University of Cincinnati

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

University of Cincinnati UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 27-Apr-2010 I, Roger Burns-Watson , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy in History It is entitled: Co-Starring God: Religion, Film, and World War II Student Signature: Roger Burns-Watson This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: David Stradling, PhD David Stradling, PhD Thomas Sakmyster, PhD Thomas Sakmyster, PhD Christopher Phillips, PhD Christopher Phillips, PhD Wayne Durrill, PhD Wayne Durrill, PhD 5/10/2010 603 Co-Starring God Religion, Film, and World War II By Roger Burns-Watson Bachelor of Science, Master of Divinity, Master of Arts Dissertation submitted in requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Cincinnati McMicken College of Arts and Sciences Department of History Dr. David Stradling, Committee Chair April 27, 2010 ABSTRACT Motion pictures played a significant role in American society during the Second World War. Hollywood studios, as well as United States Army, used movies to educate audiences about the reasons for the war; to define America’s allies and enemies; address the changing roles of women and African-Americans in society; and to build up morale. Filmmakers deliberately used religious characters, imagery, and dialogue to help them accomplish their propaganda goals. This dissertation explores how Hollywood studios and the United States Army employed religion in World War II-era films. It examines the role that film censors, the Production Code Administration, and the Office of War Information played in shaping and limiting the ways that religion could be used by filmmakers. This dissertation also highlights how the actions and attitudes of American clergy before and during World War II impacted how screenwriters and producers used religious character, images, and dialogue in their motion pictures. Finally, this dissertation looks at the legacy that these films had with regards to the relationship between religion and World War II. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Chapter 1 Render unto Caesar: American Churches, Hollywood, and the Coming War 14 Chapter 2 Onward Christian Soldier: Religion and the United States Army 45 Chapter 3 When the Role is Called up Yonder, I’ll Be There: The Conversion Narrative and the American GI 66 Chapter 4 Thus Says the Lord: Religion and the Role of Women, Ministers, and African-Americans 101 Chapter 5 Whoever Is Not Against Us Is for Us: Religion and the Christianization of America’s Allies 139 Chapter 6 Get Behind Me, Satan: Religion and the Axis Enemies 179 Chapter 7 Conclusion 196 Bibliography 209 INTRODUCTION 2 To truly explain the relationship between film and religion during the Second World War--the purpose of this dissertation--it is necessary to start in December 1939, far away from the bright lights of Hollywood. Out of more than two hundred thousand clergy in the United States, the editors of Fortune magazine chose to profile the 31-year- old Reverend Edwin Daniels and his congregation, the First Presbyterian Church of Fulton, New York. There was neither anything special about First Presbyterian, nor was their anything that made this congregation stand out from any other in the country. The church was populated by solid, conservative, middle-class Americans: businessmen, bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, and workers from various other occupations. Each Sunday, approximately two hundred of these average Americans gathered at First Presbyterian to worship God and hear Rev. Daniels preach the gospel. Each Sunday, the service was conducted in good order, after which the good people left the church to resume their lives much as they had week after week, year after year before. That First Presbyterian seemed indistinguishable from other Protestant churches in the late 1930s made it appealing to the editors of Fortune. The members of the congregation reflected the values and aspirations of people all over the United States: hard work, faith, and patriotism. The same could not be said, however, of its young pastor, Edward Daniels. Daniels had been reared in Long Island, gone to college in Indiana, and then returned to New York to attend Union Theological Seminary. As a seminary student, he ministered to some of the poorest areas of the city while learning from some of the most able theological minds in the country. After completing his formal education, Daniels was called to a church in upstate New York where he labored in the service of the Lord until he was invited to fill the pulpit of First Presbyterian Church. Daniels displayed a secure, steady faith that was well-suited for his 3 congregation, with one notable exception. Unlike most of the members of his congregation, Edwin Daniels was an ardent pacifist. Edwin Daniels was in ministry when American clergy were struggling with the morality of war. The death and disillusionment created by the First World War made it difficult for religious leaders to reconcile faith with war. Yet the troubling events in Spain, Ethiopia, China, Austria, and Czechoslovakia demanded that theologians rethink their beliefs about armed conflict. By the late 1930s, the opinions of American clergy about war and peace ran the full spectrum. Some hung to their earlier conclusions that God required a complete and total rejection of military solutions to solve world problems, while others began to move towards a position that recognized that armed conflict was a hideous, yet sometime necessary, evil. Finally, a few saw no conflict between war and religion, arguing that the Bible was full of references to God sanctioning and supporting Israel as it went to war with its neighbors. Edwin Daniels was part of a shrinking yet still influential group of clergy who were unable or unwilling to concede that there was such a thing as a just war. This troubled the editors of Fortune, who used Daniels to represent those spiritual leaders whose dogmatic rejection of war placed them outside of the mainstream (at least Fortune’s definition of the mainstream). The horrors of World War I, atrocities that still troubled and paralyzed American clergy, were in the past. By December 1939, death and destruction were a new and serious reality in Europe and China. What Daniels failed to understand, the editors implied, was that something evil was moving in the world, something that required the United States to do more than offer a prayer for peace and certainly to do more than to turn the other cheek. The editors of Fortune were frustrated 4 that Daniels and his antiwar contemporaries failed to take seriously the threat that fascism posed to the world.1 Fortune was not alone in asking questions about American clergy and the stand they took on war and peace. In November 1939, Time magazine raised similar concerns about the direction American Catholics were headed: Although the Roman Catholic Church hates war as much as the next Christian, its attitude towards war has always been realistic. Modern simon-pure pacifism, as unrealistic as it is high-minded, has been fostered more by Protestants than by Catholics. Yet as World War II began to loom, widespread signs of pacifist leanings appeared among U.S. Catholics.2 That national publications such as Fortune and Time would devote pages to complaining about ministers’ opinions on international relations is a telling sign about the authority the public gave to religious leaders on the eve of the Second World War. Though it may be difficult for some contemporary readers to understand, before and during World War II, clergy in America held an important place in society. Their opinions, even about issues such as foreign policy, mattered. There were, of course, critics who opposed religious leaders for having too much power in the political process, but, in general, clergy held a respected and important place in American society. Their authority was not necessarily tied to the number of people that went to church or to synagogue each week. Less than 50 percent of the population, in fact, did so during the Depression. Rather, it was grounded in a widely shared conviction that clergy were the moral voice of the nation. People disagreed about what ministers, priests, and rabbis said in public, but they took seriously their right, indeed their obligation, to speak out. That is why this dissertation is relevant. Religion, and religious leaders, mattered in America 1 “Presbyterian Church,” Fortune (December 1939): 69-72, 123-124. 2 “Religion: Pacific Ifs,” Time (November 27, 1939). 5 and needs to be accounted for in order to fully understand American society during the war. Which leads to my second point: the Hollywood film industry at this time understood the importance of religion. Just like the editors of newsmagazines, studio executives, producers, and screenwriters paid attention to what clergy members said and what they believed. Yet studio heads also lived with the reality that religion and religious leaders were dangerous subjects to project on the silver screen. Unlike print journalists, filmmakers were not able to be as direct in their portrayal of the spiritual. In 1915, the United States Supreme Court ruled that movies were not protected by the First Amendment’s guarantee of freedom of speech, a decision that would not be overturned until the 1950s. Newspapers and magazines had a constitutional right to print what they wished without interference from the government, though they could be sued if the information they published was erroneous or slanderous. The state, however, could censor motion pictures before the public ever saw them.3 There were numerous topics that almost all state and local censorship boards considered unacceptable in films. These included sex scenes, criminals not being punished for the crimes they committed, and excessive violence. Censors were extremely sensitive about religion.
Recommended publications
  • THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
    [Show full text]
  • On Celestial Wings / Edgar D
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whitcomb. Edgar D. On Celestial Wings / Edgar D. Whitcomb. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. United States. Army Air Forces-History-World War, 1939-1945. 2. Flight navigators- United States-Biography. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Pacific Area. 4. World War, 1939-1945-Personal narratives, American. I. Title. D790.W415 1996 940.54’4973-dc20 95-43048 CIP ISBN 1-58566-003-5 First Printing November 1995 Second Printing June 1998 Third Printing December 1999 Fourth Printing May 2000 Fifth Printing August 2001 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release. Digitize February 2003 from August 2001 Fifth Printing NOTE: Pagination changed. ii This book is dedicated to Charlie Contents Page Disclaimer........................................................................................................................... ii Foreword............................................................................................................................ vi About the author ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Transcultural Perspective on the Casting of the Rose Tattoo
    RSA JOU R N A L 25/2014 GIULIANA MUS C IO A Transcultural Perspective on the Casting of The Rose Tattoo A transcultural perspective on the film The Rose Tattoo (Daniel Mann, 1955), written by Tennessee Williams, is motivated by its setting in an Italian-American community (specifically Sicilian) in Louisiana, and by its cast, which includes relevant Italian participation. A re-examination of its production and textuality illuminates not only Williams’ work but also the cultural interactions between Italy and the U.S. On the background, the popularity and critical appreciation of neorealist cinema.1 The production of the film The Rose Tattoo has a complicated history, which is worth recalling, in order to capture its peculiar transcultural implications in Williams’ own work, moving from some biographical elements. In the late 1940s Tennessee Williams was often traveling in Italy, and visited Sicily, invited by Luchino Visconti (who had directed The Glass Managerie in Rome, in 1946) for the shooting of La terra trema (1948), where he went with his partner Frank Merlo, an occasional actor of Sicilian origins (Williams, Notebooks 472). Thus his Italian experiences involved both his professional life, putting him in touch with the lively world of Italian postwar theater and film, and his affections, with new encounters and new friends. In the early 1950s Williams wrote The Rose Tattoo as a play for Anna Magnani, protagonist of the neorealist masterpiece Rome Open City (Roberto Rossellini, 1945). However, the Italian actress was not yet comfortable with acting in English and therefore the American stage version (1951) starred Maureen Stapleton instead and Method actor Eli Wallach.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Quest in British Science Fiction Television CRITICAL EXPLORATIONS in SCIENCE FICTION and FANTASY (A Series Edited by Donald E
    Gender and the Quest in British Science Fiction Television CRITICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY (a series edited by Donald E. Palumbo and C.W. Sullivan III) 1 Worlds Apart? Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias (Dunja M. Mohr, 2005) 2 Tolkien and Shakespeare: Essays on Shared Themes and Language (ed. Janet Brennan Croft, 2007) 3 Culture, Identities and Technology in the Star Wars Films: Essays on the Two Trilogies (ed. Carl Silvio, Tony M. Vinci, 2007) 4 The Influence of Star Trek on Television, Film and Culture (ed. Lincoln Geraghty, 2008) 5 Hugo Gernsback and the Century of Science Fiction (Gary Westfahl, 2007) 6 One Earth, One People: The Mythopoeic Fantasy Series of Ursula K. Le Guin, Lloyd Alexander, Madeleine L’Engle and Orson Scott Card (Marek Oziewicz, 2008) 7 The Evolution of Tolkien’s Mythology: A Study of the History of Middle-earth (Elizabeth A. Whittingham, 2008) 8 H. Beam Piper: A Biography (John F. Carr, 2008) 9 Dreams and Nightmares: Science and Technology in Myth and Fiction (Mordecai Roshwald, 2008) 10 Lilith in a New Light: Essays on the George MacDonald Fantasy Novel (ed. Lucas H. Harriman, 2008) 11 Feminist Narrative and the Supernatural: The Function of Fantastic Devices in Seven Recent Novels (Katherine J. Weese, 2008) 12 The Science of Fiction and the Fiction of Science: Collected Essays on SF Storytelling and the Gnostic Imagination (Frank McConnell, ed. Gary Westfahl, 2009) 13 Kim Stanley Robinson Maps the Unimaginable: Critical Essays (ed. William J. Burling, 2009) 14 The Inter-Galactic Playground: A Critical Study of Children’s and Teens’ Science Fiction (Farah Mendlesohn, 2009) 15 Science Fiction from Québec: A Postcolonial Study (Amy J.
    [Show full text]
  • UFO Mythology: the Escape to Oblivion
    SPECIAL REPORT: HEAVEN'S GATE UFO Mythology: The Escape to Oblivion PAUL KURTZ eaven's Gate has stunned the ranging in ages from twenty-one to sev- world. Why would thirty-nine enty-two, seemed like a cross section of Hseemingly gentle and earnest American citizens—though they people in Rancho Santa Fe, California, demonstrated some degree of technical voluntarily commit collective suicide? and engineering skills, and some even They left us eerie messages on video- described themselves as "computer tapes, conveying their motives: they nerds." They sought to convey their wished to leave their "containers" (phys- bizarre UFO theology on the Internet. ical bodies) in order to ascend to a new Were these people crazy, a fringe group, plane of existence, a Level Above overcome by paranoia? Or were there Human. other, deeper causes at work in their It was a celestial omen, Comet Hale- behavior? Bopp, that provoked their departure. Heaven's Gate was led by Marshall For they thought that it carried with it a Herff Applewhite and Bonnie Lu UFO spacecraft—an event already pro- Nettles (who died in 1985), who taught claimed on the nationally syndicated An their followers how to enter the I !• _i ^ ^ K 1 Bell radio show when Whitley Strieber Kingdom of God. They believed that Marshall Herff Applewhite, leader of Heaven's and Courtney Brown maintained that a some 2,000 years ago beings from an Gate, in his videotaped farewell message to the world. spaceship "extraterrestrial in origin" and Evolutionary Level Above Human sent under "intelligent control" was tracking Jesus to teach people how to reach the May 6, one of diem succeeding—did so the comet.
    [Show full text]
  • JOHN J. ROSS–WILLIAM C. BLAKLEY LAW LIBRARY NEW ACQUISITIONS LIST: February 2009
    JOHN J. ROSS–WILLIAM C. BLAKLEY LAW LIBRARY NEW ACQUISITIONS LIST: February 2009 Annotations and citations (Law) -- Arizona. SHEPARD'S ARIZONA CITATIONS : EVERY STATE & FEDERAL CITATION. 5th ed. Colorado Springs, Colo. : LexisNexis, 2008. CORE. LOCATION = LAW CORE. KFA2459 .S53 2008 Online. LOCATION = LAW ONLINE ACCESS. Antitrust law -- European Union countries -- Congresses. EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW ANNUAL 2007 : A REFORMED APPROACH TO ARTICLE 82 EC / EDITED BY CLAUS-DIETER EHLERMANN AND MEL MARQUIS. Oxford : Hart, 2008. KJE6456 .E88 2007. LOCATION = LAW FOREIGN & INTERNAT. Consolidation and merger of corporations -- Law and legislation -- United States. ACQUISITIONS UNDER THE HART-SCOTT-RODINO ANTITRUST IMPROVEMENTS ACT / STEPHEN M. AXINN ... [ET AL.]. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y. : Law Journal Press, c2008- KF1655 .A74 2008. LOCATION = LAW TREATISES. Consumer credit -- Law and legislation -- United States -- Popular works. THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION GUIDE TO CREDIT & BANKRUPTCY. 1st ed. New York : Random House Reference, c2006. KF1524.6 .A46 2006. LOCATION = LAW TREATISES. Construction industry -- Law and legislation -- Arizona. ARIZONA CONSTRUCTION LAW ANNOTATED : ARIZONA CONSTITUTION, STATUTES, AND REGULATIONS WITH ANNOTATIONS AND COMMENTARY. [Eagan, Minn.] : Thomson/West, c2008- KFA2469 .A75. LOCATION = LAW RESERVE. 1 Court administration -- United States. THE USE OF COURTROOMS IN U.S. DISTRICT COURTS : A REPORT TO THE JUDICIAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON COURT ADMINISTRATION & CASE MANAGEMENT. Washington, DC : Federal Judicial Center, [2008] JU 13.2:C 83/9. LOCATION = LAW GOV DOCS STACKS. Discrimination in employment -- Law and legislation -- United States. EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION : LAW AND PRACTICE / CHARLES A. SULLIVAN, LAUREN M. WALTER. 4th ed. Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business ; Frederick, MD : Aspen Pub., c2009. KF3464 .S84 2009. LOCATION = LAW TREATISES.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on Avoiding Pitfalls in Developing Future Flight Systems
    AIAA 97-3209 Some Observations on Avoiding Pitfalls in Developing Future Flight Systems Gary L. Bennett Metaspace Enterprises Emmett, Idaho; U.S.A. 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAEIASEEJoint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit July 6 - 9, 1997 I Seattle, WA For permission to copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 22091 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDING PITFALLS IN DEVELOPING FUTURE FLIGHT SYSTEMS Gary L. Bennett* 5000 Butte Road Emmett, Idaho 83617-9500 Abstract Given the speculative proposals and the interest in A number of programs and concepts have been developing breakthrough propulsion systems it seems proposed 10 achieve breakthrough propulsion. As an prudent and appropriate to review some of the pitfalls cautionary aid 10 researchers in breakthrough that have befallen other programs in "speculative propulsion or other fields of advanced endeavor, case science" so that similar pitfalls can be avoided in the histories of potential pitfalls in scientific research are future. And, given the interest in UFO propulsion, described. From these case histories some general some guidelines to use in assessing the reality of UFOs characteristics of erroneous science are presented. will also be presented. Guidelines for assessing exotic propulsion systems are suggested. The scientific method is discussed and some This paper will summarize some of the principal tools for skeptical thinking are presented. Lessons areas of "speculative science" in which researchers learned from a recent case of erroneous science are were led astray and it will then provide an overview of listed. guidelines which, if implemented, can greatly reduce Introduction the occurrence of errors in research.
    [Show full text]
  • Delmer Daves ̘​Í™” ˪…˶€ (Ìž'í'ˆìœ¼ë¡Œ)
    Delmer Daves ì˜í​ ™” 명부 (작품으로) The Hanging https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/the-hanging-tree-1193688/actors Tree Demetrius and https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/demetrius-and-the-gladiators-1213081/actors the Gladiators Dark Passage https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/dark-passage-1302406/actors Never Let Me https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/never-let-me-go-1347666/actors Go The https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/the-badlanders-1510303/actors Badlanders Cowboy https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/cowboy-1747719/actors Kings Go https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/kings-go-forth-2060830/actors Forth Drum Beat https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/drum-beat-2081544/actors Jubal https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/jubal-2481256/actors Hollywood https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/hollywood-canteen-261550/actors Canteen Rome https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/rome-adventure-319170/actors Adventure Bird of https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/bird-of-paradise-3204466/actors Paradise The Battle of https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/the-battle-of-the-villa-fiorita-3206509/actors the Villa Fiorita The Red https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/the-red-house-3210438/actors House Treasure of the Golden https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/treasure-of-the-golden-condor-3227913/actors Condor Return of the https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/return-of-the-texan-3428288/actors Texan Susan Slade https://ko.listvote.com/lists/film/movies/susan-slade-3505607/actors
    [Show full text]
  • Film Reviews Jonathan Lighter
    Film Reviews Jonathan Lighter Lebanon (2009) he timeless figure of the raw recruit overpowered by the shock of battle first attracted the full gaze of literary attention in Crane’s Red Badge of Courage (1894- T 95). Generations of Americans eventually came to recognize Private Henry Fleming as the key fictional image of a young American soldier: confused, unprepared, and pretty much alone. But despite Crane’s pervasive ironies and his successful refutation of genteel literary treatments of warfare, The Red Badge can nonetheless be read as endorsing battle as a ticket to manhood and self-confidence. Not so the First World War verse of Lieutenant Wilfred Owen. Owen’s antiheroic, almost revolutionary poems introduced an enduring new archetype: the young soldier as a guileless victim, meaninglessly sacrificed to the vanity of civilians and politicians. Written, though not published during the war, Owen’s “Strange Meeting,” “The Parable of the Old Man and the Young,” and “Anthem for Doomed Youth,” especially, exemplify his judgment. Owen, a decorated officer who once described himself as a “pacifist with a very seared conscience,” portrays soldiers as young, helpless, innocent, and ill- starred. On the German side, the same theme pervades novelist Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front (1928): Lewis Milestone’s film adaptation (1930) is often ranked among the best war movies of all time. Unlike Crane, neither Owen nor Remarque detected in warfare any redeeming value; and by the late twentieth century, general revulsion of the educated against war solicited a wide acceptance of this sympathetic image among Western War, Literature & the Arts: an international journal of the humanities / Volume 32 / 2020 civilians—incomplete and sentimental as it is.
    [Show full text]
  • August 4, 1961
    •-t-•- ·••• l -~:. Tem?l ~ Bet h El 10 70 Or chard, Ave. Prov i de nc e, R. r •. TEMPt'" ~!l-tf 1.:.11tMf NEWS Eshkol ·Reveals 8Jtifl/d. Investment Plan ARRfflT ORDERS HAVE BEEN issued for 22 former staff mem­ THE ONLY ANGLO-JEWISH WEEKLY IN R. /. AND SOUTHEAST MASS. For $3 Billion bers of the infamous Auschwitz JERUSALEM Israel will death camp and 50 more are "un- VOL, XLV, NO. 22 FRIDAY, AUGUST 4, 1961 12 PAGES der heavy suspicion", it was an- ____________:...._ ___________________ _________ ___ need nearly $3,000,000,000 for in­ vestments in new development nounced by state prosecutor Fritz 5 programs in the next five yejl.rB, Wolf, who said some 1,000 were UrYeJ Notes Conservative, Reform Faith~ Finance Minister Levi Eshkol · an­ under investigation. The trials will nounced. He listed the figure' start in 1962. Twenty-tour of the while addressing the opening ses­ 50 are under criminal investiga­ Progress In Called Divisive Influence sion at the Hebrew -University tion. · Among the arrested is the NEW YORK - An Orthodox Maurice N . Eisendrath, president campus, of a ten-day conference last commandant of Auschwitz, Anti-Bias Law rabbi warned last week that the of the Union of American He­ convened by the Israel Bond Or­ · Richard Baer. ganization. The parley is being at­ • ·!l'BERE IS MORE FREEDOM IN NEW YORK - A nationwide introduction of Conservative and brew Congregations. the parent survey by two major Jewish or­ Reform Judaism in Israel "can body o fall Reform congregations tended by 350 delegates and na­ Israel than in any other country ganizatlons of civil rights legis­ only serve as a divisive influence," in the Western Hemisphere, re- tional Bond leaders from abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Oliver Stone's Nixon: Politics on the Edge of Darkness IAN SCOTT
    Oliver Stone's Nixon: Politics on the Edge of Darkness IAN SCOTT In the introduction to his controversial book, The Ends of Power , former White House Chief of Staff, H.R. Haldeman describes Watergate as being an expression «of the dark side of President Nixon» 1. Later in the book Haldeman cites former Special Counsel Charles Colson as a key man who «encouraged the dark impulses in Nixon's mind» 2. Stephen Ambrose has written that Nixon «never abandoned his black impulses to lash out at the world...», while Henry Kissinger offered the view that «the thoughtful analytical side of Nixon was most in evidence during crises, while periods of calm seemed to unleash the darker passions of his nature» 3. Christopher Wilkinson -talking directly about Oliver Stone's film-has focused on the movie's analogy of a «beast» that «also became a metaphor for the dark side of Nixon himself» 4. Wherever you look in the vast array of literature on the life and times of President Richard Nixon, as sure as you are to hear the description «Shakespearean tragedy», so the notions of dark and brooding forces are never far away, following in the shadows of the man. As many have pointed out, however, Nixon's unknown blacker side was not merely a temperamental reaction, not only a protective camouflage to deflect from the poor boy made good syndrome that he was proud about and talked a great deal of, but always remained an Achilles heel in his own mind; no the concealment of emotional energy was tied up in the fascination with life and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bates Student
    Bates College SCARAB The aB tes Student Archives and Special Collections 2-26-1947 The aB tes Student - volume 73 number 15 - February 26, 1947 Bates College Follow this and additional works at: http://scarab.bates.edu/bates_student Recommended Citation Bates College, "The aB tes Student - volume 73 number 15 - February 26, 1947" (1947). The Bates Student. 945. http://scarab.bates.edu/bates_student/945 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Archives and Special Collections at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in The aB tes Student by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 51 She ■ Vol. LXII. No. 39. BATES COLLEGE, LEWISTON, MAINE, FEBRUARY 26, 1947 Price: Fifteen Cents Varsity, Jayvees Sweep State Series; Capture Third Sports Title In Past Married Set Plans Calendar Science Groups Plan Wednesday, Feb. 26—Physical Basketball Title ex Ball And Chain Education Ski Trip at North Con- Exhibit March 13, 14 way, 7 a. m. to 5:30 p. m. May be For Ed Petro, Team Friday night, February 21, the the 27th or 28th depending on wea- ['he Jordan-Ramsdell scientific young married veteran set on cam- ther. Turning on a jet propelled offensive in the second half of ■iety and the Lawrence Chemi- pus met in Chas; Hall and organ- ; society will present a science U. Of Life Program ized the "Ball and Caain" Club Thursday, Feb. 27—Debating last night's game, the Bobcats swept to their third State xiiibit in Hedge Laboratory and with Mr.
    [Show full text]