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Home , Leptotyphlops, Rena (snake), Rena humilis, Siagonodon

232.1

REPTILIA: : SERPENTES: HUMILIS

Catalogue of American Amphibians and . habitat, locomotion and tracks. Anderson (1956), Kassay (1957), and Vitt and Hulse (1973) report on predators of L. humilis. Un• HAHN, DONALDE. 1979. Leptotyphlops humilis. derwood (1970) describes the eye. Baird (1970) and Miller (1968) describe the anatomy of the ear. McDowell (1972) describes the Leptotyphlop. humili. (Baird and Girard) tongue. Hulse (1971) reports that the integument fluoresces. Des• Western blind sauer (1970) illustrates the electrophoretic pattern of the plasma proteins. List (1955, 1966) presents osteological data. Fox (1965) humilis Baird and Girard, 1853:143. -locality, "Vallie• and Fox and Dessauer (1962) describe the urogenital system. citas, Cal. "; restricted by Klauber (1931) to vicinity of Val• Murphy (1975) comments on relationships and zoogeography of 1ecito' eastern San Diego County, and by Brattstrom (1953) the races and provides an excellent key to the . Dis• to the Upper Sonoran Life Zone of the Vallecito area. Ho• tribution data are presented by Banks and Farmer (1963), Banta lotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. 2101, adult, collected by Dr. John L. (1953), Brown and Brown (1967), Dixon, Sabbath, and Worthing• LeConte in 1850, sex not given (not examined by author). ton (1962), Duellman (1958), Bogert and Oliver (1945), Fugler and Stenostoma humile: Peters, 1857:402. Dixon (1961), Grinnell and Camp (1917), Hahn and May (1972), Glauconia humilis: Boulenger, 1893:70. Jameson and Flury (1949), Kay (1970), Langebartel and Smith humilis: Van Denburgh, 1897:150. (1954), Leviton and Banta (1964), Lewis (1950), Linsdale (1932), Leptotyphlops humilis: Ruthven, 1907:573. McCoy (1964), Murray (1955), Pequegnat (1951), Raun and Gehl• bach (1972), Schmidt (1922), Schmidt and Owens (1944), Schmidt • CONTENT. Nine subspecies are recognized: boettgeri, ca• and Smith (1944), Soule and Sloan (1966), Slevin (1950), Tanner huilae, dugesi, humilis, levitoni, lindsayi, segregus, tenuiculus, and Robison (1960), Twining and Horn (1941), Van Denburgh and utahensis. (1912, 1924), Van Denburgh and Slevin (1913, 1914), Williams, Chrapliwy and Smith (1961), and Zweifel (1954, 1959). Other pa• • DEFINITION. This is one of the largest of the pers giving Mexican locality records are listed in Smith and Smith (maximum total length in L. h. cahuilae 389 mm). Supraoculars (1976). are absent, and a single supralabial is anterior to the ocular. Dorsal scale rows (vertebrals) number 210-308, subcaudals 12• • REMARKS.Klauber (1940) places this species in the "dulcis• 21, and there are 10 or 12 rows arol1nd the tail. Five or seven of humilis" group which is equivalent to the dulcis group of Peters the dorsalmost scale rows are pigmented in various shades of and Orejas-Miranda (1970). Other species in this group are dulcis, brown. The mean of body length/diameter ranges from 41 to 63 a/finis, anthracinus, brevissimus, dimidiatus, dugandi, joshuai, in the 9 geographical races; mean of body length/tail length koppesi, macrolepis, maximus, bressoni, salgueiroi, and ungui• ranges from 19 to 25. rostris. Characteristics of this group are enumerated by Klauber • DIAGNOSIS.L. humilis is distinguished from all other United (1940). States, Mexican and Central American species by the absence • ETYMOLOGY.The Latin humilis means small, or ground• of supraoculars, the presence of a prefrontal, and nasals which dwelling; boettgeri, dugesi, levitoni, and lindsayi are patronyms do not extend posterior to the eye. for Oskar Boettger, Alfredo Duges, Alan E. Leviton and George • DESCRIPTIONS. Best descriptions are found in Klauber E. Lindsay, respectively; segregus refers to the isolated geograph• ical distribution of the race; cahuilae is in reference to Lake (1940) and Murphy (1975). Other descriptions are found in Bou• Cahuila near the type locality; utahensis for the state of : lenger (1893), Cope (1900), Ruthven (1907), Van Denburgh (1922), and tenuiculus is derived from the Latin tenuis meaning slender Stebbins (1954, 1966), Wright and Wright (1957), Smith and Lar• sen (1974), and Conant (1975). + culus meaning small. • ILLUSTRATIONS.Drawings of head scales appear in Cope, I. Leptotyphlops humili. humilis (Baird and 1900 (boettgeri); Taylor, 1939 (cahuilae); Taylor, 1940 (dugesi); Klauber, 1940 (utahensis); Schmidt and Davis, 1941; Stebbins, Girard) 1954, 1966 (humilis); Conant, 1975 (segregus); and Murphy, 1975 Baird and Girard. See species synonymy. (levitoni and lindsayi). Black and white photographs ap• Leptotyphlops humilis humilis: Klauber, 1931:340. pear in Wright and Wright, 1957 (humilis); and Fowlie, 1965 (humilis, cahuilae, segregus, and utahensis). Color photographs appear in Cochran and Goin, 1970 (humilis); Leviton, 1972 (hu• milis); and Shaw and Campbell, 1974 (humilis). List (1966) figures L.._ '-'-' -' -'C~=-"_-! the skull and other osteological features of L. h. cahuilae. Un• '-'-'- I I derwood (1967) discusses and illustrates the visceral anatomy and l visual cells. The hemipenes have not been figured or described. ·.....·_·'4""'\. • DISTRIBUTION.L. humilis inhabits Lower and Upper So• noran life-zones from sea level to over 1500 meters in a variety of habitats, but usually in the vicinity of loose soil and moisture. It occurs from the Big Bend area of West westward to southern , north to southern , southwestern Utah and southcentral New , and south to and , including Santa Catalina, Carmen, Cerralvo and Cedros islands. Distribution maps are in Klauber (1940), Stebbins (1954, 1966), Wright and Wright (1957), Conant (1975), Fowlie (1965), Shaw and Campbell (1974) and Hardy and McDiarmid o 200 (1969). I , • FOSSILRECORD. None.

• PERTINENTLITERATURE. Klauber's (1940) revision is the most comprehensive work on the and ecology of this species, and provides a summary of distributional data and a review of the literature prior to 1940. Brattstrom and Schwenk• meyer (1951) comment on abundance, food habits, parasites, and the effects of moonlight, temperature, and humidity on periods of activity. Wright and Wright (1957) summarize most of the pub• lished life history and ecological data for U.S. subspecies. Fitch (1970) summarizes reproductive data. Punzo (1974) presents de• MAp. Solid circles mark type-localities; open circles are other tailed analysis of food preferences. Mosauer (1936) reports on records. Overlapping patterns indicate areas of intergradation. 232.2

• DIAGNOSIS.Differs from all other races in having a combi• 7. Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber nation of 12 scale rows around the middle of the tail, more than 257 dorsals (257-283, x = 272), 7 to 9 pigmented dorsalmost scale Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber, 1939:67. Type-locality, rows, fifth middorsal scale not much wider, if any, than sixth, "on Chalk Draw, Brewster County, Texas." Holotype, U.S. and 15-21 (x = 17.9) subcaudals. Nat. Mus. 103670, adult, collected by T. F. Smith on 11 Au• gust 1936, sex unknown (not examined by author). 2. Leptotyphlops humilis boettgeri (Werner) • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination of 10 scale rows around the tail, more than 250 dorsals (261-275, Glauconia boettgeri Werner, 1899: 116. Type-locality, "un• x = 271), 12-16 subcaudals (x = 14), and the 7 dorsalmost scale known." Smith and Larsen (1974) restricted the type-locality rows pigmented. to La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. Holotype, Naturhisto• risches Museum, Vienna 15455, adult, sex, date of collec• tion, and collector unknown (not examined by author). 8. Leptotyphlops humilis tenuiculus (Gar• Leptotyphlops humilis slevini Klauber, 1931:338. Type-locality, man) "La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico." Holotype, California Acad. Sci. 53721, adult, collected by J. R. Slevin, 2 June Stenostoma tenuiculum Garman, 1883:5. Type-locality, "San Luis 1921 (not examined by author). Potosi, Mexico." Holotype, Mus. Compo Zool. Harvard Univ. {-eptotyphlops humilis boettgeri: Smith and Larsen, 1974:95. 4519, adult, collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1879, sex unknown (not examined by author). • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination Rena tenuicula: Cope, 1887:91. of 12 scale rows around tail, 5 pigmented dorsal median scale Leptotyphlops humilis tenuiculus: Klauber, 1940:143. rows, less than 270 dorsals (244-269, x = 253), and 12-18 (x = 15) subcaudals. • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination of 10 scale rows around the tail, less than 250 dorsals (210 and 244 in 2 known specimens), and 14 subcaudals. 3. Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber 9. Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931:339. Type-locality, "Yaqui Well, San Diego County, California." Holotype, San Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner, 1938:149. Type-locality, Diego Soc. Natur. Hist. 2637, adult, collected by the County "east of the sugar loaf at Saint George, Washington County, Road Camp on 15 May 1930, sex unknown (not examined by Utah." Holotype, Brigham Young Univ. Mus. 662, adult, col• author). lected by V. M. Tanner and A. Paxam, 28 April 1938, sex unknown (not examined by author). • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination of 12 scale rows around the tail, 5 lightly pigmented dorsalmost • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination scale rows, more than 280 dorsals (280-305, x = 295), and 16-21 of 12 scale rows around the tail, 7 to 9 pigmented dorsalmost (x = 17.4) subcaudals. scale rows, more than 280 dorsals (289-308, x = 300), 17-20 sub• caudals (x = 18.0), fourth middorsal scale often divided longitu• dinally, and fifth dorsal much wider than sixth. 4. Leptotyphlops humilis dugesi (Bocourt) LITERATURECITED Catodon dugesii Bocourt, 1881:81. Type-locality, "Colima, Mexi• Anderson, James D. 1956. A blind snake preyed upon by a scor• co." Syntypes, Mus. Nat. d'Histoire Natur. Paris 1651 (2), pion. Herpetologica 12(4):327. adults, collected by A. Duges, date of collection and sexes Baird, Irvin L. 1970. The anatomy of the reptilian ear, p. 193• unknown (not examined by author). 275. In Carl Gans and Thomas S. Parsons (eds.), Biology of Siagonodon dugesii: Bocourt, 1882:507. the Reptilia, Morphology B, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New Rena dugesii: Cope, 1887:64. York. Leptotyphlops dugesii: Taylor, 1940:538. Baird, Spencer F., and Charles Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North Leptotyphlops humilis dugesii: Klauber, 1940:129. American reptiles in the museum of the Smithsonian Insti• tution. Part I.-Serpents. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 2(5):xvi • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination + 172. of 12 scale rows around the tail, 7 to 9 pigmented dorsalmost Banks, Richard and Wesley M. Farmer. 1963. Observations scale rows, less than 257 dorsals (231-257, x = 242) and more c., on reptiles on Cerralvo Island, Baja California, Mexico. Her• than 15 (x = 17) subcaudals. petologica 18(4):246-249. Banta, Benjamin H. 1953. Some herpetological notes from south• ern Nevada. Herpetologica 9(2):75-76. 5. Leptotyphlops humilis levitoni Murphy Bocourt, M. 1881. Description d'un ophidien opoterodonte ap• Leptotyphlops humilis levitoni Murphy, 1975:94. Type-locality, partenant au genre Catodon. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris "Isla Santa Catalina, Gulf of California, Mexico [26°40'N., (7)5:81--82. - 1882. Etudes sur les reptHes. Mission scientifique au Mexi• 110047'W.]." HolotYJle, California Acad. Sci. 135146, adult, que et dans I'Amerique Ct,ntrale-Recherches zoologiques. collected by Bruce Feldhammer on 24 March 1972, sex un• Livr. 8:489-528. known (not examined by author). Bogert, Charles M., and James A. Oliver. 1945. A preliminary • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination analysis of the herpetofauna of . Bull. Amer. Mus. of 12 scale rows around the tail, 7 to 9 pigmented dorsalmost Natur. Hist. 83(6):297-426. scale rows, 249-250 dorsals, 14 subcaudals in both known spec• Boulenger, George Albert. 1893. Catalogue of the in the imens, and lower nasals not pigmented. British Museum (Natural History), Vol. 1. Taylor and Fran• cis, London. xiii + 448 p. Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1953. An ecological restriction of the type 6. Leptotyphlops humilis lindsayi Murphy locality of the western worm snake, Leptotyphlops h. hu• milis. Herpetologica 8(4):180-181. Leptotyphlops humilis lindsayi Murphy, 1975:96. Type-locality, -, and Richard C. Schwenkmeyer. 1951. Notes on the natural "isla Carmen, Gulf of California, Mexico [25°57'N., 111° history of the worm snake, Leptotyphlops humilis. Herpe• 12'W.]." Holotype, San Diego Soc. Natur. Hist. 44386, adult tologica 7(4):193-196. female, collected by Charles E. Shaw and George E. Lind• Brown, Bryce C., and Lillian M. Brown. 1967. Notable records say on 4 April 1962 (not examined by author). of Tamaulipan snakes. Texas J. Sci. 19(3):323-326. Cochran, Doris M., and Coleman J. Coin. 1970. The new field • DIAGNOSIS.Differs from other races in having a combination book of reptiles and amphibians. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New of 12 scale rows around the tail, 7 to 9 pigmented dorsalmost York. xxii + 359 p. scale rows, infralabials unpigmented in adults, lower nasals pig• Conant, Roger. 1975. A field guide to ·reptiles and amphibians mented, 243 dorsals, and 14 subcaudals in the single specimen of eastern and central North America. Second edition. known. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xviii + 429 p. 232.3

Cope, Edward Drinker. 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and rep• Mosauer, Walter. 1936. The reptilian fauna of sand dune areas tiles of Central America and Mexico. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. of the Vizcaino and of northwestern Lower California. (32):1-98. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (329):1-21. - 1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North Amer• Murphy, Robert W. 1975. Two new blind snakes (Serpentes: ica. Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898:153-1296. Leptotyphlopidae) from Baja California, Mexico with a con• Dessauer, Herbert C. 1970. Blood chemistry of reptiles: Phys• tribution to the biogeography of peninsular and insular her• iological and evolutionary aspects, p. 1-72. In Carl Gans and petofauna. Proc. California Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 40(5):93-107. T. S. Parsons (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Morphology C, Murray, Keith F. 1955. Herpetological collections from Baja Cal• Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York. ifornia. Herpetologica 11(1):33-48. Dixon, James R., Mike Sabbath, and Richard Worthington. Pequegnat, W. E. 1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. 1962. Comments on snakes from central and western Mex• J. Entomol. Zool. (Pomona College) 42(3/4):1~. ico. Herpetologica 18(2):91-100. Peters, James, A., and Braulio Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue Duellman, William E. 1958. A preliminary analysis of the her• oflhe Neotropical Squamata, Part I. Snakes. U.S. Nat. Mus. petofauna of Colima, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Bull. (297, part 1):viii + 347. Michigan (589):1-22. Peters, W. 1857. Diagnosen neuer Amerikanischer. Schlangen. Fitch, Henry S. 1970. Reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1857:402. Univ. Kansas Mus. Natur. Hist. Misc. Publ. (52):1-247. Punzo, Fred. 1974. Comparative analysis of the feeding habits Fowlie, Jack A. 1965. The snakes of . Azul Quinta Press, of two species of Arizona blind snakes, Leptotyphlops h. Fallbrook, California. Iv + 164 p. humilis and Leptotyphlops d. dulcis. J. Herpetol. 8(2):153• Fox, Wade. 1965. A comparison of the male urogenital systems 156. of blind snakes, Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae. Her• Raun, Gerald C., and Frederick R. Gehlbach. 1972. Amphibians petologica 21(4):241-256. and reptiles in Texas: taxonomic synopsis, bibliography, and -, and Herbert C. Dessauer. 1962. The single right oviduct and county distribution maps. Dallas Mus. Natur. Hist. Bull. (2):ii other urogenital structures of female Typhlops and Lepto• + 61. typhlops. Copeia 1962(3):590-597. Ruthven, Alexander G. 1907. A collection of reptiles and am• Fugler, Charles M., and James R. Dixon. 1961. Notes on the phibians from southern New Mexico and Arizona. Bull. herpetofauna of the EI Dorado area of , Mexico. Publ. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. 23(23):483~. Mus. Michigan St. Univ. BioI. Ser. 2(1):1-24. Schmidt, Karl P. 1922. Scientific results of the expedition to the Garman, Samuel. 1883. The reptiles and batrachians of North Gulf of California ... in 1911 .... VIII. The amphibians America. Part 1, Ophidia. Mem. Mus. Compo Zool. 8(3):xxxi and reptiles of Lower California and the neighboring islands. + 185. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. 46(11):607-707. Grinnell, Joseph, and Charles L. Camp. 1917. A distributional -, and D. Dwight Davis. 1941. Field book of snakes of the list of the amphibians and reptiles of California. Univ. Cal• United States and Canada. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. ifornia Publ. Zool. 17(10):127-208. xiii + 365 p. Hahn, Donald E., and Clayton J. May. 1972. Noteworthy Arizona and David W. Owens. 1944. Amphibians and reptiles of herpetofaunal records. Herpetol. Rev. 4(3):91-92. northern , Mexico. Field Mus. Natur. Hist. Zool. Hardy, Laurence M., and Roy W. McDiarmid. 1969. The am• Ser. 29(6):97-115. phibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. -, and Tarleton F. Smith. 1944. Amphibians and reptiles of the Mus. Natur. Hist. 18(3):39-252. Big Bend region of Texas. Field Mus. Natur. Hist. Zool. Ser. Hulse, Arthur C. 1971. Fluoresence in Leptotyphlops humilis 29(5):75-96. (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Southwest. Natur. 16(1):123• Shaw, Charles E., and Sheldon Campbell. 1974. Snakes of the 124. American West. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. xii + 332 p. Jameson, David L., and Alvin G. Flury. 1949. The reptiles and Slevin, Joseph R. 1950. A remarkable concentration of desert amphibians of the Sierra Vieja range of southwestern Texas. snakes. Herpetologica 6(1):12-13. Texas J. Sci. 1(2):54-77. Smith, Hobart M., and Kenneth R. Larsen. 1974. The name of Kassay, Ed. 1957. Evidence of ophiophagy in the night snake. the Baja California Cape wormsnake. Great Basin Natur. Herpetologica 13(3):172. 34(2):94-96. Kay, Fenton R. 1970. Leptotyphlops humilis in Death Valley, -, and Rozella B. Smith. 1976. Synopsis of the herpetofauna of California. Great Basin Natur. 30(2):91-93. Mexico, Vol. 3. Source analysis and index for Mexican rep• Klauber, Laurence M. 1931. Notes on the worm snakes of the tiles. John Johnson, North Bennington, Vermont. 991 p. Southwest, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Trans. Soule, Michael E., and Allan J. Sloan. 1966. Biogeography and San Diego Soc. Natur. Hist. 6(23):333-352. distribution of the reptiles and amphibians on islands in the 1939. A new subspecies of the western worm snake. Ibid. Gulf of California, Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Natur. 9(14):67~8. Hist. 14(11):137-156. 1940. The worm snakes of the genus Leptotyphlops in the Stebbins, Robert C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of western United States and northern Mexico. Ibid. 9(18):87-162. North America. McGraw-Hill, New York. xxii + 528 p. Langebartel, David A., and Hobart M. Smith. 1954. Summary - 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. of the Norris collection of reptiles and amphibians from So• Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xiv + 279 p. nora, Mexico. Herpetologica 10(2):125-136. Tanner, Vasco M. 1938. A new subspecies of worm snake from Leviton, Alan E. 1972. Reptiles and amphibians of North Amer• Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 15:149-150. ica. Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York. 252 p. Tanner, Wilmer W., and W. Gerald Robison, Jr. 1960. A col• -, and Benjamin H. Banta. 1964. Midwinter reconnaissance of lection of herptiles from Urique, . Great Basin the herpetofauna of the Cape region of Baja California, Mex• Natur. 19(4):75~2. ico. Proc. California Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 30(7):127-156. Taylor, Edward H. 1939. On North American snakes of the ge• Lewis, Thomas Howard. 1950. The herpetofauna of the Tularosa nus Leptotyphlops. Copeia 1939(1):1-7. Basin and Organ Mountains of New Mexico with notes on - 1940. Herpetological miscellany no. I. Univ. Kansas Sci. some ecological features of the Chihuahuan Desert. Herpe• Bull. 26(15):489-571. tologica 6(1):1-10. Twining, Howard, and E. E. Horn. 1941. Extension of range of Linsdale, Jean M. 1932. Amphibians and reptiles from Lower the western worm snake. Copeia 1941(3):181-182. California. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 38(6):345-386. Underwood, Garth. 1967. A contribution to the classification of List, James C. 1955. External limb vestiges in Leptotyphlops. snakes. British Mus. (Natur. Hist.), London. x + 179 p. Herpetologica 11(1):15-16. - 1970. The eye, p. 1-97. In Carl Gans and T. S. Parsons - 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlop• (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 2, Morphology B. Academic idae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois BioI. Monogr. (36):1-112. Press, New York. McCoy, Clarence J., Jr. 1964. Notes on snakes from northern Van Denburgh, John. 1897. The reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Mexico. Southwest. Natur. 9(1):46-48. Great Basin. An account of the species known to inhabit McDowell, Samuel 8., Jr. 1972. The evolution of the tongue of California, and Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Nevada. snakes, and its bearing on snake origins, p. 191-273. In T. Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci. (5):1-236. Dobzhansky, M. Hecht and W. Steere (eds.), Evolutionary 1912. Notes on a collection of reptiles from southern Cali• biology, Vol. 6. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. fornia and Arizona. Proc. California Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 3:147• Miller, Malcolm R. 1968. The cochlear duct of snakes. Proc. 154. California Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 35(19):425-476. 1922. The reptiles of western North America. Vol. II. 232.4

Snakes and turtles. Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci. Smith. 1%1. Snakes from northern Mexico. Natur. Hist. (10):615-1028. Misc. Chicago Acad. Sci. (177):1-8. 1924. Notes on the herpetology of New Mexico with a list of Wright, Albert Hazen, and Anna AIlen Wright. 1957. Handbook species known from that State. Proc. California Acad. Sci. of snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock Pub!. ser. 4, 13(12):189-230. Assoc., Ithaca, New York, 2 vols. xxvii + 1105 p. -, and Joseph R. Slevin. 1913. A list of the amphibians and Zweifel, Richard G. 1954. Notes on the distribution of some reptiles of Arizona, with notes on the species in the collection reptiles in western Mexico. Herpetologica 10(3):145-149. of the Academy. Proc. California Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 3:391• 1959. Additions to the herpetofauna of , Mexico. 454. Amer. Mus. Novitates (1953):1-13. -, and - 1914. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands of the west coast of North America. Ibid. 4(5):129-152. DONALDE. HAHN,MARCUSJ. LAWRENCEMEMORIALHOSPITAL, Vitt, Laurie J., and Arthur C. Hulse. 1973. Observations of feed• COTTONWOOD,ARIZONA86326. ing habits and tail display of the Sonoran coral snake, Mi• cruroides euryxanthus. Herpetologica 29(4):302-304. Primary editor for this account, Larry David Wilson. Werner, F. 1899. Beschreibung einiger neuer ScWangen und Batrachier. Zoo!. Anz. 22:114-117. Published 6 September 1979 by the SOCIETYFORTHE STUDYOF Williams, Kenneth L., Pete S. Chrapliwy, and Hobart M. AMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES.