteman paludosis 1 5 1 2 Gonocarpus tetragynus 3 3 5 l-libbertia riparia 2 4 5 Astroloma humifusum 1 6 8 2 Hypochaeris radicata 2 2 2 1 6 2 Oxalis corniculata I 2 3 4 7 9 1 2 Lepidosperma elatius 3 2 4 6 9 2 4 2 Pomaderris ape tala 2 6 2 8 8 6 Micrantheum hexandrum 6 2 I 2 Gonocarpus micranthus 6 1 2 1 Leptospermum scoparium 2 5 2 2 5 4 Acacia vertic illata 3 2 2 7 2 2 1 Melaleuca ericifolia 3 2 1 2 2 2 5 3 Allocasuarina verticillata 2 2 3 1 2 2 7 3 2 Dodonaea viscosa 2 I 2 2 1 1 6 2 Acacia mucronata 3 4 2 2 8 7 4 Notelaea ligustrina 3 4 3 I 6 Callitris rhomboidea 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 Eucalyptus globulus 3 3 7 4 6 2 6 Pteridium esculentum 5 2 6 2 2 4 2 Pultenaea daphnoides 1 2 1 5 Viola hederacea 3 5 5 1 Lepidosperma lineare 2 5 Poa rodwayi 7 I Eucalyptus pulchella 6 4 2 2 Coprosma quadrifida 2 I 6 4 Beyeria viscosa 3 2 5 2 8 Asplenium flabellifolium 1 2 4 8 Bedfordia salicina 2 3 6 Ctenopteris heterophylla 2 8 Rwnohra adiantiformis 1 6 Microsorum diversifolium 2 6 Phytosociology and ''''IN'nif,,,,) Callitris 181

2 3 4 5 () 7 8 9 10 11

- .--.------~- Leptospermum glaucescens 5 Leptospermum laevigatum 5 6 9 Rhagodia candolleana 1 5 Leucopogon parviflorus 2 2 6 Poa poiformis 5 Crassula sieberana 5 2 Bromus diandrus 2 6 Po/ycarpon tetraphyllum 5 ------'------

THE COMMUNITIES AND THEIR group, as dominance was not an input to the ENVIRONMENTS classificatory procedure and characteristic species are defined by fidelity. Thus, the titles indicate a nodum of Structural Variation variation. (1) Eucalyptus viminalis-Callitris rhomboidea Callitris oblonga occurred most frequently in wood Cassinia aculeata shrubland - This is a community of land, scrub and shrubland dominated by Eucalyptus, the, silty, flat, near-coastal sites. The few quadrats in this most common dominants being E, ovata and group have been invaded by exotic grasses and herbs. E. viminalis, followed by E. amygdalina (table 1), It occurs on significantly flatter sites than all other C. oblonga was the next most common dominant communities and on significantly warmer sites in winter (table 2), forming a scrub or shrubland. Other non than community (2). Disturbance, leading to the invasion eucalypts dominating scrub or shrubland with of exotics, may largely account for its distinctiveness. C. oblonga included Leptospermum lanigerum, (2) Eucalyptus ovata-Callitris ohlonga--Melaleuca L. scoparium, Melaleuca pustulata, Hakea micro gibbosa shrubby woodland -- This is the community carpa, Acacia mucronata and Pomaderris apetala. of alluvial river flats. It is most closely related to In contrast to C. oblonga, C. rhomboidea was as community (3), which occurs in more rocky riparian common in open forest as in woodland, scrub or situations. It extends into colder winter environments shrubland. C. rhomboidea also occurred in closed than all others but (3) and (11), and occurs in areas of forest and heath. A wide range of eucalypt species was much lower precipitation, especially during the drier recorded as dominant in vegetation with C. rhomboidea. months, than community (11). This range included E. globulus, E. viminalis, (3) Callitris oblonga--{;allistemon paludosus tall open E. amygdalina, E. obliqua, E. pulchella, E. tenuiramis, shrubland - This community occurs on rocky riparian E. ovata, E. nitida and E. regnans. C. rhomboidea was sites on the South Esk, Apsley and Swan Rivers. Dolerite the most common non-eucalypt dominant. Others is the dominant rock. The community is typically heavily included Allocasuarina verticil/ata, Melaleuca invaded by Ulex europaeus. It occurs in areas with lower ericifolia, Leptospermum laevigatum, Kunzea precipitation during the driest months than communities amhigua and Banksia marginata. (4), (5), (6) and (11) and lower winter temperatures than communities (4), (7), (8), (9) and (10). (4) Eucalyptus amygdalina-Callitris rhomboidea Floristic Communities Epacris impressa shrubby woodland - E. ohliqua, E. globulus and E. virninalis are also occasionally A list of all higher plant species observed in association dominant in this community, which extends from with Callitris in Tasmania is given in the appendix. The Tasman Peninsula to Bicheno on sandy sites in relatively percentage frequency of each abundant observed moist areas and on skeletal dolerite soils where taxon in each of the ] 1 communities discussed below precipitation is high. The community is in the middle is presented in table ]. The community distributions part of the climatic range on all variables. It occurs on are shown in figure I and their environmental significantly more sandy sites than group (6) and characteristics are shown in figure 2. They are named by significantly more acid sites than communities (5) and the most common dominant species and structural (6). It differs environmentally from most other type, by the species of Callitris present and by the communities in its climatic characteristics. most characteristic (i.e. constant and faithful) other (5) Eucalyptus pulchella/E. viminalis-Callitris species. The dominant and most characteristic rhomboidea-Poa rodwayi woodland - This is the species are not necessarily highly constant within each community of dry and rocky, dolerite sites, i.e. either 182 S. Harris and IB. Kirkpatrick

FIG. 1 - The distribution a/the Callitris communities.

TABLE 2 The Proportion of Quadrats in Classificatory Groups Dominated by Non-Eucalypt Genera

Genus Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ------Callitris 62 6 8 7 24 62 100 40 Acacia 12 Allocasuarina 13 14 Banksia 7 Hakea 25 Kunzea 15 14 Leptospermum 12 29 15 71 Leucopogon 29 Melaleuca 12 4 23 14 Pomaderris 12 7 and synecology Catlilris 183

GEOLOGY F:342 AUlTUOE DRAINAGE F "155 P (.125 ~--_ ... +--___' __~-J-.-<_

1--1>--1 !'----K>.-I , 1--4----1 I--h.~-I I--A----~ 3 1--':'---1 1--iJ.-1 I-·~-·-I !-a-~I VIS 1-1:>.-, • I-J.'r--! 0..6 I~t:.--'I 1--1:.-1 •6 )--8.--1 g 7 J ----.6.----1 11--'-1:.--! 1 1--6-'---1 ~: I~~_'_-, • I'--~-! • I-~b:----I 10 1 --b------I 10• 10• I--A---I 11 1---'-.0.---1 I--"-·d-~<-' "'-----:--~:-:~--=-..::'-.+,- .. --.---+- -...... j.-.---~-...j.-....--~-+-~--.. -.-~ 4.5 lo 75 O~ ,·40 ?~ 20 acid arbitrary units basic poor arbitrdry units excellent

SOIL TEXTURE PREClP. ->-- ,

I-t:.-I 2!·_·lJ.·-1 2 1'-t:.~1 I--h.--I 3 1--/).--1 31--.6.--1 1-6 -1 I-'--b--I 4 I~A-"I S l-hr-I 5 1·-b.-~! ~ 1-.0.·--1 I-il-·-·-I 15 1~b.~1 l-A---I "I 1 ___ 6. __ .1 •7 1-'--6--"1 1 1--,,"--1 8 I-I':.-! S I-.t.-l e 1"-6.-1 1-1l.-1 • '--.0.--1 e J--6.---1 10• 1--1>--1 10 I--A--·j 10 ' __ii_' I--l!.--I 11 1--.6.--1 1i 1--"---1 11 -->-__---+- ___+_____ I I I I , o 25 5·0 7·5 60 90mm 35 42 49 56mm sand arbitrary units day MAX. TEMP b8·S3 P (·0001 _A_NN_._P_R+~C_I_R __F=_4+?_,_--,-p ~. __ _---+- i-+---'

2: i-a-I 21-1l.-'-1 I~.o.-! I-Il.-I 3 1-.6.-1 3 1--6.. --' 1·-.6.~1 .. 1-6.-1 4 1-'&--1 5 !·-h-j 5 1-1:..-1 •5 1-.1.\-1 6 1-.6.-1 ,--11-1 !-6.-1 • I-

SLOPE F=359 SOIL ,pH F=2BO p<.OO3 , ,~ 1 , ,

1-6--1 :2 l-A-l 1---6--1 3 1-.6.-1 41-.6.-1 4 I~A-'I 5 I-A--I 5 1-.6.-1 6 I-A-I • 1-6--1 7 1---6--1 71-6-1 8 I-b.-I 81-.t.-1 9 1-.6.-1 • 1--6-1 10 I-A-ol 10 1--6--1 11 1---",--1 111-6.-1 I ! ' 1'.5 3-0 45 6~O 41.S 6.0 7~2 8.4 pH units f~t arbitrary units steep

FIG. 2 - Means and 95% confidence limits for communities on selected environmental variables (community (1) is excluded because of the low number of quadrats). rocky ridges, rocky knolls or talus slopes. The under The community is marginal to wet eucalypt forest. Its storey is variably shrubby or grassy. The community macroclimate is significantly different from that of occupies a highly distinct microenvironment, which most other communities. differentiates it from communities (4) and (7), and a (7) Eucalyptus viminalis-Callitris rhomboidea macroclimatic zone distinct from that of most other Bursaria spinosa woodland - This community occurs communities. on deep, well-drained soils on disturbed sites, such as (6) Eucalyptus globuluslE. obliqua-Callitris river banks and dunes along the central east coast. It is rhomboidea-Coprosma quadrifida shrubby woodland heavily invaded by exotic taxa. - This community occupies wetter sites than (8) Eucalyptus globulus-Callitris rhomboidea community (5), often on rocky talus slopes within Allocasuarina monilifera woodland - This steep gullies, but these sites are also usually on dolerite. community of the Bass Strait islands typically occurs 184 S. Harris and lB. Kirkpatrick on leached soils on granitic colluvium. The understorey frost climate from severe to frost free, precipitation is characterised by typical heath species, such as from 500 mm per annum to 1400 mm. Fourteen per Allocasu IJrina monilifera and Leptospermum cent of the Tasmanian native higher plant species were scoparium. Communities (9) and (10), also from Bass recorded from the 126 quadrats in the survey. Strait, typically occur in places more subject to coastal influences: than community (8), and community (9) also occurs on shallower soils. The Tasmanian mainland GENERAL DISCUSSION communities are climatically and edaphically distinct in their environmental range. The environmental data coHected for this study (9) Allocawarina verticillata-Callitris rhomhoidea indicate that the types of biophysical environments Leptospermum laevigatum low closed forest _ .. This occupied both species are far more extensive than Bass Stmi t island community occurs close to the coast their present ranges. Callitris oblonga is now largely on a variety of soils, most of which are shallow and restricted to the riparian zone of a few major rivers, yet acid. Like the previous community, it is climatically can and does occur on shallow, well-drained soils well distinct in its range from the communities of the above the flood zone, and on at least one coastal sand Tasmanian mainland. dune system. It is totally absent from rivers idcntical in (10) Calli Iris rhomboidea-Dodonaea viscosa closed attributes to those from which it has been recorded. scrub - This near-coastal Bass Strait island community Similarly, with catholic tastes in soil and climate, C. has a climate that distinguishes it from most other rhomboidea has a surprisingly limited local occurrence communities, and tends to occur in slightly drier coastal and macrodistIibution. For example, communities (4), situations than community (8). (5) and (6) are virtually identical in their species (11) (Eucalyptus glohulus)-Callitris rhomboidea composition, excluding C. rhomboidea, to wet and dry Bedfordia saUcina (woodland) closed forest --- This eucalypt forest communities known to occur widely in community occupies dolerite talus in extremely moist the Hobart region (Hogg & Kirkpatrick 1974, Brown & conditions, where Callitris is found mixed with species Bayly-Stark I 979b, Kirkpatrick et al. 1988). This that extend to the rainforests of western Tasmania and pattern of distribution is consistent wiL.~ the hypothesis is associated with a rich variety of hygrophilous ferns. that Callitris has a range reduced from its edaphic/ It is climatically distinct from all others except climatic potential by uncongenial disturbance regimes community (1), which occupies a distinctly different and a limited dispersal ability (cf. Clayton-Greene 1981, topograhic situation. Bowman et ai. 1988). Fm1her evidence in relation to The one-way analysis of variance indicated that this question will be presented and discussed in our the mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest later papers. months were the best discriminators between Kirkpatrick (1989) postulated the existence of a dry communities, followed by the precipitation of the wettest rainforest formation covering much of eastern Tasmania and driest months. There was less segregation of the before the invasion of people and suggests that the communities in response to the topographic and soil following east coast tree species are likely to be capable related variables. of gap phase regeneration without exogenous Although in most quadrats in most communities the disturbance: Callitris rhomhoidea, C. oblonga, Callitris species are subordinate to eucalypts, substantial Allocasuarina verticillata, A. liltoralis, Asterotrichion pOlportions of the quadrats in groups (3), (8), (9), (10) discolor, Beyeria viscosa, Coprosma quadrifida, and (11) have one of the two species as the sole dominant Dodonaea viscosa, Exocarpos cupressiformis, or a codominant (table 2). Thus, C. ohlonga is most likely Pittosporum hicolor, Pomaderris apetala, Bedfordia to be dominant in the tallest stratum in rocky riparian salicina, Notelaea ligustrina and Olearia argophyUa. It situations, whereas C. rhomboidea is most frequently is notable that these species, and others identified by dominant on the Bass Strait islands and the moistest Jarman el al. (1984) as components of Tasmanian part of its range on the Tasmanian mainland. rainforest, are all found within the range of Callitris Nevertheless, it is only in communities (1), (2) and (7) today (table 1 and appendix). that there is no quadrat with Callitris as a dominant. The putatively relict nature of Callitris in Tasmania These groups contain the most heavily human-disturbed makes it important to ensure that stands in a wide range sites in the survey. of environments are protected from clearance or The communities containing Callitris cover a inappropriate disturbance regimes. Groups (1), (5), (6), substantial proportion of the environmental conditions (9), (10) and (11) are known from national parks or found in eastem Tasmania. For example, soil pH varies equivalent reserves. Group (2) is found within a private from 3.0 to 8.5, altitude from sea level to 575 m, parent nature reserve established by the Tasmanian material from fertile alluvium to deeply leached sand, Conservation Trust Inc. Group (3) is found in the Gorge Phytosocio[o/?y and vegetation Callitris 185

and the Trevallyn State Recreation Area. Group (4) is CORBET!", 1.R., 1969: THE UVfNG SOIL. Geogr. Teach. Assoc. found near Cape Hauy in a forest reserve. Group (8) is NSW, Como. found in the area under threat of alienation, but proposed CULLEN, P.J. & KIRKPATRICK, LB., 1988: The ecology, for a nature reserve, at Wingaroo on Flinders Island. distribution arid cOllServation of Athrotaxis. Report to Austraiian Heritage Commission. Department of Group (7) is found in crown land at the coast at Orford. Geography and Environmental Studies, University While some substantial populations of C. rhomboidea of Tasnlania. are found within reserves with first-class security and DUNCAN, F.D. & BROWN, M.J., 1985: Dry sclerophyll appropriately informed management, C. oblonga is a vegetation in Tasmania. Tasm. Natl. Pks Wildl. Serv., rare and threatened species with only one small private Wildl. Div, Tech. 85/1 nature reserve being managed to the end of its DUNCAN, F. & DUNCAN, D., A dry scIerophyll woodland preservation, and with most of its remaining populations, mosaic: vegetation of Cherry Tree Hili, near all small, being on private land. This taxon and the Cranbrook, Tasmania. Rec. Q. Viet. Mus. 85. communities in which it occurs require active HARRIS, S., 1989: 'I11e ecological biogeography of Callitris Vent. in Tasmania. Unpub!. MSc thesis, TJniversity management if they are to survive another century. of Tasmania. High concentrations of invasive, inflammable exotics HARRIS, S. & BROWN, MJ., 1980: The vegetation of Hellfire make the future of most stands dependent on weed Bluff-Cape Bernier, Tasmania, Tasm. Nat. 62: 1- control, 14. The reservation and management programme that HARRIS, S. & KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1982: The vegetation of needs to be developed for Callitris communities in Schouten Island, Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. Tasmania will benefit two species of considerable 116: 117-141. horticultural worth that provide an interesting visual HILL, M.O., 1979: TWINSPAN -A FORTRAN PROGRAM contrast in the eucalypt-dominated landscape of eastern FOR ARRANGING MULTIVARIATE DATA IN A TWO-WAY TABLE BY CLASSIFICA110N OF Tasmania. INDIVIUALS AND ATTRIBUTES. Cornell University, Ithaca. HOOG, A. & KIRKPATRICK, 1.B., 1974: Phytosociology and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS synecology of some southern Tasmanian eucalypt forests and woodlands . .T. Bio[;eog. 1: 227-245. We thank Dennis Morris and i"Jex Buchanan for help JARMAN, S.1., BROWN, M.J. & KANTVILAS, G., 1984: with the identification of some plant specimens. RAINFOREST IN TASMANIA. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart. KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1977: THE DISAPPEARING HEATH. Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Hobart. REFERENCES KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1989: The ecology and management of minor species.THE HUON FACTOR. University of BOWMAN, D.MJ.S., WILSON, B.A. & DAVIS, G.W., 1988: Tasmania, Hobart: 21-24. Response of Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker & H.G. KIRKPATRICK, lB. & DICKINSON, KJ.M., 1984: The impact of Smith to fire protection, Murganella, Northern fire on tasmanian alpine vegetation and soils. Aust. Australia. Aust. .T. Ecol. 13: 147-159. I Bot. 32: 613~29. BROWN, M.J., 1989: THE DlSTRIBUTION AND KIRKPATRICK, J.B., PEACOCK, R.I., CULLEN, P.J. & NEYLAND, CONSERVATION OF KiNG BILLY PINE. M.G., 1988: THE WET EUCALYPT FORESTS OF Tasmanian Forestry Commission, Hobart. TASMANIA. Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Hobart. BROWN, MJ. & BAYLY -STARK, H.J., 1979a: Vegetation of Maria MINCHIN, P.R., 1986: How to use ECOPAK: an ecological Island. Tasm. Nat. Pks Wildl. Serv., Wild/. Div. Tech. data base system. CSIRO Div. Land Use Res. Tech. Rep. 79/1. Mem.86/6. BROWN, M.J. & BAYLy-STARK, leU., 1979b: The plant SPECHT, R.L., 1981: Conservation of vegetation types. In communities of the East Risdon Nature Reserve. Groves, R.H. (Ed.): AUSTRALIAN VEGETATION. Tasm. Nat. 58: 1-11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. BUCHANAN, A.M., MCGEARy-BROWN, A. & ORCHARD, A.E., 1989: A census of the vascular plants of Tasmania. (accepted 10 August 1990) Tasm. Herb. Oce. Publ. 2. BUSBY, J.R., 1986: BIOCLlMATE PREDICTION SYSTEM (BIOCLIM) USERS MANUAL VERSION 2. Bureau S. Harris of Flora and Fauna; canberra. Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, GPO Box 44A, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001 CLAYTON-GREENE, K.A., 1981: The autecology of Callitris J.B. Kirkpatrick eollumellaris F. Muell. and associated Eucalyptus Department of Geography and Environmental Stndies, species in south-eastern Australia. Unpubl. PhD University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Tasmania, thesis, University of Melbourne. Australia 7001 186 S_ Harris and J.B. Kirkpatrick

APPENDIX

Vascular Plant Species in Association with Callitris

Recorded frQm quadrat samples throughout the Tasmanian range of C rhomboidea and C. oblonga. Nomenclature follows B ucilanan et ai. (1989) except for Olearia archeri Lander and Cupressus macrocarpa Hanw.

DICOTYLEDONS Senecio linearifolius AIZOACEAE (FICOIDEAE) Senecio minimus Carpobrotus rossii Senecio quadridentatus Tetragollia implexicoma Sonchus sp. APIACEAE (UMBELLII-<"'ERAE) Sonchus asper Daucus glochidiatus Sonchus oleraceus Hydrocotyle sp. BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) Hydroeotyle hirta Cardamine sp. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Rorippa sp. Xanthosia pi/osa CAMPANULACEAE Xanthosia tridentata Wahlenbergia sp. APOCYNACEAE Wahlenbergia gracilenta Vinca major Wahlenbergia gymnoclada ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arctotheca calendula Cerastiumfontanum Baumg. Bedfordia linearis Po/yearpon tetraphyllum Bedfordia salicina Silene sp. Braehyscome aeuleata CASUARINACEAE Braehyscome decipiens Allocasuarina littoralis Brachyscome parvula Allocasuarina monilifera Brachyscome rigiduia Allocasuarina vertieillata Cassinia aeuleata CHENOPODIACEAE Cirslum vulgare Rhagodia candolieana Gnaphalium collinum CLUSIACEAE (GUTTIFERAE) Heliehrysum antennarium Hypericum gramineum Heliehrysum apieulatum CONVOLVULACEAE Helichrysum eostatiJruetum Dichondra repens Heliehrysum dendroideum CRASSULACEAE Helichrysum Iycopodioides Crassula sieberana Helichrysum obcordatum CUNONIACEAE Helichrysum scorpioides Bauera rubioides Helichrysum scutellifolium DILLENIACAEAE Hypochoeris glabra Hibbertia aspera Hypochoeris radicata Hibbertia empetrifolia Lagenifera stipitata Hibbertia hirsuia Leontodon taraxacoides Hibbertia prostrata Leptorhynehos squamatus Hibbertia riparia Odixia angusta Hibbertia serpyllifolia Olearia archeri Lander DROSERACEAE Olearia argophyUa Drosera pe/tata Olearia ericoides ELAEOCARPACEAE Olearia lepidophy/la Elaeocarpus reticu/atus Olea ria lirata EPACRIDACEAE Olearia myrsinoides Acrotriche serrulata Olearia persoonioides Astr%ma humifusum O/earia phlogopappa Astroloma pinifolium Olearia ste/lu/ata Cyathodes divaricata Olearia viscosa Cyathodes glauca Senecio sp. Cyathodes juniperina Senecio gunnii Epacris gunnii Senecio hispidulus Epacris impressa Senecio lautus Epacris lanuf.(inosa and Callitris 187

Epacris marginata GERANIACEAE Epacris paludosa Geranium potemil/oides Epacris tasmanica Geranium solanderi Leucopogon collinus Pelarfionium inodorum Leucopogon ericoides GOODENIACEAE Leucopogon parviflorus Dampiera stricta Lissanthe strigosa Goodenia efongota Monotoca elliptica Goodenia lanata Monotoca glauca (j'oodenia ovata ESCALLONIACEAE HAIORAGACEAE Anopterus glandulosus Gonocarpus micranthus EUPHORBIACEAE Gonocarpus tetrafiynus Amperea xiphoclada GOflocarpus teucrioides Beyaia viscosa LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) Mierantheum hexandrum Ajuga australis Phyllanthus australis Mentha diemenica Phyllanthus gunnii Prostanthera /asianthos Poranthera microphyl/a Prunella vulgaris Ricinoearpus pinifolius LAURACEAE FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) Cassytha glabella Acacia axillaris Cassytha me Iantha Acacia dealbata Cassytha pubescens Acacia genistifolia MALVACEAE ,Acacia mearnsii Asterotrichion discolor Acacia melanoxylon MONIMIACEAE Acacia mucronata Atherosperma moschatum Acacia myrtifolia MYOPORACEAE Acacia sop horae Myoporum insu/are Acacia strie/a MYRTACEAE Acacia suaveolens Baeckea ramosissima Acacia terminalis Callistemon paludosus Acacia verniciflua Calytrix tetragona Acacia verticil/ata Eucalyptus amygdalina Aotus ericoides Eucalyptus delegatensis Bossiaea cinerea Eucalyptus globulus Bossiaea prostrata Eucalyptus nitida Daviesia ulicifolia Eucalyptus obliqua Dillwynia einerascens Eucalyptus ovala DilIwynia glaberrima Eucalyptus pulchefla Dillwynia sericea Eucalyptus regnans Glycine clandestina Eucalyptus tenuiramis Gompholobium huegelii Eucalyptus viminalis Goodia lotifolia Kunzea ambigua Hovea lanceolata LeplOspermum glaucescens H ovea linearis Leptospermum grandiflorum Indigofera australis Leptospermum laevigatum P latylobium formosum Leptospermum lanigerum Platylobium triangulare Leptospermum scoparium Pultenaea daphnoides var obcordata Melaleuca ericifolia Pultenaea gunnii Melaleuca gibbosa Pultenaea juniperina Melaleuca pustuiata Pultenaea pedunculata Melalcuca squarrosa Pultenaea stricta OLEACEAE Sphaerolobium vimineum Notelaea ligustrina Trifolium dubium ONAGRACEAE Trifolium repens Epiiobium sp. Ulex europaeus OXALIDACEAE Vicia sp. Oxalis corniculata GENTIANACEAE PITTOSPORACEAE Centaurium erythraea Billardiera /ongif/ora 188 S, Harris andJ.E, Kirkpatrick

Bilr~rdiera procumhens Leptomeria drupacea Biltardiera scandens SAPINDACEAE Bunaria spinosa Dodonaea viscosa Pitt()sporum bicolor SCROPHULARIACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE Veronica calycina Pialliago laneeolata Veronica formosa Plalltago varia SOLANACEAE POLYGALACEAE Solanum laciniatum Comesperma volublle Solanum nigrum POLYGONACEAE STACKHOUSIACEAE Muehlenbeckia adpressa Stackhousia monogyna Rumex acetosella STERCULIACEAE Rumex brownii Lasiopeta/um baueri PR!MULACEAE Lasiopetalum micranthum Anagallis arvensis STYLIDIACEAE PROTEACEAE Stylidium gramin(folium Banksia marginata THYMELAEACEAE Cre "illea australis var linear!folia Pime/ea drupacea Hakea lissosperma Pimeleaflava Hakea sericea Pime/ea humilis Hakea teretifolia Pime/ea nivea Lomatia linctoria TREMANDRACEAE Persoonia juniperina var juniperina Tetratheca labillardierei RANUNCULACEAE Tetratheca pilosa Clematis aristata URTICACEAE Clematis gentianoides Australina pus ilia Ranunculus sp. Urtica incisa RHAMNACEAE VIOLACEAE Pomade/Tis apetala Viola sp. Pomaderris elliptica Viola hederacea Pomade/Tis pilifera WINTERACE,A.E Spyridium microphyllum Tasmannia lanceolata Spyridium ohovatum ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Spyridium vexilliferum Zygophyllum hillardieri Stenanthemum pimeleoides ROSACEAE MONOCOTYLEDONS Acael1a echinata CENTROLEPIDACEAE Acaena l1ovae-zelandiae Centrolepis strigosa Crataegus monogyna CYPERACEAE Rosa ruhiginosa Baumea juncea Ruhus fruiticosus Carex breviculmis Rubus parvifolius Carex iynx RUBIACEAE Carex longebrachiata Coprosma hirtella Eleocharis acuta Coprosma quadrijida Cahnia graminifolia Calium australe Cahnia grandis Calium ciliare Cahnia microstachya Calium gaudichaudii Cahnia radula RUTACEAE Cahnia trifida Boronia anemonifolia Iso/epis cemua Boronia citriodora Isolepis nodosa Boronia pilosa Isolepis suhtilissima Correa lawrenciana Lepidosperma concavum Correa reflexa Lepidosperma elatius Eriostemon verrucosus Lepidosperma latcrale Phebalium bilobum Lepidosperma lineare Phehalium squameum Lepidosperma /ongitudinale Zieria arhorescens Schoen us apogon SANTALACEAE Tell'aria capillaris Exocarpos cupressiformis HYPOXIDACEAE Exocarpos syrticola Hypoxis glabella and ,vnp,(·n/(}(J\) a/Tasmaman vegetation Callitris 189

IRIDACEAE RESTIONACEAE Diplarrow moraea Hypolaena frwigiata Iris foetidissima LeptocatpUS brownii Patersoniafi-aRilis Leplocarpus lenax JUNCACEAE XANTHORRHOEACEAE ]uncus pallidus Lomandra /onf(ij()iia ]uncus pauciflorus Lomandra nana Luzula sp. XanthorrllOea australis Luzula novae-cambriae LILIACEAE Arthropodium minus GYMNOSPERMS Bulbine bulbosa CUPRESSACEAE Bulbine semibarbata Callitris ohionRa Dianella revo/uta Callitris rhomboidea Dianella tasmaniea Cupressus macrocarpa Harlw. ORCHIDACEAE PHYLLOCLADACEAE Caladenia sp. Phyl/oc/adus asplclliifolius Caladenia catenata Dendrobium striolatum Pterostylis longifolia PTERIDOPHYTES Thelymitra sp. ADIANTACEAE POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Adiantum aethiopicum Agrostis capillaris ASPIDIACEAE Agrostis parvif/ora Polystichum proliferum ARrostis stolonifera ASPLENIACEAE Aira caryophyllea Asplellium flabellifolium Briza maxima BLECHNACEAE Bromus diandrus Blechnum nudum Bromus sterilis Blechllum wattsii Cynosurus eehinatus DAV ALLIACEAE Danthonia caespitosa Rumohra adiantifonnis Danthonia dimidiata DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Danthonia pilosa Histiopteris ineisa Danthonia racemosa Pteridium eseulentum Danthonia semiannularis DICKSONIACEAE Danthonia setacea Dicksonia antarctica Deyeuxia aecedens GRAMMITIDACEAE Deyeuxia montieola Ctenopteris heterophylla Deyeuxia quadriseta Grammitis billardieri Diehelachne rara HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Ehrharta distichophylla Hymenophyllum cupressiforme Ehrharta stipoides H ymenophyllum f/abellatum Holcus lanatus Hymenophyllum peltatum Phalaris aquatica Hymenophyllum rarum Phragmites australis LINDSAEACEAE Poa sp. Lindsaea linearis Poa labillardieri LYCOPODIACEAE Poa poiformis Lycopodium varium Poa rodwayi POLYPODIACEAE Poa sieberiana Mierosorum diversifolium Stipa sp. SELAGINELLACEAE Stipa aphylla Selaginella uliginosa Slipa mollis SINOPTERIDACEAE Slipa pubinodis Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Slipa rudis Pel/aea falcala Themeda triandra