Robert D. Whiteman Phd Thesis
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THE “OPTION FOR THE POOR” AND THE SCOTTISH EPISCOPAL CHURCH Robert D. Whiteman A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2010 Full metadata for this item is available in the St Andrews Digital Research Repository at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/966 This item is protected by original copyright THE UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS ST MARY’S COLLEGE THE “OPTION FOR THE POOR” AND THE SCOTTISH EPISCOPAL CHURCH A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF DIVINITY AS A CANDIDATE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ROBERT D. WHITEMAN ST ANDREWS, SCOTLAND UNITED KINGDOM 2009 I, Robert Whiteman, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2004 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in December 2005; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2004 and 2009. I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor M Aguilar for his supervision of this work. He saw where this thesis was going well before I had any idea and made it possible. He also encouraged me to keep going. I would like to thank the Rev P Francis, Warden and Librarian of St Deiniol’s, Library, Hawarden for his support, the use of the Library and the Scholarship that enabled me to study there for a week in 2005. I would like to thank the Rev J Pollard for his help in procuring one particular document, as well as his general interest and support. The production of this thesis has run alongside a number of very difficult episodes in my life. I would like to thank my erstwhile wife, Martha Whiteman, for her support in getting this work started. I would like to thank my many, many friends and work colleagues for their help in carrying this project forward while everything else has been going on. Some have, unknowingly, made significant contributions to me being able to work at all and thus complete this thesis. Most of all I would like to thank my mother, Heather Whiteman, without whom I would not be here and this thesis would never have been completed. Table of Contents Abstract.........................................................................................................................3 Introduction..................................................................................................................4 Chapter One - The History of Liberation Theology.................................................7 Vatican II ..................................................................................................................7 Developments in Latin America before Medellín ...............................................15 Medellín ..................................................................................................................17 Medellín to Puebla .................................................................................................20 Developments in Liberation Theology in Latin America...............................20 The Sharing of Liberation Theology with the wider world ...........................21 Developments in Latin America, Rome, CELAM and the build-up to Puebla ..............................................................................................................................23 Puebla......................................................................................................................27 After Puebla............................................................................................................31 Attacks within the Church ................................................................................31 Attacks outside the Church...............................................................................38 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................40 Chapter Two - The "Option for the Poor" in the work of Gustavo Gutiérrez....42 Methodology ...........................................................................................................43 Beginnings...............................................................................................................45 Medellín ..................................................................................................................46 Post-Medellín..........................................................................................................48 A Theology of Liberation........................................................................................50 Next developments .................................................................................................54 Puebla......................................................................................................................63 Post-Puebla .............................................................................................................67 Developments and Amplifications........................................................................70 Restatements...........................................................................................................74 Theological Matrix.................................................................................................77 Chapter Three - Critiques.........................................................................................80 Rome........................................................................................................................80 Pablo Richard.........................................................................................................93 Hugo Assmann .....................................................................................................103 Conclusion ............................................................................................................109 Chapter Four - The Churches in Britain...............................................................111 Churches ...............................................................................................................112 Faith in the City ....................................................................................................114 Scotland.................................................................................................................118 Scottish Episcopal Church ..................................................................................124 Chapter Five - Million for Mission Projects..........................................................130 Methodology .........................................................................................................130 Million for Mission Projects................................................................................133 Aberdeen...............................................................................................................134 Brechin..................................................................................................................137 Edinburgh.............................................................................................................144 Craigmillar .......................................................................................................144 Wester Hailes....................................................................................................148 Pilton .................................................................................................................153 The rest of the Edinburgh Projects - Gorgie and Stenhouse .......................155 1 Glasgow.................................................................................................................156 Possilpark..........................................................................................................156 Drumchapel ......................................................................................................159 East End............................................................................................................162 Social Responsibility Assistant (SRA)............................................................166 Govan ................................................................................................................169