DOCSLIB.ORG

Silent Brain Infarction: a Quiet Predictor of Future Stroke

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Silent Brain Infarction: a Quiet Predictor of Future Stroke Precision and Future Medicine 2018;2(4):167-174 REVIEW https://doi.org/10.23838/pfm.2018.00086 ARTICLE pISSN: 2508-7940 · eISSN: 2508-7959 Silent brain infarction: a quiet predictor of future stroke 1,2 Oh Young Bang 1 Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 2 Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Received: July 16, 2018 Revised: July 27, 2018 Accepted: August 1, 2018 ABSTRACT A silent brain infarct (SBI) is defined as imaging or neuropathological evidence of brain Corresponding author: Oh Young Bang infarction without a history of acute neurological dysfunction attributable to the lesion. Department of Neurology, The number of patients with SBIs is estimated as several-fold higher than the number Samsung Medical Center, with clinical stroke. In addition, SBIs have important clinical implications. The presence Sungkyunkwan University of SBIs more than doubles the risk of subsequent stroke and dementia. Although most School of Medicine, 81 Irwon- SBIs are lacunes, for which hypertensive small vessel disease is thought to be the main ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, cause, some of them could be embolic in origin. The pathological mechanisms of SBIs Korea and most effective strategies for prevention of future stroke may differ depending on Tel: +82-2-3410-3599 the cause of the SBI. The literature reviewed and cases presented herein underscore the E-mail: need for application of appropriate workups and therapeutic strategies in patients with [email protected] SBIs. In this review, the definition, causes, and clinical impact of SBIs are discussed, to- gether with the questions that remain open and recent advances (e.g., machine learn- ing techniques) in the study of SBIs. Keywords: Brain ischemia; Etiology; Silent brain infarction; Stroke; Stroke subtype INTRODUCTION: DO I HAVE A SILENT STROKE? Nowadays, the role of imaging in stroke diagnosis is increasing and magnetic resonance imag- ing (MRI) is becoming more widely available. Three healthy-appearing women in their 60s visit- ed an outpatient clinic with brain MRI scans taken as part of a health checkup. All of them were concerned about abnormal findings on their MRIs, and asked whether they had brain infarcts. The first woman (case A), with no vascular risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes, had a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scan showing small spots in the white matter. How- ever, no signal changes were observed in T1- and T2-weighted images, and she was reassured that the MRI findings were unidentified bright objects (UBOs), indicating nonspecific white This is an Open Access article matter changes (Fig. 1A). The second woman (case B), who had hypertension, showed leuko- distributed under the terms of the araiosis in the periventricular white matter and deep brain areas, which are often seen in the Creative Commons Attribution normal elderly but are also seen in association with vascular risk factors or in the context of Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/ cognitive impairment (Fig. 1B) [1]. The third woman (case C) showed silent brain infarctions by-nc/4.0/). (SBIs) in deep brain areas on FLAIR (Fig. 1C). Unlike UBO, these SBIs appeared hyperintense on Copyright © 2018 Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 167 Silent brain infarct: an update T2- and hypointense on T1-weighted images. The magnetic Patients may have silent but acute brain infarcts that can be resonance (MR) angiography showed normal findings, sug- embolic in origin. A 62-year-old apparently healthy woman gesting that SBI was caused by microangiopathy. (case D) with a history of migraine headache underwent Case A Case B Case C A B C Fig. 1. Subclinical brain lesions: (A) unidentified bright objects, (B) leukoaraiosis, and (C) silent brain infarct. Case D Case E A B Fig. 2. Silent acute and chronic brain infarcts caused by (A) paradoxical and (B) aortogenic embolism. See details on the text. FLAIR, fluid- attenuated inversion recovery; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; CTA, computed tomographic angiogram; TCD, transcranial Doppler. 168 http://pfmjournal.org Oh Young Bang brain MRI for her chronic headaches. MRI showed silent small patients in selected series [2,3]. Patients with acute stroke or cortical infarcts on FLAIR imaging and also multiple silent but coronary artery disease show a high prevalence of SBI [2,3]. acute small cortical infarcts on diffusion-weighted imaging The sizes of SBIs are variable, but they are usually smaller (DWI) (Fig. 2A). Coronary computed tomographic angiogram than clinical stroke infarcts. Beside the size, other factors (CTA) showed a contrast agent jet from the left atrium to the may also determine the presence or absence of clinical right atrium toward the inferior vena cava, suggesting that symptoms at the time of brain infarct, including location of her chronic and acute SBI was caused by paradoxical embo- the infarct within the primary motor, sensory, or language lism (arrow in left lower image, Fig. 2A). Agitated saline tran- areas of the brain, the severity of ischemic injury, and the scranial Duplex monitoring diagnosed paradoxical embolism presence of preexisting brain injury. For example, cortical le- based on the intracranial detection of intravenously injected sions in posterior border zones may be asymptomatic, microemboli (right lower image, Fig. 2A). A 72-year-old man whereas smaller cortical lesions in the hand knob area of the (case E) with a history of hypertension and current smoking motor cortex could cause severe hand weakness. Likewise, a underwent brain MRI for progressive visual disturbance. MRI small new SBI could be symptomatic if patients had preexist- showed multiple chronic infarcts in bilateral cortical border ing leukoaraiosis or stroke. zones on FLAIR and acute small cortical infarcts on DWI (Fig. The MRI diagnostic criteria for SBI remain to be settled. A re- 2B). Coronary CTA showed protruding ulcerative plaques on view of MRI diagnostic criteria for SBI found substantial vari- the aortic arch (arrow in lower image, Fig. 2B). Antiplatelet ability among 45 studies of this issue [4]. According to that re- agents and a high-intensity statin were started to prevent view, the majority used a size threshold of ≥ 3 mm, with ex- aortoembolism. cellent reliability. SBIs should be differentiated from white The cases presented above demonstrate that not all brain matter hyperintensities or leukoaraiosis, which are often con- lesions are SBIs (case A and B), and that the causes of SBIs sidered to be secondary to ischemia, but may also reflect could be lacunar (case C) or embolic (cases D and E). non-ischemic pathology, including edema, inflammation, de- myelination, and gliosis [2]. Proposed criteria for SBI include DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SBI the presence of three types of lesions on MRI: (1) a focus demonstrating restricted diffusion (DWI-positive), (2) a cavi- SBI is defined as imaging or neuropathological evidence of tary lesion, or (3) T2 hyperintense/T1 hypointense lesions [5]. brain infarction without a history of acute neurological dys- Unlike SBIs, white matter hyperintensities show isointensity function attributable to the lesion [2]. MRI-defined SBIs are on T1-weighted images. Recent American Stroke/Heart Asso- detected in 20% of healthy elderly people and up to 50% of ciation guidelines suggest minimum MRI acquisition stan- At surface Documented by history taking and Clinical stroke neurological examination 1. Recurrence of stroke mostly by Documented by Subclinical stroke the same mechanism of SBIs neuropsychological testing Below surface Documented by conventional 2. Accumulation of SBIs Silent brain infarct neuroimages (FLAIR, T1, T2 changes) 3. Decline of microcirculation Documented by advanced neuroimaging techniques Subtle brain injury (Changes in DTI, FLAIR value (normal appearing WM) [texture analysis], and dynamic a) Reversible contrast-enhanced FLAIR) Fig. 3. Schematic overview of silent to clinically apparent cerebral infarcts. SBI, silent brain infarct; WM, white matter; FLAIR, fluid- a) attenuated inversion recovery; DTI, diffusion tensor image. To demonstrate the blood-brain barrier disruption. https://doi.org/10.23838/pfm.2018.00086 169 Silent brain infarct: an update dards for the diagnosis of SBIs [6]. However, recent neuro- cerebellar areas, suggesting that SBIs of small vessel disease pathological studies and serial MRI studies showed that SBIs origin contribute more to the development of dementia than could underlie the development of leukoaraiosis and white SBIs of embolic origin. matter hyperintensity, suggesting that clear differentiation of Careful examination for covert symptoms and subtle but white matter changes from SBI may not be possible [7-9]. Fig. clinically detectable neurological abnormalities is needed in 3 shows the overview of silent to clinical apparent cerebral in- patients presumed to have SBIs. Although SBIs, by definition, farcts. Clinical stroke is only the emerging part of the iceberg. lack clinically overt symptoms, they are associated with sub- SBI and more recently introduced the normal appearing tle deficits in brain functions that commonly go unnoticed. white matter are the hidden part of the iceberg. The normal Whether SBIs are truly asymptomatic is still a subject of de- appearing white matter is associated with subtle, reversible bate [21]. Elderly individuals and their family often are not brain injury
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Epidemiology of Silent Brain Infarction: a Systematic Review of Population-Based Cohorts Jonathon P Fanning1,2*, Andrew a Wong1,3 and John F Fraser1,2
    Fanning et al. BMC Medicine 2014, 12:119 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/12/119 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The epidemiology of silent brain infarction: a systematic review of population-based cohorts Jonathon P Fanning1,2*, Andrew A Wong1,3 and John F Fraser1,2 Abstract Background: Cerebral infarction is a commonly observed radiological finding in the absence of corresponding, clinical symptomatology, the so-called silent brain infarction (SBI). SBIs are a relatively new consideration as improved imaging has facilitated recognition of their occurrence. However, the true incidence, prevalence and risk factors associated with SBI remain controversial. Methods: Systematic searches of the Medline and EMBASE databases from 1946 to December 2013 were performed to identify original studies of population-based adult cohorts derived from community surveys and routine health screening that reported the incidence and prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-determined SBI. Results: The prevalence of SBI ranges from 5% to 62% with most studies reported in the 10% to 20% range. Longitudinal studies suggest an annual incidence of between 2% and 4%. A strong association was seen to exist between epidemiological estimates of SBI and age of the population assessed. Hypertension, carotid stenosis, chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome all showed a strong association with SBI. Heart failure, coronary artery disease, hyperhomocysteinemia and obstructive sleep apnea are also likely of significance. However, any association between SBI and gender, ethnicity, tobacco or alcohol consumption, obesity, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus remains unclear. Conclusions: SBI is a remarkably common phenomenon and endemic among older people. This systematic review supports the association of a number of traditional vascular risk factors, but also highlights disparities between clinically apparent and silent strokes, potentially suggesting important differences in pathophysiology and warranting further investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Factors for Recurrent Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children and Young Adults
    brain sciences Review Risk Factors for Recurrent Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children and Young Adults Beata Sarecka-Hujar 1,* and Ilona Kopyta 2 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland 2 Department of Paediatric Neurology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-32-269-9820 Received: 14 November 2019; Accepted: 30 December 2019; Published: 2 January 2020 Abstract: Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) experienced at a young age is undoubtedly a serious medical problem. AIS very rarely occurs at a developmental age, whereas in young adults, it occurs with a higher frequency. The etiologic mechanisms of AIS occurring in childhood and adulthood differ. However, for both age populations, neurological consequences of AIS, including post-stroke seizures, motor disability, and recurrence of the disease, are connected to many years of care, rehabilitation, and treatment. Recurrent stroke was observed to increase the risk of patients’ mortality. One of the confirmed risk factors for recurrent stroke in children is the presence of vasculopathies, especially Moyamoya disease and syndrome, and focal cerebral arteriopathy of childhood (FCA). FCA causes a 5-fold increase in the risk of recurrent stroke in comparison with idiopathic AIS. In turn, young adults with recurrent stroke were found to more often suffer from hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or peripheral artery disease than young patients with first-ever stroke. Some reports also indicate relationships between specific genetic polymorphisms and AIS recurrence in both age groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Inadequate Knowledge About Sickle Cell Disease Among African
    Michael R. DeBaun MD, MPH Director of Vanderbilt, Meharry Center of Excellence for Sickle Disease Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Questions • What is the impact of primary stroke prevention in children with SCD? • What is the impact of blood transfusion therapy on secondary stroke prevention? – Should we increase the threshold from 30% to 50% • Should we perform exchange transfusion therapy at initial presentation for focal neurological examination? • How common is silent stroke and how should we transfuse for silent strokes? Changing Epidemiology of Overt Strokes prior to 1998 Changing Epidemiology of Overt Strokes After 1998 Estimated Hazard Function based on recent literature and after routine use of TCD ; J Pediatr. 2010 Apr 29. 18 year old with hemoglobin SS is seen in the ED for an acute neurological deficit. What should be the initial management? A. Simple transfusion only B. Exchange transfusion only with the goal to decrease hemoglobin S level less than 30% C. Simple transfusion and exchange transfusion with a goal to decrease hemoglobin S levels to less than 30% Treatment of Acute Stroke • Goals of treatment of acute stroke – Restore cerebral blood flow – Maximize tissue oxygen delivery – Reverse neurological injury – Prevent further neurological injury • Methods of treatment – Simple blood transfusion – Exchange blood transfusion (manual exchange vs. erythrocytapheresis) Consequence of Stroke in SCD • High Recurrence Rate (Progressive) • Motor, Speech, Sensory Impairment • Cognitive
    [Show full text]
  • Atrial Fibrillation and Silent Stroke: Links, Risks, and Challenges
    Vascular Health and Risk Management Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Atrial fibrillation and silent stroke: links, risks, and challenges Kathrin Hahne¹ Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with a projected Gerold Mönnig2 number of 1 million affected subjects in Germany. Changes in age structure of the Western Alexander Samol¹ population allow for the assumption that the number of concerned people is going to be doubled, maybe tripled, by the year 2050. Large epidemiological investigations showed that AF leads to a ¹Division of Cardiology, 2Division of Electrophysiology, Department of significant increase in mortality and morbidity. Approximately one-third of all strokes are caused Cardiovascular Medicine, University by AF and, due to thromboembolic cause, these strokes are often more severe than those caused Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany by other etiologies. Silent brain infarction is defined as the presence of cerebral infarction in the absence of corresponding clinical symptomatology. Progress in imaging technology simplifies diagnostic procedures of these lesions and leads to a large amount of diagnosed lesions, but For personal use only. there is still no final conclusion about frequency, risk factors, and clinical relevance of these infarctions. The prevalence of silent strokes in patients with AF is higher compared to patients without AF, and several studies reported high incidence rates of silent strokes after AF ablation procedures. While treatment strategies to prevent clinically apparent strokes in patients with AF are well investigated, the role of anticoagulatory treatment for prevention of silent infarctions is unclear. This paper summarizes developments in diagnosis of silent brain infarction and its context to AF.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Cerebrovascular Disease
    Managing Cerebrovascular Disease An Educational Slide Set American Society of Hematology 2020 Guidelines for Sickle Cell Disease Slide Set Authors: Ahmar U. Zaidi, MD, Children’s Hospital of Michigan and Michael R. DeBaun, MD, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Clinical Guidelines American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: cerebrovascular disease in children and adults M. R. DeBaun, L. C. Jordan, A. A. King, J. Schatz, E. Vichinsky, C. K. Fox, R. C. McKinstry, P. Telfer, M. A. Kraut, L. Daraz, F. J. Kirkham, M. H. Murad https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article/4/8/1554/454384/ American-Society-of-Hematology-2020-guidelines-for ASH Clinical Practice Guidelines on SCD 1. Cardiopulmonary and Kidney Disease 2. Transfusion Support 3. Cerebrovascular Disease 4. Acute and Chronic Pain 5. Stem Cell Transplantation How were these ASH guidelines developed? PANEL FORMATION CLINICAL QUESTIONS EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS MAKING Each guideline panel 10 clinically-relevant Evidence summary RECOMMENDATIONS was formed following questions generated in generated for each PICO Recommendations these key criteria: PICO format (population, question via systematic intervention, comparison, made by guideline • Balance of expertise outcome) review of health effects panel members based (including disciplines plus: on evidence for all beyond hematology, • Resource use factors. and patients) • Feasibility • Close attention to Example: PICO question • Acceptability minimization and “Should automated red cell • Equity management of exchange vs simple transfusion • Patient values and conflicts of interest or manual red cell exchange be preferences used for patients with SCD receiving chronic transfusions?” How to use these recommendations Key terms in SCD stroke • Stroke – acute neurologic injury of the brain, retina, or spinal cord that occurs as a result of ischemia or hemorrhage that last longer than 24 hours (World Health Organization Bull World Health Organ.
    [Show full text]
  • C-Reactive Protein and Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS Dissertation submitted to THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI In fulfilment of the regulations for the award of the degree of Doctor of Medicine in General Medicine DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE P.S.G INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & RESEARCH THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU APRIL 2016 C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS Dissertation submitted to The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai In fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Medicine in General Medicine Under the guidance of PROFESSOR. SUJAYA MENON, M.D., DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE P.S.G INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & RESEARCH, COIMBATORE THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU APRIL 2016 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS” is the bonafide original work of Dr. NANUBALA SIVA KRISHNA in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in General Medicine. Signature of the guide Dr. SUJAYA MENON, M.D., Professor of Medicine Department of General Medicine PSG IMS&R, Coimbatore-04. ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, DEAN / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS” is the bonafide original research work of Dr. NANUBALA SIVA KRISHNA under the guidance of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudotumor Cerebri in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: a Case Series
    Pseudotumor Cerebri in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Series Michael Henry, MD*; M. Catherine Driscoll, MD*; Marijean Miller, MD‡; Taeun Chang, MD§; and Caterina P. Minniti, MD* ABSTRACT. Headache is a frequent symptom in sickle Approximately 10% of SCD patients will have a clin- cell disease (SCD) that usually is attributable to anemia ical stroke by the age of 20 years,6 and an additional or cerebrovascular disease. We report 3 pediatric patients 22% can have a clinically silent stroke detected by with SCD (1 patient with SCD-SC and 2 patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).7,8 Regardless of SCD-SS) who presented with headache and were diag- whether it is clinically evident, stroke in SCD can nosed with pseudotumor cerebri (PC). All 3 patients had cause neurocognitive deficits and associated learning elevated opening pressures during a lumbar puncture 9 with normal cerebrospinal fluid studies. Magnetic reso- impairment. nance imaging revealed no evidence of hydrocephalus or The most common ophthalmologic complications arteriopathy in all 3 cases. Magnetic resonance veno- of SCD include retinopathy,10,11 vitreous hemor- grams performed in 2 of the patients at diagnosis re- rhage,11 and retinal artery occlusion.10,12,13 When con- vealed no evidence of cerebral sinus thrombosis. Each sidered together, ophthalmologic and neurologic patient received a thorough ophthalmologic examina- complications comprise a large portion of the com- tion. A diagnostic funduscopic examination revealed bi- plications of SCD. lateral papilledema without signs of retinopathy in all 3 Pseudotumor cerebri (PC), or benign intracranial patients. There were no clinically significant changes in hypertension, is a rare syndrome defined by in- visual acuity or abnormalities of color vision in any creased intracranial pressure in the absence of a patient.
    [Show full text]
  • Stroke in the Young
    Stroke Research and Treatment Stroke in the Young Guest Editors: Halvor Naess, Turgut Tatlisumak, and Janika Kõrv Stroke in the Young Stroke Research and Treatment Stroke in the Young Guest Editors: Halvor Naess, Turgut Tatlisumak, and Janika Korv˜ Copyright © 2011 SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in volume 2011 of “Stroke Research and Treatment.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Alison Baird, USA Cathy Helgason, USA David Russell, Norway Daniel Bereczki, Hungary Carlos S. Kase, USA Stefan Schwab, Germany Natan M. Bornstein, Israel Scott E. Kasner, USA Veronika Skvortsova, Russia Raymond T. Cheung, Hong Kong ChelseaS.Kidwell,USA Michael A. Sloan, USA G. A. Donnan, Australia David S. Liebeskind, USA Helmuth Steinmetz, Germany V. L. Feˇıgin, New Zealand Christopher S. Ogilvy, USA Graham S. Venables, UK Masayuki Fujioka, Japan Bruce Ovbiagele, USA Daniel Woo, USA G. J. Hankey, Australia David Reutens, Australia Osama O. Zaidat, USA Contents Stroke in the Young, Halvor Naess, Turgut Tatlisumak, and Janika Korv˜ Volume 2011, Article ID 271979, 2 pages Ischemic Stroke in Infants and Children: Practical Management in Emergency, Sara Ciccone, Michela Cappella, and Caterina Borgna-Pignatti Volume 2011, Article ID 736965, 8 pages Treatment Challenges in Pediatric Stroke Patients,A.Yılmaz,S.Teber,O.¨ Bektas¸,N.Akar,L.Z.Uysal, E. Aksoy, and G. Deda Volume 2011, Article ID 534362, 9 pages Pediatric Stroke: Clinical Findings and Radiological Approach, Giuseppe Lanni, Alessia Catalucci, Laura Conti, Alessandra Di Sibio, Amalia Paonessa, and Massimo Gallucci Volume 2011, Article ID 172168, 11 pages Diabetic Ketoacidosis-Associated Stroke in Children and Youth, Jennifer Ruth Foster, Gavin Morrison, and Douglas D.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Patients with Silent Brain Infarction
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:317–321 317 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.65.3.317 on 1 September 1998. Downloaded from Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with silent brain infarction: occult misery perfusion in the cerebral cortex Hiroshi Nakane, Setsuro Ibayashi, Kenichiro Fujii, Seizo Sadoshima, Katsumi Irie, Takanari Kitazono, Masatoshi Fujishima Abstract Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques Objectives—Silent brain infarction (SBI) have disclosed frequent silent brain infarctions is of growing interest as a possible risk (SBIs). Many reports have focused on the factor for symptomatic stroke. Although morphological characteristics of SBIs. Silent morphological characteristics of SBI have brain infarctions are usually located in the basal been well defined, their characteristic ganglia,1–4 and the size and number of SBIs are patterns of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and less than those of symptomatic brain 25 metabolism are in dispute. The purpose of infarctions. Aging, hypertension, and atrial 2–467 this study was to elucidate CBF and fibrillation are closely related to SBIs. metabolism in patients with SBI in rela- Moreover, nocturnal hypotension may play an 89 tion to symptomatic stroke. important part in the development of SBIs. Whether SBIs a ect cognitive function,510 Methods—The patients underwent PET V recurrence of vascular disease,11 12 residual and were separated into three groups; 51314 511 control group (C group), with no lesions handicap, and mortality is still contro- on CT (n=9, mean age 57), SBI group, with versial. Thus it is important to evaluate changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and no neurological signs or history of stroke, metabolism among patients with SBIs in com- but with ischaemic lesions on CT (n=9, parison with those with symptomatic brain inf- mean age 63), and brain infarction group arction or control patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Silent Cerebral Infarction in Patients with Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Mark Louis Meyer Yale University
    Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library School of Medicine 1994 Silent cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation Mark Louis Meyer Yale University Follow this and additional works at: http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ymtdl Recommended Citation Meyer, Mark Louis, "Silent cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation" (1994). Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. 2929. http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ymtdl/2929 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Medicine at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HU VALE MEDICAL LIBRARY UMI 3 9002 08676 1112 HARVEY CUSHING / JOHN HAY WHITNEY MEDICAL LIBRARY MANUSCRIPT THESES Unpublished theses submitted for the Master's and Doctor's degrees and deposited in the Medical Library are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. Bibliographical references may be noted, but passages must not be copied without permission of the authors, and without proper credit being given in subsequent written or published work. This thesis by has been used by the following persons, whose signatures attest their acceptance of the above restrictions. NAME AND ADDRESS DATE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from The National Endowment for the Humanities and the Arcadia Fund https://archive.org/details/silentcerebralinOOmeye SILENT CEREBRAL INFARCTION IN PATIENTS WITH NONRHEUMATIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION A Thesis submitted to the Yale University School of Medicine in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine by Mark Louis Meyer 1994 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Silent Stroke in Kurdistan, Iraq
    Prevalence of silent stroke in Kurdistan, Iraq Ehsan K. Al-Shimmery, FICMS, DCN/UCL/UK, Saddam H. Amein, MBChB, MD, Namir G. Al-Tawil, MBChB, FICMS/CM. ABSTRACT of affected individuals was significantly higher than the age of the non-affected individuals. اﻷهداف: قياس حدوث اجللطات الدماغية الصامتة في سكان Conclusions: The percentage of silent infarcts among apparently normal individuals in the Kurdish كردستان، العراق وبحث عوامل اخلطر للجلطات الدماغية population is around 19%, and physicians must الصامتة. always keep this diagnosis in mind, especially among .hypertensive and older aged patients الطريقة: أجريت دراسة مقطعية في املستشفى التعليمي رزكاري – أربيل – العراق خﻻل الفترة من يناير حتى يونيو Neurosciences 2010; Vol. 15 (3): 167-171 2009م. حضرت العينة املختارة من 200 مريض العيادة اخلارجية. CT From the Neurology Division (Al-Shimmery), and the Community Medicine Division (Al-Tawil), Department of Medicine, College of مت حتليل نتائج تصوير الكمبيوتر ، وتصوير الرنني املغناطيس MRI( Medicine, Hawler Medical University, and the Department of Neurology ،وقياس (نسبة اجللطة الدماغية. متت مقابلة املرضى (Amein), Emergency Hospital, Erbil, Iraq. لفحص ظهور ارتفاع ضغط الدم، والسكر، ومرض إقفار القلب، .Received 5th December 2009. Accepted 9th March 2010 وتناول الكحول، والتدخني. كما مت قياس مؤشر كتلة اجلسم، ,Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Ehsan K. Al-Shimmery ومستويات الدهن. Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected] النتائج: من بني 200 فرد ظهرت اجللطة الصامت بنسبة 19%، وأظهر التحليل اﻹحصائي اللوجستي عﻻقة مهمة بني ارتفاع -troke is defined as the sudden occurrence of a non ضغط الدم، وزيادة العمر مع ظهور اجللطة الصامتة.
    [Show full text]
  • EBRSR: Secondary Prevention of Stroke
    EBRSR [Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation] 8 Secondary Prevention of Stroke Katherine Salter PhD (cand.), Robert Teasell MD, Norine Foley MSc, Adam Hopfgartner MSc (cand.), Jennifer Mandzia MD, Shannon Janzen MSc, Danielle Rice BA, Mark Speechley PhD Last Updated: September 2016 Abstract The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada has estimated that there are approximately 400,000 individuals living with the effects of stroke (Statistics Canada, 2011). While there is disagreement among studies assessing the relative cost associated with secondary compared to first-ever stroke, recurrent strokes appear to contribute a disproportionate share to the overall national burden of stroke, principally due to costs associated with long-term disability (e.g. nursing home care and re-hospitalization). The secondary prevention of stroke includes strategies used to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence among patients who had previously presented with a stroke or TIA. Management strategies, which should be specific to the underlying etiology, include risk factor modification, the use of antithrombotic or anticoagulant drugs, carotid surgery, endovascular treatments. The present review provides information on risk factor management programs, management of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, the role of infection, lifestyle modification (diet, smoking, use of alcohol, physical activity) as well as treatment for atherosclerosis and cardiac abnormalities (e.g. atrial fibrillation) and reperfusion techniques. The review may be downloaded in
    [Show full text]