Non-Gestational Choriocarcinoma of the Ovary Complicated by Dysgerminoma: a Case Report
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Pediatric Suprasellar Germ Cell Tumors: a Clinical and Radiographic Review of Solitary Vs
cancers Article Pediatric Suprasellar Germ Cell Tumors: A Clinical and Radiographic Review of Solitary vs. Bifocal Tumors and Its Therapeutic Implications Darian R. Esfahani 1 , Tord Alden 1,2, Arthur DiPatri 1,2, Guifa Xi 1,2, Stewart Goldman 3 and Tadanori Tomita 1,2,* 1 Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; [email protected] (D.R.E.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (G.X.) 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA 3 Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-312-2274220 Received: 7 August 2020; Accepted: 10 September 2020; Published: 14 September 2020 Simple Summary: Bifocal suprasellar germ cell tumors are a unique type of an uncommon brain tumor in children. Compared to other germ cell tumors in the brain, bifocal tumors are poorly understood and have a bad prognosis. In this paper we explore features that predict which children will have good outcomes and which will not. This is important for the research community because it can help physicians decide what type of radiation treatment is best to treat these children. Our study shows that bifocal tumors have a unique appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to other germ cell tumors. Children with bifocal tumors are more likely to be male, have tumors that come back sooner, and cause death sooner. -
About Ovarian Cancer Overview and Types
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 About Ovarian Cancer Overview and Types If you have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer or are worried about it, you likely have a lot of questions. Learning some basics is a good place to start. ● What Is Ovarian Cancer? Research and Statistics See the latest estimates for new cases of ovarian cancer and deaths in the US and what research is currently being done. ● Key Statistics for Ovarian Cancer ● What's New in Ovarian Cancer Research? What Is Ovarian Cancer? Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer and can spread. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?1 Ovarian cancers were previously believed to begin only in the ovaries, but recent evidence suggests that many ovarian cancers may actually start in the cells in the far (distal) end of the fallopian tubes. 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 What are the ovaries? Ovaries are reproductive glands found only in females (women). The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs travel from the ovaries through the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg settles in and develops into a fetus. The ovaries are also the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is on each side of the uterus. The ovaries are mainly made up of 3 kinds of cells. Each type of cell can develop into a different type of tumor: ● Epithelial tumors start from the cells that cover the outer surface of the ovary. -
Pure Choriocarcinoma of the Ovary: a Case Report
Case Report J Gynecol Oncol Vol. 22, No. 2:135-139 pISSN 2005-0380 DOI:10.3802/jgo.2011.22.2.135 eISSN 2005-0399 Pure choriocarcinoma of the ovary: a case report Lin Lv1, Kaixuan Yang2, Hai Wu1, Jiangyan Lou1, Zhilan Peng1 Departments of 1Obstetrics and Gynecology and 2Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Pure ovarian choriocarcinomas are extremely rare and aggressive tumors which are gestational or nongestational in origin. Due to the rarity of the tumor, there is a lack of information on the clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment. We report a case of a pure ovarian choriocarcinoma, likely of nongestational origin, treated by cytoreductive surgery in combination with postoperative chemotherapy. The patient was free of disease after a 12month followup. Keywords: Choriocarcinoma, Nongestational, Ovary INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Pure ovarian choriocarcinomas are extremely rare malignan A 48yearold woman was admitted to our department cies which are of gestational or nongestational in origin. with a 6month history of irregular vaginal bleeding and a The gestational type may arise from an ectopic ovarian pre 1month history of a palpable abdominal mass. She had a gnancy or present as a metastasis from a uterine or tubal nor mal vaginal delivery at 26 years of age and had no recent choriocarcinoma, while the nongestational type is a rare history of normal pregnancies, molar gestations, or abortions. germ cell tumor with trophoblastic differentiation. The esti The physical examination revealed abdominal tenderness and mated incidence of gestational ovarian choriocarcinomas a fixed mass arising from the pelvis to 3 cm below the um is 1 in 369 million pregnancies [1]. -
Proportion of Ovarian Cancers in Overall Ovarian Masses in Thailand
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.18.7929 Proportion of Ovarian Cancers in Overall Ovarian Masses in Thailand RESEARCH ARTICLE Proportion of Ovarian Cancers in Overall Ovarian Masses in Thailand Yada Kunpalin*, Surang Triratanachat, Patou Tantbirojn Abstract Background: The primary objective of this study was to assess the proportion of malignancies in ovarian masses during 1st January 2002, to 31st December 2011 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. A secondary objective was to evaluate associations with patients’ clinical characteristics and ovarian malignancy proportion and subtypes. Materials and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study analyzed data of ovarian masses larger than 3 centimeters in maximal diameter, from the division of Gynecologic Cyto-Pathology at KCMH. SPSS software version 17 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Results: A total number of 6,115 patients were included. Among the total ovarian masses studied, 13.7% were malignant. After the age of sixty, the proportion reached almost 40%. It was also above 20% in women younger than 20 years old. During premenarche period, proportion of ovarian malignancies was 50%. Only 1% of ovarian masses were found to be malignant during the pregnancy and post-partum periods. Parity decreasedthe probability of ovarian malignancy during postmenopausal years. Period of menopause did not have any impact on this probability. During the first two decades of life, germ cell malignancy dominated. As the age increased, the percentage of surface epithelial-stromal malignancy increased with a peak at the fifth decade. In contrast, malignant sex cord-stromal cell tumors occurred at a constant rate in each age group after the thirties. -
Male Genital Cancers in the US in 2015 Frequency of Types
5/22/2015 Male Genital Cancers in Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis the US in 2015 Pathology, Immunohistochemistry, and the Often Confusing Estimated Number Site Appearance of Their Metastases of Cases Prostate 220,800 Charles Zaloudek, MD Bladder 56,320 Department of Pathology Kidney 38,270 UCSF Testis 8430 Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis Frequency of Types Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia, Unclassified (IGCNU) Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia, Specific Types • Seminoma is the Tumor Type % Seminoma most common pure type Spermatocytic Seminoma Mixed GCT 78 Embryonal Carcinoma • Mixed germ cell Embryonal Yolk Sac Tumor tumor is the most 16 Choriocarcinoma common CA Other Trophoblastic Tumors nonseminomatous Teratoma 5 Teratoma germ cell tumor Yolk Sac 2 Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Tumor Calgary, Canada Mod Pathol 2013; 26: 579-586 1 5/22/2015 Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia (Carcinoma in Situ) • Precursor of most invasive germ cell tumors • Most likely in high risk patients; found in <1% of the normal population • Thought to be established in the fetus at the time the gonads develop • Switched on at puberty • Lacks 12p abnormalities found in invasive tumors • 50% develop invasive germ cell tumor by 5 years, 70% by 7 years Advances in Anatomic Pathology 2015; 22 (3): 202-212 I had a couple of previous papers returned from American journals, which for a long time did not appreciate the existence of a CIS pattern. However, even there, CIS is now officially recognized…. 2002 2 5/22/2015 The Background IGCNU IGCNU – OCT4 3 5/22/2015 IGCNU – SALL4 IGCNU – CD117 IGCNU – Pagetoid Spread to the Rete Testis Treatment of IGCNU • Unilateral: Orchiectomy • Bilateral: Low dose radiation – Prevents development of invasive germ cell tumor – Causes sterility 4 5/22/2015 Staging Testicular Tumors Clinical Stage I • Limited to testis and epididymis. -
Successful Treatment of Mixed Yolk Sac Tumor and Mature Teratoma in the Spinal Cord: Case Report
CASE REPORT J Neurosurg Spine 26:319–324, 2017 Successful treatment of mixed yolk sac tumor and mature teratoma in the spinal cord: case report *Akitake Mukasa, MD, PhD,1 Shunsuke Yanagisawa, MD,1 Kuniaki Saito, MD,1 Shota Tanaka, MD,1 Keisuke Takai, MD, PhD,1,5 Junji Shibahara, MD, PhD,2 Masachika Ikegami, MD,3 Yusuke Nakao, MD,3,6 Katsushi Takeshita, MD, PhD,3,7 Masao Matsutani, MD, PhD,4 and Nobuhito Saito, MD, PhD1 Departments of 1Neurosurgery, 2Pathology, and 3Orthopaedic Surgery and Spinal Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo; and 4Department of Neuro-Oncology/Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan Primary spinal germ cell tumors are rare, and spinal nongerminomatous germ cell tumors represent an even rarer subset for which no standard therapy has been established. The authors report the case of a 24-year-old woman with multifo- cal primary spinal germ cell tumors scattered from T-12 to L-5 that consisted of yolk sac tumor and mature teratoma. After diagnostic partial resection, the patient was treated with 30 Gy of craniospinal irradiation and 30 Gy of local spinal irradiation, followed by 8 courses of chemotherapy based on ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide (ICE). Salvage surgery was also performed for residual mature teratoma components after the third course of ICE chemotherapy. Chemo- therapy was continued after the operation, but ifosfamide was entirely eliminated from the ICE regimen because severe myelosuppression was observed after previous courses. The patient remains recurrence free as of more than 5 years after the completion of chemotherapy. -
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Learn more about the risk factors for gestational trophoblastic disease. ● What Are the Risk Factors for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease? ● Do We Know What Causes Gestational Trophoblastic Disease? Prevention At this time not much can be done to prevent gestational trophoblastic disease. ● Can Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Be Prevented? What Are the Risk Factors for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease? A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. For example, exposing skin to strong sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer. Smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx (voice box), bladder, kidney, and several other organs. 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 But risk factors don't tell us everything. Having a risk factor, or even several risk factors, does not mean that you will get the disease. And some people who get the disease might not have any known risk factors. Even if a person has a risk factor, it is often very hard to know how much that risk factor may have contributed to the cancer. Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a woman's chance of developing gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Age GTD occurs in women of childbearing age. The risk of complete molar pregnancy is highest in women over age 35 and younger than 20. -
Testicular Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
Modern Pathology (2009) 22, 1066–1074 & 2009 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/09 $32.00 www.modernpathology.org Testicular mixed germ cell tumors: a morphological and immunohistochemical study using stem cell markers, OCT3/4, SOX2 and GDF3, with emphasis on morphologically difficult-to-classify areas Anuradha Gopalan1, Deepti Dhall1, Semra Olgac1, Samson W Fine1, James E Korkola2, Jane Houldsworth2, Raju S Chaganti2, George J Bosl3, Victor E Reuter1 and Satish K Tickoo1 1Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; 2Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA and 3Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Stem cell markers, OCT3/4, and more recently SOX2 and growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3), have been reported to be expressed variably in germ cell tumors. We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of these markers in different testicular germ cell tumors, and their utility in the differential diagnosis of morphologically difficult-to-classify components of these tumors. A total of 50 mixed testicular germ cell tumors, 43 also containing difficult-to-classify areas, were studied. In these areas, multiple morphological parameters were noted, and high-grade nuclear details similar to typical embryonal carcinoma were considered ‘embryonal carcinoma-like high-grade’. Immunohistochemical staining for OCT3/4, c-kit, CD30, SOX2, and GDF3 was performed and graded in each component as 0, negative; 1 þ , 1–25%; 2 þ , 26–50%; and 3 þ , 450% positive staining cells. The different components identified in these tumors were seminoma (8), embryonal carcinoma (50), yolk sac tumor (40), teratoma (40), choriocarcinoma (3) and intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified (35). -
Case Report Non-Gestational Choriocarcinoma As a Cause Of
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 19 No. 04 October’20 Case report Non-gestational choriocarcinoma as a cause of heavy menstrual bleeding-potential: Primary care detection Allen Chai Shiun Chat1, Nani Draman2*, Siti Suhaila Mohd Yusoff3, Rosediani Muhamad4 Abstract: Choriocarcinoma is a malignant trophoblastic disease. It can be divided into gestational and non-gestational type. Gestational choriocarcinoma consists of less than 1% of total endometrial malignancy, and usually is diagnosed via histopathological examination preceding a suspected molar pregnancy. In contrast to gestational choriocarcinoma, only a few cases of primary non-gestational choriocarcinoma were reported in literature reviews. The reported locations for primary non-gestational choriocarcinoma were ovarian and uterine cervix. Due to its low incidence, this disease is often overlooked leading, to delayed diagnosis. In primary care practice, heavy menstrual bleeding is a common presentation. Further evaluations, such as full blood count, ultrasound pelvis or hysteroscopy are usually required. We would like to report a case of potentially earlier detection of non-gestational choriocarcinoma in a 52 years old lady who was presented with heavy menstrual bleeding for a duration of one year. Her symptom persisted despite receiving medical treatment in a few local primary care clinics. She was admitted to a tertiary hospital for symptomatic anaemia which required blood transfusion. Further evaluations, (i.e., laboratory tests, ultrasound, Computed Topography (CT) scan, bone scan, hysteroscopy and laparotomy total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy (TAHBSO) and histological examination) concluded a diagnosis of primary non-gestational choriocarcinoma of fundal uterus with lung metastasis. Keywords: Abnormal uterine bleeding; Heavy menstrual; Primary non-gestational choriocarcinoma of uterus; Pervaginal bleeding Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. -
Laparoscopically Removed Streak Gonad Revealed Gonadoblastoma
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 37 : 3975-3979 (2017) doi:10.21873/anticanres.11782 Laparoscopically Removed Streak Gonad Revealed Gonadoblastoma in Frasier Syndrome KAZUNORI HASHIMOTO 1, YU HORIBE 1, JIRO EZAKI 2, TOSHIYUKI KANNO 1, NOBUKO TAKAHASHI 1, YOSHIKA AKIZAWA 1, HIDEO MATSUI 1, TOMOKO YAMAMOTO 2 and NORIYUKI SHIBATA 2 Departments of 1Obstetrics and Gynecology, and 2Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan Abstract. Background: Frasier syndrome (FS) is case of primary amenorrhea with nephropathy. Prophylatic characterized by gonadal dysgenesis and progressive gonadectomy is recommended due to the high risk of nephropathy caused by mutation in the Wilm’s tumor gene gonadoblastoma in the dysgenetic gonad. (WT1). We report a case of FS in which diagnosis was based on amenorrhea with nephropathy, and laparoscopically- Frasier syndrome (FS) is characterized by male removed streak gonad which revealed gonadoblastoma. Case pseudohermaphroditism and nephropathy, and was first Report: At the age of 3 years, the patient developed described in 46, XY monozygotic twins in 1964 (1). FS is nephrotic syndrome. This later became steroid-resistant and, caused by heterozygous de novo intronic splice site mutations by the age of 16 years, had progressed to end-stage renal in the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene ( WT1 ), which is a failure with peritoneal dialysis. At the age of 17 years, the regulator of early gonadal and renal development (2). patient presented primary amenorrhea and was referred to We report here a case of FS diagnosed based on our department. Physical examination was consistent with amenorrhea with nephropathy, and laparoscopically removed Tanner 1 development and external genitalia were female streak gonad which revealed gonadoblastoma. -
Ultrasound of Female Pelvic Organ
울산의대 서울아산병원 영상의학과 김미현 Introduction Benign disease of uterus Malignant disease of uterus Non-tumorous condition of ovary Tumorous condition of ovary Transvaginal – 소변(-) Transabdominal – 소변(+) Tranrectal or transperineal - virgin Sonohysterography Thick or irregular endometrium on transvaginal US Endometrium Basal layer – echogenic Functional layer – hypoechoic Endometrial stripe Endometrium 가임기 증식기 4-12 mm 분비기 8-15 mm 폐경기 5 mm 미만 Myometrium Innermost layer junctional zone Ovary Oval shape Central medulla – hyperecho Peripheral cortex (follicle) - hypoecho Benign disease of uterus Ectopic endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium m/c cause of vaginal bleeding Due to unopposed estrogen Overgrowth of EM glands and stroma US Focally increased EM thickening DDx (HSG-US helpful) Hyperplasia Submucosal myoma < EM cancer m/c pelvic tumor Submucosal, intramural, subserosal US Well-defined hypoechoic solid mass Variable echogenicity due to degeneration Interface vessels btw tumor and uterus bridging vascular sign(+) Subserosal myoma > ovary tumor M U Cause Dilatation and currettage Gestational trophoblastic disease Complication of malignancy Previous surgery Uterine myoma Endometriosis Antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue Agonist in the endometrium EM hyperplasia Antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue Agonist in the endometrium EM hyperplasia Malignant disease of uterus Cervical cancer Endometrial cancer Gestational trophoblastic disease US- poor sensitivity for diagnosis • 45F, premenopause • EM -
Acute Abdominal Pain in an Adolescent Girl with an Ovarian Yolk
Acta Biomed 2019; Vol. 90, N. 4: 599-602 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i4.9017 © Mattioli 1885 Case report Acute abdominal pain in an adolescent girl with an ovarian yolk sac tumor Ettore Stefanelli1, Valentina Talarico2, Maria Scavone1, Elena Carboni1, Giuseppe Stranieri3, Maria Concetta Galati4, Domenico Salerno3, Giuseppe Raiola2 1 Department of Pediatrics, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; 2 Department of Pediatrics, “Pugliese- Ciaccio” Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy; 3 Department of Pediatric Surgery, “Pugliese-Ciaccio” Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy; 4De- partment of Pediatric Oncohematology, “Pugliese-Ciaccio” Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy Summary. Yolk sac tumor (YST) is a rare tumor that usually occurs in the first two decades of life. It is con- sidered the second most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, characterized by a rapid growth and a bad prognosis due to the frequent metastasis. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl who came to our observation for an acute abdominal pain. Clinical examination evidenced a vague mass in the suprapubic region and a lower abdomen tenderness, the US imaging revealed a complex lesion of the left ovary (19 x 13 cm) and the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) resulted high (5858 ng/mL). Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large pelvic mass. The treatment consisted of debulking surgery of yolk sac tumor followed by 4 cycles of BEP protocol (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin). After 3 years of follow-up there was no evidence of disease recurrence. (www.actabiomedica.it) Key words: yolk sac tumor, germ cell tumor, ovarian torsion, ovarian tumor, alpha-fetoprotein Introduction We present a case of a YST in a 12-year-old adolescent girl, remarking the importance to consider Yolk sac tumor (YST) of the ovary, also known these rare tumors when an abdominal or pelvic mass as endodermal sinus tumor (EST), is a rare malig- is found.