Construction and Human Settlements Management Journal
Maiden edition Volume 1 Issue 1 2021
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Preamble Topics One of the most reputed mediums of The Construction and Human Settlements exchanging the outcomes of research activities Management Journal covers the following is the academic journal; and it is germane as topics, although it is not limited to these: scholarship is about the creation and sharing of Construction project management; Project knowledge. management; Design and construction The reasons for the creation of the management processes; Housing and Construction and Human Settlements infrastructure development; Stakeholder Management Journal (CHSMJ) include: management; Project planning and project i. providing a new and unique record of impact assessments; Design and scholarly activity in Construction and Human implementation of labour-intensive projects; Settlements Management Journal while Procurement management; Management of presenting an African perspective to the construction companies; Industry academic community; development; Knowledge management in ii. scholarly recognition it will bring to the construction; Empowerment of women; Nelson Mandela University; Innovation; Human settlement development and management; Real estate development iii. creation and sharing of new ideas and and management; Industry 4.0; Housing; knowledge which will contribute to the Spatial planning; Project financing; Current and economic and cultural development of the emerging infrastructure issues in developing built environment in South Africa, Africa and countries. beyond; iv. it will also support the goals of Nelson Mandela University by giving national and international recognition thereby further Access demonstrating the ability of the university to The CHSMJ is an open access journal, hence all compete with other research agencies in the articles are available on the internet as soon as production of knowledge, while also forming it is published. However, it is available free of the basis of new collaborations, between local, charge and for non-commercial use only and regional, or international researchers, research must be appropriately cited. Contributing departments, and institutions. authors to the CHSMJ accept these as the terms of publication and the copyright of the v. the publication will help to close the content of all articles remains with them. “knowledge gap” between the developed The design and layout copyright remain with nations and the often-overlooked ideas, the CHSMJ and cannot be used in other innovations, and discoveries from the African publications. continent. vi. the enrichment of the research areas of construction and human settlements Editor in Chief: management, and Prof Winston WM Shakantu vii. the Journal will, through the sharing of local Deputy Editor: knowledge and perspective, make local Dr Ayo Adeniran research more visible throughout Africa and to researchers, students, and scholars globally. Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Cover design: Ayo Adeniran Cover picture: view of Sunrise over Port Elizabeth Harbour from Richmond hills (Credit- ayoadeniran)
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Scientific/Editorial Board
Prof. John Smallwood Prof. Pilate Moyo Nelson Mandela University, University of Cape Town, Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa.
` Prof. Brink Botha Prof. ‘Tunde Agbola
Nelson Mandela University, University of Ibadan, Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria.
` Prof. Paul Makasa Dr Cletus Moobela, Nelson Mandela University, Leeds Beckett University, Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Leeds, UK
Prof. Sijekula Mbanga Prof. Olubola Babalola Nelson Mandela University, ObafemiDr Cletus Awolowo Moobela, University, Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Ile_Ife, Nigeria.
Prof. Gerrit Crafford Prof Henry Odeyinka Nelson Mandela University, Obafemi Awolowo University, Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Dr David Bogopa Prof. Richard Jimoh Nelson Mandela University, Federal University of Technology, Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), South Africa. Minna, Nigeria
` Dr ‘Dayo Adeleke Prof. Monty Sutrisina University of Pretoria, Massey University, Auckland, Pretoria, South Africa. New Zealand
Dr Mulemwa Akombewa, Prof.dr. P.W. Chan University of Kwazulu Natal, TU Delft Durban, South Africa. Netherlands
Associate Professor James Rotimi, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand ii | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1
Volume 1 Issue 1 EDITORIAL ISSN 978-1-928472-28-5 CONTENTS Dear academic and research community colleagues and friends.
We are pleased to announce the publication of our inaugural issue of the Appraisal of planning, Construction Management and Human monitoring, and controlling Settlements Journal. The CMHS journal is tools and techniques on time hosted by the Department of Construction schedule performance of Management at Nelson Mandela construction projects in University. Nigeria...... 1 We have five papers in this inaugural issue. Olowa et al., Appraisal of planning, Influence of construction monitoring, and controlling tools SMES characteristics on and techniques on time schedule Health and Safety (H&S) performance of construction deviance normalisation in projects in Nigeria, investigates how Abuja, Nigeria...... 17 professionals adapt the use of project management tools and techniques of Involvement of Community- planning, monitoring and control (PM&C) to Based Associations towards manage schedule performance for positive Sustainable Settlement project outcomes. Eze et al., in Influence Infrastructure in Ilorin, of construction SMES characteristics Nigeria ...... 44 on Health and Safety (H&S) deviance normalisation in Abuja, Nigeria, lament Factors Affecting Materials on poor health and safety performance of Management on Libyan construction SMEs, with seemingly, Construction Sites ...... 70 unending high injury and fatality rates. They that this state of H&S affairs is
attributed to the SME characteristics hich in The influence of proximate turn impact heavily on construction firms, neighbourhood facilities on workers, the projects being executed and residential property vacancy the client's satisfaction level. The paper periods in Minna, Nigeria. . 85 proposes a range of interventions to
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EDITORIAL CONTINUED improve health and safety performance of residential properties in that part of the SMEs in that part of the world. The third world. They lament on inadequacy of paper in this issue by Shittu et al., ancillary facilities, as well as the poor Involvement of Community-Based management of existing ones. They posit Associations towards Sustainable that major challenges associated with Settlement Infrastructure in Ilorin, neighbourhood facilities/amenities result Nigeria, appraised the involvement of from increased urban growth and density, Community-Based Organisations in the as well as the inability to effectively provision of infrastructural facilities in manage existing infrastructure. The paper Mandate Housing Estate. The paper argues that the ability of amenities to identified infrastructural facilities and their accommodate growth depends on the associated challenges in the Mandate ability of the urban area to provide new estates and suggest range interventions ones and manage and improve the that could deployed by the community- condition of the existing amenities. based organisation to improve The papers are available for download or sustainability of their community and onsite access at neighbourhood. Meanwhile, Maauf and https://sbe.mandela.ac.za/Construction- colleagues from Salford in Factors and-Human-Settlements-Management- Affecting Materials Management on Jour Libyan Construction Sites identify and analyse the factors affecting materials With warmest regards, management in Libya. They developed a framework for materials management on Winston Shakantu and Ayo Adeniran Libyan construction sites. The paper posits that materials management is impacted by Editors the contractors’ experience and skills, factors related to management of materials on the site (receiving, storing, handling and tracking), and site supervision. The fifth paper in this issue, by Ogunbajo and colleagues from FUTs Minna and Akure, The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property vacancy periods in Minna, Nigeria investigates the extent to which neighbourhood facilities and amenities determine the vacancy periods of iv | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1
Olowa & Ibrahim CHSMJ
Appraisal of planning, monitoring, and controlling tools and techniques on time schedule performance of construction projects in Nigeria. Theophilus OLOWA1 and Dauda IBRAHIM2 1Department of Quantity Surveying, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. 2Physical planning unit, Kwara State University, Molete, Kwara State, Nigeria. Abstract and building projects for both planning and monitoring respectively, and their The need for Project Management tools impact on schedule performance of in developing countries is ever construction projects. While there was increasing in the face of modern project a significant positive correlation complexities and clients’ expectations. between tools and techniques used for This study investigates how planning and monitoring with schedule professionals adapt the use of project performance, the study did not find a management tools and techniques of correlation between the control planning, monitoring and control tools/techniques with schedule (PM&C) within the context of Nigerian performance. It was recommended that construction industry to manage construction managers could use these schedule performance for positive findings as checklist for good practice project outcome. A cross-sectional and to improve schedule performance research design was adopted, and a while mitigating construction time survey was conducted among 122 overrun. construction professionals for this investigation. Analysis of the data collected was achieved by using IBM Keywords: Schedule performance, SPSS Statistics (Version 26) predictive time overrun, project management, analytic software. Findings reveal four time control, construction and three top contemporary management. tools/techniques used in engineering
1. Introduction predict likely problems, plan, monitor and control them have great influence The management of time for large on both construction project’s success projects is usually quite complicated and profitability. Consequently, and therefore challenging for many avoiding construction related problems construction clients and contractors. on site is linked to the amount of Depending on how time overrun risks planning carried out prior to the are shared, financial risks and commencement of the project as well commercial viability in construction can as the interrelated activities of span between two extremes for both construction activities during execution clients and contractors; it could either (Ncwadi et al., 2005). be very profitable and other times it may The complexity and be the albatross if proper planning, interconnectedness of construction monitoring, and controlling are activities is usually a bane for optimal neglected (Alshanbari, 2010). and efficient planning, monitoring and Construction managers’ ability to control process (Sharifi et al.,
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2007). The challenges associated with Ministry of Culture and Information, optimal and efficient control are diverse 2020). and are not minimized simply because Project outcomes are generally viewed a similar project has been executed in and described in terms of unit cost, the past. Some of the challenges may construction speed, delivery speed, include regional or global restriction of cost growth, schedule growth, and movement of both men and materials, several quality measures (Idoro, political instability, occupational 2012b). Several authors like Chen accidents, change in weather (1998) and Ling et al., (2008) have conditions, level of supervision, level of added their opinions to this list. User workmanship, availability of material, expectation, participants’ satisfaction, storage facility, wastages including environmental performance, health and rework and damages, etc. safety, and commercial value are Appropriately documenting and additional criteria suggested by Chen managing the different activities during (1998). Additionally, Ling et al., (2008) a construction is indeed demanding suggest that owners’ satisfaction and (Stanitsas et al., 2021). These owners’ administrative burden should complexities have had their toll on also be measures of project outcomes. Nigerian construction industry. As a However, to achieve the desired project developing country with huge outcome, Idoro (2012) contends that investments in construction projects, effective and efficient planning, the growing rate of delays in project monitoring, and controlling (PM&C) delivery has been identified by some must be ensured before and during the researchers as a major problem facing construction phases of projects. the Nigerian construction industry is Faniran et al., (1998) argue that the (Aibinu et al., 2002). Past studies have main “objective of project planning is to also shown (Ogunlana et al., 2006; complete a project within a fixed time, Haron et al., 2018) that most clients are at a previously estimated cost and to a dissatisfied with the outcome of specified standard of quality”. This construction projects, especially assertion implies that the effectiveness because their project expectations in of project planning is measured by the terms of time are usually not met. The project outcome (Parchami et al., absence of a well-established effective 2015). Authors like Ling et al., (2008) system for PM&C projects’ time and Xiao et al., (2003) also regard schedule has caused failures of many project outcome as the basis of construction projects in the construction evaluating the effectiveness of project industry. In acknowledging this planning. conundrum and as part of an effort to PM&C is increasingly becoming an address it, the Nigerian Bureau of important issue in project success Public Procurement (BPE) recently outcome. Tsiga et al., (2016) claim that advertised for the re-evaluation and re- planning is a key activity required for a designing of the extant tendering successful construction project template for procuring construction outcome by all stakeholders. Likewise, contracts in Nigeria (Nigeria Federal
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Olowa & Ibrahim CHSMJ monitoring and control are very Despite the many studies on project important management functions to PM&C management, the problem of ensure that planned project objectives time overrun persists in the Nigerian are fully achieved (Idoro, 2012a). The construction industry (Aibinu et al., relationship between PM&C is 2002). Coupled with the fact that most described succinctly by Abbasi et al., literature on this matter are dated and (2000). According to Abbasi et al., not solely focused on in depth planning defines the strategies, tactics, evaluation of project success vis a vis and methods for achieving project construction time schedule objectives, while monitoring and control performance, it has also been argued provide the required checks and that previous studies have focused on balances for ensuring that the plans causes of time overrun and factors and overall project objectives are militating against effective control of achieved. projects by construction managers in Evidences from both literature and charge (Olawale et al., 2010). It is personal experience show that clients against this backdrop that this study is and professionals in the Nigerian inspired to investigate the relationship construction industry engage bespoke between PM&C and project time strategies, tactics and methods in many schedule performance. PM&C activities involving local projects. The first stage of this study is designed Bernardes et al., (2002) argue that the to provide answers to the following performance of construction projects research questions using the depends largely on their control quantitative research design structures as well as their production methodology, viz: (1) What are the planning. Researchers have shown that planning, monitoring and control tools efficient, timely and responsive PM&C and techniques used on Nigerian activities in managing construction construction projects to mitigate projects should mitigate negative negative project outcomes? (2) How project outcomes. In a study, Koskela frequently do Nigerian construction (1992) identifies and attributes major stakeholders use the planning, construction project failures to monitoring and control techniques on inefficient or deficient planning and construction projects to avert negative slow response or lack of flexibility to project outcomes? In addition, it is adjust to changes in project hypothesized that planning, monitoring environment. Abbasi & Al-Mharmah and control techniques and tools used (2000) argue that PM&C tools and in the Nigerian construction industry do techniques in developing countries are not have any significant effect on cost not prominent in project management performance of construction projects. as obtained in developed countries. The purpose of this study is therefore to They claimed that the use of these tools assess the importance of project and techniques usually reflect the management tools for PM&C social, economic, and political values construction time schedule among upheld by the stakeholders (ibid). construction stakeholders within the Nigerian construction
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Appraisal of planning, monitoring, and controlling tools and techniques on time…CHSMJ industry. The next section of this paper that were registered with each states’ describes the research methodology tenders board. The research instrument followed by the findings of the study. was prepared and administered to Thereafter, the findings are discussed professionals working at different levels in the discussion section before within contracting, consulting, and conclusions are made in the last client organizations in a way that the section. study can get adequate information relating to the effect of planning, 2. Research Methodology monitoring and control on project time This study was approached through the schedule performance in the realist ontology and objectivist construction industry. The structured epistemological philosophical lens questionnaire was developed to collect which assumes that the PM&C tools data through a non-probability and techniques exist and their purposive sampling (both via online implementation (or lack of it) directly google form and personal contact) from bears on the construction contracts managing directors, managing duration without further consideration to partners/senior partners, project other extraneous factors. This world managers, head of department and view also suggests that all we can know other key personnel involved in the of causation are the observable construction process that were best regularities in associations of events, suited to offer project specific and which rejected any reference to information required for this study. unobservable entities and mechanisms Thus, eligibility criteria required (King et al., 2010). Using quantitative individuals to come from states earlier method, a survey research design was mentioned, should have received a adopted to provide answers to the formal education and be a member of research questions and hypothesis of any of the professional associations in this study. The study survey was the architectural, engineering and conducted within three cosmopolitan construction (AEC) sector. Purposive cities, representing three geo-political sampling permitted sampling for this zones in Nigeria to have a balanced study due to the absence of a reliable view across the nation. These cities sampling frame in the study population. (Lagos, Federal Capital Territory and Data for the study was processed and Kano states) were selected because of analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics their commercial relevance and (Version 26) predictive analytic prominence in construction activities. software. Descriptive statistics (such as Apart from the respondents from frequency, percentages, relative consultancy outfits and the state important index (RII)); and inferential ministries associated with construction statistics like regression and one-way activities in each state (e.g., Ministry of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were works, Ministry of Housing) the used as tools in summarizing the contracting organizations where findings. The levels of significance of respondents were sampled are those identified factors
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Olowa & Ibrahim CHSMJ were determined by the magnitude of 3.1 General characteristics of the their mean scores, with the greatest respondents mean representing the most significant factor. The survey on academic qualification of the respondents shows that all the 3. Findings respondents attended a formal education setting, which confirms their 122 copies of research questionnaires eligibility for providing the required data were sent out to the respondents, but for this study ( Table 1). The table also 81 were returned. The returned copies indicated that more than half (61.8%) were examined to address issues are HND/BSc/BTech holders, 21.1% relating to inconsistencies, omissions, master’s degree holders, 13.2% have completeness, and errors. Out of the obtained PGD certificates, 2.6% are returned questionnaires 76 were OND graduates and minority few (1.3) deemed usable, representing a 69% have bagged their doctorate degree response rate, for this analysis. (PhD). Table 1: Summary of demographics. Characteristics Number of Characteristics Number of observations observations Professional Membership status affiliation NIA 8 (10.7%) Student 5 (6.7%) NIOB 8 (10.7%) Probationer 5 (6.7%) NSE 31(41.3%) Graduate 24 (32%) NIQS 28 (37.3%) Corporate 41(54.7%) Academic Working experience qualification OND 2 (2.6%) 1-10 47 (61.8%) HND/BSc/BTech 47 (61.8%) 11-20 17 (22.4%) PGD 10 (13.2%) 21-30 12 (15.8%) Master’s degree 16 (21.1%) Position in organization PhD 1 (1.3%) Chief executive officer 44 (57.9%) Professional Managing director 3 (3.9%) background Architecture 9 (12%) Project manager 21 (27.6%) Quantity surveying 28 (37.3%) Partner/assoc. partner 4 (5.3%) Building 8 (10.7%) Others 4 (5.3%) Civil engineering 22 (29.3%) Type of organization Mechanical 3 (4%) Consulting 9 (11.8%) engineering
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Others 6 (6.7%) Private client 5 (6.6%) organization Staff strength Public client 58 (76.3%) organization Less than 50 18 (26.5%) Others 4 (5.3%) workers 51-100 22 (32.4%) 101-300 5 (7.4%) Above 300 23 (33.8%)
The categories of professional respondents, their opinions about the respondents are: Quantity surveyors organizations’ performance and the (37.3%), Civil engineers (29.3%), various planning, monitoring and Architects (12%), Builders (10%), control techniques used by their Mechanical engineers (4%) and 6.7% organizations would be eligible for this was from other professionals like estate study. While 57.9% of the respondents surveyors, structural engineers, and were chief executive officers of their town planners (Table 1). All the firms, 27.6% are project managers, respondents (construction 5.3% are associate partners, and 5.3% professionals) are affiliated with the have other positions like chief respective professional bodies; 41.3% engineers, chief quantity surveyors and are affiliated with Nigerian Society of human resource manager. A very high Engineers (NSE), 37.3% with the percentage of the respondents (76.3%) Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors are from public client organizations. (NIQS), and both the Nigerian Institute Respondents from consulting firms of Architects (NIA) and Nigerian represent 11.8% of the sample Institute of Building (NIOB have an population, while about 6.6% of the equal percentage of 10.7% of the respondents were primarily from private affiliated respondents. On membership client organizations. status, most (54.7%) are corporate 3.2 Planning, monitoring, and members, 32% are graduate members controlling techniques. and 6.7% are student members and probationers. 61.8% of the total One of the objectives of this research is respondents have a working to investigate how frequently PM&C experience of less than 10 years, techniques are used and to identify their 22.4% have working experience of impact on construction projects within 11-20 years and 15.8% have duration. This section examines the been working for 21-39 years in the frequency of use of the various PM&C construction industry. Responses were techniques and their associated mean mostly from the top officials of the scores with the aid of relative organizations. Hence, with the high importance index (RII). percentage of corporate membership and many years of experience of the
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3.2.1 Use of planning tools/technique. among the respondents. This suggests that construction managers/planners The relative importance index (RII) of rarely use these tools/techniques in the planning tools and techniques planning their project execution and (PTT) was analysed, ranked, and delivery. presented in Figure 1. A critical look at the figure shows that the respondents 3.2.2 Use of monitoring make use of all the planning techniques tools/technique. with a RII value of 0.95 to 0.55. The ranking of the types and how However architectural drawing as a frequently the various monitoring form of planning tool is always used by tools/techniques are used is the respondents for the design of represented in radar Figure 2. The buildings/engineering projects. This closer the ranking is to the centre of the probably explicates the imperativeness radar, the highly it is ranked by the of design is an important construction respondents. The figure reveals that process. Other forms of planning tools majority of the respondents frequently frequently used by the respondents are use progress report as the primary bills of quantities, structural drawing, means of construction project and mechanical/electrical drawing. This monitoring. This is subsequently was confirmed by the relatively high followed by site coordination meeting, mean score shown in Figure 1. site instruction book, health and safety Other planning tools with relatively low checklist, request for information, RII such as value analysis/engineering critical path network, project tracker, report, subcontractors list, milestone line of balance, Gantt chart, change date programming technique and life order log and risk log. cycle cost seem not to be popular
Figure 1: Use of planning tools/techniques
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Figure 2: Use of monitoring tools/techniques. It is suggestive that the respondents’ survey might also have influenced preference for techniques like progress these observations. report, site instruction book and site 3.2.3 Time control. coordinating meetings are means of ensuring timely completion or schedule Table 2 shows that six techniques performance amongst other project (progress report, line of balance, Gantt objectives. In contrast, the use of line of chart, project tracker, site coordination balance, Gantt chart, change order log meeting and milestone date and risk log are not popular monitoring programming technique) are mostly collection probably because the used for time control. A closer look respondents might not be familiar with reveals that many of the tools under their usage. It may be argued that the monitoring techniques are logically dominance of respondents from prevalent for general time and schedule government-related agency in this control.
Table 2: Techniques used for time control. Techniques Percentage Rank (%) Progress report 55.3 1 Line of balance 49.3 2 Gantt chart 48.6 3 Project tracker 46.7 4 Site coordination meeting 45.2 5 Milestone date programming technique 44.4 6 Change order log 33.8 7
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Health and safety checklist 31.6 8 Risk log 30.1 9 Buildability report 26.0 10 Site instruction book 25.3 11 Request for information 24.3 12 Feasibility studies 22.7 13 Construction methodology 22.7 14 Subcontractors list as provided by the main contractor 18.3 15 Value analysis/engineering report 16.4 16 Preliminary estimates 14.5 17 Actual versus forecast reconciliation 13.5 18 Interim valuation 12.7 19 Earned value analysis 11.4 20 Viability studies 9.5 21 Profit and loss on each valuation dates 7.0 22 Financial reporting 6.8 23 Financial statement 5.6 24 Specification sheet 5.5 25 Architectural drawing 4.0 26 Bills of quantities 3.9 27 Clients brief 2.7 28 Structural drawing 2.7 28 Mechanical and electrical drawing 2.7 28
It is worthy to also note that change 3.3 Impact of planning on time order log, health and safety checklist, schedule performance risk log, buildability report, site instruction book, request for A bivariate regression was conducted information, feasibility studies, to examine how well planning construction methodology and tools/techniques (PTT) could predict subcontractors list as provided by the schedule performance (SP). A main contractors are sometimes used scatterplot showed that the relationship by the respondents for time control. between PTT was negative and linear Also worthy of note is financial and did not reveal any bivariate outliers. statement, specification sheet, The correlation between PTT and SP architectural drawing, and bills of was statistically significant, r (67) = .30, quantities, clients’ briefs, structural p < .05. The regression equation for drawing, and mechanical/electrical predicting the SP from PTT was ŷ = 2 drawing which are rarely used by the 164.74 − 2.05x. The r for this equation construction professionals for time was .087; that is, 8.7% of the variance control. in SP was predictable from level of PTT. The bootstrapped 95% confidence interval for the slope to
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Appraisal of planning, monitoring, and controlling tools and techniques on time…CHSMJ predict SP from PTT range from -3.77 bootstrapped 95% confidence interval to -.44: thus, for each one unit of for the slope to predict SP from MTT increase of PTT, time overrun range from -5.02 to -1.88: thus, for each decreases by about 0.4 to 3.8 points one unit of increase of MTT, time (Table3) overrun decreases by about 1.88 to 5.02 points (Table 4).
Table 3: Regression Analysis of effect of planning on schedule performance Std. F R R2 Adjuste p- Lower Upper Model B Error T stat d R2 value 95% 95% Constant 164.735 46.136 3.571 *NA *NA *NA *NA .001 72.646 256.823 PTT -2.054 .811 -2.533 6.416 .296 .087 .074 .014 -3.673 -.436 *NA = Not applicable 3.4 Impact of monitoring on time schedule performance 3.5 Impact of control on time A second bivariate regression was schedule performance carried out to examine how well A bivariate regression was also monitoring tools/techniques (MTT) performed to examine how well could predict schedule performance controlling tools/techniques (CTT) (SP). A scatterplot showed that the could predict schedule performance relationship between MTT was (SP). A scatterplot showed that the negative and linear and did not reveal relationship between CTT was negative any bivariate outliers. The correlation and linear after the bivariate outliers between MTT and SP was statistically have been removed. The correlation significant, r (62) = .50, p < .05. The between CTT and SP was not regression equation for predicting the statistically significant, r (71) = .04, p > SP from MTT was ŷ = 178.21 − 3.45x . .05 (Table 5) The r2 for this equation was .238; that is, 23.8% of the variance in SP was predictable from level of MTT. The
Table 4: Regression Analysis of impact of monitoring on schedule performance Std. F R R2 Adjuste p- Lower Upper Model B Error T stat d R2 value 95% 95% Constant 178.206 31.485 5.660 *NA *NA *NA *NA .001 115.269 241.143 PTT -3.449 .785 -4.395 19.315 .487 .087 .238 .000 -5.017 -1.880 *NA = Not applicable
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Table 5: Regression Analysis of effect of control on schedule performance Std. F R R2 Adjuste p- Lower Upper Model B Error T stat d R2 value 95% 95% Constant 107.953 40.646 2.656 *NA *NA *NA *NA .010 26.908 188.998 PTT -2.813 1.756 -1.602 19.315 .187 .035 .021 .114 -6.314 .689 *NA = Not applicable 4 Discussion of findings in Nigeria. Abbasi et al. (2000) lamented on lack of modern tools in Planning in construction projects time management of construction provides the baseline by which any projects and proposed that for future monitoring and/or control is resources to be efficiently used toward achieved (Olawale et al., 2010). To optimal productivity, then available keep construction projects on track and tools for planning must be harnessed delivered within anticipated duration, and deployed. Apparently, based on this study identifies contract drawings the reports of both Ibrahim et al., (2014) (architectural, structural, and service and Ogunde et al. (2013), construction drawings), bills of quantities and client’s stakeholders have probably focused brief as the three most frequently used and depended only on the use of Bar planning tools employed by chart to manage construction contracts construction professionals and duration in order not to extend beyond practitioners in the Nigerian planned programme. This notion is construction contracts. Although this amplified by Memon et al., (2006) who finding is at variance with the findings of remarked that “Bar charts or Gantt some previous studies such as Olawale charts are a powerful communication et al., (2010) and Ncwadi et al., (2005), tool and are extremely useful visual, this study however included additional and graphical medium in construction key metrics unlike the previous studies scheduling”; and are also the more which probably is responsible for the common types of techniques for disparity in the findings. For instance, construction scheduling followed by Olawale et al., concluded in their study “activity on the arrow, precedence that the most frequently used planning network and line of balance”. technique by indigenous contractors in Nevertheless, this study has shown that Nigerian construction industry is Bar an equal attention should also be given chart. Similarly, Ncwadi et al., also to the evolution or changes in the argued that bar chart was the client’s brief and their translation into predominantly used planning technique the contract documents (especially the by local contractors in Nigeria. designs and bills of quantities) as the Nevertheless, and in both cases, construction project matures. This contract drawings and client’s brief as consideration is important most planning tools were not part of the especially as planning has been metrics considered in their studies as considered an ongoing and the most part of planning techniques toolbox; in rewarding process in a construction managing time of construction projects project execution (Abbasi et
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Appraisal of planning, monitoring, and controlling tools and techniques on time…CHSMJ al., 2000). According to Bon-Gang coordination meeting as the most (2018), drawings and specifications important monitoring tools for belong to the client, consultant, and managing project duration. design team-related factors, such that if Notwithstanding Aljohani’s argument, given adequate attention, could be the this study in alignment with findings of most important determinants of project other authors like Idoro (2012b) has schedule performance. demonstrated and emphasized the importance of site meetings and visits When it comes to monitoring and in ensuring timely completion of schedule performance, which is a construction projects in Nigeria. logical offshoot of planning, this study shows that Progress report and Site This study is not without its limitations coordination meeting are the prevalent and the results should be interpreted tools used in construction projects to with caution for the reasons mentioned have a predictable and favourable hereafter. Although effort was made to project schedule outcome. There is a get a representative sample for the perceived preference for these tools whole country, the eventual number of when compared with Gantt chart as a samples analysed may be small for monitoring tool among the study generalizability of the findings. Further population. This is a divergence from studies to cover more zones and the assertions of both Ibrahim et al., practitioners is therefore necessary in (2014) and Memon et al., (2006) that the future to validate the findings in this Gantt chart has become one of the very study. Also, this study focused on few monitoring techniques adopted for eliciting information from professionals construction activities. Limited only whereas, there might be other knowledge and understanding of practitioners who may also have as construction managers have been much information as the professionals ascribed to low use of complex and that were not sampled. There is also a modern tools for monitoring project limitation in directionality due to the schedules (Dziekoński, 2017). Given cross-sectional design and the ease of deployment of site correlational nature of the study. meetings/reports it becomes explicable 5 Conclusion why they trump the use of Gantt charts in this study. Furthermore, Aljohani This study set out to investigate the (2019) argued that project success is impact of planning, monitoring and perception-based depending on whose control on construction project outcome view is sought. The author claimed that in Nigeria with respect to schedule what is considered a failed project by a performance. A cross-sectional stakeholder could be viewed differently research design among construction by another even when they are in the professionals has been used to provide same project team. The Aljohani’s useful information on tools and scenario might have played out among techniques that are prevalent for the participants in this study resulting in schedule performance in practice in both progress report and site Nigeria. Issues such as the
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Olowa & Ibrahim CHSMJ scale of application of project planning, tools/techniques identified in this study, monitoring and control tools/techniques for managing construction projects, will and their significance in schedule mitigate the odds of suffering time performance were highlighted. The top overrun on the projects and invariably four documents frequently used in improve schedule performances. practice for planning in the execution of Therefore, it is recommended that buildings/engineering projects to during construction process, design achieve positive schedule performance consultants should ensure the were revealed as architectural, production of detailed design and give structural, mechanical, and electrical attention to the use of detailed drawings. Likewise, the top three most architectural, structural, and service frequently used monitoring drawings, all in a bid to reduce tools/techniques in construction variations and additional work which projects that were identified in this study may affect time and cost performance are progress report, site co-ordination of such projects. The lead consultants meetings and site instruction book are on the project should encourage considered as the. Other monitoring periodic site co-ordination meetings for tools/techniques also identified as prompt progress review of the contract essential for controlling purposes and settle alignment issues which may include progress report, line of balance, require the attention of the consultants. Gantt chart, project tracker, site While this may seem obvious to the coordination meeting and milestone experienced construction managers date programming technique. The and practitioners it is important to state study also clearly shows that there is a that it would be handy to the novice or correlation between the use of planning less experienced construction and monitoring techniques on managers trying to find their feet in the construction projects and project construction industry. Furthermore, the schedule performance whereas study is considered the first attempt to controlling tools/techniques do not have probe critically into time performance of impact on schedule performance of construction projects and developing construction projects. comprehensive solutions for managing same. This study has implications both in theory and practice. Apart from adding At present, several questions remain to the corpus of knowledge on project unanswered and on which further study PM&C domain, it also reveals the may be required, one of which the lack dynamism of practice and the of understanding of the rationale behind contemporary areas of planning and the choice of the tools and techniques control that Nigerian construction is adopted by sampled population in managers should pay adequate this study. A further qualitative study attention to for positive project outcome might be able to elucidate and throw in terms of effective schedule some light into this issue. The other performance. This suggests that the issue would also be to understand if the application of some or all the top PM&C divergence between the
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Appraisal of planning, monitoring, and controlling tools and techniques on time…CHSMJ previous findings and this study is factors interact to affect choice of because of limited knowledge of the PM&C tools and techniques. construction managers or whether the Furthermore, the perception of managers are moving towards more respondents from only three states in sophisticated modes of construction Nigeria was used to investigate the project planning, monitoring and control effect of PM&C tools/ techniques on that is not captured within the scope of project schedule outcomes in this this study. Apart from all these, a much study. Future research could consider larger issue is to find out about the comparing more states and multiple depth of training and competence of countries. A comparative evaluation each construction professional in the could also be between construction area of PM&C and suggest the most management techniques in suitable professional to manage this construction projects under public and process; and to find out how the private sector contracts. environmental and project specific References Abbasi, G. Y. and Al-Mharmah, H. companies’, in IGL Conference. (2000) ‘Project management Gramado, Brazil. practice by the public sector in a Bon-Gang, H. (2018) ‘Schedule developing country’, International Performance and Improvement of Journal of Project Management, Green Construction Projects’, 18(2), pp. 105–109. doi: Performance and Improvement of 10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00074-X. Green Construction Projects, (1), Aibinu, A. A. and Jagboro, G. O. (2002) pp. 119–148. doi: 10.1016/b978-0- ‘The effects of construction delays 12-815483-0.00009-0. on project delivery in Nigerian Chen, J. J. (1998) ‘The characteristics construction industry’, International and current status of China’s Journal of Project Management, construction industry’, Construction 20(8), pp. 593–599. doi: Management and Economics, 10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00028-5. 16(6), pp. 711–719. doi: Aljohani, A. (2019) Cost overrun 10.1080/014461998372006. causality model in Saudi Arabian Dziekoński, K. (2017) ‘Project public sector construction projects., Managers’ Competencies Model Thesis. Robert Gordon University. for Construction Industry in Alshanbari, H. (2010) Impact of pre- Poland’, in Procedia Engineering. construction project planning on Elsevier Ltd, pp. 174–181. doi: cost savings. University of Florida. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.157. Bernardes, M. M. S. and Formoso, C. Faniran, O. O., Oluwoye, J. O. and T. (2002) ‘Contributions to the Lenard, D. J. (1998) ‘Interactions evaluation of production planning between Construction Planning and control systems in building and Influence Factors’, Journal of
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Construction Engineering and Interviews in Qualitative Research. Management, 124(4), pp. 245–256. Koskela, L. (1992) ‘Application of the doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733- new production philosophy to 9364(1998)124:4(245). construction’, 72. Federal ministry of culture and Ling, F. Y. et al. (2008) ‘Models for information (2020) ‘Expression of Predicting Project Performance in interest for the development and China Using Project Management revision of public procurement Practices Adopted by Foreign AEC document in Nigeria’, Federal Firms’, Journal of Construction tenders journal, 16(23), p. 2. Engineering and Management, Haron, N. A. et al. (2018) ‘Project 134(12), pp. 983–990. doi: management practice and its 10.1061/(asce)0733- effects on project success in 9364(2008)134:12(983). Malaysian construction industry’, in Memon, Z. A. et al. (2006) ‘A systematic IOP Conference Series: Materials approach for monitoring and Science and Engineering. Institute evaluating the construction project of Physics Publishing, p. 012008. progress.’, The Institution of doi: 10.1088/1757- Engineers, 67(3), p. 26. 899X/291/1/012008. Ncwadi, M R; Dangalazana, T. (2005) Ibrahim, I. I., Daniel, S. and Ahmad, A. ‘An Exploratory Study into the (2014) Investigating Nigerian Challenges Facing the Emerging Indigenous Contractors Project Contractors Involved in the Planning In Construction Construction of Low Cost Housing Procurement: An Explanatory in Wells Estate and Ikamv ’ elihle Approach. Townships in the Nelson Mandela Idoro, G. I. (2012a) ‘Comparing the Metropole , South Africa .’, South planning and performance of direct African Journal of Economic and labour and design-bid-build Management Sciences. construction projects in Nigeria’, Ogunde, A. O. and Fagbenle, O. I. Journal of Civil Engineering and (2013) ‘Assessment of Management, 18(2), pp. 184–196. effectiveness of planning doi: techniques and tools on 10.3846/13923730.2012.671283. construction projects in lagos state, Idoro, G. I. (2012b) ‘The Influence of Nigeria’, in AEI 2013: Building Project Documents on the Solutions for Architectural Outcome of Construction Projects Engineering - Proceedings of the Procured By Traditional Contracts 2013 Architectural Engineering in Nigeria’, Journal of Construction National Conference. American in Developing Countries, 17(1), pp. Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 396– 1–19. 407. doi: King, N. and Horrocks, C. (2010)
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10.1061/9780784412909.038. (2007) ‘an Empirical Study Identifying High Perceived Value Ogunlana, S. et al. (2006) International Kpis of Incident Management Symposium on Globalisation and Process in’. Construction, International Symposium on Globalisation and Stanitsas, M., Kirytopoulos, K. and Construction AIT Conference Leopoulos, V. (2021) ‘Integrating Centre, Bangkok, Thailand. sustainability indicators into project Available at: management: The case of http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/ construction industry’, Journal of pdf/10.1108/09649420610692516. Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, p. 123774. doi: Olawale, Y. A. and Sun, M. (2010) ‘Cost 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123774. and time control of construction projects: Inhibiting factors and Tsiga, Z., Emes, M. and Smith, A. mitigating measures in practice’, (2016) Critical success factors for Construction Management and the construction industry 1, PM Economics, 28(5), pp. 509–526. World Journal Critical Success doi: 10.1080/01446191003674519. Factors For The Construction Industry. Available at: Parchami Jalal, M. and Matin Koosha, www.pmworldlibrary.net S. (2015) ‘Identifying organizational (Accessed: 17 January 2021). variables affecting project management office characteristics Xiao, H. and Proverbs, D. (2003) and analyzing their correlations in ‘Factors influencing contractor the Iranian project-oriented performance: An international organizations of the construction investigation’, Engineering, industry’, International Journal of Construction and Architectural Project Management, 33(2), pp. Management, 10(5), pp. 322–332. 458–466. doi: doi: 10.1108/09699980310502937. 10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.06.010.
Sharifi, M., Ayat, M. and Sahibudin, S.
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ
Influence of construction SMES characteristics on Health and Safety (H&S) deviance normalisation in Abuja, Nigeria.
Emmanuel EZE1, Onyinye SOFOLAHAN2, Rex UGULU3 (PhD), & Lazarus NWANKWO4 1,3, 4Quantity Surveying Department, Federal University of Tech, Owerri, Nigeria [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected] 2Quantity Surveying Department, Lagos State Polytechnic, Lagos Nigeria [email protected]
*corresponding author
ABSTRACT operations. The major effect of H&S The intolerably high and frequent deviance normalisation in the injuries and fatalities in the construction construction industry are; disruption of industry have made it remain one of the work progress, project execution delay, most dangerous and hazardous extra cost for medical expenses, death industry to work in. The poor health and of workers, and extra cost to rebuild safety performance of the Construction damaged work. It was concluded that SMEs is attributed to their the level of health and safety characteristics; which have contributed implementation and performance of the to the normalisation of H&S deviances. construction SMEs is poor, and this is This study examined the contribution of caused by the characteristics of the the characteristics of Construction SMEs. The Mann Whitney U tests SMEs to the prevalence of health and showed a slightly differences in the safety deviance normalisation in the perception of the SMEs in some of the construction industry. The effects of assessed variables. This study will H&S deviance normalisation were also assist managers/owners of the SMEs examined. The well-structure and the industry regulators and other structured questionnaire was used to stakeholders in making decisions that gather data from the SMEs using the will change the functioning, snowball sampling technique. The management and operations of the collected data were analysed using SMEs and the H&S related practices frequencies, percentages, mean and performances in the construction analytics, and Mann-Whitney U test. It industry. The study recommended that was found that the characteristics of the interventions such as partnering, and SMEs that contribute most to H&S government support will improve the deviance normalisation in the health and safety performance of the construction industry are; poor Construction SMEs. budgetary allocation for safety implementation, financial insecurity, Keywords: Health and safety; constant project management and deviance normalisation; construction leadership changes, seeing adherence project; construction industry; to H&S as an impediment to construction SMEs; Nigeria productivity, and lack of clear cut difference between management and
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Influence of construction SMES characteristics on Health and Safety (H&S) …. CHSMJ
1. Introduction In Europe, it was reported that about The construction industry in both the 82% of workplace injuries occurred in developed and developing countries is small organisations (EU-OSHA, 2014). the foundation for sustainable Wang et al. (2018) reported that in economic growth and development. small enterprises, the management of Eze et al. (2020) described it as the occupational health and safety (OH&S) prime mover for the survival of the is comparatively poor, and it is one of economies of nations globally. Despite the dangerous problems threatening the economic and developmental SMEs in China and globally. In addition, importance of the industry, it has the government is under a heavy remained the most dangerous and burden in terms of OH&S policies and hazardous industry (Jaselskis et al., safety regulations, because of the 2006; Abas et al., 2020; Sunindijo, numerical strength of the SMEs (Wang 2015), when compared to the other et al., 2018). Large organisations are industries. This is due to its intolerably known to have a more organised and high and frequent injuries, fatality rates formal health and safety (H&S) and accidents records (Cheng et al., management system, thus, takes H&S 2012; Abas et al., 2020). Also, because issues very seriously than the SMEs of the high level of fragmentation and with less organised H&S management risk potentials of its activities; craftsmen practices (Wang et al., 2018; Sunindijo, exposure to accidents is about 50% 2015; Kheni et al., 2010). Construction greater than what is experienced in SMEs are usually found wanting in other industries, and above the average health and safety-related issues in the of the national fatality record (Charles et construction industry which could be al., 2007). A similar submission was attributed to the complex nature of made by Endroyo et al. (2016) who health and safety system. Furthermore, reported that safety performance is still in developing countries, the industry is low, and the accident rate is still high in underdeveloped and dominated by the construction industry. The dynamic unstructured SMEs; thus, abuse of nature of construction work and its health and safety measures are not inherently high risk are the reasons why unanticipated. It is common for the construction industry is considered construction organisations to the highest in accident rates the world undermine health and safety over (Yiu and Chan, 2016). SMEs have management practices (Shabangu, a wider spread and coverage and 2017; Orji et al., 2016). The frequent contribute to the poor H&S performance disregard for H&S management by of experience in the construction construction organisations has resulted industry. in a lot of health issues and accidents (Laryea and Mensah, 2010; Aghimien The dominance of the construction et al., 2018). industry by construction micro, small and medium organisations, has been The findings of Mollo et al. (2020) in attributed to the continuous poor health South Africa, suggested that the poor and safety performance of the industry. implementation of the safety
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ management system (SMS) on deviances are allowed to subsist construction sites led to errors and without causation or correction until it violation which have become the norm. becomes a norm because there has not According to Perlman et al. (2014), been fatality in the short run. Deviance errors and violations have a direct normalisation impedes the full-scale connection with accidents on implementation and practices of construction sites; as they are the major effective occupational health and safety causal factors of injuries and fatalities. in construction organisations. Health While errors are not deliberate, they and safety is the responsibility of every emanate from deviation from the stakeholder, but employees and normal path through inappropriate act management are guilty of flouting them. or behaviour (HSE, 2019; Reason, Jennings (2016) submitted that the 2016). Violation is deliberate acts that acceptance of risks that were not have been reinforced and made a norm acceptable originally could happen to a in the workplace (HSE, 2019). Bell and worker, a team or an organisation. It, Healey (2006) attributed the frequent therefore, implies that deviance neglect of health and safety to deviance normalisation is the main reason why normalisation. In the same vein, Randy unsafe act and warning signs are (2017) observed that the absence of ignored before an accident occurs. The discipline and respect for safety results of health and safety deviance practices, prioritisation of productivity normalisation are injuries and fatalities above safety; are the major supporter of with consequences such as suspension health and safety deviance of work, incapacitation of employees, normalisation. Health and safety disruption of work, loss of lives, loss of deviance normalisation is the jobs, cost and time overruns, rework conscious repetition of an unsafe and and waste, and disputes, among other risky activity that has not resulted in contractual problems. injuries in the short term; thus, the deviant conducts are accepted as Like other developing countries of the normal or standard (Jennings, 2016). world, the Nigerian construction The deviant behaviours are allowed to industry is dominated by over 78% continue by entities in the organisation indigenous small and medium-sized as normal even though the acts are not firms (Tunji-Olayeni et al., 2016). These in line with the basic safety rule of the firms are predisposed to several forces organisation or industry (Randy, 2017). both from their external and internal The continuous and deliberate environments. According to Kheni et al. indulgence in unsafe acts by (2010), SMEs have little control over craftsmen/artisans and tolerance of the external environment under which these unsafe acts by management and they operate; thus, are unlikely to give supervisory team; as a result of having satisfactory attention to H&S because been successful in delivering tasks and of the need to survive. The influence of not falling victim to injuries and fatality these forces is more on the SMEs is known as health and safety deviance because of their characteristics and normalisation. Health and safety management style which
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Influence of construction SMES characteristics on Health and Safety (H&S) …. CHSMJ make them suffer higher H&S deviance was submitted that health and safety- practices when compared to the large related issues are among the major and mostly foreign multi-national constituents of the social dimension of construction organisations. According sustainable project delivery (Aghimien to Ozmec et al. (2014), health and et al., 2019). Thus, the outcome will safety studies in the construction complement the environmental and industry focused more on large economic aspects of sustainable organisations. Enormous studies on construction. This will impact positively health and safety risks in construction SMEs overall performance and have emanated from developed improvement in construction projects economies than developing countries delivery and workers well-being. (Kheni et al., 2010). Legg et al. (2015) Knowing the characteristics that also submitted that only a few studies contribute most to H&S deviance exist on H&S studies among SMEs. normalisation and the implications of Deviance normalisation hampers the H&S deviant behaviours will help efficient health and safety management the managers of the SMEs and the practices, and this is worsened as a industry regulators in making decisions result of the inherent characteristics that will change the functioning, and operations of the SMEs. Based on management and operations of the this information, this study examines SMEs in the construction industry. the contribution of the characteristics of Construction SMEs to the prevalence of 2. LITERATURE REVIEW health and safety deviance normalisation in the construction 2.1 Construction Small and Medium industry. This study aims to determine Enterprises (SMEs) the characteristics of SMEs that The definitions of small and medium influence the prevalence of health and enterprises (SMEs) in extant literature safety deviance normalisation in the are dependent on the concerned construction industry of Nigeria, with a country's level of development. view to determining the impact of H&S However, common features in the deviance normalisation in the definition of SMEs have been related to construction industry. The working turnover, asset and the number of objectives of this study are: 1) to employees. In countries like UK, USA, determine the characteristics of SMEs and Canada, the features are a mixture that contribute most to health and of employment rate and turnover. SMEs safety deviance normalisation on are those organisations with an annual construction projects, and 2) to balance sheet total and turnover of not determine the impact of health and more than €43 million and €50 million safety deviances normalisation in the respectively, and an employees’ industry. population of not more than 250 people
(European Commission, 2015). The This study will help in the attainment of SMEs in Nigeria was defined by the social dimension of sustainability as National Bureau of Statistics (2019) submitted by (Aghimien et al., 2019). It
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ and SMEDAN/NBS MSME Survey industry are greatly concerned about (2013) as those organisations with the poor health and safety performance employees’ population of at least 10 of SMEs. Even the government are people and not more than 200 people, bothered about the safety regulations with Assets (land and buildings and policies of the SMEs because of excluded) of more than ₦ 5million and their population (Wang et al., 2018), not more than ₦ 500milion. and isolated nature and geographical dispersion. These SMEs are the backbone of Nigeria’s economy and the major agent that drives economic growth, flexibility 2.2 CSMEs Characteristics and and vitality (Agwu and Emeti, 2014). Health and Safety Deviance SMEs have been projected to be the Normalisation agent that will bring about the much- needed industrialisation of the Nigerian Despite the contribution of the SMEs to economy. Thus, Mahmoud (2005) posit economic growth and development, that the step towards a diversified and they suffer from health and safety vibrant Nigerian economy is through the performance issues as confirmed by development of SMEs. Lawal et al. (Masi et al., 2014). This was attributed (2014) confirm that the continuous use to the limited physical, economic and of SMEs to fast-track economic growth organisational resources. As a in both developing and developed consequence, they experience poor countries has been advocated by conditions of occupational health and development experts. In South Africa, safety when compared to large firms. construction SMEs accounts for about The resource, physical and economic 19% of GDP, 17.7 in Mexico, 5% in limitations could be the reason why the Nigerian and 8% in Ghana (Usman et SMEs frequently undermine health and al., 2014). safety practices (Ying et al., 2015). According to EU-OSHA (2014), in the The construction industry globally is EU, small firms contribute 67% to dominated by SMEs. SMEs constitutes employment which cut-across all the 99.9% of all construction contracting industrial sectors but are responsible businesses in the UK, and in the EU, it for 82% of health and safety fatalities. is 99% (European Commission, 2015; The level of health and safety issues on Lu, 2018). Manu et al. (2018) reported construction projects undertaken by that in Malaysia, SMEs makes up a SMEs is very high, and the nature and substantial percentage of micro- features of the SMEs could be blamed business construction organizations. for this, due to the normalisation of H&S Also, 90% of construction firms are deviances behaviours. Financial SMEs as reported by (CIDB, 2018). The problem is one of the features that have Nigerian construction industry is affected the investment in H&S dominated by 78% small and medium- management by SMEs. Fatai (2011) sized firms that are indigenously owned submitted that more than 80% of SMEs (Tunji-Olayeni et al., 2016). Globally, are muffled due to poor stakeholders in the construction
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Influence of construction SMES characteristics on Health and Safety (H&S) …. CHSMJ financing and associated problems. integrated into other operations of the Oduntan (2014) confirms that the firms. Agwu and Emeti (2014) reported management and scale of operations of that in SMEs, there is a fusion of SMEs are adversely affected because ownership and management. In of financial problems. This implies that additions, SMEs have a simple financial constraints impede the management structure where the commitment of the managers of the owner is the sole manager; this impacts SMEs to proper planning and H&S the decision regarding safety management. Therefore, implementing management. Furthermore, in SMEs, sustainable H&S management there is inefficiency in the overall practices becomes a major problem as management of their businesses and a a result of poor finance (Jaroenroy and lack of proper record-keeping and Chompunth, 2019; Belayutham and documentation (Agwu and Emeti, Ibrahim, 2019). Lingard (2013) also 2014). This implies the absence of highlighted that most SMEs faces cash historic data on H&S performances for flow problems and this hampers good planning purposes, and in pricing health and safety practices. In small health and safety in the preliminaries organisations, there is a lack of financial section during tendering. Also, the security, the budget allocated for safety absence of a well-articulated in-house implementation is grossly inadequate, occupational health and safety policy uses less formalised safety measures and system documentation, poor H&S and engage temporary safety knowledge of regulations and codes of personnel (Stiles et al., 2012). These practice, and improper evaluation of have influenced the normalisation of H&S risks; could influence H&S health and safety deviances in SMEs. deviance normalisation by the Another thing is the perception of the construction SMEs (Legg et al., 2015 employees and management regarding Adegboyega et al., 2021). investment in H&S. For example, The poor and irregular performance on Zahoor et al. (2015) and Mohamed et health and safety by the SMEs is al. (2009) reported that most SMEs blamed on a frequent change in site consider investment in H&S as a liability leadership (Loosemore and Andonakis, and employees are of the view that it 2007). Occupational H&S methods of impedes workflow rate. the SMEs are less formal; this is Resources limitations, non-centralised because they are used majorly as sub- representation, heterogeneous nature, contractors in a large project and main geographical dispersion, poor market contractors in small ones (Belayutham share, and organisational issues of the and Ibrahim, 2019). Small projects do SMEs encourage inefficient safety not require a comprehensive safety practices (Wang et al., 2018; Legg et programme. Sunindijo (2015) posits al., 2015). The inability of the SMEs to that large projects usually handled by separate company management and large organisations require detailed and other operations (Hasle et al., 2012), robust H&S management; which the thus, H&S management functions are SMEs cannot provide. In SMEs, the
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ owners-managers are also the safety knowledgeable about the company's manager of the company. With the level health and safety practices and of engagement and management policies, constantly change employers responsibilities of the owner, OH&S or migrate to another job in another management suffers and are rendered location. Thus, retaining them becomes ineffective with a lot of losses. This, even more difficult because of the therefore, makes H&S management financial status of the SMEs and their unattractive and unprofitable for the perception about investment in H&S. owners of the SMEs (Wang et al., Casualisation of workers employment 2018). This excess load carried by the contribute to H&S deviance Owners of the SMEs leads to normalisation; and makes it negligence, thus, H&S deviances are impracticable to keep workers for a inevitably normalised. longer period (Belayutham and Ibrahim, 2019). SMEs engage domestic, seasonally and relatively less qualified workers. In Wang et al. (2018) posit that the higher these organisations, the effectiveness accident and injury rate is one of the of health and safety training and safety management characteristics of education is limited because there is no SMEs. This is due to the non-functional, sense of job security (Wang et al., ineffective and insufficient safety 2018). Loosemore and Andonakis management coupled with their (2007) assert that because the CSMEs numerical strength in the industry. The functions more as trade sub- absence of awareness of safety and contractors on large projects, they tend resource limitation impedes the to use temporary skilled and unskilled execution of safety policies and laws. labour forces. It was confirmed by Kolo Also, SMEs do not engage safety (2015) that a greater percentage of professionals in executing and construction workers are temporary improving H&S practices. These safety staff. The temporary nature of characteristics of the SMEs contribute construction projects and the to the prevalence of H&S deviance characteristics of engaging temporary normalisation. As a consequence, workers do not encourage the level of unsafe production activities are treated commitment that is needed by Health as a normal situation (Wang et al., and safety on the construction site. 2018). Table 1 below is a summary of Aside from the use of temporary the identified SMEs characteristics workers, labour nomadism of the influencing H&S deviance workers also affects H&S practices. normalisation among construction Workers that are experienced and SMEs.
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Table 1: SMEs characteristics influencing H&S Deviance Normalisation S/N Variables Source(s) Constant project management and 1 Loosemore and Andonakis (2007) leadership changes Fatai (2011); Oduntan (2014); Jaroenroy 2 Financial insecurity and Chompunth (2019); Belayutham and Ibrahim (2019); Lingard (2013). 3 Cash flow and payment issues Lingard (2013) Lack of clear cut different between Hasle et al. (2012), Agwu and Emeti 4 management and operations (2014) 5 Heterogeneous nature of SMEs Wang et al. (2018); Legg et al. (2015) 6 Non-centralised representation Wang et al. (2018); Legg et al. (2015) 7 Geographical spread (dispersion) Wang et al. (2018); Legg et al. (2015) 8 Organisational issues Wang et al. (2018); Legg et al. (2015) 9 Limited market spread (share) Wang et al. (2018); Legg et al. (2015) Insufficient access to external supports 10 Legg et al. (2015) sources 11 High level of resources limitations Wang et al. (2018); Legg et al.(2015) Lack of proper documentation/record 12 Agwu and Emeti (2014); Legg et al. (2015) keeping Poor knowledge of health and safety Legg et al. (2015); Adegboyega et 13 risks evaluation al.(2021) Poor knowledge of health and safety Adegboyega et al.(2021); Wang et al. 14 acts, regulations and code of practices. (2018); Legg et al. (2015) Use part-time or temporary staff or Stiles et al., (2012); Loosemore and 15 labour force Andonakis (2007); Kolo (2015) Poor bargaining power and under-pricing 16 Ying et al. (2015) of H&S 17 Casualization of workers Belayutham and Ibrahim (2019) 18 Safety measures are not formalised Stiles et al. (2012) Poor budgetary allocation for safety 19 Stiles et al. (2012); Smallwood (2004) implementation Management Perception of investment Zahoor et al. (2015); Mohamed et al. 20 in HS as liability (2009) Seeing adherence to HS as impediment Zahoor et al. (2015); Mohamed et al. 21 to productivity (2009)
2.3 Effect of H&S deviance occupational health and safety normalisation in construction concerns in China and other countries of the world, impact both the society The consequences of failed and the government. occupational health and safety in the construction industry, and especially The impact of H&S deviance among the SMEs are accidents, injuries normalisation on construction projects and related property destruction to is substantial. Construction projects workers and their employers (Wang et experience economic and financial al., 2018). Wang et al. (2018) further losses and expense. The consequence submitted that the threat of of safety breakdown is accidents which
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ could lead to destruction to plant and Delay in project execution, contractors' equipment, injury to already completed losses of confidence reposed on them work, loss of productivity in terms of by the client, bodily injury for work time, the extra cost to rebuild employees, loss of income and damaged work, loss of workers morale, revenue, death of workers, disruption of work progress (Manase et psychological problems as a result of al., 2004). Accidents resulting from their experiences, damages to H&S deviance normalisation cause the equipment, materials and tools. Kadiri construction organisations to et al. (2014) found that the major experience loss of reputation and consequence of H&S deviance confidence by clients/customers, extra normalisation is a loss of project time cost/fines for legal issues (Manase et during the execution stage. al., 2004). Arunkumar and A lot of SMEs often do not consider Gunasekaran (2018) found that the H&S as vital during tendering, this have effects of the accidents caused by led to the non-inclusion of H&S budget OH&S deviance normalisation in the and strategies in tenders. The non- construction industry are extra cost for inclusion of H&S measures in tenders medical expenses, project execution according to Smallwood (2004), has led delay, loss of productivity, loss of trust to the loss of bids by contractors in most in firms, and the cost involved in new cases. To ensure that SMEs inculcate employees training. According to Kolo H&S in their daily operations, (2015), contractors suffer from financial Smallwood et al. (2018) advocated for losses in the form of cost of treating the a second- or third-party certification in injured, cost of litigation in case of health and safety (H&S). Table 2 below claims, high cost of the premium for the is a summary of the identified effects of insurance policy, liquidated and H&S deviance normalisation in the ascertained damages for delayed construction industry. compensation to clients.
Table 2: Effect of H&S deviance normalisation in construction S/N Variables Source(s) Lead to destruction to plant, tools, 1 Kadiri et al. (2014); Manase et al.(2004) equipment and materials 2 Damage to already completed work Manase et al.(2004) 3 Extra cost to rebuild damaged work Manase et al.(2004) 4 Loss of workers morale Manase et al.(2004) 5 Disruption of work progress Manase et al.(2004); Kadiri et al. (2014) Loss of reputation and confidence by 6 Kadiri et al. (2014); Manase et al.(2004) clients/customers Kolo (2015); Arunkumar and Gunasekaran 7 Extra cost for medical expenses (2018) Kadiri et al. (2014); Arunkumar and 8 Project execution delay Gunasekaran (2018)
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Arunkumar and Gunasekaran (2018); 9 Loss of productivity Manase et al.(2004) 10 Loss of trust in firms Arunkumar and Gunasekaran (2018) Cost involved in new employees 11 Arunkumar and Gunasekaran (2018) training 12 Cost of litigation in case of claims Kolo (2015); Manase et al.(2004) High cost of premium for insurance 13 Kolo (2015) policy Liquidated and ascertained damages 14 Kolo (2015) for delay compensation to clients Kadiri et al. (2014); Wang et al. (2018); 15 Bodily injury to employees Manase et al.(2004) 16 Loss of income and revenue Kadiri et al. (2014); Manase et al.(2004) 17 Death of workers Kadiri et al. (2014); Wang et al. (2018)
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2015; Eze et al., 2020), thus, are suitable for this study. It follows that an The purpose of this study is to examine improvement in the health and safety the contribution of the characteristics of performance of the construction SMEs Construction SMEs to the prevalence of is an improvement in the health and health and safety deviance safety performance of the construction normalisation in the construction industry since they dominate in terms of industry. The geographical area of this population. study is Abuja, Nigeria and the respondents were owners/managers, Following a detailed literature review, project managers, contract managers, 21 characteristics of the construction H&S managers, and senior supervisors SMEs that contribute to the prevalence and other construction professionals of health and safety deviance occupying positions of responsibility, normalisation, and 17 effects of health which understands the running of the and safety deviance normalisation were company, know about occupational identified. Based on this and other health and safety and are, involved in background information, the on-going construction projects. Abuja is questionnaire was developed. The the administrative headquarters of questionnaire was used in the Nigeria with a lot of completed and collection of data from the target ongoing building and other respondents in the organisations that infrastructure developmental projects. have been in existence for at least Construction professionals, craftsmen, 5years. The participants were expected artisans and other construction-based to have participated in the delivery of at trades are naturally attracted by job least two construction projects. The opportunities provided by the idea behind these criteria is to reduce construction projects. Also, response bias and obtained quality construction SMEs lags in health and data. The questionnaire was used safety performance, although, the form because it saves survey time and majority of the construction covers a wider area (Tan, 2011). The organisations in the industry (Sunindijo,
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ adopted questionnaire used a 5-point sampled with a total of 156 sampled Likert scale in which 1 is the lowest and participants. The level of participation is 5 the highest, the respondents were high because of the method employed asked to rate the assessed variables in the delivery of the research according to their perceived instrument. The study used both hand- contribution and importance to H&S to-hand delivery by trained research deviance normalisation. assistants and electronic means such as Google forms in the administration of The population of construction SMEs the questionnaire. The analysis was and the sample size for the study was based on the 156 responses received. impracticable to be established because there is no database for CSMEs which have been in existence The gathered data were analysed using for at least 5 years and have delivered descriptive statistical tools such as at least two projects. It is based on frequency, percentage and mean score these, that a snowball sampling and standard deviations. The data technique was adopted in the garnered on the background administration of the questionnaire. information of the respondents were Snowball sampling was used to analysed using frequencies and conveniently reach the target percentages. Data gathered on the respondents and their organisations characteristics of the construction that met the study's sample set criteria. SMEs that contribute to the prevalence The snowball sampling according to of health and safety deviance Naderifer et al. (2017) is a convenient normalisation and the effects of health sampling technique that relies on and safety deviance normalisation were referrals to reach difficult to access analysed using the mean score and respondents with certain standard deviation (SD). The ranking of characteristics. This sampling the variables was done using the technique has the potential to increase combined values of the mean and the sample response rate and minimise standard deviation (SD). The mean survey time and cost (Atkinson and score is the most frequently used Flint, 2001; Ramsey et al., 2016; descriptive analyses tool, it is easy to Naderifar et al., 2017). It was observed interpret when used for ranking and that the sampled SMEs engage identifying more important variables. It between 2 to 5 professional employees is also used by scholars in built in addition to the owners/managers. At environment schools and beyond, and least 2 people were sampled in each of professional researchers in the the organisations visited and this was construction industry. Where there is a based on referrals by already sampled tie in the mean score of two variables, participants. the variable with the lower SD is ranked first as submitted by (Field, 2005). It
was submitted that the variable with the After a sampling period of 3months, 63 smallest SD should be ranked first of the CSMEs were successfully where the mean score of two
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Influence of construction SMES characteristics on Health and Safety (H&S) …. CHSMJ or more variables are the same. The the sample size is less than 2000. The standard error of the mean was used to p-value obtained for the variables were establish whether the function zero (that is, less than 0.05). The data, determining the chosen sample thus, failed normality assumption and population parameter is precise. Field were declared non-parametric. Since (2005) supported this submission the gathered data are non-parametric, through its findings. It was found that the difference in the perception of the the sample means is similar to the participants in the small and medium population means, when the standard organisations was determined using error is small. In the words of Ilola the Mann-Whitney U Test. There is the (2018), the standard error reveals the likelihood of a difference existing level of accuracy of the mean of the between the rating patterns of the given sample of a population compared participants in small and medium to the true population mean. Higher organisations. The Mann-Whitney U standard error values imply that the Test will help reveal this difference, mean is imprecise and not the especially in the variables where the representation of the true population views differ significantly, and in the mean. The samples chosen concerning proportion of the variables in which the population are adequate when the rating pattern is similar. The reliability of standard error is closer to 0. the research instrument is very high as shown in Table 3; this is based on the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.868 and determine the normality distribution 0.922 obtained for the variables tested. (assumption) of the gathered data since For a good internal consistency, Kasim the sample size is 156, which is far less et al. (2019) suggested a Cronbach’s than 2000. This is in line with the alpha value range of 0.8-0.90. suggestion of Ghasem and Zahediasl (2012). It was suggested that the Shapiro-Wilk test should be used where
Table 3 Reliability analysis case processing summary reliability statistics Cronbach's Nr. of N % Alpha items CSMEs characteristics that Valid 156 100.00 contribute to H&S deviance Excludeda 0 0.00 0.868 21 normalisation Total 156 100.00 Valid 156 100.00 Effects of health and safety Excludeda 0 0.00 0.922 17 deviance normalisation Total 156 100.00 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.
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4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of the respondents have spent about 5- 4.1 Respondents background 10 years in the industry, followed by information 32.69% that have spent 11-15years, From Table 4, 52.56% of the then 15.38% who have spent 16- respondents work with small 20years and 7.69% have spent over organisations and 47.44% work with 21years in the industry. The median medium organisations. The results of class is 11-15years, meaning that the the respondents' position/responsibility respondents are experienced enough revealed that 27.56% are to give an insight into the subject of the owners/managers of the organisations, study. Regarding the number of 19.87% are project managers, 15.38% projects executed, 39.10% have taken are contract managers, 16.03% are part in 2-5projects, 32.05% have taken safety managers, and 21.15% are part in 6-9projects, 21.15% have been senior supervisors. This shows that involved in 10-13projects and 7.69% only very few SMEs recognise the role have executed over 14 projects. These of safety experts. Based on academic reflect the quality of experiences gained qualification, those with BSc./Btech. are in the industry. more with 40.38%, followed by those Generally, the participants from the with higher national diploma (33.97%), small and medium organisations were and then Masters degree holders fairly represented. The number of (23.72%) and lastly, PhD holder were projects executed, years spent in the just 1.92% of the sampled population. industry, and coupled with their This, however, showed that the academic qualification and participants have formal education, responsibility is an indication that the thus, can give reliable information that respondents possess the requisite will aid the study. knowledge and experiences for Furthermore, the year of experience of meeting the purpose of this study. the respondents revealed that 44.23%
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Table 4: Respondents background information Variables classification freq. per cent Organisational type of Small (10 to 49 employees) 82 52.56 respondents Medium (50 to 199 employees) 74 47.44 Total 156 100.00 Position/responsibility owners/managers 43 27.56 project managers 31 19.87 contract managers 24 15.38 Safety managers 25 16.03 Senior Supervisors 33 21.15 Total 156 100.00 Academic qualification Higher National Diploma 53 33.97 BSc/Btech 63 40.38 Masters degree 37 23.72 Doctorate 3 1.92 Total 156 100.00 Years of experience 5-10years 69 44.23 11-15 years 51 32.69 16-20 years 24 15.38 21-above 12 7.69 Total 156 100.00 Number of projects executed 2-5 projects 61 39.10 6- 9 projects 50 32.05 10-13 projects 33 21.15 14 projects and above 12 7.69 Total 156 100.00
4.2 Level of H&S implementation and construction works are delivered under H&S deviance Normalisation in an unsafe environment where CSMEs deviances in H&S have been As shown in Table 5, the respondents normalised. However, the medium were also required to rate the level of sized construction organisations have a H&S implementation on construction better H&S performance record project site by their organisations. It can compared to the small organisations. be seen that the overall H&S The combined implementation level of implementation ranges between very H&S for ‘high and very high’ responses low to average; with a combined is 8.21% (21.62-13.41%) higher than response of 82.69%. This result means that obtainable in the small that the occupational health and safety organisations performance of SMEs is poor. H&S Regarding the level of agreement that practices appear to be consciously construction SMEs characteristics ignored, thus, leading to high injuries contribute to health and safety and fatalities recorded on construction deviance normalisation in the sites where small and medium construction industry, the overall organisations are engaged. The poor responses showed that 35.90% of the H&S implementation further means that respondents strongly agree,
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24.36% of the participants very strongly combined responses that indicated agree and 21.79% moderately agree. ‘strongly agreed and very strongly Based on these results, it can be agreed’ in both small and medium concluded that the characteristic of the organisations. SMEs impacts the health and safety 4.3 CSMEs Characteristics that implementation and performance on Contribute to H&S Deviance construction projects. It, therefore, Normalisation follows that the poor health and safety From the results in Table 6, the top five performance of the SMEs are caused construction SMEs characteristics that largely by their characteristics. This contribute most to H&S deviance further means that deviances in H&S normalisation in the construction practices are inherent in their industry are; poor budgetary allocation characteristics and the deviances for safety implementation (mean=4.30, behaviours have been made a 'new S.D=1.0861), financial insecurity normal’. There is however a slightly (mean=4.24, S.D= 0.8121), constant difference in perception of the two project management and leadership organisations as 34.94% of the changes (mean=4.15, S.D=1.1517), participants from the small seeing adherence to H&S as organisations opined that the impediment to productivity (mean=4.13, characteristics of SMEs contribute to S.D=1.0205), and lack of clear cut H&S deviance normalisation than the different between management and participants from the medium operations (mean=4.12, S.D=0.9459). organisations. The 34.94% was obtained from the difference in the
Table 5: Level of H&S implementation and H&S deviance normalisation in CSMEs Small Medium Overall Variables Classification Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Very high 3 3.66 5 6.76 8 5.13 What is the level of H&S High 8 9.76 11 14.86 19 12.18 implementation in your Average 18 21.95 14 18.92 32 20.51 organisation? Low 26 31.71 21 28.38 47 30.13 Very low 27 32.93 23 31.08 50 32.05 Total 82 100.00 74 100.00 156 100.00 Very strongly 31 37.80 7 9.46 38 24.36 What is your level of agreement agree that construction SMEs Strongly agree 32 39.02 24 32.43 56 35.90 characteristics contribute to moderately 12 14.63 22 29.73 34 21.79 health and safety deviance agree normalisation in the construction Disagree 4 4.88 12 16.22 16 10.26 industry? Very strongly 3 3.66 9 12.16 12 7.69 disagree Total 82 100.00 74 100.00 156 100.00
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While, the least five characteristics of among the reasons 80% of SMEs fails the CSMEs that contribute to H&S (Fatai, 2011). The fusion of ownership, deviance normalisation are; limited management and other operations market spread (share) (mean=3.40, (Agwu and Emeti, 2014; Hasle et al., S.D=1.3183), lack of proper 2012), are among the characteristics of documentation/record keeping the SMEs that contribute to poor H&S (mean=3.35, S.D=1.2631), practices. Another characteristic of the geographical spread (dispersion) SMEs that contribute to H&S deviance (mean=3.33, S.D=1.4248), normalisation is the frequent change of Heterogeneous nature (mean=3.26, site management and leadership S.D=1.3252), and non-centralised (Loosemore and Andonakis, 2007). representation (mean=3.17, The constant change of site S.D=1.3576). management means that knowledge will be lost since there is no proper These results support the submissions record-keeping by the SMEs (Agwu and of (Jaroenroy and Chompunth, 2019; Emeti, 2014). Belayutham and Ibrahim, 2019; Zahoor et al., 2015; Oduntan, 2014; Lingard, The overall average mean of the 2013; Stiles et al., 2012). Stiles et al. assessed variables is 3.80, and this is (2012) reported that small higher than the 3.5 that (Osunsanmi et organisations are characterised by a al., 2020) consider important. lack of financial security, the insufficient Concerning the highest Likert scale budget allocated for safety point of 5, the 3.80 average mean score implementation is grossly inadequate, is equivalent to 75.93%; and this is a uses less formalised safety measures high value. This implies that all the and engage temporary safety variables contribute greatly to personnel. The wrong perception of the continuous accidents and injuries in the owners of the SMEs and their construction industry. They, therefore, employees were found to be one of the have a high level of contribution to the reasons for H&S deviance behaviours. prevalence of normalisation of health This was reported by Zahoor et al. and safety deviance. Furthermore, the (2015), it was submitted that SMEs impact on the poor health and safety considers investment in H&S as a performance of the SMEs in the liability and employees are of the view construction industry. In addition, the that adhering to H&S policies impedes standard error of the variables further work rate. Financial insecurity and cash show that the chosen sample is flow problems characterise the adequate, compare to the true functioning of the SMEs and hinder the population mean. This is premised on commitment of their managers from the fact that the standard error is small proper H&S planning and management and closer to zero (Field, 2005; Ilola, (Oduntan, 2014; Lingard, 2013; 2018). Jaroenroy and Chompunth, 2019; Belayutham and Ibrahim, 2019). Poor The Mann-Whitney U Test was further finance and associated problems are used to reveal where the
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difference occurs in the views of the Thus, it can be said that there is a small and medium organisations in significant statistical difference in the terms of individual variables, and the perception of respondents in these proportion of the variables in which the variables. These variables with their Z rating pattern is similar. The test result and P-value scores as shown in shows that there no statistically (column 6 & 7 of Table 6) are; high level significant difference in the perception of resources limitations (Z=-3.416, of 18 (85.71%) of the variables. Thus, Sig=0.001), casualization of workers the rating pattern of these 18 variables (Z=-3.134, Sig. =0.002), and Poor is similar. This further means that the budgetary allocation for safety participants view in the two implementation (Z=-3.648, Sig. = organisational categories converge in 0.000). This divergent view in the rating 85.71% of the variables assessed. This pattern of these 3 variables could be as decision is premised on the significant a result of 1) the participant different p-value obtained for the variables which understanding of what constitute are higher than 0.05. A divergent view resources, 2) the varying degree of use was, however, observed in 3(14.29%) of casual workers in the organisations, of the assessed variables, because the and 3) how serious safety is taken in the p-values obtained are less than 0.05. organisations. Table 6 CSMEs characteristics that contribute to H&S deviance normalisation Mann-Whitney SMEs Characteristics Mean S. D S. EM Rank Z Sig. Constant project management and leadership changes 4.15 1.1517 0.0922 3rd -1.229 0.219 Financial insecurity 4.24 0.8121 0.0650 2nd -0.105 0.916 Cash flow and payment issues 3.81 1.1461 0.0918 12th -0.912 0.362 Lack of clear cut difference between management and 4.12 0.9459 0.0757 5th -0.505 0.613 operations Heterogeneous nature of SMEs 3.26 1.3252 0.1061 20th -0.198 0.843 Non-centralised representation 3.17 1.3576 0.1087 21st -0.621 0.535 Geographical spread (dispersion) 3.33 1.4248 0.1141 19th -0.491 0.623 Organisational issues 3.67 1.2708 0.1018 16th -1.759 0.079 Limited market spread (share) 3.40 1.3183 0.1055 17th -0.142 0.887 Insufficient access to external supports sources 3.76 1.2081 0.0967 13th -0.534 0.593 High level of resources limitations 3.84 1.2623 0.1011 11th -3.416 0.001* Lack of proper documentation/record keeping 3.35 1.2631 0.1011 18th -0.893 0.372 Poor knowledge of health and safety risks evaluation 3.95 1.1060 0.0886 7th -0.417 0.677 Poor knowledge of health and safety acts, regulations 3.76 1.2081 0.0967 13th -0.534 0.593 and code of practices. Use part-time or temporary staff or labour force 3.91 1.1988 0.0960 8th -0.884 0.377 Casualization of workers 3.70 1.1096 0.0888 15th -3.134 0.002* Poor bargaining power and under-pricing of H&S 3.88 1.0737 0.0860 10th -1.003 0.316 Safety measures are not formalised 3.89 1.1672 0.0935 9th -1.961 0.051 Poor budgetary allocation for safety implementation 4.30 1.0861 0.0870 1st -3.648 0.000* Management Perception of investment in H&S as 4.11 1.1278 0.0903 6th -1.406 0.160 liability Seeing adherence to H&S as an impediment to 4.13 1.0205 0.0817 4th -1.945 0.052 productivity *Sig. = p-value <0.05; S.D = standard deviation; S.EM= standard error mean
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Regardless of the divergent views, the Kadiri et al. (2014) to be among the variables do have an important impact major effects of H&S deviance in contributing to health and safety normalisation. Among the deviance normalisation in the industry. consequences of H&S deviance This is evident in their mean score normalisation in the long run posited by which is higher than 3.5. Manase et al.(2004) are; the extra cost 4.4 Effects of Health and Safety to rebuild damaged work and disruption Deviance Normalisation of work progress. According to Kolo From the results in Table 7, the top five (2015), a contractor suffers from effect of H&S deviance normalisation in financial losses in the form of the cost the construction industry are; disruption of treating the injured and cost of of work progress (mean=4.41, S.D= various other claims. 0.8181), project execution delay (mean=4.37, S.D= 0.7806), extra cost The seemingly unending high injury for medical expenses (mean=4.33, and fatality rates in the construction S.D=0.7199), death of workers (mean industry, impact heavily on construction =4.29, S.D =0.7468), and extra cost to firms, workers, the projects being rebuild damaged work (mean=4.27, executed and the client's satisfaction S.D=0.7304). While, the least impact of level. Unsafe deviance behaviours that health and safety deviance have been made the 'new normal in the normalisation in the construction execution of construction projects, is a industry are; liquidated and ascertained disaster waiting to happen. Success in damages for delay compensation to previous deviance behaviours does not clients (mean=3.89, S.D=1.2106), lead mean that fatality will not result in to destruction to plant, tools, equipment succeeding tasks. Apart from the effect and materials (mean=3.81, on the health of the workers, S.D=1.0765), and loss of trust in firms organisations, projects, equipment and (mean=3.61, S.D=1.3892). The results tools, and the relationship with clients, support findings in the extant literature deviance normalisation could also lead and corroborate studies of (Arunkumar to poor quality work, rework, wastage, and Gunasekaran, 2018; Kolo, 2015; among other issues. Kadiri et al., 2014; Manase et al., 2004). The overall average mean of the Arunkumar and Gunasekaran (2018) assessed variables is 4.12, and this is reported that extra cost for medical higher than the 3.5 that Osunsanmi et expenses, project execution delay, loss al. (2020) consider as important. of productivity, loss of trust in firms, and Concerning the highest Likert scale cost involved in new employees training point of 5, the 4.12 average mean score were the major effects of the injuries is equivalent to 82.50%; and this is a and fatalities caused by OH&S very high value. This implies that all the deviance normalisation in the variables are affected by H&S deviance construction industry. Loss of project normalisation in the construction execution time, bodily injuries and industry. The long-term consequences death of workers were also reported by of H&S deviance
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normalisation are accidents and injuries no statistically significant difference in in the construction industry. The the perception of 13 (76.47%) of the occurrences of injuries and fatalities variables. A significant statistical have negatively on organisations, difference was however obtained in the projects, workers and clients. In perception of respondents in 4 addition, the standard error means of (23.53%) of the variables. These the variables further show that the variables have their p-values to be less chosen sample is adequate to compare than 0.050. This implies a divergent to the true population mean. This is view among the participants in small premised on the fact that the standard and medium organisations. error is small and closer to zero (Field, The four variables and their respective 2005; Ilola, 2018). Z and p-value scores displayed in Furthermore, the Mann-Whitney U Test (column 6 & 7 of Table 7) are; loss of carried out shows that the rating pattern workers morale (Z=-3.331, Sig. of 13 variables is similar. This implies =0.001), loss of reputation and that the participants in the small and confidence by clients/customers (Z=- medium organisations have a 4.697, Sig. =0.000), extra cost for convergence view in 76.47% of the medical expenses (Z=-3.096, Sig. assessed variables. The significant p- =0.002), and loss of trust in firms (Z=- value for the variables is greater than 2.193, Sig. = 0.028). 0.05. Thus, it was concluded that there
Table 7 Effect of H&S deviance normalisation Mann-Whitney Effect of H&S deviance normalisation Mean S.D S.EM Rank Z Sig. Lead to destruction to plant, tools, equipment and 3.81 1.0765 0.0862 16th -0.678 0.434 materials Damage to already completed work 4.06 0.9245 0.0740 11th -0.933 0.336 Extra cost to rebuild damaged work 4.27 0.7304 0.0585 5th -1.847 0.067 Loss of workers morale 4.01 1.0984 0.0879 13th -3.331 0.001* Disruption of work progress 4.41 0.8181 0.0655 1st -1.365 0.172 Loss of reputation and confidence by 3.96 1.1492 0.0920 14th -4.697 0.000* clients/customers The extra cost for medical expenses 4.33 0.7199 0.0576 3rd -3.096 0.002* Project execution delay 4.37 0.7806 0.0625 2nd -1.516 0.129 Loss of productivity 4.26 1.1688 0.0936 6th -1.321 0.206 Loss of trust in firms 3.61 1.3892 0.1112 17th -2.193 0.028* The cost involved in new employees training 4.17 1.2119 0.0970 10th -0.68 0.497 Cost of litigation in case of claims 4.23 1.0463 0.0838 8th -1.851 0.064 The high cost of the premium for an insurance policy 4.21 1.0142 0.0812 9th -1.131 0.291 Liquidated and ascertained damages for delayed 3.89 1.2106 0.0969 15th -0.808 0.419 compensation to clients Bodily injury to employees 4.24 0.8220 0.0576 7th -1.062 0.289 Loss of income and revenue 4.01 1.1749 0.0941 12th -1.640 0.111 Death of workers 4.29 0.7468 0.0576 4th -0.761 0.441 *Sig. = p-value <0.05; S.D = standard deviation; S.EM= standard error mean
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This difference in the rating style of for safety implementation, financial these 4 variables could be as a result of insecurity, constant project 1) the varying level of motivational management and leadership changes, packages adopted in the organisations, seeing adherence to H&S as an 2) differences in clients' loyalty to the impediment to productivity, and lack of organisation, 3) temporary staffs do not clear cut difference between have medical insurance, and 4) management and operations. Also, owners-managers and clients have a disruption of work progress, project personal relationship that is not execution delay, extra cost for medical affected by H&S performance. expenses, death of workers, and extra Regardless of the divergent views, H&S cost to rebuild damaged work, were the deviance normalisation has a very high most important effect of H&S deviance impact on these variables, this decision normalisation in the construction is based on the mean scores of the industry. variables that are greater than 3.5. Based on the findings, this study 5. CONCLUSION AND recommends that; improving the health RECOMMENDATIONS and safety performance of the Construction SMEs involves This study examined the contribution of interventions. Partnership with H&S the characteristics of Construction professional firms is one of the SMEs to the prevalence of health and intervention strategies that the SMEs safety deviance normalisation in the could leverage to improve their H&S construction industry. It also assessed performance. The provision of financial the effect of H&S deviance securities by the government to normalisation in the construction increase their financial and other industry. It utilised a quantitative resources capacities of SMEs is also research questionnaire and snowball critical. Partnering and financial support sampling techniques in gathering data might encourage SMEs to adopt more from owners/managers of construction innovative safety monitoring and SMEs and other senior management management using technology. The staff of the organisations. use of the H&S management plan as a The study concludes that CSMEs level vital pre-qualification criterion for the of health and safety implementation subcontracts will serve as an incentive and performance is poor and this is for taking safety seriously and a trigger caused by the characteristics of the for the provision of an adequate budget SMEs. Furthermore, the prevalence of for H&S planning and implementation. health and safety deviance Adequate management and leadership normalisation is inherent in the support are needed to make health and characteristic of SMEs. The safety culture an integral part of the characteristics of the SMEs that functioning of the organisations. A contribute most to H&S deviance sound organisational health and safety normalisation in the construction culture will ensure the refocusing of industry are; poor budgetary allocation management on adequate safety over
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Eze, Sofolahan, Ugulu & Nwankwo 2021 CHSMJ productivity. Sustainable H&S training performance of the SMEs can be and induction programmes for new embarked upon. In this era of industry employees on construction projects 4.0, the health and safety of the should be put in place by construction workplace can be improved and made organisations. This will increase sustainable using ICT. workers consciousness of the consequences of H&S deviance. References Awareness and safety implementation Abas, N.H., Jalani, A.F.A., and Affandi, campaigns in the construction industry H.M.(2020).Construction and particularly among construction Stakeholders’ Perceptions of SMEs which makes up the bulk of the Occupational Safety and Health construction firms in the industry is Risks in Malaysia. International important. This will allay the fear and Journal of Sustainable misconception they hold regarding Construction Engineering and investment in Health and safety. Technology, 11(1), 300-311 The uniqueness of the study lies in the Adegboyega, A.A., Eze, C.E., and sampling of owners/managers of the Sofolahan, O. (2021). Health and SMEs and other responsible key senior Safety (HS) Risks Normalization in staffs. This study adds to the existing the Construction Industry: The body of knowledge on health and safety SMEs Perspective. Independent practices in the construction industry. Journal of Management & The study would be useful to Production (IJM&P), 12(5), 1466- managers/owners of the SMEs and the 1495 industry regulators and other Aghimien, D., Aigbavboa, C., Thwala, stakeholders in making decisions that G., and Thwala, W. (2019). Critical will change the functioning, Drivers for Health and Safety management and operations of the Management among SMEs in the SMEs and the H&S related practices Eswatini Construction Industry. 1st and performances in the construction International Conference on industry. Care must be taken in Sustainable Infrastructural generalising the findings of this study, Development. IOP Conference as it is limited by geographical Series: Materials Science and boundary and sample size. Thus, a Engineering 640, 1-9. further similar study is proposed so that Doi:10.1088/1757- more characteristics could be 899X/640/1/012005 assessed. This study could take place Aghimien, D.O., Oke, A.E., Aigbavboa, in other state or country or region to C.O. and Ontlametse, K. (2018). enable findings to be compared. The Factors Contributing to Disabling role of collaboration on health and Injuries and Fatalities in the South safety performance could be African Construction Industry. Joint investigated. A study that will explore CIB W099 and TG59 International how collaboration could be used to Safety, Health, and People in improve the health and safety Construction
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Conference, held in Salvador, in Available at: Brazil in 1st -3rd of August, 337- https://www.H&Se.gov.uk/Researc 345 h/H&Sl_pdf/2006/H&Sl06117.pdf Agwu, M.O. and Emeti, C.I. Charles, M. B., Furneaux, C. W., Pillay, (2014).Issues, Challenges and J., Thorpe, D., Paredes-Castillo, C. Prospects of Small and Medium H., and Brown, K. A. (2007). Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Port- Uptake of an OH&S code of Harcourt City, Nigeria. European practice by construction firms: Journal of Sustainable barriers and enablers in an Development, 3 (1), 101-114. Doi: Australian industry context. Paper 10.14207/ejsd.2014.v3n1p101 presented at the CIB World Arunkumar, K. and Gunasekaran, J. Building Congress. Retrieved from (2018). Causes and effects of http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27305/ accidents on construction site. Cheng, E. W. L., Ryan, N., and Kelly, S. International Journal of (2012). Exploring the perceived Engineering Science and influence of safety management Computing, 8(6),18102-18110 practices on project performance in Atkinson, R. and Flint, J. (2001). the construction industry. Safety Accessing hidden and hard-to- Science, 50(2), 363-369. reach populations: snowball CIDB (2018). Construction Industry research strategies. Social Review & Prospect 2016/2017: Research Update, Vol. 33. Chapter 2 – Construction Projects, Retrieved from Contractors and Personnel. https://www.researchgate.net/publi Available at: cation/46214232_Accessing_Hidd http://www.cidb.gov.my/images/co en_and_Hard-to- ntent/pdf/bisnes/ const-review- Reach_Populations_Snowball_Re 2016-2017/CIDB----Construction- search_Strategies on April 23 2019 Industries-Review---Chapter-2- Belayutham, S. And Ibrahim, C.K.I.Z Jan-15-2018.pdf (Accessed 10 (2019). Barriers and Strategies for March 2019) Better Safety Practices: The Case Endroyo, B., Yuwono, B. E., and of Construction SMEs in Malaysia. Purwanto, E.D. (2016). Construction Economics and Implementation of Occupational Building, 19(1), Article ID 6331. Health and Safety Management in https://doi. Developing Countries, Study in org/10.5130/AJCEB.v19i1.6331 Construction Field in Indonesia. Bell, J. and Healey, N. (2006). The International Journal of Sciences Causes of Major Hazard Incidents and Research, 72(12), 83-90 and How to Improve Risk Control EU-OSHA. (2014). The Business Case and Health and Safety for Safety and Health at Work: Management: A Review of the Cost-benefit Analyses of Existing Literature. Health and Interventions in Small and Medium- safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, sized Enterprises. European Buxton Derbyshire, SK17 9JN.
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(2018). Health and safety and Management (ICAEM'14) management practices of March 22-23, 2014 Dubai (UAE), contractors in South East Asia: A 75-78 multi-country study of Cambodia, Orji, E., Enebe, E.C. and Onoh, F.E. Vietnam and Malaysia. Safety (2016). Accidents in Building Science, 107,188–201. Construction Sites in Nigeria; a Masi, D., Cagno, E., and Micheli, G.J.L. Case of Enugu State. International (2014). Developing, Implementing Journal of Innovative Research, and Evaluating OSH Interventions 5(4), 244-248 in SMEs: A Pilot, Exploratory Osunsanmi, T. O., Aigbavboa, C.O. Study. International Journal of Oke, A.E. and Liphadzi, M. (2020). Occupational Safety and Appraisal of stakeholders’ Ergonomics, 20(3), 385-405, willingness to adopt construction DOI:10.1080/10803548.2014.1107 4.0 technologies for construction 7059 projects. Built Environment Project Mohamed, S., Ali, T.H. and Tam, W. Y. and Asset Management, Preprint V. (2009). National culture and safe version. DOI 10.1108/BEPAM-12- work behaviour of construction 2018-0159 workers in Pakistan. Safety Ozmec, M.N., Karlsen, I.L., Kines, P., Science., 47(1), 29–35. Andersen, L.P.S., Nielsen, K.J. Mollo, L.G., Emuze, F., and Smallwood, (2014). Negotiating safety practice J. (2020). Using a safety in small construction companies, management system to reduce Safety Science, 71(Part C), 275- errors and violations. Proceedings 281. of the Institution of Civil Engineers Perlman, A., Sacks, R. ,and Barak, R. – Municipal Engineer, (2014). Hazard recognition and risk https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.20.0 perception in construction. Safety 0017 Science, 64, 22–31. Naderifar, M., Goli, H. and Ghaljaie, F. Ramsey, S. R., Thompson, K. L., (2017). Snowball Sampling: A McKenzie, M. and Rosenbaum, A. Purposeful Method of Sampling in (2016). Psychological research in Qualitative Research. Strides Dev the internet age: The quality of Med Education, 14(3), 1-6. Doi: web-based data. Computers in 10.5812/sdme.67670nal/article/.../ Human Behavior, 58, 354–360. 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015. National Bureau of Statistics. (2019). 12.049 Micro, small and medium Randy, B. (2017). Normalization of enterprises (MSEM) national deviance and risk management. survey 2017 report. Abuja: NBS. Available at: Oduntan, K.O. (2014). The Role of http://roughnotes.com/normalizatio Small and Medium Enterprises in n-deviance-risk-management/ Economic Development: The Reason, J. (2016). Organizational Nigerian Experience. International Accidents Revisited. Ashgate, Conference on Arts, Economics Surrey, NY, USA.
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Shabangu, N.I. (2017). Health and in the construction industry: key Safety Culture on Small Residential barriers and improvement Construction Sites: The Case of strategies. The 5th International Waterfall Country Estate, Midrand. Conference of Euro Asia Civil A Research Report proposal Engineering Forum (EACEF-5). submitted to the Faculty of Procedia Engineering,125, 109 – Engineering and the Built 116 Environment, in partial fulfilment of Tan, W. C. K. (2011). Practical research the requirements for the degree of methods. Pearson Custom, MSc (Building) Project Singapore. Management in Construction, Tunji-Olayeni, P., Mosaku, T.O., University of the Witwatersrand, Fagbenle, O.I., Omuh, I.O., and Johannesburg, South Africa Joshua, O. (2016). Evaluating Smallwood, J., Haupt, T., and construction project performance: Shakantu, W. (2009). Construction a case of construction SMEs in Health and Safety in South Africa- Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Status and Recommendations. Innovation and Business Best Construction Industry Practices, 2016, Article ID 482398, Development Board (CIDB) report, 1-10. DOI: 10.5171/2016.482398 1-42. Usman, N. D., Inuwa, I. I., Kolawole, R. Smallwood, J.J. (2004). Optimum cost: O., Kwari, J. M., and Didel, J. M. The role of health and safety (2014). Evaluating the impact of (HEALTH AND SAFETY). In housing delivery system on project Verster, J.J.P. (ed.) International performance within the building Cost Engineering Council 4th industry in Nigeria. Journal of World Congress, Cape Town, 17- Environmental Sciences and 21 April. Resource Management, 6(1), 145- SMEDAN/NBS MSME Survey. (2013). 154. SMEDAN and National Bureau of Wang, Q., Mei, Q., Liu, S., and Zhang, Statistics collaborative survey: J. (2018). Analysis of Managing Selected findings. Abuja: NBS. Safety in Small Enterprises: Dual- Retrieved from Effects of Employee Prosocial https://www.smedan.gov.ng/image Safety Behavior and Government s/PDF/2013-MSME-Survey- Inspection. Hindawi-BioMed Summary-Report.pdf. Research International, 2018, Stiles, S., Golightly, D., and Wilson, Article ID 6482507, 1- J.R. (2012). Behavioural safety 12.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/64 amongst construction industry 82507 supply chain contractors, in: M. Ying, J., Wong, Y., Gray, J. and Sadiqi, Anderson (ed.), Contemporary Z. (2015). Barriers to Good Ergonomics and Human Factors, Occupational Health & Safety Taylor & Francis, 303-310. (OH&S) Practices by Small Sunindijo, R. Y. (2015). Improving Construction Firms, 1-18. Available safety among small organisations at:
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https://www.researchgate.net/publi cation/281495184 Yiu, N. S. N., and Chan, D. W. M. (2016). A taxonomic review of the application of safety management systems in Construction. Journal of international scientific publications: ecology & safety, 10, 394-408 Zahoor, H., Chan, A.P.C., Utama, W. P. and Gao, R. (2015). A research framework for investigating the relationship between safety climate and safety performance in the construction of multi-storey buildings in Pakistan. Procedia Engineering, 118, 581 – 589
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Involvement of Community-Based Associations towards Sustainable Settlement Infrastructure in Ilorin, Nigeria
Kolawole A. SHITTU1, Lekan SANNI2, Ayobami A. POPOOLA*3 Olawale AKOGUN4 Samuel MEDAYESE5 and Bamiji ADELEYE6
1 Kwara State University, Nigeria 2 & 4Department of Urban & Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 3SARChI Chair for Inclusive Cities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 5Department of Town & Regional Planning, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 6Department of Regional Planning, Makarere University, Uganda
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract involvement strategies in community To reduce the national housing deficit in development projects by the Nigeria, numerous government housing associations include resource estates were constructed and allocated mobilization, special levy, physical for people to reside. Government participation, and payment of the housing estates in Nigeria are now regular levy. In contrast, factors characterized by gross discomfort due influencing residents' participation in poor state of the infrastructures. This community projects include affordability study appraised the involvement of to pay, the influence of neighbours and Community-Based Organisation in the households, and the suitability of provision of infrastructural facilities in projects. Among the recommendations Mandate Housing Estate, Ilorin, Kwara made for improved infrastructural State. Questionnaires were facilities through community-based administered to officials of the Kwara organisation are upgrading of amenities State Housing Corporation and in the housing schemes, the connection committee members of the Community- of the schemes to public water mains, Based Organisations in the estate. spatial control and review of Findings reveal that communal developmental plan in the estates and involvement led to the provision of housing schemes. culverts, parking facility, walkway, and streetlight while the utilities and Keywords: Community-Based services provided by associations also Associations; Infrastructure Facilities; include electric pole, electric Community Projects; Community transformers, waste disposal, deep- Involvement and Participation; Urban well, borehole, and security. The Estate.
1. Background of the Study infrastructural facilities, especially in Globally, infrastructural facilities have residential areas in cities and been a primary concern of urban communities, have been of great residents and, most importantly, in interest to many researchers and developing countries as the pace of scholars in recent times. Authors urbanization and population explosion (Moteff and Parfomak 2004; Kim 2006; are fast exceeding the available Abegunde, 2009) have explained urban infrastructure. The issues of urban infrastructure and its associated issues
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Shittu et al. 2021 at different times with varying scopes. The provision of adequate housing with Agbola and Adegoke (2011) described accompanying infrastructure for the infrastructure as a systematic teeming urban population remained framework which underpins a one of the most complex challenges community's ability to fulfil its mission of confronting many cities in developing providing a base for its citizens to be countries (Baraje 2014). As urban productive, and to nurture social equity. areas in developing countries continue Infrastructural facilities remain to witness rapidly growing population necessary ingredients not only for and urbanisation, there are indications socio-economic production but also for that despite the vital role infrastructure conducive living in various communities plays in the physical and socio- of human settlements (housing estates economic development of individuals and schemes inclusive) around the and communities, the frantic efforts world. By this, infrastructure is essential made in addressing the situation have facilities, services, and installations not achieved the desired results. (electric power, ports, roads, water supplies, public transportation, Bello-Schünemann and Porter (2017) telecommunications, and schools) opines that the provision of necessary needed for the functioning of a infrastructural facilities has not kept community or society (Moteff and pace with the rapidly growing urban Parfomak 2004; Kim 2006). population in Nigeria. The study reported that Nigeria’s basic physical Jimoh et al. (2016) classified infrastructure deficit severely infrastructural facilities into three which compromises the country’s prospects are physical infrastructure (roads, for economic growth and human water, electrification, storage, and development. Therefore, community processing facilities), social members generally form themselves infrastructure (health, educational, into groups to participate in community centre, and fire and security development projects for their overall services) and institutional infrastructure wellbeing. This is as a result of the (financial institutions and agricultural realization of the fact that contemporary research infrastructure). The physical governments can no longer single- infrastructures and, by extension, social handedly meet most of these infrastructure is of utmost importance to community infrastructures and non- human dwellings and communities. infrastructure needs (Toyobo and Muili Hence, it is based on the availability, 2008). Such community groups that extent of adequacy, and functioning of adopt self–governing techniques for these infrastructural facilities that collective action on infrastructural housing estates are more livable and facilities towards bridging infrastructural satisfactory to residents with the vigor deficit in their community and make of experiencing a sense of livelihood in provision for a growing population are such community. regarded as community-based organisations in which Landlord Associations belong.
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programmes to accommodate such. The dismal performance of government Like other residential dwellings, in meeting the socio-economic quests residents in government housing of citizens has been identified as one of schemes are left to seek alternative the reasons behind the proliferation of means to meet their infrastructural Community Based-Organizations deficiency and requirements to have a (CBOs) (Abegunde, 2009). Hence, the habitable residence with necessary emergence of Community-Based infrastructural facilities. It is on this Associations such as the Landlord basis that this study is examining the Associations is equally occasioned by involvement of Community-Based inadequate provision of infrastructural Organisations in the provision of facilities within a particular community infrastructural facilities in Ilorin, Kwara by respective governments coupled State using Mandate Housing Estate as with the need to bridge such a reference. This study is meant to fill infrastructural deficiency. Like other the identified gap in existing knowledge CBOs, Landlord Associations are in the as well as to open a new vista on urban vanguard of providing and maintaining infrastructure, most notably in some services which are exclusive residential estates. The question that functions of the Local Government guides this study is: within which their community domiciles i. What is the infrastructure aside from financing and executing condition of the residential other physical development projects estate? based on their financial capabilities. ii. What is the role of community- based organisations in With the government in most of the infrastructure provision? countries, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, partially 2. Situating the Study within the withdrawing from urban infrastructural Sustainable Settlement provision and maintenance, most Infrastructure Discourse notably in residential neighbourhoods, With urban service delivery being on community-based organizations are the decline, and local, state, or national filling gaps created by such withdrawal. service and infrastructure delivery Hence, collective mobilization of authorities been overwhelmed by resources in project initiation, design, challenges in providing essential public implementation, and funding influenced services (Popoola and Magidimisha, the type of infrastructure projects the 2018), various community-based community-based organisations have organisation are thereby formed to been able to undertake, most notably in provide the needed succour (Popoola urban centres (Ibem, 2009). and Magidimisha, 2019, 2020) in infrastructure and service delivery. The Ilorin, the capital of Kwara state, has importance of Community Based also been experiencing a high rate of Organisations has, over the years, urbanization and population growth been documented by numerous with government embarking on housing scholars (Mequanent, 1998;
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Rothman, 2005; Popoola and The maintenance of urban centres, Magidimisha, 2020).Prompting the most especially communities of roles of community (public and private) residences, is fast overwhelming the in the form of grassroots groups, capacity of city government. It is, community-based organizations, self- therefore, reasonable to embark on this help groups, base level organizations study now for consistent urban and community-based organisations maintenance and management using remains fundamental to the functioning community-based organisations as and provision of infrastructure (Popoola crucial instruments in urban and Magidmisha, 2020:305). governance and settlement Buttressing this, community sustainability. There could be infrastructure needs the active consistent urban decay and involvement of the people residing in deterioration due to the neglect of the neighbourhoods (Rothman, crucial infrastructure or inadequate 2005:7). The argument of the author urban infrastructure to serve the was that effective community residents, as a result, the functions of infrastructure must be in partnership the community-based organisation can with neighbourhood residents who seek be documented and appropriately cater to transform and improve the areas that to by the government using the they call home. As iterated by instrument of law to integrate them as a Mequanent (1998), coordinated veritable partner in the infrastructural community development has been provision, maintenance, and perceived as a proactive strategy for management, most especially in urban the survival and development of rural centres. people and space. Therefore, this study is significant as However, there is usually a need to the government cannot singlehandedly intensify efforts on other areas left provide infrastructure at the required untouched or not thoroughly touched by rate, especially in various communities scholars. Sincerely acknowledging the of residence. Since the provision of contributions of community-based infrastructural facilities needs vast organizations such as Landlord infusions of capital to ensure adequacy Associations and Estate Residents' for the teeming populace, integrating Associations remained a better community-based organisations is approach towards encouraging them to mostly required now. Hence, there is a do more in their community. Hence, this need to shift from the traditional supply study is necessary to boost the morale orientation of infrastructure policy, of such association by encouraging which tends to overemphasize public them to complement government sector provision and excessive political efforts through pooling their resources involvement in decisions about together towards improving their state investment and pricing to other viable of infrastructural facilities in their opportunities provided by community- territory. based organisations. Since many of several previous studies on
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Involvement of Community-Based Associations towards Sustainable …. CHSMJ infrastructural facilities provision have goal and confront the oppressors revolved around infrastructural policy, collectively. private sector participation, management thrusts, public-private When this is achieved, the poor can partnership, and environmental easily develop their community to catch education among others, it is time to up with the affluent class. Abegunde extensively exploit the nature, extent, (2009) states that the community action and involvement of community-based model involves participatory action organisation which had hitherto been research approaches and is an asset neglected in the provision and based as it builds on the strengths of a maintenance of infrastructural facilities community to create changes from in residential estates. within. The model intends to create changes by building community The scope of this study is restricted to capacity, working in collaboration with infrastructural facilities provided in communities, and providing a Mandate Estates, Ilorin with prime framework for residents to acquire skills emphasis on the Landlord/Residents' and resources necessary to assess Associations in the estate as a typical their socio-economic conditions. After example of a Community Based that, the community can plan, Organisation. Therefore, both Mandate implement, and evaluate actions Housing Estate I and Mandate Housing designed to improve those conditions. Estate II shall be the geographical coverage of this chapter. The five underlying assumptions of community action model are: 3. Conceptualizing the study i. It identifies inequality in the distribution of regional resources. ii. It believes that inequality can be This study is based on the Community bridged through the awakening of Action Model. The model, as illustrated mind and self-confidence. by Abegunde (2009), originated from iii. It focuses on changing an the theory of Paulo Freire, a Brazilian individual's lifestyle and behaviour. educationist who, through his concern iv. It mobilizes community members for the oppressed, argued that disparity and agencies to eliminate undesired between poor and prosperous conditions. residents could be bridged through self- v. It places the onus on the individual determination from those in the low and does not challenge the social socio-economic class (Hennessey et structures that shape residents’ al., 2005). Awakening of people's choices and decisions. conscience to have self-confidence assist in attaining the desired goal By this, the community action model in collectively (Freire, 2007), and the infrastructure delivery is designed to enlightenment of mind can be achieved increase the capacity of communities through education, which empowers and organizations to address the social the poor to strive towards a common and economic determinants
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Shittu et al. 2021 that will positively influence their sustainability, and strengthening local community. Therefore, community- government is a synopsis of CBO based organization is seen to fulfilling approach. This is imperative as CBO aspirations and yearnings of her activity is both focused at improving members/residents as well as service, enhancing infrastructure recognizing Community-Based access, and engaging the capacity of Organisations as vehicles towards the community for improved liveability. economic development in lagging Towards enhancing health disparity, regions. Slaymaker et al. (2005) Hennessey-Lavery et al. (2005) in identified that empowerment, building Figure 1 identified five steps to organisational capacity, improving community action model. efficiency, effectiveness and The model was based on capacity forum for individuals to collectively building and community organizing contribute towards the progress of the strategies and is designed to make community to catch up with prosperous issues relevant to the community regions in another part of the world. (Hennessey-Lavery et al., 2005). This This model is suitable for Mandate was why Montero (2009:150) iterates Housing Estates, the study area of this that communities are part of that space, research due to infrastructural neglect and as is often said, the voice of the being witnessed by the residents from people creating, transforming, the government. As a result, the coming preserving, and influencing them, together of should be heard. Hence, it provides a
Figure 1. The 5 steps of the community action model process Source: Hennessey-Lavery et al. (2005)
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Involvement of Community-Based Associations towards Sustainable …. CHSMJ residents/landlords in the estates the Northern and Southern region of towards shaping and improving their Nigeria. The city is a transitional zone infrastructural deficit connote the between the open savannah belt of principles of the community action which it is an integral part to the North model. and forest area to the South and is 4. Study setting, methods, and bounded in the North by Niger state, materials in the East by Ekiti/Osun States and Ilorin, located on latitude 8030’Nand in the South by Oyo State (Figures 2 longitude 4032’E, is the capital city of and 3). Kwara State is the gateway between
Figure 2. Kwara State within the context of Nigeria Source: Kwara State Ministry of Lands and Survey (2013)
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Figure 3. Map of Mandate Housing Estate, Ilorin Source: Kwara State Ministry of Lands and Survey (2013)
The growth of Ilorin can be viewed from Historically, the colonial administration administrative periods, and this put the population of the city at about denotes that the town has evolved 36,343 in 1911, while by 1921, the through the process of traditional population has highly increased, and urbanization, which took place in the socio-economic functions are certain parts of West Africa before the predominantly rural (Baraje, 2009 and establishment of colonial rule. Post- 2014). The 1991 population census put colonial experience shows the the figure at 572,198, while the 2006 development of the city northward census results, the most recent owing to the location of the Kwara State National Population and Housing Polytechnic along Jebba road. The Census put the population of Ilorin to be growth can also be said to radiate and 777,667 (FGN 2007). spread outwards from the indigenous area. The outward growth account for Information required for this study work the increasing number of commercial was obtained through primary and and economic industries such as the secondary sources. International Tobacco Company, Coca- i. Primary Sources: This source Cola Bottling Company, Dangote Flour included information obtained Mills, and Tuyil Pharmaceutical directly from residents or company. members of the Landlord/Residents' Association The city after Offa (a significant town in in the study area. A structured the state) is the largest in Kwara State. questionnaire
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administered to residents or completion, and present landlords in the study area was conditions were ascertained. the primary data capturing tool. The questionnaire was also ii. Secondary Sources: These shall administered to officers of Kwara include consultation of published State Housing Corporation and unpublished materials like towards ascertaining the journals, magazines, government's efforts towards the newspapers, academic provision of infrastructural publications, and other online facilities and maintenance in the materials. The main emphasis of estates. A purposive and this consultation is to provide a accidental sampling technique theoretical background for the was employed. In this regard, research and to obtain a data was collected on varying comprehensive perspective of variables about the objectives of infrastructural facilities and the study and after the Community-Based preliminary assessment of Organisations across the globe. infrastructural facilities in Mandate Housing Estates and Structured questionnaire administration the government's agency was the research instrument used in responsible for the estates. The this study. The sample frame for this step involved in primary sources study is the residents of the housing of data capture for this study estates, Community Based includes the followings: Organisations in the estates and Kwara a. Physical enumeration of State Housing Corporation. With the infrastructure: This included the preliminary study in the estate, and as undertaking of inventory and documented by KWHC (2010) and enumerations of infrastructure in Baraje (2014), there are 315 housing the estates and subsequent units in the Mandate Housing scheme. evaluation of their quantity Therefore, the sampling frame for the concerning the population of Estates was the housing population of housing residents as well as the the study area, while the inventory of extent of such infrastructure available Community-Based satisfying the demands of Organisations in the Estates shall be residents (quality). carried out to obtain their accurate b. Classification of infrastructure: number. To have a fair representation The available infrastructures in of the housing population in the study the estates were classified area, 60% (210) of the housing units based on ownership. This were sampled randomly. The categorization was in two forms justification for the sample size target of (government and community- 60% was derived from the validity that based organisation provision). It 60% response rate is reliable for the is on this basis that various types study (Johnson and Wislar, 2012; of facilities, their level of Popoola et al., 2020).
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involvement of residents in the project Thus, the study targeted the 60% of the projects execution by Community population as the targeted sample. The Based Association is (or not) random selection took into dependent on the socio-economic consideration distance to access road. characteristics of the members of the In each sampled unit, an adult in each Association shall be determined of the residential units was selected for inferentially using regression analysis. administration of questionnaire and It is based on the above descriptive and further statistical analysis through a inferential methods that useable systematic random sampling inferences and conclusions shall be technique. This method was possible made. since all buildings in Mandate estates are already occupied. The data 5. Study Findings and Discussions collected through the questionnaire 5.0 Infrastructure Provision and shall be collated and analysed using Satisfaction in the Housing Estates both descriptive and inferential This section focuses on the analytical techniques based on the infrastructural facilities in the sampled category of data collected. Mandate Housing Estates I and II in Descriptively, frequency tables, charts Ilorin, Kwara State. It presents the and plates shall be employed in the results of data analysis on various kinds presentation of the results of the of infrastructural facilities (which is analysed data. Also, the use of Likert’s categorized into physical facilities and scale shall form part of descriptive utilities and services) provided in the analysis to measure performance and estate by government and community- satisfaction rate of respondents on the based organisation. The quality and involvement of their Community Based quantity of the facilities and satisfaction Associations on infrastructural facilities. rates are also examined. The hypothesis that the extent of History of housing residency in the estates 40 35 30 25 20 15
%Responses 10 Percent 5 0 Less than a 1-3 years 4-7 years 8years & year above No. of residence year in Estate
Figure 4. History of housing residency in the Estates Source: Authors’ Field Survey
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The analysis, as presented in Figure 4, and this is closely followed by health shows that 20.3% have been staying in facility (3.961) while access road and the estate for less than a year, 40.1% local streets are concomitantly rated between 1-3 years, 35.3% have for 4-7 third (3.1836). The children's years while the remaining 12.6% have playground was ranked fourth with an been residing in the estate for over index value of 3.019, while culvert eight years. This shows that a vast provision was fifth (3.000), and majority of residents are not new in the provision of walkway ranked lowest estate and have a long period of staying with relative index mean of 1.6087. and have been accustomed to the nature of infrastructural provision in the The respondents' ranking of utilities and estate. Hence, their views can be relied services provided by the government in on as a true reflection of infrastructural the estates is also presented in Table 2 facilities in the estates. From the with the use of relative index mean sample, with the use of design criteria, (RIM). The utilities and services are the types of buildings occupied by equally rated on 5 points Liker's scale respondents are bungalow (43.5%), and the gradation of the values in semi-detached (26.1%), detached ascending order consist of Not (17.4%), and flats/block of flats (13.0%) Provided (NP=1), Deplorable (D=2), housing typology, respectively. Based Fair (F=3), Good (G=4) and Very Good on the researchers’ experiences and (VG=5), while the mean index value Popoola et al. (2018), it is observed that (MIV) of the analysis is estimated to be the types of housing design in the 3.711.From the analysis, it was estates are typical of middle-income observed that borehole, electric poles, people in the society, which is deep-well, electric transformers, characterised by no rooming apartment security, and waste bin have a relative in the estates. index value of 4.000, which is higher than the average mean value of 3.711. In the findings, Table 2 shows the Also, the postal agency ranked second Relative Index Mean (RIM) of residents' with an index value of 3.981 and is ranking of physical infrastructure followed by sewerage (3.961), while provided by the government in the pipe-borne water and waste disposal housing estates. The infrastructure was ranked fourth (3.000), and the ranked on 5 points Liker's scale in streetlight was ranked least with which the gradation of the values in relative index mean of 2.884. Sewerage ascending order consists of Not (3.961), while pipe-borne water and Provided (NP=1), Deplorable (D=2), waste disposal ranked fourth (3.000), Fair (F=3), Good (G=4) and very good and the streetlight was ranked least (VG=5), while the mean index value with relative index mean of 2.884. (MIV) of the analysis is estimated to be Exploring the roles of the community- 3.0815. From the analysis, it was based organisation shows the Relative observed that the parking facility was Index Mean (RIM) of residents' ranking rated first (4.000) by the respondents, of physical infrastructure provided in the estates. The
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Shittu et al. 2021 infrastructure was rated on 5 points the estates. It can be inferred that Likert's scale in which the gradation of culvert, parking facility, children playing the values in ascending order consists ground, and health facilities need more of Not Provided (NP=1), Deplorable attention for their improvement or (D=2), Fair (F=3), Good (G=4) and very provision to cater for the needs of good (VG=5), while the Mean Index residents in the estate. However, pipe- Value (MIV) of the analysis is estimated borne water, borehole, deep-well, to be 2.863. From the analysis, it was security, postal agency, waste disposal, observed that culverts and parking and sewerage have a relative index facilities have the highest index value of value of 1.000 each, which is far below 4.000, which is more than the mean the mean index value. Hence, it can be index value (2.863) and are ranked first deduced from this analysis that the accordingly. These were followed by a attention of stakeholders is strongly parking facility (3.981), which was needed in ranked second, while the walkway making available and functional utilities (3.000) was rated third and drainage and services such as pipe-borne water, provision ranked fourth. The streetlight borehole, deep-well, security, postal with an index value of 1.981 and health agency, waste disposal and sewerage center (1.018) was ranked fifth and in the estate. It is observed that sixth, respectively, showing their fewer residents are satisfied with the quality considerations by the CBOs in the of access road, drainage, and walkway study area. in the estate as these physical infrastructures have a relative index The 5-points Likert scale analysis value of 3.000, which is more than the reveals sewerage ranked first with an average mean index value of all index value of 4.971 and followed by variables considered. both electric pole and electric 5.1 Infrastructural functionality and transformers, which have a value of community engagement in its 4.000 each. The waste disposal was provision ranked third with an index value of This section of this study looks at the 3.990, while deep-well ranked fourth strategies used by CBOs in the study (3.961) and borehole fifth (3.942) in the area in infrastructure and utility services analysis. Also, postal agency and and provisions. The functionality of the security posts/services were ranked physical infrastructure was also sixth and seventh by respondents with examined. The analysis (Table 3) an index value of 2.981 and 2.961, presents the ranking of the operational respectively. function of infrastructures and utilities in The culvert and parking facility ranked the estate. The gradation of the values second with a relative index value of of Likert scale in ascending order are 2.000 while children playing ground and indifference (I=1), deplorable (D=2), health centre are ranked third with a moderate (M=3), satisfactory (S=4) and relative index value of 1.000, signifying very satisfactory (VS=5) with the Mean the vast extent of residents' Index Value (MIV) of the analysis dissatisfactions with the four facilities in estimated to be 2.25 for
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Involvement of Community-Based Associations towards Sustainable …. CHSMJ physical facilities and 1.636 for utilities services in the estates as their respectively. The results of the analysis operational efficiency is far below the showed that only playground and average expected standard. health centre have relative index values From the responses gathered, it was of 3.000 exceeding the meaning index observed that affordability to pay by value of the analysis, while both culvert residents has a most significant and parking facility has values of 2.000 influence on their participation in each respectively; and access road, community projects as its relative index local street, drainage, and walkway value (3.000) far exceeds that of the have values of 1.000 accordingly average mean index value of the denoting the extent of their poor analysis. From the study, However, functional conditions. This shows the infrastructural gap (1.203), prudence of dismal performance of physical the executives (1.000) and facilities in the estates as their transparency of the executives (1.000) operational efficiency is far below the are ranked fifth and sixth respectively average standard. denoting their less prominence among For utilities and services, the results the respondents in the study area as showed that the streetlights, electric each relative index value is far below poles, and electric transformers in the the general mean index value of the estate are in excellent functional analysis. conditions as they have relative index values of 3.000, respectively. In To further narrate the roles of contrast, only the playground and community-based organisation in health centre have relative index values infrastructure provision in the estate, of 3.000 exceeding the meaning index the study hypothesized that value of the analysis, while the waste infrastructural challenges in their estate bin is ranked second with an index do not condition the extent of value of 2.000 denoting its ready involvement of residents in the projects' availability in the estate. However, pipe- execution by Community Based borne water, security, waste disposal, Organisation. The test of the deep-well, postal agency, and hypothesis was done using linear sewerage have relative index values of regression (Table 4). 1.000, which is far below the mean index value of the analysis. Based on this analysis and aside from individual borehole drilled by residents, pipe- borne water, security, waste disposal, deep-well, postal agency, and sewerage are either nonexistence or grossly dysfunctional in the estate as they could not meet the daily needs of residents. Like the physical facilities, the analysis shows that the dismal performance of critical utilities and
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Table 2: Ranking of physical facilities, utilities and facilities provided by the government and CBO. Physical facilities, utilities and facilities provided by the government Physical facilities, utilities and facilities provided by the CBO Facilities NP DP F G VG TW RIM MIV RK Facilitie NP D F G VG TW RI MI RK V s V M V Access road 0 18 483 108 50 659 3.1 3 Drainage 0 406 0 0 20 426 2.0 4 Local street 0 36 429 128 60 659 3.1 3 Streetlig 4 406 0 0 0 410 1.9 5 ht Drainage 9 220 117 132 80 558 2.6 3.0 6 Walkwa 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.0 3 y Walkway 161 0 36 136 0 333 1.6 7 Playgrou 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 nd 2.8 Playground 0 0 609 16 0 625 3.0 4 Health 205 0 6 0 0 211 1.0 6 centre Health 0 8 594 40 0 642 3.9 2 Culvert 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 Culvert 0 0 62 0 0 621 3.0 5 Parking 0 4 0 820 0 824 3.9 2 facility Parking facility 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 Utilities & Services Streetlights 2 52 525 8 10 597 2.8 5 Pipe borne water 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.0 4 Borehole 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 Borehole 0 0 0 816 0 816 3.9 5 Electric poles 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 Electric pole 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 2 Deep-well 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 Deep-well 0 8 0 812 0 820 3.9 4 Electric 0 0 621 0 0 621 4.0 3.7 1 Electric 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 2 transformer transformer Security 0 0 621 0 0 621 4.0 1 Security 4 0 609 0 0 613 2.9 3.5 7 Postal agency 0 0 12 872 0 824 3.9 2 Postal 0 8 609 0 0 617 2.9 6 agency Waste disposal 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.0 4 Waste 0 0 6 820 0 826 3.9 3 disposal Sewerage 0 8 0 812 0 820 3.9 3 Sewerage 0 4 0 0 1025 1029 4.9 1 Waste bins 0 0 0 828 0 828 4.0 1 Waste bins 0 0 211 0 0 211 1.0 8 Source: Authors’ Field Survey
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Table 3: Ranking of operational function physical facilities and utilities in the Estate. Facilities I D M S VS TWV RIM MIV RK Access road 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 1 Local street 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 1 Drainage 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 1 Walkway 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 2.25 1 Playground 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Health 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Culvert 0 414 0 0 0 414 2.000 2 Parking facility 0 414 0 0 0 414 2.000 2 Utilities and Services I D M S VS TWV RIM MIV RK Streetlights 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 1 Pipe borne water 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Borehole 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Electric poles 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 1 Deep-well 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 1.636 3 Electric transformer 0 0 621 0 0 621 3.000 1 Security 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Postal agency 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Waste disposal 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Sewerage 207 0 0 0 0 207 1.000 3 Waste bins 0 414 0 0 0 414 2.000 2 Source: Authors’ Field Survey
Table 4: Model summary Model R R Adjusted R square Std. Error of the estimate Square 1 0.859 0.746 0.738 0.65307 Source: Authors’ Field Survey The independent variables used in estates. The results show that there is testing the hypothesis are factors a positive correlation between the influencing project participation, which factors influencing participation in consists of estate rules, neighbours, projects and nature of infrastructure infrastructural gap, willingness, problem in the estates which is affordability of levy, household/family, determined by the correlation prudency of executives, transparency coefficient, r to be 0.859 denoting a very of executives, the suitability of projects strong positive correlation and that and government supports. In contrast, r2of0.738 denotes the extension of the dependent variable is the nature of contributions of the mentioned factors the infrastructure problem in the to the decision.
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Streetlight
Drainage
Disposal facility
Playground
Water supply
Road rehabilitation
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 5. Residents’ suggestion for improved conditions of the Estate Source: Authors’ Field Survey 5.2 Limitations and proffered existing playgrounds, provisions of solutions to Estate liveability disposal facility, improvement in From the sampled residents, 52.2% drainage to allow for smooth flow of identified water supply as pressing water during the rainy season and issues confronting the residents, while improving the estate streetlight for 22.2% complained of deplorable better illumination in the evening and access roads in the estates. Also, improved residents’ security and safety irregular electricity supply to the estates at night. accounted for 2.4% of the responses received, while 1.9% of respondents 6. Discussions of Findings identified insufficient playground as 6.1 Estate and Infrastructure challenges being faced, and 6.3% Condition and Liveability complained of blocked drains in the study area. Also, 3.9% identified the Housing as a combination of the lack of firefighting services at proximity tangible and intangible assets that to the estates, while the support wellbeing can also be said to remaining10.6% complained of open encompasses the immediate dumping of refuse in the estates. It can environment, sanitation, drainage, be inferred from this study that water recreational facilities and all other supply ranked topmost among the economic and social activities that challenges identified by residents in the make life worthwhile” (Olejado, 2003). estates. As argued by Popoola et al. (2015b), housing goes beyond the materials The suggestions made by residents for used in its construction but a collection improved liveability of the estates as of facilities that makes the designed presented in Figure 5 included the building efficient, functional and livable advocacy for the rehabilitation of roads by human all and individual human in the estates, connecting the estates to standards. While the overall importance public water mains, improvement of of complimentary infrastructures such
59 | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1 Involvement of Community-Based Associations towards Sustainable …. CHSMJ as good road network, portable water playground, education, and health supply system, drainage system, facility adequate provision cannot be over emphasized, their significance of provision, which is to enhance housing The analysis revealed that residents satisfaction and values, as well as are not satisfied with physical promote the social and economic life of infrastructures such as a playground, the people in that built environment is culvert, drainage, and walkway essential in this study (Ihuah et al., provided by the government in the 2014). estates and utilities and services such The study questioned the infrastructure as pipe-borne water, waste disposal, condition in residential estates and the and streetlight in the estate. The roles of CBOs in infrastructure relevance of good playground condition provision. Based on the study, it was is important to environmental planning reported by the estate residents that the (Jafari et al., 2011). In addition, facilities provided were not standard indiscriminate dumping of refuse due to quality when visually compared to other poor waste collection and management estates government and CBO (Popoola et al., 2015a) which future provisions based on observations. The results in the blocking of drainage and analysis assessed satisfaction on subsequently flood (Wahab and various issues such as quality and Ojolowo, 2018) is argued to be a quantity of infrastructure as well as their peculiar experience in Nigeria. The operational performance as accounted roles of neighbourhood attributes for by residents. Although, studies according to Aluko (2011) was not just (Lawal, 2002; Kadiri Kabir, 2004) have critical to liveability but asset valuation. argued that the Federal Housing In the study, neighbourhood and Authority of Nigeria have concentrated locational waste management and their energies mainly on the provision of recreation facilities were critical to the numbers of housing units without giving value for liveability and ‘homing’. The adequate attention to adequate dissatisfaction of the sample resident in infrastructure provisions to these this study was alluded in the developed housing estate units. This understanding that neighbourhood determines the satisfaction level of recreation facilities often form a basis residents in certain areas, as residents and determinant for housing choice become choosy as to areas to reside among residents in Nigeria. In Ilesanmi due to lack and inadequate (2012), the quality of life and perception infrastructures in some places. The of housing was expressed to be inadequate infrastructures provision dependent on safety, services, problems are not just typical to a environmental cleanliness, and the particular reason rather its cut across availability of parks and recreational several reasons (Ayodele and Alabi, areas in a location. Why the number of 2011), and is assumed to be creating a such facilities available can be diminishing impact on the value of essential to wellbeing (Aluko, 2011), properties located close and within the the experience in the sample estate housing estates (Ihuah et al., 2014).
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Figure 6. Open dumping of refuse and waste products in the study area Source: Authors’ Field Survey availability, and accessibility. The conditions of the projects as the observation analysis shows poor materials and processes were amateur maintenance of the park in the driven...” neighbourhood as it is often now used for a communal waste disposal and The interviewee was further queried, collection spot. This according to (234) and he mentioned that when the sizes often limits the perception of quality of of the culvert constructed by both the life. government and association are not within the set standards, coupled with Some of the reasons for dissatisfaction indiscriminate waste disposal within the with the utilities include the seasonality estate, the drainage channel is of the borehole point, isolation, and expected to be blocked by debris and locking of the borehole, poor quality of waste materials (Figure 6). This he construction materials, and shallow mentioned usually distorts the free flow depth and size of the culverts. In an of rain runoff during the rainy season in open-ended question set and informal the estate, and this limits the interviews with some of the sustainability and durability of the road stakeholders in the estate, an system. Studies (Toyobo and Muili interviewee reported that “... the 2008; Olujimi and Bello 2009) have committee is made of unqualified investigated the effects of personnel with no formal experience in infrastructural facilities on the built built-environment, project environment setting and the roles of management, quantity surveying or community-based organisation in the material purchases... he argued that provision of quality infrastructure for “...this accounted for the failed sustainable livelihood.
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This evidence aligns to the view by CBOs are critical to uplifting Waziri et al. (2013) there exist a general infrastructure condition of communities. low level of satisfaction in private housing estates in Abuja. It was In promoting improved standardized buttressed that why structural infrastructure, the study authors satisfaction can be said to be average, identified eight involvement strategies residents are reported to be more used in a community development dissatisfied with neighbourhood and project in the order of its efficacy and environment facilities. It was recorded effectiveness as resource mobilization, that the dissatisfaction is mainly from special levy, the participation of playground and poor health facility residents, and payment of the regular condition in the neighbourhood. The levy. However, project levy and poor state and condition of this same material donations are ranked sixth, complimentary facilities (drainage signifying its less effectiveness as a culverts, parking facility, health centre, strategy for the involvement of children playground, pipe-borne water, residents in community development borehole, deep-well, security, postal projects in the estate. It can be inferred agency, waste disposal and sewerage from this analysis that resource and street lighting) in the sampled mobilization, special levy (specific estate forms the basis for the project defined monetary contribution), expressed mental perception to quality physical participation, and regular level of life and livability. Aligning with the (usually for monthly or years based on need for street lighting to improve stipulated bylaws) are significant security of life and neighbourhood strategies used in the realization of walkability, Babalola et al. (2020) has community development projects in the argued for a need for improved estates. The authors revealed that maintenance and security in estates as members of the CBO through critical to housing quality and community mobilization calls for levy for satisfaction. projects such as the spontaneous repair of the electricity transformer or 6.2 Role of CBOs in Infrastructure regular monthly levy as security or Provision sanitation charges. Ibem (2009) has Towards achieving sustainable written about the collective residential infrastructure, Popoola and engagement of communities in Magidimisha (20) have reported that infrastructure provision through CBOs. the government remains incapacitated The role of internally generated funds towards achieving infrastructure through levies, donations and inclusion for all settlements. Their study resource/material donations were recognises the roles played by identified to be essential to communal international donors, community project planning and implementation. dwellers and CBOs in achieving We identify that collective estate community infrastructure sustainability. individual engagement promotes sense This study therefore recognises that of ownership of infrastructure in the estate.
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Empirical evidence through informal (Okeke-Ogbuafor, 2016). The authors discussion reveals that why monetary therefore reinstate the effectiveness of levy (monthly, quarterly, or yearly traditional and grassroot community- depending on project type and timeline) based organization in promotion can be rigid based on estate infrastructure sustainability for their association rules and regulation, immediate communities. The resource and material provisions is perception that this collective often subjected to free will donations, ‘infrastructure communism’ promote ‘political actoring and manipulation’ inclusiveness and ownership. through indirect vote solicitation or - campaigning, government project Despite the identified strategies, factors resource support, and philanthropic that influence participation in projects activities of individuals or groups. It was include estate rules/regulations, further recognised that the allocation of neighbour’s choice, infrastructural funds within the community-based gaps, willingness, affordability of levy, organization is subjected to collective household disposition, prudency of the decision-making, voting or skilled and executives or project committee, semi-skilled advice by members or non- transparency of the executives, members. Such estate CBOs often suitability of projects and government subject the project executions and supports. Despite the self-reliance that planning to sub-committees (such as is associated with CBO projects water, sanitation, road, and security execution (Wahab, 1996), evidence as committees) that give monthly, or further presented in Popoola and project times reports to the CBO house Magidimisha (2020) reports that during general meetings. developmental associations can be The study accidental evidence during subjected to corrupt practices and data collection reveals that community project price inflations. The issue of members can sometimes be involved in accountability and transparency project through physical participations. remains a major limitation to successful Example of projects that calls for project participation and participation includes community implementation in Nigeria. The authors sanitation (through house-based identified that why household levy clearing of dirt and debris from culvert might create various financial shocks and drainage), and physical presence and demands on various households in the supervision of electrical (speaking of affordability), issues transformer repairs or installations. The relating poor accounting and auditing study established that labour intensive when records of the committee or any approach of physical involvement is CBO is requested. often subjected to the youths that represents each household and Wahab and Adetunji (2015) have sometime contracted out to unskilled reported that poor accounting of labour. This experience establishes the stewardship remains a major conflict failure of the top-down approach to generator among CBOs. As such, no community infrastructure delivery matter the panning efficacy, responsive
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Involvement of Community-Based Associations towards Sustainable …. CHSMJ accounting remains a limitation to improving the situation by making the collective involvement in project estates more habitable and liveable for management and execution in Estate the members of the associations who projects. For example, Wahab and are also residents of the estates Adetunji (2015) reported that there through provisions, management, and were occasional complaints on maintenance of lacking and inadequate misappropriation and embezzlement of infrastructural facilities. Living in funds, inflation of cost of project, poor government housing estates is now accountability and lack of transparency characterized by gross inadequate against project committee. This in most infrastructural facilities in which cases results into conflict, project community-based organisations are abandoning and loss or decline in playing leading roles to improve the neighbour will to contribute or being a situation. Consequently, the situation is part of a project, which eventually the same in the study area, where results into dearth, poor maintenance, respondents identified various or lack of infrastructure in such infrastructure deficiencies as the community. reason for dissatisfaction where they reside. 7. Conclusion and recommendations Having identified infrastructural As urbanisation and industrialization facilities and their associated are taking place, large numbers of challenges in the estates as well as people continue to move to urban various mechanisms of interventions centres, seeking better means of deployed by the community-based livelihood and secured place of abode. organisation, the study propose the However, governments at federal and following recommendations. state levels in the country are making i. Upgrading and improved frantic efforts on housing provision maintenance of amenities in the towards reducing to the barest housing schemes: The habitability minimum, the national housing deficits. of the housing schemes must be It is on this basis that numerous urgently improved through the government housing estates were upgrading of amenities, facilities, constructed and allocated for people to and services available in them. With reside across the country in which the this, there is an urgent need to Kwara State is not an exception. upgrade and repair deplorable access roads in the scheme, while Based on this reality, Baraje (2014), drainage provision and states that infrastructural facilities in maintenance should be embarked government housing estates are not upon. Also, the populations of only inadequate but also not residence in the schemes justify the satisfactory to residents quantitatively location of fire substation at a and qualitatively. Hence, the persistent conspicuous location in the intervention and involvement of schemes to minimize the loss in the community-based organisations in
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event of an emergency and other iv. Improved accountability is forms of disasters. recognised to be essential in ii. Connection of the schemes to public encouraging neigbours continued water mains: The importance of involvement in infrastructure water to the liveability of housing provision. schemes is enormous. It is v. Review the development plan of the surprising that in this century, schemes: There is a need to review modern housing schemes still rely the development plan of the studied on individual and community deep- housing schemes urgently. This is well and boreholes. Hence, the necessary to integrate and connection of the housing schemes incorporate the missing land uses, and especially the Mandate housing including children's playground in estate to public water mains should the schemes. With this review, the be intensified and executed in the provision would be made for service shortest possible time. industries, shopping, and waste iii. Spatial control in the estates: The disposal facilities to enhance the indiscriminate change in land uses, aesthetic quality of the schemes as and land conversion in government well as the enhancing the greenery housing estates need to be of the scheme; and addressed urgently. This is vi. Enhancement of the liveability of the necessary to prevent government estates: The liveability of the estates housing estates from degenerating has to be improved through to slums in the shortest possible increased synergy and collective time. With this, change in use and efforts by the government, use conversion must be approved community-based organisation, and and certified appropriately by the residents. This shall not only Town planning Unit of the Kwara improve ease of livings but also State Housing Corporation. Also, make the estates more habitable noise pollution arising from the and liveable through mechanisms conversion of building and change that guarantee wellbeing and in land use to religion uses shall be satisfaction to all. greatly controlled.
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Environmental Studies and Hennessey, L., Smith, M., Esparza, A., Management, 4(2), 69-82. Hrushow, A., Moore, M., & Reed, D. (2005). The community action Ayodele, E.O. and Alabi, O. M. (2011). model: a community-driven model Abandonment of Construction designed to address disparities in Projects in Nigeria: Causes and health. American Journal of Effects. Journal of Emerging Public Health, 95(4), 611-616. Trends in Economics and Management Sciences Ibem, E. O. (2009). Community-led (JETEMS), 2(2), 142-145. infrastructure provision in low- income urban communities in Babalola, O. D., Ibem, E. O., Olotuah, developing countries: A study on A. O., Opoko, A. P., Adewale, B. Ohafia, Nigeria. Cities, 26(3), A., & Fulani, O. A. (2020). 125-132. Housing quality and its predictors in public residential estates in Ilesanmi, A. (2012). Housing, Lagos, Nigeria. Environment, neighbourhood quality and quality Development and of life in public housing in Lagos, Sustainability, 22(5), 3973-4005. Nigeria. International Journal for Housing Science and Its Baraje, A. (2009). Faecal Waste Applications, 36(4), 231 - 240. Facilities Management in Residential Areas of Ilorin. Ihuah, P., Ekenta, C., & Nwokorie, B. Unpublished MSc dissertation. (2014). Impacts of inadequate Department of Urban and infrastructures provision on real Regional Planning, University of property value: a comparative Ibadan, Nigeria. study of Agbama and Ehimiri housing estate, Umuahia, Baraje, A. (2014). Appraisal of Nigeria. International Journal of Government Housing Schemes in Environment, Ecology, Family Ilorin, Kwara State, Professional and Urban Studies, 4(4), 9-20. Diploma Project, NITP/TOPREC Examination Board, Abuja. Jafari, H., Salehi, E., &Sadeghi, N. (2011). Playground safety: an Bello-Schünemann, J. & Porter, A. approach to environmental (2017). Building the future planning. Journal of Infrastructure in Nigeria until Environmental Studies, 36(56), 4- 2040. West Africa Report 21, 6 Institute for Security Studies (ISS): South Africa Jimoh A., Akanmu, A. &Adejare, J. (2016).Residents’ Appraisal of Federal Government of Nigeria (FGB) Infrastructural Facilities (2007). Official Gazette Extra- Provisions in Saki Township, Oyo Ordinary. Vol 4. 47-53 State. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 1(1), Freire P, Smith MK (2007). Available at: 20-.39 http: www.infed.org/thinkers/etfreir.htm Johnson T and Wislar J 2012 Response rates and non- response errors in surveys.
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Journal of the American Medical Association. 3071805-06. Okeke-Ogbuafor, N., Gray, T., & Stead, S. M. (2016). A comparative Ibem, E. (2009). Community-led analysis of the role of traditional infrastructure provision in low- and modern community-based income urban Communities in organizations in promoting developing countries: A Study on community development in Ohafia., Nigeria. Cities, 26(3), Ogoniland, Nigeria. Community 125–132. Development Journal, 53(1), 173- 189. Kadiri Kabir, O. (2004). Low-cost technology and mass housing Olejado, E.O. (2003). Implication of system in the Nigerian Designs and Material Housing. Journal of Applied Specifications on sciences, 4(4), 565-567. Housing Development. Proceedings: Housing Developm Kim, B. (2006). Infrastructure ent in Nigeria, Which Way Development for the Economic Forward, Lagos State of Development in Developing Nigeria. 1st & 2nd April, 2003. Countries: Lessons from Korea and Japan, Graduate School of Olujimi, J. & Bello, M. (2009). Effects of International Cooperation Studies Infrastructural Facilities on the (GSICS) Working Paper Series, Rental Values of Residential No 11, Kobe University, Property. Journal of Social Sciences 5(4), 332-341. KWHC (2010). Kwara State Housing Corporation Business Plan and Popoola, A., Ayangbile, O., & Adeleye, Corporate strategy2011-2015, B. (2015a). Assessment of Solid Government press, Ilorin. Waste Management Systems in Ibadan North, Oyo State Using Lawal, M. I. (2002), Principles & Geo-Spatial Techniques. Practice of Housing Management; Ethiopian Journal of IICO Books, Ile-Ife Environmental Studies & Management, 9(6), 666 – 679. Mequanent, G. (1998). Community development and the role of Popoola, A., Tawose, O., Abatan, S., community organizations: A study Adeleye, B., Jiyah, F. and in Northern Ethiopia. Canadian Majolagbe, N. (2015b). Housing Journal of African Studies, 32(3), Conditions and Health of 494-520. Residents in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo Montero, M. (2009). Community Action State, Nigeria. Journal of and Research as Citizenship Environmental Sciences and Construction. American Journal of Resource Management, 7(2), 59- Community Psychology, 43, 149– 80. 161 Popoola, A. &Magidimisha, H. (2018). Moteff, J. &Parfomak, P. (2004). Critical “Infrastructural Development” In Infrastructure and Key Assets: Layi Egunjobi (eds)
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617). Ibadan, Nigeria: Department (2021) 012006. IOP Publishing. of Urban and Regional Planning, doi:10.1088/1755- University of Ibadan. ISBN: 978- 1315/654/1/012006 978-54459-30 Rothman, L. (2005). Strong Popoola, A., Adeleye, B., Mhlongo, L. & Neighbourhoods Task Force Jali, M. (2018). “Rural Housing” In Research Product Two: The Role Layi Egunjobi (eds) of Community Infrastructure in Contemporary Concepts in Building Strong Neighbourhoods. Physical Planning, Vol IV (pp.311- Final Report. Family Service 329). Ibadan, Nigeria: Department Association of Toronto. Available of Urban and Regional Planning, at: University of Ibadan. ISBN: 978- http://3cities.neighbourhoodchange.ca/ 978-54459-30 files/2011/05/2005-Strong- Nhoods-TF-Role-of-Community- Popoola, A. &Magidimisha, H. (2019). Infrastructure-in-Strong- Will Rural Areas Disappear? Nhoods.pdf Participatory Governance and Infrastructure Provision in Oyo Slaymaker, T., Christiansen, K. and State, Nigeria. In C. Tembo- Hemming, I. (2005). Community- Silungwe., I, Musonda and based approaches and service C.Okoro (Pp.12-26). Proceedings delivery: Issues and options in for the 6th International difficult environments and Conference of Development and partnerships. Overseas Investment-Strategies for Africa. Development Institute: London, DII-2019, 24-26 July 2019, United Kingdom Livingstone, Zambia. Toyobo A. &Muili A. (2008). Constraints Popoola, A. &Magidimisha, H. (2020). Militating Against Effectiveness of “Investigating the Roles Played by Community development projects Selected in Ilesa. Journal of Geography and Agencies in Infrastructure Regional Planning, 1(8),144-150. Development. M.A. Mafukata and K.A. Tshikolomo (eds) African Wahab, B. O. (1996). Community Perspectives on Reshaping Rural development associations and Development. IGI Global self-reliance: the case of lsalu community development union, Popoola, A., Magidimisha-Chipingu, H., Iseyin, Nigeria. In P. Blunt and D. Chipungu, L., Adeleye, B., Warren (eds), Indigenous Akogun, O., & Medayese, S. Organisations and Development (2020). Household Water Stress, (56- 67). Intermediate technology Adaptation and Resilience in publications: London, United Some Selected Peri-urban and Kingdom. Rural Communities of Oyo State, Nigeria. The Association of Wahab, B., & Adetunji, O. (2015). Schools of Construction of Conflict resolution strategies on Southern Africa (ASOCSA) 14th community-driven projects in Built Environment Conference private and public housing estates IOP Conference. Series: Earth in Lagos State, Nigeria. African and Environmental Science 654 Journal for the Psychological
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Wahab, B., &Ojolowo, S. (2018). Drivers and spatial extent of urban development in flood-prone areas in metropolitan Lagos. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(2), 98-111. Waziri, A. G., Yusof, N. A., & Salleh, A. G. (2013). Residential satisfaction with private housing estate development in Abuja- Nigeria. ALAM CIPTA, International Journal of Sustainable Tropical Design Research and Practice, 6(2), 3-12
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Factors Affecting Materials Management on Libyan Construction Sites CHSMJ
Factors Affecting Materials Management on Libyan Construction Sites N. Maauf, F Mansour (Dr) and Z Aziz (Prof) School of Built Environment, the University of Salford E-mail: [email protected] Abstract owners, contractors, site supervisors, consultants, engineers, and suppliers. Materials management is crucial in The questionnaire comprised four construction projects in developing sections of pre-defined factors: human, countries. It contributes very important management, technology, and political role to the achievement of the project and civil war issues. The Statistical on time and, as such, affects the overall Package for the Social Sciences economy of any country. Inappropriate (SPSS) was employed, and the factors materials management results in cost were analysed. The most significant and time overruns that delay the overall factors identified affecting materials project. Recently, in Libya it considers management were: the contractors’ one of the main key factors of delay in experience and skills, factors related in construction projects, involving poor materials on the site (receiving, storing, handling of materials and Waste handling and tracking), and site Materials. The aim of this paper is to supervision. identify and analyse the factors affecting and develop a framework for materials management on Libyan construction sites. A survey Keywords: construction projects, lean questionnaire was distributed to construction, materials management, professionals on construction projects: supply chain management, Libya.
1. Introduction logistics with regards to materials handling and distribution, and also Construction projects play a significant ordering and delivery of materials to the role in the Libyan economy, creating construction site. and retaining jobs and wealth for the country. They represent an important Previous research has highlighted business that contributes 5.2% of the materials management issues such as national Gross Domestic Product inappropriate storage (Ahmed, 2017), (GDP) (Omran et al., 2012). However, the requirement for large storage construction projects in Libya face capacity. (Agapiou et al., 1998), several problems that prevent transportation difficulties and achievement of their goals, including inappropriate materials delivery (Tedla, materials, labour, machinery and the 2018). Other issues include manual market. An important factor that processes and non-compliance with adversely affects the performance of specifications (Dey, 2001), late delivery construction projects is the (Aibinu & Odeyinka, 2006), and inappropriate handling of materials shortage of materials (AL Fakhri, 2017). during site activities (Yap et al., 2017). On the other hand, Solaimani et al., There are major issues which affect 2020) identified that lean construction is materials management activities such a useful technology to manage and as constraints on storage areas, site improve the construction process, and
70 | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1 Maauf, Mansour and Aziz 2021 therefore deliver the needs of the to materials management because it customer. This study critically reviews has an essential role in saving time and the role of materials management on reducing costs while retaining quality. site to reduce the delay in building projects in the Libyan construction sector. There are several approaches According to the Libya General Council materials management, including for Planning (GCP) (2002), construction proper planning of materials logistics projects began under trying and Just-In-Time (JIT) concepts to circumstances and then entered into a resolve the problems of space process of evolution after oil was constraints, and the implementation of discovered in 1951. Construction Information and Communication projects were dependent on oil income. Technologies (ICT) such as barcoding Over the last four decades, the public for automatic tracking of materials. construction sector in Libya has However, there are few positive improved, becoming an important examples of the successful use of business that contributes 5.2% of the these tools to improve materials gross domestic product (GDP). Nagab management on construction sites. (2007) pointed out that, given the Therefore, the objectives of this paper availability of raw materials, Libya has are to: the largest cement factories in North - Explore the current level of awareness Africa, located in Derna in the east of of materials management among the country, as well as factories in Libyan construction professionals. Tripoli, Benghazi and Sabha, and an iron and steel factory in Misrata. On the - Assess the potential factors affecting other hand, Salah and Bloomer (2013) materials management on construction highlighted that sources of construction sites. and building materials in Libya are - Outline and rank the expected factors cement, reinforced steel, blocks and hindering successful construction finishing materials. This means that materials management in Libya. materials management must be applied to deliver materials to site projects on This paper conducted to identify the time, because its primary objective in level of awareness of materials construction projects is to reduce time management and the critical factors (Handfield et al., 2005). affecting Libyan construction sites and is the first of its kind. It provides a critical overview of the implementation of Murali and Yau (2007) agreed and materials management in Libya, added that any delay will increase cost, through its originality and the reducing the feasibility of the project consideration of specific factors and failing to contribute to the contributing to the body of knowledge. development of society. Libyan This study will provide Libyan researchers have conducted several professionals in the construction sector, studies on delays in construction over such as owners, consultants and recent years, although mostly without contractors, with a clear view of recommending the need for materials materials management. It contributes to management (Shebob et al., 2012). an understanding of materials The exception is Mustafa (2009), who management on Libyan construction identified that most delays are related sites. 71 | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1
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2. Literature Review available on the construction site at the right time and at the lowest cost (Safa, Fundamentally, management of 2014). The criterion of successfully construction materials is related to completing any construction project is arranging, formulating plans, acquiring always incumbent on the management information and material, stockpiling of materials in an efficacious manner. and ensuring the flow of material. It To ensure that materials management guarantees that the correct materials results in improvement of the are in the correct place, in the quantities construction project and control of the required. Wild, (2017) showed that the site, it should be linmked to specific structure of material management roles in order to provide materials at the requires organizing procedures to take right time and reduce the waste of into account co-ordination and materials, for example, by the use of supervision of the supply chain of supply chain management and lean materials, with a specific end goal of construction. Koskela (2000) identified utilizing the assets in a judicious that supply chain management (SCM) manner and keeping expenditure down has four roles in construction sites in to the bare minimum. According to Finland: 1. feasible action to improve Mogalli and Hussein (2017) this must construction supply chains; 2. improve be implemented in design and planning supply chains; 3. transfer activities from procedures, the arrangement of the site to the supply chain; and 4. resources and ensuring sufficient integrate the site and the supply chain. warehousing, supervision of the use of Patil and Pataskar (2013) and materials, and ultimately bearing the Gulghane and Khandve (2015) agreed material costs. All these efforts are that fluctuation of costs of such interdependent. Doleeb (2016) defined material, concerning the completion of the process of managing materials as the projects, could amount to any sequential procedures to arrange the extent between 20-70% of the complete avalability of the necessary material construction project expenditure and on and equipment at the opportune occasions, this could exceed the moment in the place where it is needed. general cost ceiling of 70 %. It is performed to minimise the cost of Sustainable management of material the production process and to control generally yields several advantages. the supply of materials effectively Many authors identified the importance .ensuring that the right materials are of material management. (See Table1).
Table1. Importance of materials management Authors The importance of materials management Hannure and Materials management is a scientific technique concerned Kulkarni (2014) with preparing, organising and control of the flow of materials from their initial purchase to the end. Safa (2014) Materials management is the process, which links supplies and organisations in order to obtain a standard of service ensuring that the right materials are available on the construction site at the right time and at the lowest cost.
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Abdulbagei et al. Materials management is essential to manage productivity (2012) and cost efficiency because these contribute the major portion of expenses in construction projects. Moreover, it can reduce total project costs and complete the project on time by controlling procurement, carrying value. Kasim (2010) Proper management of construction material could be defined as the methodical procedure of formulation of plans, acquisition and preservation and transportation of such materials which could be necessary for construction purposes. Doleeb (2016) Materials management is a sequential procedure to arrange the availability of the necessary material and equipment at the opportune moment to the place where it is necessitated. Mogalli & Hussein The structure of materials management is necessary to be (2017) actualised to design and planning procedures, arrangement of resources and making sure of the qualitative warehousing and preservation, supervision of the utilisation of materials, and ultimately bearing the material costs. Salah and Bloomer The associated factors material management are; inventory (2014) management, store operations, handling of purchased materials and transportation of the finalised products and components. Omran (2014) Proper material management improves labour productivity. For instance, work time can become unproductive or idle time due to the lack or shortage of equipment and tools in the right place at the right time. Source: Authors compilation 2.1 Importance of materials management of construction materials. management They recommended that the total cost of material may be 52% of total costs; This paper investigated the need for so, it is important for the contractor to material management, the conclusions consider timely availability of material of several authors are reported below: as contributing to successful Adita and Sabihuddin (2013) completion of the project. Materials conducted a “Study of material management is thus a key to management techniques on successful project management. construction projects” and showed that Kabede et al. (2018) assessed the planning and material take off, vendor problems of construction materials evaluation and selection, purchasing, management in residential projects, expenditure, shipping, material addressing current practices to identify receiving, warehousing and inventory, issues and apply always better control and material distribution are the most (ABC) analysis and S-Curve analysis. important functions in the construction However, there is a problem in industry. They conducted a survey of introducing new technologies such as the industry, determining various RFID, ICT and bar coding for material formats for materials management, tracking and management. Therefore, tracking systems and software the researcher recommends further technology developed for the study in this area. Caldas (2014) stated
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Factors Affecting Materials Management on Libyan Construction Sites CHSMJ that the programme of comprehensive addition to hiring sub-contractors to materials management contributes to implement all or parts of the work on the reducing cost, improving productivity, construction site. Hughes (2015) and better-quality and more predictable stressed that the contractor has the project outcomes. The author greatest responsibility of all the parties concluded that although the role of involved to complete the undertaking materials management is expanding in on time. On the other hand, Shabbar et the early phases of capital project al. (2017) stated that time schedule planning, IT systems continue to overruns and excessive costs are the improve real-time coordination and responsibility of contractors. As a course correction. The study general rule, contracting is a complex recommended that materials and often difficult venture. Leung management should influence IT (2014) and Salloom et al. (2017) agree system selection and integration during on the necessity of maintaining a project planning, and training strategic distance from any overruns, programmes should be integrated to be it costs or time; the contractors have improve the use of materials to regularly shoulder complete liability management IT systems. for the outcomes of the performances the sub-contractors and other workforce personnel. Mishra (2018) presents a possible solution for managing material delivery problems in construction projects: a Fundamentally, the process through shipment tracking-based approach for which the contractor manages to inventory transparency and proactive perform specific responsibilities timely material availability. The study indicates the actual nature of the work recommends the Last Planner (Shi & Arditi, 2001). Walker (2015) adds framework (Ballard, 2000) to shape that the ability of the contractor to workflow, address materials needs and complete the task according the agreed improve relationships between among timetable chiefly relies upon two team members. The study found two aspects: accessibility of assets challenges to material flow (consolidating cash, labour, materials, management with the Last Planner hardware and mechanical apparatus); methodology that had not previously and efficient administrative capability. been addressed in detail. First, the Last There are two sources of labour: the Planner needs to have access to sub-contractors and from direct comprehensive information on the recruitment. If the sub-contractor’s materials available for individual project insufficient workforce contributes to tasks; and second, the materials should delays in the agreed time schedule, be reliably available at the project site. then both the project and property Previous studies showed that there are owners and the primary contractor have factors related to contractors, and other to resolve this issue. However, Mpofu consultants, owners and materials as et al. (2017) in a study in the United follows: Arab Emirates (UAE) recommended that many different variables may result 2.1.1 Factors related to contractors in schedule overruns, categorized as It is the responsibility of the contractor construction materials, machinery, to provide materials, labour and labour force management and services for the construction project, in
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Maauf, Mansour and Aziz 2021 performance management. hand over the site to the contractor. The owner’s leadership in different issues may determine the pace of the of the 2.1.2 Factors related to consultants undertaking. According to Allen and Iano (2019), the obligations and duties Consultants lead the process of of the clients and owners, as key planning and designing the project and players, are onerous; it is usually also contribute to cost control and necessary to introduce other estimation of resource structure professional assistance regarding the necessities as well as quality control project ventures. First-hand mechanisms. In some circumstances, management groups and units are postponement resulting from the available to provide the entire range of consultants might occur during the skill sets, as central administrators to design selection and approval phase, deal with management control the reception of construction blueprints, (Mohammadi et al., 2018). Mohammadi accepting plan endorsements from et al. (2018) stressed the contractors or client, and in evaluating interdependence between the owners the best management methodology. and the working personnel; this Postponement may result from relative relationship must create trust between lack of experience of qualifications of these two groups of stakeholders. The the consultancy staff, faulty owners must take an interest in all communication channels, and failure to aspects of the venture, but without co-ordinate the multitude of processes interfering with the working procedures and personnel (Shebob, 2012). of the contractor. According to Omran and Ibrahim (2018), inspections required by the consultants could slow down the entire 2.1.4 Factors related to materials undertaking. Accordingly, the contractors must resolve these problems from multiple angles. The consultants may fail to meet According to Myers (2016), expectations, resulting in assigning the construction materials are basic to any work to other practices. Effective construction undertaking and indicate supervision and management of the the actual extent of expenses for the operations on the construction site are business owner. From the point of view important for timely project completion. of the contractor, obtaining and transporting materials is crucial at the various phases of the undertaking (Ibrahim, 2015). The inability to deliver 2.1.3 Factors related to owners the right materials and to store them safely may result in postponements and time overruns, as may theft or One of the most significant decisions in deterioration. According to Odeh and this respect is the length of the Bataineh (2002), the consistent agreement and the owners need to provision of materials is an essential focus on resolving this first. Many obligation of the contractor on-site. owners prefer quick completion of the Koushkiet et al. (2005) opined that this work. Careful deliberation must be is another key viewpoint with respect to given to the terms of the agreements, material costs. Rising material costs and the owner must be in a position to may prevent the owner from procuring
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Factors Affecting Materials Management on Libyan Construction Sites CHSMJ more, particularly in large-scale Within the chain, each company has a building ventures. Deciding whether to client to provide services; however, postpone purchase until the price falls incorporated supply chain management is critical. Infrastructural shortcomings aims to work wholly in the interests of may also result in delay in the supply of the project client (Construction materials. In short, securing there are Excellence, 2004). many reasons why the delivery of new materials may be delayed (Wiguna & There is a relationship between the Scott, 2005). main contractor’s position, and the activities and errands leading to the preparation of the SCM in construction on site, including clients and the design 2.2 Supply Chain Management team. Activities and errands in the (SCM) delivery of construction suppliers, sub- contractors, and professional Supply chain management is a tool contractors in relation to the main used to describe the relationship contractor also need consideration between companies which convert a (Saad et al., 1999; Akintoye et al., 2000; series of required materials or services Kaschola, 2000). This means that there into the final product for the customer is a relationship between the delay of (Koskela, 2000). Christopher (1992, construction projects and the supply p.26) identified the supply chain as a chain. Moreover, the process of “network of organisations that are reducing the real cost and removing involved, through upstream and waste from projects is one of the downstream linkages, in the different benefits of the supply chain in processes and activities that produce construction. Vrijhoef and Koskela value in the form of products and (2000) have identified four roles of the services in the hands of the ultimate supply chain management (SCM) in customer”. In construction projects, construction (see figure 2). Subramani and Tamizhanban (2016) suggest that the main contractor, designer, surveyor and subcontractor are all part of a supply chain (see Figure 1).
Client
Subcontractor or Supplier SC Main Contractor M Surveyor Designer
Figure.1 Five Parts of Supply Chain Management in Construction (Subramani and Tamizhanban, 2016).
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Role 1: Improving the interface elements or elevators (Koskela, 2000; between site activities and the Laitinen, 1993). It necessitates analysis supply chain. of cost and time to identify specific improvement for the development of a In the field of construction logistics, the supply chain, and when the supply supply chain management (SCM) has chain is developed, a comparison the clearest roles related to co- should be made between transportation operation between suppliers and and production costs in order to contractors in order to improve achieve global improvement because materials. (Asplundh and Danielson, productivity and supply chain 1991; Wegelius - Lehtonen and performance may decrease when Pahkala, 1998, cited in Koskela 2000). changing site ability conditions (Al-hajj. However, traditional treatment of 2011) construction and handling of materials has concentrated on site activities. On Role 3: Transferring activities from the other hand, (Salah, 2014) the site to the supply chain. highlighted that the weak connection between suppliers and contractors is a Oyedele et al. (2013) conducted a key problem in Libya and leads to non- study in the UK and pointed out in order delivery of materials at the specified to provide JIT production in the time. construction there is the need for supply chain management. Therefore, Role 2: Improving the supply chain. the focus should be on redesigning the supply chain by transferring onsite This is the main aim for the activities to off site. development of particular supply chains, such as prefabricated concrete
Figure2. Four Roles of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in Construction. Source: Vrijhoef and Koskela (2000: 7)
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Industrialisation materials, especially defining units of production, and using prefabrication, can be observed as a tools such as visual control of structural means for eliminating on-site processes. Design teams work activities from the total production chain exclusively on one design from (Warszaswki, 1990). Thus, the earlier, beginning to end, supporting sub- and still actual initiatives towards contractors in developing tools for industrialisation of construction must improving processes (Kaschola, also be seen as a form of SCM 2000; Lean Construction – concentrating on the design of the Construction Excellence, 2004). supply chain (Sarja, 1998). 2.3 Lean Construction Role 4: Integration of site and supply chain. Hoop and Spearman (1996) identified that lean construction aims to achieve Van Randen (1990) presented a the objective of the project and meet number of suggestions for customer requirements using fewer management of a supply chain such as resources. Koskela et al. (2002) open building to enable users to defer identified it is a system to minimise decisions regarding the interior of the waste of materials, time and effort to building. The idea is to structure the site generate the maximum possible work as successive realisations of amount of value. Womack and Jones autonomous sequences (this (2003) defined lean construction as a resembles group technology as philosophy that depends on the notion developed in manufacturing). On the of lean manufacturing, concerning other hand, (Koskela, 2000) explaining control and improving the construction the relationship between supply chain process to meet the customer’s needs and lean construction and stated that on time. lean construction improves the downstream of supply chain onsite Howell (2001) stated that the projects; moreover, open building aims construction sector is often described to optimise the quality of the built as one with many problems including environment, by improving the lack of efficiency. and recommended relationship between the customer and using the lean construction concept as the building industry. Meanwhile, the a solution. Murman et al. (2002) added aim of Lean Construction is to optimise that the principles of lean construction building and construction. Both of them include waste minimisation. Lean have the benefit of improving supply construction concepts have recently chain onsite projects. received attention as a modern way to improve performance and labour productivity (Abdel-Razek et al., 2007; On the other hand, Saad and Jones Koskela, 1992; Lean Construction - (1999) recommended the need to Construction Excellence 2004). improve SCM downstream because it is Abdelhamid and Salem (2005) the weaker link in construction. Erik et presented five principles of lean al. (2010) conducted a study to production in the construction sector: improve the supply chain in "1. reduce variability; 2. reduce cycle construction and concluded that in times; 3. minimise the number of steps, order to improve downstream, there is parts and linkages; 4. focus control on a need to apply lean thinking to the complete process; and 5- balance construction. This means improving flow improvement with conversion activity on the construction site by improvement, benchmarking,
78 | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1 Maauf, Mansour and Aziz 2021 increased output flexibility and understanding of the survey topic improved process transparency". (Abawi, 2008). The Research design followed in this study can be seen in 3. Research methodology Figure 3. This research is a quantitative study Before producing the final version of the using a questionnaire survey to provide questionnaire, ten leading academics in an overview of the current skills in the Libyan construction field were materials management of Libyan invited to evaluate the first draft to construction personnel, and the ensure the relevance of the potential benefits from materials questionnaire and to examine the management techniques for Libya. This suitability of the extracted factors in the research method was chosen because Libyan context. They recommended of its ability to gather a wide range of reformulating some of the questions for views from individuals, to cover a large more clarity. The revised questionnaire number of respondents, to have a was then distributed online in English better generalizability of the results, and Arabic. The survey consists of four and for its cost-effectiveness (Shang & units: respondent’s position and Sui Pheng, 2014a; Sarhan et al., 2017; experience; S materials management Tezel et al., 2018). In addition, this factors; a section designed to collect technique fits in with the quantitative general information about construction approach that enables the statistical operations on-site; and finally, testing of the data to obtain meaningful communication and technology. interpretations that provide a better
Figure3: Research design
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The researcher used SPSS to analyse Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis is the questionnaire and used factors a common technique used to estimate analysis. The main aim of using factor the factor loading (Crisci, 2011). analysis (Maximum likelihood) in this MacCallum etal., (1999) stated that the study is to identify the important factors simple size impacts the factors analysis related to the perceptions of the solutions and offers useful information. construction stakeholders. Factor They believe that the simple size analysis can be used to explore the should be at least 100. data for patterns, to confirm the initial hypotheses and/or to reduce the In this study, the varimax rotation is numerous variables to a more used as it provides better interpretation, manageable number (Pallant, 2011). leading to more interpretable factors as Factor analysis is usually applied to a it allows a smaller number of variables large set of variables; it involves to load highly on each factor. The identifying the common and unique sets varimax method of rotation is the most of variances called factors or appropriate technique to use because it components. It allows the researcher to produces results which are easy to condense the information into a interpret (Pallant, 2011). Following manageable number of related rotation, factor loadings should be more variables prior to using them for transparent to the researcher. conducting other analyses such as According to Field (2009), factor multiple regression or multivariate loading of the variables >0.3 is analysis of variance. Additionally, it considered significant, factor loading helps the researcher to determine the variables >0.4 are very important, and number of latent variables of a set of a factor loading variable >0.5 is items, and to define the substantive considered very significant. meaning of variables that account for the variations among a large number of items in a questionnaire (Field, 2013). Table 2 Exploratory factor analysis results Extraction Method : Maximum Likelihood Rotation Method: Varimax N Factors Factors o Identifications Variables 1 2 3 Activity of 1 Managing materials waste .821 material 2 The purchasing of the materials .768 managemen 3 Improving logistic management .702 t 4 Ensuring that the materials are provided on .698 the construction site 5 Controllig the quality of material .618 6 Project manager experience .588 7 Transport services .576 8 Tracking .522 9 Handling material handling .416 10 Factors related to the owner .361 11 Avability of labour .740
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12 Training .725 Internal 13 Healthy and safety .705 factors 14 The expertise of subcontractor .698 15 Experience of contractor .642 16 Knowledge and skills related to the people .623 17 Engineers experience .617 18 Material delivery .547 19 Material cost .469 20 Poorsite management and supervision .317 21 Poor stores .562 Externail 22 Effect of using technology .529 factors 23 Improper project planning and scheduling . . 501 24 Inappropriate construction methods .486 25 Changes in materials prices .458 26 Weater factor .422 27 Political and environment factors .418 28 Desinger impact .415 Total variance explained Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
4. Results and discussion supplier effect, supervising site, financial, improvement of the storage As mentioned above, this study utilised site, and using advanced technologies maximum likelihood estimation as a BIM. method to determine how many variables the construction stakeholders Factor one is labelled, “activity of consider, and which items belong material management” and it includes together because the collected usable 10 variables. This factor is based on the sample data was (N=120) and this managing material waste with the study used parametric tests. highest loading (.821). The other variables which are included in the This result presents the most material management process are components of the material related to the purchasing of the management activities which the materials, logistic management, construction stakeholders consider. controlling the quality of material, The purpose of the rating scales in the transport services, tracking, handling, questionnaire was to focus on the and project management experience. common components of the material These attributes are essential for management process. According to the improving material management. study’s findings, three latent variables were identified from the material that impact their productivity, training, management process: activities of health and safety, Factor two, the material management, internal factors, internal factor has 10 attributes. The and external factors. The respondents data showed that most respondents are rated material management high in concerned with factors knowledge and terms of 28 components, but very low skills, contractor, and subcontractor (negative) in the six variables identified experience. The respondents above, (which are dropped out): expressed a strong interest in joining a
P a g e | 81 Volume 1 Issue 1 Factors Affecting Materials Management on Libyan Construction Sites CHSMJ training course that improves their skills respondents considered the role of and knowledge. consultant as necessary, although two- thirds recognised the contribution of Factor three, the external factor has 8 contractors. attributes. This factor has low loading compared to the other factors (activities The Libyan construction professionals of materials management and internal do recognise the role of materials factor), Those with the highest loading management in meeting deadlines and are poor stores (.562), followed by delivers the project on time. However, those using technology (.529), This communicating the benefits of factor is of great significance to the materials management, especially construction industry because good those related to the reduction of time project managers used technology to and cost, should be encouraged improve the material management through conferences and seminars, process. The improper project planning while researchers should be aware of and political situation can threaten the current lack of studies related to material management improvement. materials management. This research These factors are important for the will help construction companies and Libyan construction stakeholders researchers in the Libyan construction because they improve the material sector to focus on the significant issues management process. necessary concerning people-related barriers such as lack of knowledge 5 Conclusions about materials management, labour productivity and supply chain This study provides a critical overview management. This study investigates of the factors that affect materials factors affecting materials management management in Libya through its originality and the consideration of 6. Recommendation specific factors contributing to the body of knowledge. The paper introduced This study endeavours to improve the the questionnaire analysis to identify material management process by the most important attributes the minimising cost and time overruns in majority of the construction Libyan construction projects. companies are concerned with. The Developing the construction material result presents the most important management process is not an easy components of material management: task. Therefore, active collaboration managing material waste, waste and cooperation among all construction materials, logistic management, project stakeholders need to be controlling material quality, transport undertaken to define issues and to services, tracking, handling, project implement strategies and plans. The management experience, productivity cooperation will help them to succeed training, health and safety, knowledge in the process of improving their work, and skills and contractors and overcoming many challenges. subcontractors’ experiences. The Libyan construction authority In assessing the current level of should make efforts to promote materials management among Libyan technology use in their work, to reduce construction professionals, the results time and cost. Training and educational showed that several factors require courses can be implemented to include greater recognition (see table2); for all the construction example, fewer than half the 82 | P a g e Volume 1 Issue 1
Maauf, Mansour and Aziz 2021 staff. Increasing awareness can help Hannure, N.K. and Kulkarni, S.S. the sector to avoid any delay and to (2014). Comparative study of achieve the project aim. Traditional Material Management and Material 7. References Management with ICT Application. Current Trends in Agapiou, A., Clausen, L.E., Flanagan, Technology and Science, 3(4), R., Norman, G & Notman, D. 301-307. (1998). The role of logistics in Kasim, N. E. ( 2010). The awareness the materials flow control of ICT implementation for process. Construction materials management in Management & Economics, construction projects. Int. J. of 16(2), 131-137. Computer and Communication Alfakhri, A. I. (2017). A conceptual Technology, 2(1), 1-10. model of delay factors affecting Kebede, Y.T. and Patel, D. (2018). road construction projects in Assessing Projblems of Libya. Journal of Engineering Construction materials Science and Technology, Management in Rrsidntial 12(12), 3286-3298. Project:Case Study, 3(5), 1235- Allen, E. and Iano, J. (2019). 1239. Fundamentals of building Memon, A.H., Rahman, I.A& Azis, construction: materials and A.A.A. (2011). Preliminary study methods. John Wiley & Sons. on causative factors leading to Caldas, C. M. (2014). Materials construction cost overrun. management practices in the International Journal of construction industry. Practice Sustainable Construction Periodical on Structural Design Engineering and Technology, and Construction, 20(3), 4014- 2(1), 57-71. 4039. Mishra, P. M. (2018). Material delivery Doleeb, S.M.M. (2016 ). The Process problems in construction of Planning Scheduling inn projects: A possible solution. Construction Projects in Sudan Materials Today: Proceedings, Towards Optimum Applications. 5(2), 6497-6501. Sudan University of Science Mogalli, A.H.F. (2017). Integration of and Technology: Doctoral Building Information Modelling dissertation. (BIM) with Materials Ghanim A. Bekr. (2015). Identifying Management in Construction Factors Leading to Cost Project. Universiti Tun Hussein Overrun in Construction Onn Malaysia: Doctoral Projects in Jordan. Journal of dissertation. Construction Engineering, Mohammadi, A., Tavakolan, M. and Technology and Management, Khosravi, Y. (2018). Factors 5(3), 25-33. influencing safety performance Handfield, R., Sroufe, R &Walton, S. on construction projects: A (2005). Integrating review. Safety science, 1(109), environmental management 382-397. and supply chain strategies. Omran, A. &Abdulrahim, A. (2015). Business strategy and the Barriers to Prioritizing Lean environment. Business strategy Construction in the Libyan and the environment, 14(1), 1- Construction Industry. Acta 19. P a g e | 83 Volume 1 Issue 1 Factors Affecting Materials Management on Libyan Construction Sites CHSMJ
Technica Corviniesis-Bulletin of Construction Management, Engineering, 8(1), 53-56. 19(1), 79-91. Omran, A., Abdulbagei, M.A& Gebril, Williams, T. (2016). Identifying A.O. (2012). An evaluation of success factors in construction the critical success factors for projects: A case study. Project construction projects in Libya . Management Journal, 47(1), 97- International Journal of 112. Economic Behavior, 2(1), 17- Yap, J.B.H., Low, P.L. and Wang, C. 25. (2017). Rework in Malaysian Safa, M., Shahi, A., Haas, C.T& Hipel, building construction: impacts, K.W., 2014. (2014). Supplier causes and potential solutions. selection process in an Journal of Engineering, Design integrated construction and Technology, 15(5), 591- materials management model. 618. Automation in Construction, 48, Yohannes Tedla Kebede& Dixit Patel. 64-73. (2018). Assessing Problems of Salah, A& Bloomer, S. (2014). Construction material Problems Related to management in Residential Construction and Building Project: Case Study . Journal of Materials in Libya. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Construction Engineering and Innovative Research (JETIR), Project Management, 4(4), 1-8. 5(3), 1225-1229. Shebob, A., Dawood, N. & Shah, R.K. Zhou Huan& Zhao Jianhua. (2013). (2012). Development of a Analysis on Factors to Cause methodology for analysing and the Price Change of Building quantifying the impact of delay materials. Advanced Materials factors affecting construction Research , 683, 668-671 project. Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Managemen, 2(3), 17-29. Solaimani, S. and Sedighi, M. (2020). Toward a holistic view on lean sustainable construction: a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, p.119213. Song, J., Haas, C.T& Caldas, C.H. (2006). Tracking the location of materials on construction job sites. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management . Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(9), 911-918. Wael Alaghbari, Abubaker A Al-Sakkaf and Basel Sultan. (2019). Factors affecting construction labour productivity in Yemen. International Journal of
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021
The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property vacancy periods in Minna, Nigeria. *Ogunbajo, R. A., 1 Bello, M. O.2, and Adebayo, M. A.,2
1Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Federal University of Technology, Minna.
2Department of Estate Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure. Correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract using the optimally scaled categorical regression analysis (CATREG). Nine This study sought to provide evidence amenities were found to sustain on the contributory effect of residential buildings in the study area, neighbourhood amenities on vacancy which accounted for 32% variance in periods for residential buildings in the vacancy period of tenement Minna. The research population buildings and one-bedroom comprised 9,008 rented residential apartments; and 34% & 51% variance buildings in thirteen (13) selected areas respectively in the vacancy period of in Minna Metropolis, while a total of two and three-bedroom bungalows 1,129 housing units were sampled respectively in the study area. Among following the Kothari (2004) formula for other findings, the study revealed that sample size selection and further closer distances of shopping centres adopting + 10% precision (margin of and health care centres to tenement error), and 90% confidence level. buildings significantly increased the Stratified and random sampling period of vacancy. Whereas, out of all techniques were adopted in order to the amenities measured, only refuse ensure an unbiased selection of the dumps significantly increased the sample from the population. The data vacancy period of two-bedroom used were generated through two sets bungalows. Having established the of questionnaires which were varying degrees of impacts of administered to the household heads of neighbourhood amenities on the rented dwelling units that fell within the vacancy periods of house types in the sample group, and the managers of the study area, it is evident that policy sampled houses. Questionnaire which makers need to ensure the equitable was well completed represented an allocation of the amenities in question overall 77% response rate were used across space. for analysis. Data analysis involved the use of inferential statistics to address Key words: Amenities, specific objectives of the study. neighbourhood, residence, void period Precisely, collated data were analysed 1. Introduction expansion over the years. The direct implication of this is an increased need Minna, capital of Niger State has for residential accommodation which experienced rapid urbanization and further necessitated
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The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property ……..CHSMJ an increase in housing supply. Recent for housing units in urban centres have observations have revealed that continued to attract the development massive residential property interests of real estate developers, it is developments continue to spring up in imperative that appropriate measures various parts of the study area. are taken to ensure that invested Unfortunately, a number of these capital is profitably recouped. residential properties are left However, a major determinant of the unoccupied and suffer longer vacancy timely recoupment of invested capital periods despite the rising need for is the minimisation or totally residential accommodation. Vacancy eliminating the development’s vacancy period is simply the period between period (Ogunbajo, 2018). tenancies when buildings are In recent times, several residential unoccupied. A vacancy period occurs dwelling units across urban areas when a property is vacant, unoccupied have suffered longer vacancy periods or without legitimate tenant thereby despite the rising need for residential receiving no rental income. accommodation. However, research The notion of vacancy period of has also shown that the efficiency of residential properties had been a any urban area depends largely on the subject of discourse in many academic provision of efficient amenities and and professional circles, for example services (Babarinde 1998). The (Remoy 2010, Oladokun 2011, Gabriel provision of urban infrastructure in any and Nothaft 2011 & Akalemeaku and urban setting has tremendous multi- Egbenta 2013. Residential dimensional impacts on the people accommodation constitutes a basic and overall property values are well necessity to man. Thus, investment in documented (Kiel & Boyle 2001; residential properties is considered a Adebayo 2006; Zietz, Zeitz & Sirmans major and highly profitable form of 2008, Olujimi & Bello 2009; Ducombe investment as it seeks to address the & Yinger, 2010; Boucq & Stratec, growing housing demand of man. This 2011; and Cellmer, Senetra & rising demand for residential Szczepanska, 2012). With the rapid accommodation has led to residential urbanisation of many Nigerian cities, property development being good quality urban amenities have considered a major investment in become increasingly important, Nigeria. In essence, it has given rise to Recent observations have revealed an increase in the supply of residential that massive residential property buildings/ housing units by both developments continue to spring up in individuals and corporate bodies to various parts of the study area, with or cater to the rising need for without a corresponding growth in accommodation. According to Ansah basic amenities. Neighbourhood (2012), housing units’ development is facilities in Minna appear to be considered as one of the most unevenly distributed across the city, important subsectors of the real estate and are at varying distances to industry. Since the increasing demand dwelling units; while several residential
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021 properties are left unoccupied and investors to make more informed suffer longer vacancy periods despite decisions on residential property the rising need for residential investment with adequate knowledge of accommodation. Landlords and real the influence of various infrastructural estate investors are sometimes faced facilities within the various with the challenge of replacing tenants neighbourhoods. within the shortest possible time, 2. LITERATURE REVIEW without a detailed understanding of the 2.1 Provision and access to unique factors that determine these Neighbourhood facilities in delays (Ogunbajo 2018). Urban centres The extent to which neighbourhood facilities and amenities determine the Residential buildings and its vacancy periods of residential supporting externalities have become properties lacks significant part and parcel of human existence contributions from literature, thus, this and it is a prerequisite for the research performed a study of the development of any urban economy. Minna residential property market to The provision of amenities such as determine the primary drivers of good roads, electricity, water, vacancy periods with particular telecommunications, sewage and emphasis on the availability and drainages are basic requirements that proximity to urban facilities and determine the socio-economic well- amenities. The research employed being of an area (Anofojie, Adeleye different analytical tools to provide and Kadiri, 2014). Ujoh and evidence on the extent to which Kwaghsende (2014) observed that the neighbourhood facilities contribute to provision of adequate amenities and determining vacancy periods or facilities is becoming increasingly otherwise. It assessed the vacancy difficult due to rapid population growth. periods of tenanted dwellings across However, much concern is the study area, identified increasingly being expressed over the neighbourhood facilities sustaining pattern of distribution of amenities and these residential properties, as well as facilities. As observed by Atser and their proximities to the identified Akpan (2009), the inequality in facilities. This research addressed the facilities’ distribution is a cause for question about the extent to which the concern particularly in developing duration of vacancy of residential countries where there are problems of properties in the study area can be personal mobility. While Otegbulu and explained by differences in availability Adewunmi (2009) described the and proximity to infrastructural facilities. presence or absence of these The study is significant in providing amenities as the major difference empirical evidence on the extent to between a slum and a non-slum area, which the duration of vacancy is Saed et al (2015), explained that the influenced positively and/or negatively lack of urban amenities is a good by the identified facilities. It will aid catalyst for squatter
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The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property ……..CHSMJ formation and worsening housing placed emphases on the condition of conditions in urban districts. the infrastructure clearly excluding the idea of relative proximities of individual With the rapid urbanisation of many households to the infrastructure. Nigerian cities and parts of other developing countries, good quality One of the persistent problems facing urban amenities have become Nigerian cities in the past decades is increasingly important. It is pertinent to the inadequacy of ancillary facilities, note that the need to consider end- as well as the management of existing user priorities in the provision of these ones (Ogu, 2005). It is widely accepted amenities /facilities is also important. that major challenges associated with Due to the unique nature of different neighbourhood facilities/amenities geographical areas, as well as end- result from increased urban growth user preferences, certain and density, as well as the inability to effectively manage existing infrastructure is highly demanded in certain areas as opposed to other infrastructure. The ability of these amenities to accommodate growth areas. According to the Central Statistics Office, India (2012), depends on the ability of the urban measuring the performance of area to manage and improve the condition of the existing amenities. amenities /facilities is required for decision making in order to improve 2.2 Occurrence of vacancy the availability and capacity of these periods in buildings amenities/facilities. In this regard, Otegbulu (2014) examined the A vacant property, which can also be implication of infrastructure condition referred to as a void property is one to urban neighbourhood sustainability which is unoccupied because it does and how a demand-driven approach not have a tenant in occupation can enhance willingness to pay for (Akalemeaku and Egbenta 2013). As service improvement in Lagos. The described by Nam, Han and Lee research sampled 1040 households in (2016), a vacant house is one that has 8 metropolitan local government areas been unoccupied for an extended and elicited information on period of time. In many developed and households’ preferences and demand developing nations, the prevalence of for urban ancillary facilities including vacant residential properties has been willingness to pay and averting a course of concern due to its many expenditure. Findings from the study implications on investment returns and indicated that different areas of the city the national economy (Duke 2012). have preferences for different ancillary Generally, vacancy periods are facilities both in specific types and inevitable. It however becomes service option, and that demand- worrisome when the period is driven provision will enhance elongated. Some consequences of willingness to pay, and also has vacant buildings according to implication on neighbourhood Akalemeaku and Egbenta (2013) are sustainability. The study however loss of rental income to the investor,
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021 loss of professional fees to the determinants of vacancy periods, the property manager, as well as illegal true relationship and interconnection occupation and vandalization of the between proximity to neighbourhood buildings. A Over the years, studies amenities and vacancy periods in have attributed vacancy period to Minna, as well as the benefits to several factors. For example, Remoy government and the society has not (2010) established a significant been fully addressed and well correlation between the amount of documented. In the course of this facilities in a location and structural research, a study of existing literature vacancy in Amsterdam. The study has shown that there has been no assessed the travel time from documented study to determine the buildings to the nearest highway influence of proximate amenities on among others, ,and revealed that vacancy period in Minna. vacancy decreased with a farther 3. Methodology distance to the highway. Akelemeaku Residential property markets have and Igbenta (2013) attributed received considerable attention vacancy/void in commercial properties worldwide, which may be attributed to in Enugu, Nigeria to inadequate the special role of shelter to man. For infrastructure, high rents, and poor this study, Minna is chosen because it finishing of buildings. Nam, Han and is the capital of the largest Northern Lee (2016) established a positive state in Nigeria in terms of land mass correlation between vacant houses (on (National Population Commission, one hand) and excess supply of 2006; Niger State Government, 2011), houses, and population size (on the and also due to the rapid urbanisation other hand). While the above and expansion of the town. researches recognizes urban infrastructure and amenities as major
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The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property ……..CHSMJ
Figure 1: Map of the study area
Source: Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Federal University of Technology, Akure (2016)
The population for the study constituted Saleh, Maikunkele, Chanchaga, residential dwellings that fell into void at Kpakungu, Maitumbi, Gbaganu, any time between January 2014 and Nyikangbe, Shango, Sauka-kahuta, December 2018 (5 years),and spread Tayi village, Tudun-fulani, Fadikpe, and across thirteen (13) residential Gidan-mangoro. Neighbourhood neighbourhoods in Minna, where rapid facilities identified in the study area residential developments have been which were used in the study were observed over the years. A total of educational institutions/schools, 1,129 housing units were sampled shopping centres, health care centres, following the Kothari (2004) formula for recreational facilities, access roads, sample size selection and further sewage disposal sites / refuse dumps, adopting + 10% precision (margin of security, electricity, and water supply. error), and 90% confidence level. Four The choice of these neighbourhood major house types fell into this facilities was based on evidence from category. These were Tenements the literature. (473), single room apartments (349), The data used were generated through two-bedroom bungalows (163) and two sets of questionnaires. The first set three-bedroom bungalows (144). The was administered on the household sampled neighbourhoods are: Barkin-
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021 heads of rented dwelling units that fell mirrors the conventional multiple within the sample group, and focused regression, except that categorical on the availability and access to regression can also accommodate amenities, while the second set was ordinal and nominal variables (Moss, administered on the managers of the 2016). Typically, the CATREG sampled houses, which constituted quantifies categorical variables so that estate surveyors, non-professional the quantifications reflect estate agents, and landlords (as the characteristics of the original categories case may be) in the study area. The (Statistics Solutions, 2016). second set of questionnaire basically The proximity of dwelling units to elicited data on vacancy / void related amenities / facilities was measured issues. A total of 1129 housing units using ordinal variables on a three-point were sampled, and Fifteen (15) Field scale, viz: far, fairly close, and very Assistants who were trained, assisted close. This scale of measurement was in questionnaire administration and derived in accordance with the duration retrieval. Duly completed questionnaire or time taken (in minutes) by an were collated and subsequently used average adult to walk from his/her for analysis. To avoid the introduction of dwelling unit to the nearest of each of additional error by imputing missing the facilities / amenities under data, only completed questionnaire consideration. This was arrived at without missing values were used. This based on the consensus opinions of is in line with Isreal (2003), which respondents in the course of the pilot explained that imputing missing data study. Respondents described a could give rise to errors in data walking distance of 1 – 15 minutes to analysis. The well completed any of the amenities as acceptable. questionnaires represented an overall They were however not willing to walk 77% response rate. more than 30 minutes to access any of The research implemented the mixed the facilities, thus, this research methods research design. Data categorized a walking distance of 1 – 15 analysis involved the use of inferential minutes as very close, 16 – 30 minutes statistics to address specific objectives denoted fairly close, while a walking of the study. Precisely, collated data distance of more than 30 minutes was were analysed using the optimally categorised as far. This is similar to the scaled categorical regression analysis recommendation of the Leeds unitary (CATREG). This analytical tool was development plan (2006) which adopted due to the nature of the data described the local accessibility which also entailed a dependent standard to an amenity site as variable measured on ratio scale equivalent to 10 minutes- walk time (vacancy / void period in months), an (based on the consensus opinion of independent variable measured on respondents). Neighbourhood security ratio scale, and another eight was measured using data obtained independent variables measured on from police stations in the study area. ordinal scales. Categorical regression The figures denote
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The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property ……..CHSMJ the average number of reported crime Substituting the x parameters into cases per month in each of the sampled equation (1), the equation is simplified areas. Peculiar crime cases taken into as: consideration were burglary, φr (VOP) = β1 휑 (SHOP) + β1 휑 (EDUC) + β1 robbery/theft, and hooliganism / street 푗 푗 fighting, while the quality of electricity 휑푗(HEALTH) + β1 휑푗(RECRE) + β1 휑푗(ROAD) + was measured in terms of the number β1 휑푗(REFUSE) + β1 휑푗(SECURE) + β1 of hours of supply per day from the 휑푗(ELECT) + β1 휑푗(WATER) + e public mains. …...……………………(2) The impacts of these facilities/ Prior to using collated data to justify amenities on the void periods of the duration of void period of residential buildings in the study area residential buildings, a number of tests was established by regressing and checks were carried out on the proximities and availability of the data set in order to ensure that the sampled amenities (independent eventual results are meaningful and variables) against void periods (the interpretable. Typically, regression dependent variable) using the optimally analysis is very sensitive to outliers, scaled categorical regression analysis thus the first step in the analysis (CATREG). In this research, void involved the removal /exclusion of periods are related to the outliers from the data. There was also neighbourhood facilities/amenities in the need to establish whether the study area. Thus, a functional multicollinearity existed in each of the equation designed to capture the data sets. This is because relationship between void period and multicollinearity had been reported to neighbourhood facilities/amenities undermine regression analysis and the takes the form: subsequent conclusions from such analysis (Starkweather & Herrington, VOP = f (x) ………………… (1) 2016). Multicollinearity was tested for Where VOP = Void period by computing the Tolerance values The independent variables are as and Variance Inflation Factors for each follows: of the independent variables. Results X => showed that the tolerance value for X1 = Shopping centres each of the independent variables X2 = Educational institutions exceeded 0.10. It therefore implied X3 = Health care centers that there was no multicollinearity in X4 = Recreational facilities the data sets. Further evidence is X5 = Major access roads given in the Variance Inflation Factors X6 = Refuse disposal sites (VIFs) which were quite satisfactory X7 = Security/ Crime rate since they are well below the cut off of X8 = Electricity supply 10. Having satisfied all the X9 = Water supply assumptions underlying the use of categorical regression (i.e., excluded outliers, ensured linearity and
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021 homoscedacity, and also satisfied the The impacts of neighbourhood ‘no multicollinearity’ rule), the amenities/facilities on the vacancy regression analysis was conveniently periods of each of the four house types carried out on the data and results of were analysed using the optimally the analysis are best described as scaled categorical regression analysis. accurate and findings are meaningful. These are presented in Table 1 For the purpose of this research, void The model summary in table 1 showed period is the period between tenancies R2 values of 0.317, 0.318, 0.34, and when buildings are unoccupied. 0.51 for tenements, one-bedroom Educational institutions refer to apartments, two-bedroom bungalows, government owned to primary, and three-bedroom bungalows secondary and tertiary institutions. respectively. These indicated that the Shopping centres refer to multi- regression models explained about tenanted commercial complexes 32% of the total variation in the (including blocks of six or more shops vacancy period of tenement buildings on a single floor or on more than one and one-bedroom apartments in the floor); water supply referred to study area, and also 34% and 51% of public/government provided boreholes, the total variation in the vacancy while Health care centres referred to periods of two and three-bedroom government owned general hospitals, bungalows respectively. In other and primary health care centres. words, only 32%, variance in the vacancy period of tenement buildings 4. Findings and Discussion and one bedroom apartments in the 4.1 The significant impacts of study area is predictable from the Neighbourhood facilities / facilities under consideration, while Amenities on the vacancy 34% and 51% variance in the vacancy periods of residential period of two and three-bedroom buildings. bungalows respectively is predictable from these facilities. :
Table 1: Model Summary (Standardised data) Adjusted R House Type Multiple R R Square Square Tenement 0.563 0.317 0.299 One bedroom apartments 0.564 0.318 0.285 Two bedroom bungalows 0.583 0.34 0.282 Three bedroom bungalows 0.714 0.51 0.49 Data Analysis, 2019
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Other factors which were how well the vacancy periods of the unaccounted for in the model can be four sampled house types can be said to be responsible for the predicted based on the availability and remaining 68% , 68%, 66% and 49% proximity of the subject buildings to for the four house types respectively. facilities. It indicates the strength of the These factors relates to the association between the vacancy accommodation and size of the periods and these facilities. Typically, dwelling unit, the condition of the a multiple correlation coefficient physical building components of the measures how well a dependent house, age of the building, number of variable can be predicted from toilets, rental values, demand for independent variables. According to particular house types, and individual Pallant (2011), the closer R is to 1, the preferences/choices of particular stronger the linear association is. neighbourhoods. Generally, the R2 The F ratios in table 2 tested whether (coefficient of determination) the overall regression models are indicates the proportion of variance in good fits for the data. The table the dependent variable that can be showed that neighbourhood facilities explained by the independent (ie, the independent variables) variables. significantly predicted the vacancy The multiple correlation coefficients periods for the four sampled house (Multiple R = 0.563, 0.564, 0.583. and types in the study area (the dependent 0.714) in Table 1 further indicated a variable in this case). As shown in the fairly good predictability of vacancy table 2, F (12, 460) = 17.804 for periods from the identified facilities/ tenement buildings, F (16, 332) = amenities (for tenements, one- 9.683 for one-bedroom apartments, F bedroom apartments, and two- (13, 149) = 5.904 for two-bedroom bedroom bungalows), and a very good bungalows and (12, 131) = 11.360 for predictability (for three-bedroom three-bedroom bungalows. The p- bungalows) of the vacancy periods values in all the four cases were 0.000 from the identified facilities/amenities. which were less than the alpha level The Multiple R is a measure of the (i.e. p < 0.05), thus an indication that strength of the association between the regressions were good fits for the the dependent variable and the data. independent variables. It measures
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Table 2: ANOVA test for the significance of neighbourhood facilities on the void period of residential buildings. Sum of Mean df F Sig. Squares Square Tenement Buildings Regression 150.012 12 12.501 17.804 0.000 Residual 322.988 460 0.702 Total 473 472 One bedroom apartments Regression 111.043 16 6.94 9.683 0.000 Residual 237.957 332 0.717 Total 349 348 Two bedroom Bungalows Regression 55.417 13 4.263 5.904 0.000 Residual 107.583 149 0.722 Total 163 162 Three bedroom Bungalows Regression 73.433 12 6.119 11.36 0.000 Residual 70.567 131 0.539 Total 144 143 Data Analysis, 2019
The standardised beta coefficients same scale so that they can be which enabled comparison of the compared. The higher the absolute contribution of each independent value of the beta coefficient, the variable to be made are presented in stronger the effect. These analyses for tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. The standardised each of the four sampled house types beta coefficients compared the are presented as follows: strength of the effect of each 4.1.1 The impacts of neighbourhood facility to the vacancy Neighbourhood facilities on the periods of each of the four house vacancy period of Tenement types. ‘Standardised’ means that the buildings values for each of the different This is further analysed in Table 3: variables have been converted to the
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Table 3: Beta Coefficients of the independent variables Standardised Coefficients Bootstrap (1000) Estimate of Std. Beta Error Df F Sig. Shopping complexes .165 .038 2 18.401 .000 Educational Institutions -.140 .041 2 11.504 .000 Health care Centers .095 .047 1 4.133 .043 Recreation Centers -.024 .055 1 .193 .661 Major Roads -.229 .041 1 31.361 .000 Refuse Dumps .063 .045 1 1.968 .161 Security of the -.152 .042 1 13.119 .000 Neighbourhood Electricity supply -.262 .042 1 38.884 .000 Sources of Water supply -.202 .041 2 24.436 .000 Data Analysis, 2019
Figures in the last column of table 3 impacts of some of the independent (known as the p-values) tell whether variables (ie, proximity to recreational the respective independent variables centers, and refuse dumps) on the make a significant contribution to the vacancy period of tenement buildings dependent variable. Variables whose in the study area were not statistically p-values are less than 0.05 implied significant. These independent that the variables are making a variables had p- values that exceeded significant unique contribution to the 0.05. vacancy period of tenement buildings The standardised beta coefficients in in the study area. Analysis in table 3 the second column of table 3 further showed that the proximity of dwelling indicated that electricity supply made units to shopping centres, educational the strongest unique contribution to institutions, health care centres, and explaining the vacancy period of major roads make significant unique tenement buildings in the study area. It contributions to the vacancy period of had the highest beta coefficient tenement buildings in the study area. (0.262). Other predictors which also Others are: the level of security of the contributed in explaining the vacancy neighbourhoods, electricity, and period of tenement buildings in the sources of water supply to the housing study area are arranged in order of the units. These independent variables strength of their contributions as had p-values which were less than follows: proximity to major roads (beta 0.05. Results also showed that the
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021 coefficient = 0.229), sources of water tenement buildings (when they were supply (beta coefficient = 0.206), within close proximity), thus tends to proximity to shopping centers (beta put off prospective tenants, and coefficient = 0.165), security (beta increase the vacancy period. On the coefficient = 0.152), proximity to other hand, closer distances to educational institutions (beta educational institutions, as well as coefficient = 0.140), and health care improved security, water supply and centers (beta coefficient = 0.095). electricity supply contributed significantly to reducing the vacancy Precisely, findings revealed that closer periods of tenement buildings. distances of tenement buildings to shopping centres and health care 4.1.2 The impacts of centres increased the vacancy periods Neighbourhood facilities on for this house type. It therefore implied the vacancy periods of one- that these two facilities (ie. shopping centres and health care centres) bedroom apartments constituted a disadvantage to This is analysed in Table 4: Table 4: Beta Coefficients of the independent variables (One-bedroom apartments) Standardised Coefficients Bootstrap (1000) Estimate of Std. Beta Error df F Sig. Shopping complexes -.199 .052 2 14.773 .000 Educational Institutions -.233 .047 2 24.331 .000 Health care Centres -.225 .046 2 23.513 .000 Recreation Centres -.093 .067 1 1.938 .165 Major Roads -.208 .053 2 15.540 .000 Refuse Dumps .239 .047 2 26.482 .000 Security of the -.235 .051 2 21.544 .000 Neighbourhood Electricity -.043 .046 1 .849 .357 Water supply -.111 .049 2 5.144 .006 Data Analysis, 2019
An examination of the standardised contribution to explaining the beta coefficients in the second vacancy period of one-bedroom column of table 4 revealed that refuse apartments in the study area. It had dumps made the strongest unique the highest beta
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The influence of proximate neighbourhood facilities on residential property ……..CHSMJ coefficient (-0.239). This is followed supply to the vacancy periods of one- closely by security of the bedroom apartments in the study neighbourhood (-0.235), and area were not significant. proximity to educational institutions (- For one-bedroom apartments, closer 0.233). Water supply and shopping distances to shopping centres, centres made the least contributions educational institutions, health care to the vacancy periods of one- centres, and major roads brought bedroom apartments in the study about significant reduction vacancy area. The two variables had periods. Other amenities which made standardized beta coefficients of - significant contributions to reducing 0.111 and -0.199 respectively. the vacancy period of one-bedroom Also, the p-values in the last column apartments are: improved of table 4 tell whether the neighbourhood security, and improved contributions of the respective water supply. On the contrary, closer independent variables to the distances to refuse dumps increased dependent variable are significant. the vacancy period of one-bedroom Variables whose p-values were less apartments. than 0.05 implied that the variables are making a significant unique contribution to the dependent variable. A careful look at the table showed that seven out of the nine 4.1.3 The impacts of amenities considered made Neighbourhood facilities on the significant unique contributions to the vacancy periods of one-bedroom vacancy periods of Two-bedroom apartments in the study area. As bungalows shown in table 4, the contributions of recreation centres and electricity This is analysed in table 5:
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Table 5: Beta Coefficients of the independent variables (Two-bedroom bungalows) Standardised Coefficients Bootstrap (1000) Estimate of Std. Beta Error Df F Sig. Shopping complexes .042 .095 1 .201 .655 Educational Institutions -.200 .078 2 6.524 .002 Health care Centres -.074 .093 2 .631 .534 Recreation Centres -.086 .095 1 .819 .367 Major Roads .115 .095 2 1.461 .235 Refuse Dumps .476 .073 2 42.256 .000 Security of the .085 .103 1 .680 .411 Neighbourhood Electricity supply -.185 .098 1 3.532 .062 Water supply -.156 .076 1 4.177 .043 Data Analysis, 2019
Neighbourhood facilities whose p- strongest significant contribution to values were less than 0.05 indicated explaining the vacancy period of two that these amenities were making a bedroom bungalows in the study area. significant contribution to the vacancy It had the highest beta coefficient periods of two-bedroom bungalows in (0.476). While closer distances to the study area. Precisely, only educational institutions and improved educational institutions, refuse dumps, water supply contributed to reducing and water supply made significant the vacancy period of this category of contributions, while the contributions houses, closer distances to refuse of shopping centres, health care dumps resulted in prolonged vacancy centres, recreation centres, major periods. roads, security, and electricity supply 4.1.4 The impacts of were not significant. Also, the standardised beta coefficient in table 5 Neighbourhood facilities on compared the strength of the effect of the vacancy period of Three- each independent variable to the bedroom bungalows vacancy period of two bedroom bungalows. The standardised beta This is analysed in Table 6: coefficients in the table revealed that proximity to refuse dumps made the
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Table 6: Beta Coefficients of the independent variables (Three bedroom bungalows) Standardised Coefficients Bootstrap (1000) Estimate of Std. Beta Error Df F Sig. Shopping complexes -.312 .078 2 16.215 .000 Educational Institutions -.229 .179 1 1.624 .205 Health care Centres -.086 .112 2 .583 .560 Recreation Centres -.300 .099 1 9.062 .003 Major Roads -.226 .105 1 4.644 .033 Refuse Dumps -.195 .144 2 1.831 .164 Security of the -.150 .119 1 1.571 .212 Neighbourhood Electricity supply -.260 .092 1 8.053 .005 Water supply -.037 .158 1 .056 .813 Data Analysis, 2019
Table 6 showed that the recreation centres, which had a beta facilities/amenities which made coefficient of 0.300, and electricity significant contributions to the vacancy supply (beta coefficient = 0.260). periods of three-bedroom houses in For three-bedroom houses, results in the study area are shopping centres, table 6 clearly indicated that shopping recreation centres, major roads, and centres, recreation centres, major electricity supply. These were roads and electricity supply impacted identified by their p-values which were negatively on their vacancy periods. In less than 0.05. Table 6 also showed essence, improved electricity supply the standardised beta coefficients as well as closer distances to shopping which aided a comparison of the centres, recreation centres, and major strength of the effect of each amenity roads made significant contributions to to the vacancy period of three- reducing the vacancy period. Other bedroom houses. The standardised amenities such as educational beta coefficients in the table revealed institutions, health care centres, refuse that shopping centres made the dumps, security and water supply strongest significant contribution to were found not to have any significant explaining the vacancy period of three- impact on the vacancy periods of bedroom bungalows in the study area. three-bedroom houses in the study It recorded the highest beta coefficient area. Findings in this study (0.312). This was followed by
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*Ogunbajo, Bello and Adebayo 2021 corroborate the work of Remoy (2010), an extra mile in ensuring comfortable Akalemeaku and Egbenta (2013), and residential environments. This can be McPeake (2015) and which identified achieved by providing, maintaining low demand, resulting from a variety of and upgrading amenities within and neighbourhood factors as having around the neighbourhoods. These profound impacts on the vacancy / void will attract people to the area, thus periods of residential buildings. minimizing vacancy periods and ensuring that monies invested in 5.0 CONCLUSION residential real estate developments Residential property development is are timely and profitably recouped. It considered as a major form of will aid investors to make more investment in Nigeria, thus it is informed decisions on residential imperative that appropriate measures property investment with adequate are taken to ensure that the invested knowledge of the influence of various capital is profitably recouped. This amenities within the various research is an attempt to examine the neighbourhoods. influence of the availability and References proximity to neighbourhood facilities on the vacancy periods of residential Adebayo, MA 2006, The State of Urban properties in Minna. Landlords and Infrastructure and Its Effects on real estate investors are sometimes Property Values in Lagos. Journal faced with the challenge of replacing of Land use and Development tenants within the shortest possible Studies, 2(1), 50-59. time, on residential properties Akelemeaku, OJ and Egenta, IR 2013, developed in particular An approach to better neighbourhoods without a detailed management of voids in understanding of the unique factors commercial properties in Enugu. that determine these delays. This Journal of Land Management research addressed the question and Appraisal, 1 (2), 133-139 about the extent to which the variations in duration of vacancy of residential Antofine, AE, Adeleye, OA and Kediri, properties in the study area can be MA 2014, Housing Quality explained by differences in the relative Assessment in selected Public distances / proximities to amenities Residential Estates in Amuwo- across neighbourhoods. The study odofin LGA, Lagos, Nigeria. provided empirical evidence on the International Journal of Research extent to which the duration of in Earth and Environmental vacancies for four (4) different house Sciences, 2(6), 7-16. types is influenced positively and/or Ansah, AO 2012, Examination of the negatively by the identified amenities. Determinants of Housing Values Based on findings from this research, in Urban Ghana and Implications it is desirable that the government for Policy Makers. Paper (being the major provider of ancillary presented at facilities) and real estate investors go
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Johani, M. Y. (2015). Challenges www.bayes.acs.unt.edu:8083/Ba of Co-ordination in provision of yesContent/class/Jon/SPSS_SC Urban Infrastructure for new /Module0/M9_CatReg/SPSS_M Residential Areas: The Iranian 9_CatReg.htm and assessed on Experience. Environmental 22nd October 2016. Management and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 48-72. Ujoh, F and Kwaghsende, F (2014). Analysis of the Spatial Statistics Solutions 2016, Statistical Distribution of Health Facilities in Analysis: A Manual on Benue State, Nigeria, Public Dissertation and Thesis Statistics Health Research, 4 (5), 210-218. in SPSS. Available at doi: 10.5923/j.phr.20140405.09. www.statisticssolutions.com, and th downloaded on 28 October Zietz, J Zietz, EN and Sirmans, GS 2016. 2008, Determinants of House Starkweather, J. and Herrington, R. Prices: A Quantile Regression (2016). Research and Statistical Approach, Journal of Real Estate Support, Module 9, University of Finance and Economics, 37, pp. North Texas. Available online at 317-333.
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