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BEYOND QCD : WHY and HOW Giuliano PREPARATA Istituto Di 575 BEYOND QCD: WHY AND HOW Giuliano PREPARATA Istituto di Fisica,Universita di Bari and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari,Italy Abstract: Arguments based on recent experi­ mental information are presented to stress the necessity of going aeyond the present formu lation of Quantum Chrome Dynamics (QCD) . A new theory,Anisotropic Chromo-Dynamics (ACD) , based on the hadrodynamical pillars : quarks,co­ lour and local symmetry, is discussed and its fi rst successful steps in describing hadrons are outlined. 576 The aim of this talk is two-fold: first to argue in favour of going beyond the theoretical paradigm of the day: QCD, and then to present a concrete propo­ sal of how can one proceed to go beyond QCD . In order to clear the way from any ambiguity and misunderstanding, I would like to reiterate with all clarity that I believe that the basic theoretical no­ tions that underly QCD: (i) Quarks, (ii) Colour, (iii) a gauge-principle; are destined to remain with us . They do in fact represent an important step for­ ward in our understanding of subnuclear phys ics . Such notions have been legated to us by two decades of immense efforts both experimen tal and theoretical, and • have shown their validity in a countless number of physical situations . Thus my criticism of QCD will not question the above mentioned pillars ,upon which rests all our understanding of subnuclear phenorr.ena , but rather the natu­ ral-but logically unwarranted-step that has led almost everybody to conclude that gen must be the theory of hadrons . For if the latter dictum is accepted, then experimental difficulties with the present understanding of QCD would imply that there is something wrong with our basic hadrodynamical notions , and this would certainly leave us in a hopeless mire . In the following I shall give arguments, based on the presently available experimental information, that we should abandon the generally accepted notion of QCD, based both on perturbative calculations (Perturbative QCD) and on latti­ ce calculations , whose physical meaning and relevance, least at the present stage , are far from being well established . This shall atcons titute the "pars de­ struens" of my discourse. The "pars construens" shall be focussed on the description of a new theory of hadrons which, making use of the three basic pillars of hadrodynamics, not only shall avo id but will also explain away the difficulties encountered by the "accepted" QCD framework . BEYOND QCD: WHY? 1. In this section I shall produce arguments, based on present experimental knowledge, >Illich strongly suggest that we should try to go beyond the generally accepted QCD paradigm. I shall concentrate on two points : (A) Gluons; (B) Asymptotic Freedom. lA. Gluons One of the qualifying features of QCD is the existence of 8 coloured gluons . 577 These gluons have in QCD a dual role: to provide for the colour-confining force (scalar and longitudinal gluons) and to give rise to new, independent de­ grees of freedom of hadronic matter (transverse gluons) . Thus if we are to make any sense of QCD as a physically relevant theory, the transverse degrees of free­ dom of the colour-fields should give rise to a number of characteristic physical effects that , I believe, could not have escaped our observation. Let 's briefly review them: (i) Glueballs While we have good and unequivocal experimental evidence for several hun­ dred states of the q , qqq-type. Clear evidence for glueball states has so far eluded the most sophisticated experimental attempts to observe them. Several rea­ sons have been advocated for the elusiveness of glueballs, mo st notably lack of a q clear signature, mixing to the qq states , etc. But it should be recalled that sirn ple MIT-bag calculations (which yield acceptable spectra for qq and qqq ground ++ ++ states) make us expect 0 ,2 gluon-gluon states with ma sses smaller or equal to 1 GeV. Now it would not appear entirely reasonable that such states had esca­ ped the experimental search, being located in a well studied region of the hadro­ nic spectrum . The recently reported states 1(1440) and 8(1640) by the Crystal (2) Ball group at SPEAR, (l) have been convincingly argued not to be glueball states . In any event it is certainly fair to say that we have come to a point where the elusiveness of glueball states begins to appear as a serious embarassment for the generally accepted form of QCD-theory . (ii) "Hermaphrodite states" Such are the states of the type qqg,qqqg, •••. where g has the charac­ teristics of a transverse gluon. The existence of such states would considerably enrich the particle spectrum even in the mass range below 2 GeV . Again this is what one would expect from simple MIT-bag calculations . But from experimental knowledge, which in the case of baryon resonances with rn 2 GeV is remarkably (3) detailed , no room seems available for hermaphrodite states � . Furthermore predictions for narrow states of the bbg-type have been contradicted by recent (4) experiments at CESR . The outlook for gluonic states either pure ( glueballs) or accompanied by quarks (hermaphrodite states) seems at present particularly dim. (iii) "Glue jets" + ­ The change in the pattern of hadronic final states in high energy e e (S) collisions , first observed at PETRA about three years ago , has been universal­ ly taken as strong evidence for the active presence of the (transverse) gluon de­ gree of freedom. Even though the hint for the radiation of a hard gluon appears at first rather strong, a detailed comparison of the experimental information 578 with theoretical expectations reveals grave difficulties , In fact, were we al­ lowed to consider "partons" only, the situation would appear quite confortable for the hard gluon interpretation. However , when we give a closer look the to hadron fragmentation properties of the "three-j et events" observed in sucb expe­ riments we find the strange result that all jets look alike . This cannot be easi ly understood. For, when we try to form a picture of the gluon fragmentation properties along the lines , embodied in the Field-Feynman model, that have been rather successful for quar ks , we fall immediately in the difficulty that (a) in its colour field the gluon prefers (9 : 4) to create a gluon-pair rather than a quark pair: (b) the gluon pair gives rise to "glueballs" . (See FIG. l) transverse gluon longitudinal gluon FIG. I. The main fr agmentation process for the gluon. As glueballs (if they exist at all) must be quite heavier than low-lying qq­ states (pseudoscalar and vector mesons), secondary hadrons ...) would be (n,K, produced much more copiously in gluon than in quark-fragmentation. Thus it ap­ pears inevitable to expect gluon jets to have a considerably softer energy distri_ bution and higher multiplicity than quark-j ets . As we have recalled, experimen­ tally this is not borne out. No believable way out has so far been proposed from what appears as a very serious , possibly fatal , difficulty . Should we fail within the QCD framework to gain any understanding on this puzzling behaviour of gluon­ j ets, we would be faced with the somewhat ironical situation that a strong eviden ce for ,on closer look becomes strong evidence againsl0 the (transverse) gluonic degrees of freedom of hadronic matter. Admittedly the status of gluons is still unclear , but it seems to me that in the few points discussed above the QCD enthusiasts may find more than one rea­ son to worry . lB. Asymptotic Freedom 579 As is well known the first indication (judged very strong by many people) that QCD might be the theory of strong interactions has come from the discovery that in perturbation theory a non-abelian gauge theory, such as QCD, is asympto­ ( O) tically free � For this would then imply that the remarkable scaling properties observed in deep inelastic phenomena could thus find an elegant theoretical ex­ planation. Furthermore, if one gives for granted the highly non-trivial circums tance that the properties of a perturbative theory go over to the (unproved) confined situation without any change , Asymptotic Freedom (AF) predicts a characteristic pattern of scaling violations which in the last few years has been claimed to be shown by the data. However the size of such violations is controlled (modulo unimportant theoretical subtleties) by the all-important A -parameter which de- termines the "running coupling constant" (2.1) And over the years success has been claimed with values of A which have shown an ominous trend to decrease . FIG.2 gives a rough description of how the general- ly accepted A-values have changed BEBC 1978 1979 CDHS .9 A 1980 CDHS 1981 EMC .7 .5 .3 .1 78 79 80 81 T 2 A rough sketch of the "generally accepted" FIG . values of A [See Eq . (2. 1) ] as a function of time. as a function of time, A being now 1 • a most consistent with zero (no asymptotic 580 scaling violations) . The interpretation of FIG.2 might become easier if we re­ call that the maximum values of. Q2 (current 's momentum transfer) have consisten­ tly increased over the last few years . The aspect which I find most striking in ' 2 the high Q2 experiments now completed,is that for Q t 10 GeV Bj erken scaling is exhibited almost unadulterated by the dat:a. In order to fit the experimental points with AF one must consider a value of so low " 100 MeV) that elabora­ te analysis of non-leading effects (the so callef\ d "higher(/\ twists") is necessary before one can disentangle the minute AF-corrections .
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