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Title Quaternary Rodent Faunas in the Japanese Islands (Part 2) Title Quaternary Rodent Faunas in the Japanese Islands (Part 2) Author(s) Kawamura, Yoshinari Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Citation geology and mineralogy (1989), 54(1-2): 1-235 Issue Date 1989-03-20 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/186663 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University MEMolRs oF THE FAcuL ry oF SclENcE, KyoTo UNIvERslTy, SERIEs oF GEoL. & MrNERA,L., Vol. LIV, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 1-235, pls. 1-26, March, 1989 Quaternary Rodent Faunas in the Japanese Islands (Part 2) By YosHINARI KAWAMURA* (Manuscript R eceived 25 April, 1987; Accepted 25 August, 1987) Contents (Continued) VII. Systematics-Continued Family Muridae .......................,......,,..... --- . .1 GenusAPodemus .........................,..... --- . , . .2 APodemussPeciosus(TEMMiNcK) .....•- .15 --- . ' . .58 APodemusargenteus(TEMMiNcK) ....... ny --- . ' . Genus Tokudaia ....................,.......... .86 --- . ' . Tokudaia osimensis (ABE) ..,..,.......... .86 --- . ny . GenusDiPlothrix ....................,.......... 102 --- . ' . Diplothrix legata (THoMAs) ..,...•..••.• 102 --- . Genus Rattas .......................,......,,..... 110 --- . Rattus norvegicus (BERKENHouT) ,,..... 116 --- . ny . Rattus aff. norvegicus (BERKENHouT) . 119 . ' . Rattus sp. ...........................,,..... 123 . ' . FamilyGliridae.............................,.......... l25 --- . Genus Gliralus ...........................,...... 126 --- . Glirttlusj'aPonicus (ScHiNz) ..,.......... 128 . ' . VIII. Faunal Succession ..............................,,..... 157 . IX. Summary .............H..................."..,.."...... 162 --- . ny . ' Acknowledgements ......................................,...,...... 165 --- . ` . ny . References..................................................,.......... 167 --- . ny . , . Plates............................,...............................,-•..•• 18i+ . ' ny . Family Muridae GRAy, 1821 Key to the genera of the Japanese murids Six murid genera such as APodemus, Tokudaia, Diplothrix, Rattus, Microm2s and Mus are known from the presentJapan. Among these, the first four are recorded as fossils. The key based on dental characters is given below. 1. Posterostyle always present in Mi and M2; posterior cingulum usually present in the same teeth; medial anteroconid always present in Mi ..............,..................•.....•..•..............-•.•...•.••• 2 - Posterostyle and posterior cingulum absent from Mi and M2; medial anteroconid also absent from Mi ............................-.".."..".."."..".."............."..."....."..........h..H"."H.... 3 * Present address: Department ofEarth Sciences, Aichi University ofEducation, Kariya, Aichi Pref. "8, Japan 2 KAwAIMuRA, Y. 2. Size larger; molars remarkably hypsodont; Mi with four roots; labial anterocone always absent from M2; anterior lamina of Mi trifolium-shaped, but usually more complicate than that of APodemus; two buccal accessory cusps present in Mi; Mi with two roots; labial anteroconid present inM3•-•-i•J-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-•..................••••..........................Tokudaia Size medium to small; hypsodonty medium (crown height of molars much lower than that of Tokudaia); Mi almost always three- or four-rootedj labial anterocone of M2 variable; anterior lamina of lvli trifolium-shaped ; number ofbuccal accessory cusps usually more than that of Tokudaia ; Mi with two roots; labial anteroconid usually absent from M3. ..............,........,......Apodemus Size small (smaller than APodemus); crown height of molars slightly lower than that of Apodemus; general molar patterns somewhat more cuspidate than those of Tokudaia and APedemus; cusps of each molar less swollen than those of the two genera; Mi with five roots; labial anterocone present in M2; anterior and middle laminas of Mi easily connecting at their medial parts tD form "X- pattern"; in Mi, medial anteroconid small and separated from the anterior lamina; buccal accessory cusps ofMi slender and continuous; Mi with three roots; labial anteroconid present in Ms; hitherto unknown as fossils. .........,...,......,.......,.......,.........,.•..•.....-.,•-........:......•••J••••-•Micromu8 3. Size much larger; Mi with five roots; MS and M3 relatively large; "X-pattern" of Mi not easily formed; one or two buccal accessory cusps present in Mi (mostly one); one buccal accessory cusp in M2; labial anteroconid usually present in M3. ............................................................ 4 Size much smaller; Mi with three roots; MS and Ms relatively small; "X-pattern" of Mi easily formed; Mi and l)vl2 without buccal accessory cusps; labial anteroconid absent from Ms; hitherto unknown as fossils. .......,...,.......,...,..........................,..........................................Mus 4. Size remarkably large; M3 with more complicate structure. .................................Diplothrix Size smaller; M3 with simple structure. .....,..,.....................•...................••-••••••....Rattus Genus Apodemus KAup, 1829 Three species ofthe genus APodemus are known from the presentJapanese Islands. They are A. speciosus (TEMMiNcK), A, argenteus (TEMMiNcK) and A. giliacus (THoMAs). The first two species are also known as fossils, as described below. The last species is restricted to the present Hokkaido. As far as their body sizes are concerned, A. speciosus is the largest ofthe three, whereas A. argenteus is the smallest (Figs. 161-166). These species have the following osteological and dental characters in common. Characters The size is medium to small in the Palaearctic murids. The skull bears the general features of the murids without any modification (Fig. 171). The dorsal surface of the skull is smooth. The rostrum is generally elongated, but its relative length varies from species to species. The nasals gradually taper backward and reach the position of the anterior border of the orbit. The interorbital region is flattened, and has nearly the same width as the rostrum. The supraorbital or lateral ridges are absent or weak. The incisive foramina are slender and parallel-sided. They terminate somewhat anterior to the position of the anterior face of Mi. The mandible also has no peculiar morphological modifications (Figs. 174 and 182). The lateral outline of the diastema gently ascends towards Mi. The mental foramen opens on the buccal face somewhat anterior to the anterior root of Mi. The symphyseal eminence is usually inconspicuous. The upper masseteric crest is Quaternary Rodent Faunas in the Japanese Islands (Part 2) 3 absent. However the lower masseteric crest is well-defined and extends from the mental foramen to the base of the angular process. The lingual face of the horizontal ramus is rather smooth. The area between the alveoli and ascending ramus is rela- tively narrow and fiat. The coronoid process is delicate and sharply pointed, and projects postero-dorsally. The mandibular incision is considerably shallow. The condylar process is rather low and has approximately the same height as the coronoid process. It also extends postero-dorsally. The posterior end of the incisor forms a protuberant area on the buccal face of the ascending ramus. It is nearly as high as the occlusal surface ofthe lower molars. On the lingual face of the ascending ramus, a broad ridge formed by the capsule for the incisor extends from the area below the posterior root of Ms to the mandibular foramen at the base of the condylar process. The angular process is not so elongated, but rather broadens dorso-ventrally. Its posterior end is rather obtuse, and situated anterior to the posterior tip of the condylar process. The lingual face of the angular process is broadly concave. The upper and lower incisors are normal without any groove on their anterior faces. The molars are relatively delicate, Mi is composed of three chevrons (or laminas). Each of them comprises three cusps. The labial anterocone and posterostyle are always well developed. The prestyle and precingulum are mostly lacking. The degree of the development ofthe posterior cingulum is variable. The number of roots ranges from three to five. M2 comprises one antero-lingual cusp and two chevrons. Each chevron is composed of three cusps. An additional antero-buccal cusp (labial anterocone) is sometimes developed. The posterostyle is always well developed as in Mi. The degree of the development of the posterior cingulum is variable. The number of roots is three or four. M3 comprises one antero-lingual cusp, and two transverse or oblique laminas. The detailed pattern is variable from species to species. The number of roots is three. Mi is composed of three chevrons and one postero-central cusp. The most anterior chevron is trifolium-shaped. The accessory cusps on the buccal side is usually well-developed. The specific differences are very slight in the morphology of this tooth. The number of roots is mostly two, but very rarely three. M2 comprises two chevrons and one postero-central cusp. Additionally, the labial anteroconid is always present. The degree ofthe development ofthe accessory cusps on the buccal side is variable, but generally poorer than that of Mi. The specific differences are also slight in the morphology ofthis tooth. The number ofroots is two. M3 comprises one anterior chevron and one posterior cusp. The labial antero- conid and other accessory cusps are usually absent. The morphology of the posterior cusp is specifically variable. The number ofroots is two. Key to the species
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