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Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal by Ornamental and Wetland Plants HORTSCIENCE 44(6):1704–1711. 2009. is discharged into the ecosystem from storm- water retention structures. More recently, biofiltration systems have Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal been developed (Davis, 2005, 2007). Re- search to date suggests that planted retention by Ornamental and Wetland Plants structures such as planted constructed wet- land and rain gardens are more efficient in in a Greenhouse Recirculation removing nutrients than unplanted structures (Henderson et al., 2007). Runoff diverted into planted structures is filtered through plants Research System followed by vertical filtration through soil Yan Chen1, Regina P. Bracy, and Allen D. Owings media. In laboratory-scale studies, planted Louisiana State University AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 mesocosms (laboratory ecosystems that sim- ulate the structure and components of natural Old Covington Highway, Hammond, LA 70403 ecosystems) removed 63% to 77% N and Donald J. Merhaut 85% to 94% P from synthetic stormwater, whereas nutrient leaching was observed from University of California, Riverside, Department of Botany and Plant unplanted mesocosms (Henderson et al., Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521 2007). In field-scale studies, 50% to 70% nitrate reduction was accomplished by plant- Additional index words. stormwater, water quality, biofiltration, nitrate ing Pontederia cordata in subsurface con- Abstract. A nutrient recirculation system (NRS) was used to assess the ability of four structed wetlands (DeBusk et al., 1995), and ornamental and three wetland plant species to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) 30% to 70% total P was removed by planted from stormwater runoff. The NRS was filled with a nutrient solution with total N and P stormwater ponds (Ou et al., 2006). concentrations of 11.3 and 3.1 mgÁL–1, respectively, to simulate high levels of nutrient However, plants are also a source of contaminations in stormwater. Nutrient removal abilities of herbaceous perennial nutrients in natural and constructed wetlands, ornamental plants, canna (Canna ·generalis Bailey) ‘Australia’, iris (Iris pseudacorus and their role in stormwater mitigation can L.) ‘Golden Fleece’, calla lily [Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng], and dwarf papyrus change from effective removal to consistent (Cyperus haspan L.) were compared with those of wetland plants arrow arum [Peltandra leaching (Hatt et al., 2009). Rapid and sub- virginica (L.) Schott], pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.), and bulltongue arrowhead stantial decomposition and release of organic (Sagittaria lancifolia L.) in three experiments. ‘Australia’ canna had the greatest water matters were found in wetland plants after a consumption, total biomass production, and aboveground N and P content followed by growing season. Odum and Heywood (1978) pickerelweed. ‘Golden Fleece’ iris had higher tissue N concentrations than canna but quantified that 40% to 50% biomass in much lower biomass production. Dwarf papyrus had similar total biomass as pickerel- Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria lancifolia, weed but less shoot biomass. N and P removed from the NRS units planted with canna and Peltandra virginica was released in 10 d (98.7% N and 91.8% P) were higher than those planted with iris and arrow arum (31.6% and 70% to 80% biomass was released in 60 d and 31.5% N, and 38.5% and 26.3% P, respectively). NRS units planted with dwarf to the water. Therefore, whole plant removal papyrus had similar nutrient recovery rate as pickerelweed, but much less total N and P or harvesting shoot biomass is necessary, and were removed as a result of less water consumption. The NRS units planted with calla lily in some cases critical, to maintain the per- had lower nutrient removal than canna and pickerelweed. Our results suggest that canna formance of stormwater treatment structures. is a promising ornamental species for stormwater mitigation, and harvesting the Cutting experiments suggest that removal of aboveground biomass of canna can effectively remove N and P from the treatment shoot biomass in population management system. However, more research needs to be done to evaluate factors that might affect applications should be based on the available plant performance in a floating biofiltration system. carbohydrate reserves in the rhizomatous tissues (Grane´li et al., 1992), and decompo- sition models of several emergent aquatic Rapid population growth and urbaniza- eutrophication or hypoxia of downstream perennial macrophytes were able to identify tion have raised concerns over stormwater run- receiving water (Dougherty et al., 2006). To the optimum timing for shoot harvesting off contamination (Bolund and Hunhammer, protect water quality, the U.S. Environmental to minimize detrimental influence on plant 1999; Walsh, 2000). Studies on watersheds Protection Agency (EPA) mandates maxi- growth in subsequent seasons (Asaeda et al., indicate that excess nutrients, specifically mum allowable nitrate level in any dis- 2008). –1 nitrate–nitrogen (NO3-N) and soluble reac- charged water to be 10 mgÁL (U.S. EPA, The use of floating wetlands (also called 3– tive phosphorus (i.e., PO4 ), are found in 1986). Federal limits on phosphorus (P) floating islands) for stormwater mitigation is stormwater runoff exported from newly concentrations in fresh water have not been relatively new, although floating biofiltration developed urban areas (Dougherty et al., set, but EPA recommends that total phos- techniques have been used to remove excess 2006; Steuer et al., 1997). These pollutants phates and total P levels not exceed 0.05 and N in fish farms (Crab et al., 2007). Studies in degrade water quality and contribute to 0.1 mgÁL–1, respectively (U.S. EPA, 1986). a wastewater treatment pond and a labora- A variety of stormwater treatment technol- tory-scale constructed wetland suggest that ogies such as constructed wetlands and reten- the use of floating systems increases mitiga- Received for publication 29 Apr. 2009. Accepted tion ponds have been developed in response tion capacity and provides efficient N and P for publication 9 July 2009. to increasing regulatory pressures (Schaefer, removal that is important for small-sized This research was funded by the Lake Pontchar- 1997; Schueler, 1992). However, water qual- treatment structures in urban areas (Jayaweera train Foundation and the Louisiana Agricultural ity issues such as nutrient accumulation and and Kasturiarachchi, 2004; Stewart et al., Experiment Station. Plant material supplied by declined effectiveness have been found in 2008). In addition, when ornamental plants AG3, Inc. stormwater treatment structures (Hatt et al., are used, floating systems add aesthetic value Trade names mentioned in this manuscript does not 2009). Total nitrogen (N) and P concentrations to the treatment area and can mutually benefit imply product endorsement by the authors and their associated institution. exceeding EPA guidelines were found in the community and environment. We thank Roger Rosendale and Joey Quebedeaux effluent from retention wetlands (Moustafa, Several obligate wetland plant species for their technical assistance. 1999; Serrano and DeLorenzo, 2008). There- such as pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; fore, significant N and P reductions are arrow arum (Peltandra virginica), and bull- e-mail [email protected]. necessary to improve water quality before it tongue arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia) 1704 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 44(6) OCTOBER 2009 have been studied for nutrient removal abil- units, each of which was an independent tion pH was adjusted daily by manually ities in wastewater treatments (DeBusk et al., hydroponic recirculation unit providing 284 adding base (NaOH) or acid (H2SO4) to the 1995; Hadad et al., 2006; Read et al., 2008; L of treatment solution to six plant growth reservoir tank to maintain solution pH at Srivastava et al., 2008). However, few studies containers. The units were considered repli- 6.5 to avoid possible P precipitation under have quantified the nutrient removal ability cations and the plant growth containers were alkaline solution pH levels. An air pump of wetland species in a floating system. A considered subsamples in the experimental (AirTech 40L; Evolution Aqua Ltd. Wigan, few aquatic ornamental plants have been design of this research. Lancashire UK) supplied air to six air stones studied for wastewater (Belmont and Metcalfe, Each plant growth container (53 cm wide · (Boyu Industries Co., Ltd., Guangdong, 2003; Wolverton, 1990) and nursery runoff 38 cm long · 18 cm deep) had a polyvinyl China) so that each aerated the solution treatments (Polomski et al., 2007) in labora- chloride pipe nipple inserted into a bulkhead constantly in one of the six reservoir tanks. tory-scale subsurface constructed wetlands. fitting on the bottom of the container as a The movement of air bubbles also provides However, little data exist on nutrient removal depth controller to keep the water depth agitation for constantly mixing the solution in and survivability of these ornamental plants inside the container at 10.6 cm (Chen et al., the reservoir tank. in floating systems (Miyazaki et al., 2004; 2008). Each plant container was covered by All units were controlled simultaneously Stewart et al., 2008). a piece of 1-cm thick marine plywood (39 · by an irrigation controller (Sterling 8; Supe- In this study, the following ornamental 56 cm) with one 14.6-cm diameter round hole rior Controls Inc., Valencia, CA). In all plants were chosen as biofiltration candidate in the center
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