Archive of SID

A Review on Isolation and Identification of Endophytic , Their Chemical Structure, Bioactive Compounds, and Potential Medical-Pharmaceutical Applications

Yaser Delbari1, Yaser Mohassel2, Yadollah Bahrami3,4,5, Elham Kakaie6, Ali Mostafaie7

1 MSc in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2 MSc in Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 4 Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 5 Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 6 BSc in Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 7 Professor, Medical Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

(Received October 22, 2019 Accepted June 2, 2020)

Abstract

Over recent years, nosocomial infections, and the morbidity and mortality associated with pathogenic have dramatically increased due to antibiotic resistance and imposed significant burdens on the global health system. Critical shortage of effective therapeutics against multidrug-resistant bacteria highlights the need for development of novel antibiotics. Actinobacteria are well-known sources of natural bioactive compounds, especially antibiotics. Nearly two-thirds of the antibiotics on the market have actinobacterial origins. Endophytic actinobacteria residing within plants contribute to the plant growth and survival by producing plethora of secondary metabolites. Therefore, isolation, cultivation, and identification of new strains, as well as their potential to produce antimicrobial compounds, are of great importance. Lack of published research in this field highlights the importance of this review in Iran. The aim of this review Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 was to present the latest methods for the isolation and identification of endophytic actinobacteria and introducing relevant databases. We also studied the most recent isolated strains, chemical structure of 51 newly identified secondary metabolites, and their potential medical-pharmaceutical applications. This study revealed that endophytic actinobacteria are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites with high levels of structural diversity and potent pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.

Keywords: actinobacteria, endophytes, bioactive compounds, drug resistance, nosocomial infections, hospital infections

J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2020; 30 (186): 195-217 (Persian).

* Corresponding Author: Yadollah Bahrami - Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (E-mail: [email protected]) www.SID.ir 195

ﻣــﺮوري Archive of SID

ﻣﺠــﻠــــﻪ داﻧـﺸـــﮕﺎه ﻋــﻠـــﻮم ﭘـﺰﺷــﮑــــﯽ ﻣـﺎزﻧـــﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ﺗﯿﺮ ﺳﺎل 1399 (217 195-)

ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ؛ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ - داروﯾﯽ آنﻫﺎ

ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي1 ﯾﺎﺳﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻞ2 ﯾﺪاﻟﻪ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﯽ3و4و5 اﻟﻬﺎم ﮐﺎﮐﺎﺋﯽ6 ﻋﻠﯽ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﺎﯾﯽ7 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮑﯽ، ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﺮگ وﻣﯿﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آنﻫﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺘﯽ را ﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﮐﻤﺒﻮد داروي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم، ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ را ﺿﺮوري ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺻﻠﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ دو ﺳﻮم آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺎزار ﻣﻨﺸــﺎء اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾــﺎﯾﯽ دارﻧــﺪ. اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺖ درون ﮔﯿﺎه زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻃﯿﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي از ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ وﺑﻘﺎء ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﺧﻮد ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. از اﯾﻦرو، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺤﻮه ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي، ﮐﺸﺖ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ آنﻫﺎ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺿﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. ﻋﺪم ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ در اﯾﺮان، اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮوري را دو ﭼﻨﺪان ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﺟﺪﯾــﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷــﯿﻮهﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎي 51 ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ- داروﯾﯽ آنﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻏﻨﯽ از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و ﻓﺮاوردهﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي، داروﯾﯽ و ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ دارﻧﺪ.

واژه ﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي، ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ، ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل، ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮑﯽ

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت داروﯾــﯽ ﺣﺎل اﺛــﺮات درﻣــﺎﻧﯽ ﺷــﮕﺮف آﻧﺘــﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏﻫــﺎ در ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻃــﯽ ﭼﻨــﺪ دﻫــﻪ اﺧﯿــﺮ ﻋﻠﯿــﻪ ﻃﯿــﻒ وﺳــﯿﻌﯽ از ﺑﯿﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ و رﯾﺸﻪ ﮐﻦ ﮐــﺮدن ﺗﻌــﺪادي از آنﻫــﺎ ﭘﺎﺗﻮژنﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾــﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺎ را از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾـﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺎﻻﯾـﯽ

ﻣﻮﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: ﯾﺪاﻟﻪ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﯽ - ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه: داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه E-mail: [email protected] 1. ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﯾﺮان 2. ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﯾﺮان 3. اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﯾﺮان 4. ﮔﺮوه ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، ﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﻠﯿﻨﺪرز، آدﻻﯾﺪ، اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ 5. ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم داروﯾﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه داروﺳﺎزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﯾﺮان 6. ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﯾﺮان 7. اﺳﺘﺎد، ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﯾﺮان  ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ : 30/7/1398 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ارﺟﺎع ﺟﻬﺖ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت : 5/9/1398 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ : 1399/3/13 www.SID.ir 196 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ را دارﻧﺪ، ﻏﺎﻓﻞ ﮐﻨــﺪ(1). ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺑــﺎ در ﺳــﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿــﺮ، اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫــﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﺳــﺘﺎﻧﯽ و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﯿﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ اﺛﺮ ﺳﻮء ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷــﯽ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾــﺎﯾﯽ(2). ﺳــﺒﺐ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﺧﻮد ﻧﺪارﻧــﺪ ﺑﻠﮑــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﺑﺴــﯿﺎري از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن و دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻠﯿــﻪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎي ﭘــﺎﺗﻮژن ﮔﯿــﺎه ﺑــﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﺮدن آﻧﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧــﺎرج از ﺳــﻠﻮل، ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﮏ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻤــﮏ ﻣــﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ(10). از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭘﻮرﯾﻦﻫﺎ و ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ و ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺪن آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎ اﯾﻦ رو ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫــﺎ (ازﺟﻤﻠــﻪ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﮐﺘﺎﻣــﺎز) از اﺻــﻠﯽﺗــﺮﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﺎﮔﻮن ﺑــﺮاي ﺟــﺪاﮐﺮدن اﯾــﻦ ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ، ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي ﻣﻘــﺎوم ﺑــﻪ آﻧﺘــﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏ ﻫــﺎ ﮐﺸــﻒ ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ داروﯾــﯽ، در ﺳــﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿــﺮ ﻣــﻮرد ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ(3). از اﯾﻦ رو ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪن از ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ(11). اﯾﻦ ﺗﻼشﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖﻫــﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از ﻋﻮد ﺑﯿﻤﺎريﻫــﺎي ﻋﻔــﻮﻧﯽ ﻓﺮاﮔﯿــﺮ، ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺰﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ آنﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪي را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﻣﯿﺪوار ﮐﻨﻨﺪهاي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴــﺖ ﻓﻌــﺎل در ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ(4). ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ(12). ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل آنﻫﺎ، ﯾﮑﯽ از اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي، ﮐﺸﺖ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ از ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ دﻫﻪ ﻗﺒــﻞ و ﺑﻌــﺪ از ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎ را در رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻫــﺪف اﺻــﻠﯽ، ﯾﻌﻨــﯽ ﮐﺸــﻒ ﮐﺸﻒ ﭘﻨﯽﺳﯿﻠﯿﻦ،ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺿﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸــﺪه و ﻣــﺆﺛﺮ، ﮐﻤــﮏ ﺷــﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﻣﯿــﺰان اﮐﺘﺸــﺎﻓﺎت ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾــﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ، ﻣــﺮوري ﺑــﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿــﺖﻫــﺎي داروﯾﯽ از آنﻫﺎ ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ ﭼﺸــﻤﮕﯿﺮي داﺷــﺘﻪ اﺳــﺖ(5). از ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ اﯾﻦ رو ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن، ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ و و ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ اﺛــﺮ و راﺑﻄــﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮد آنﻫــﺎ :SAR) ﮐــﻢﺗــﺮ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪه از ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ درﯾﺎﻫــﺎ، ﮐﻮﻫﺴــﺘﺎنﻫﺎ، (Structure–Activity Relationship در اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎ، آﺗﺶﻓﺸﺎنﻫﺎ، ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎنﻫﺎ و اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓــﯽ ﺟﺪﯾــﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ روشﻫــﺎي ﯾـــــﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴـــــﻢﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾـــــﺪ، ﺑـــــﻪ وﯾـــــﮋه اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن ﺳﻄﺤﯽ، ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي اﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﯾﺴﺲﻫﺎ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨــﺪ ﺑــﺮاي رﻓــﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ و ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﯿــﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺸــﮑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫــﺎي آﻧﺘــﯽ ﺑﯿــﻮﺗﯿﮑﯽ راه ﺣــﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﯽ آنﻫﺎ از اﻫــﺪاف دﯾﮕــﺮ اﯾــﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﻣــﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. ﺑــﻪﻋــﻼوه ﺑﯿﺎﺑﻨﺪ(6). در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ، اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮاﻧﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ و ﻧﺮماﻓﺰارﻫﺎي ﻣــﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 وﯾﮋه ﺟﻨﺲ اﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﯾﺴﺲ(7)، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑــﯿﺶ از دو ﺳــﻮم ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ را ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ آﻧﺘــﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏﻫــﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌــﯽ ﻣــﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده در درﻣــﺎن، ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫــﺪ. اﯾــﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد در ﺳــﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺑﺘﺎﻻﮐﺘﺎمﻫﺎ و ﺗﺘﺮاﺳــﺎﯾﮑﻠﯿﻦﻫــﺎ(8)، در ﻃــﻮل ﭼﻨــﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫــﺎي اﻃﻼﻋـــﺎﺗﯽ و اﺳــﺘﻨﺎدي ﭘﺎﺑﻤـــﺪ (PubMed)، دﻫﻪ اﺧﯿﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺻﻠﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﻒ و ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي اﺳﮑﻮﭘﻮس (Scopus )، ﺳﺎﯾﻨﺲ داﯾﺮﮐﺖ (ScienceDirect) ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت داروﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﺿﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ ﺑﻮدهاﻧــﺪ. ﯾﮑــﯽ و وب اف ﻧﺎﻟﺞ (Web of Knowledge) را در ﭘــﻨﺞ ﺳــﺎل از ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ اﺧﯿﺮاً ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن را ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻮد ﺟﻠــﺐ اﺧﯿﺮ درﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد. ﮐــﺮده اﺳــﺖ، ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺘﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫــﺎن اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻣــﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨــﺪ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎنﻫــﺎي ﺟــﺬاﺑﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ و ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎنﻫﺎي آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ و ﻋﻠﯽاﻟﺨﺼﻮص اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ(9). اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، ﯾﮑــﯽ ازﻣﺤــﺪود ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ وﯾﮋﮔــﯽﻫــﺎي اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻــﯽ

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 197 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎر دﯾــﻮاره ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﯽ، وﺟــﻮد ﺑﺎﻻ و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﭘﭙﺘﯿﺪوﮔﻠﯿﮑﺎن و ﻣﺤﺘــﻮاي ژﻧــﻮﻣﯽ ﺗــﮏ ﮐﺮوﻣــﻮزوﻣﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﻓــﺮد اﺳــﺖ، ﻣــﯽﺗﻮاﻧــﺪ درﯾﭽــﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾــﺪي را در درﺻﺪ C+G ﺑــﺎﻻ، ﺟــﺰء Domain ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮب ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﻪ روي ﻣــﺎ ﺑــﺎز ﮐﻨــﺪ. از ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ(13). ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺑــﺰرگﺗــﺮﯾﻦ راﺳــﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﯾــﻦ رو ﺗﻼشﻫــﺎي زﯾــﺎدي ﺑــﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎﯾﯽ در ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﻠﻮژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از 6 ﮐـــــــــــــﻼس Actinobacteria ،Acidimicrobiia، ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي آب ﮔﺮم(20،19)، درﯾﺎ و رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آنﻫﺎ Rubrobacteria ،Nitriliruptoria ،Coriobacteriia، (22،21)، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و رﺳــﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي ﻣــﺎﻧﮕﺮو(24،23)، Thermoleophilia و 20 راﺳـــــــــــــﺘﻪ ﺷـــــــــــــﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﺎرﻫﺎ(25)، ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎنﻫﺎ(26) و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ(27) اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷــﺪه Actinomycetales ،Acidothermales،Acidimicrobiales، اﺳــﺖ. ﮔﯿﺎﻫــﺎن ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﮐﺎﻧﺪﯾــﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﻬــﺖ Geodermatophilales ،Frankiales،Bifidobacteriales، ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ و ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ Nakamurellales ، ،Kineosporiales، داراي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ داروﯾﯽ، ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ و ﮐﺸﺎورزي، از ﺟﺬابﺗﺮﯾﻦ Coriobacteriales ،unassigned ،Nitriliruptorales، ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﭼﺮا ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷــﺪه Egicoccales ،Egibacterales ،Eggerthellales، اﺳــﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫــﺎن، ﺑــﻪ دﻟﯿــﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧــﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑــﻪ ﮐــﺎرﮔﯿﺮي اﯾــﻦ Rubrobacterales ،Gaiellales ،Euzebyales، ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣــﻮرد ﻧﯿــﺎز ﺧــﻮد، ﺑــﺎ آنﻫــﺎ Solirubrobacterales و Thermoleophilales ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه وارد ﯾﮏ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ(28). 66 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ (-/http://www.bacterio.net aboveclass.html#actinobacteria). ﻣﻬﻢﺗــــــــــﺮﯾﻦ و اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪهﺗــﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﺲﻫــﺎي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ "اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ" ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻔﺘــﻪ ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد Nocardia ،Mycobacterium ،Corynebacterium، ﮐﻪ درون ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫــﺎي ﮔﯿــﺎﻫﯽ Rhodococcus و Streptomyces ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺑﻌﻀــﺎً ﺑــﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺪون آﻧﮑــﻪ ﺗــﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺨﺮﺑــﯽ را ﺑــﺮ ﻣﯿﺰﺑــﺎن دﻟﯿﻞ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي داروﯾﯽ(14)، ﭘﺰﺷــﮑﯽ، ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟــﻮژي و ﺧﻮد ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ(30،29). در دو دﻫــﻪ اﺧﯿــﺮ ﺟﻨﺲﻫــﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ(16،15) و در ﻣﻮارد ﮐﻢﺗﺮ ﺑــﻪ دﻟﯿــﻞ ﺑﯿﻤــﺎري زاﯾــﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ از ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ و ﻗﺎرچﻫــﺎ ﮐــﻪ ﺗﻤــﺎﻣﯽ ﯾــﺎ ﺑﺨﺸــﯽ از ﻣــﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﻗــﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧــﺪ(17). اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ و زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧــﻮد را ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ درون ﮔﯿــﺎه ﺳــﭙﺮي ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺟﻨﺲ اﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﯾﺴﺲ از ﺳــﺎﻟﯿﺎن دور ﺑــﻪ دﻟﯿــﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ از ﻃﯿﻒ وﺳﯿﻌﯽ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ(32،31). Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي آنﻫﺎ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏﻫــﺎ ﻣــﻮرد ﻋﻤﺪهﺗﺮﯾﻦ راه ورود ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ را رﯾﺰوﺳــﻔﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﻻي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ ﺧﺎك ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ اﻣﮑــﺎن ﻧﯿــﺰ وﺟــﻮد در ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري و زﻧﺪﮔﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ دارد ﺗﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪه ﺷﺪن اﺳﭙﻮر ﻫﺎ در ﻫــﻮا و ﺳــﭙﺲ ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮑﯽ در ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ و ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ روزﻧــﻪﻫﺎي ﻫــﻮاﯾﯽ وارد ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫــﺎي ﮔﯿــﺎﻫﯽ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ(33). روزاﻓﺰون ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت داروﯾﯽ، ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫــﺎي ﮔــﺰارش ﺷــﺪه، ﺑﺎﺳــﯿﻠﻮسﻫــﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎنﻫــﺎي ﻧﺎﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪاي ﮐــﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷــﺘﻪ اﻫﻤﯿــﺖ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫــﺎ ﻣــﯽﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ(34). ﺣﻀــﻮر اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫــﺎي ﮐﻢﺗﺮي داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺟﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺖ در ﮔﯿﺎه، ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺴــﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ و ﻣــﻮاد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻼء اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه را ﭘﺮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ(18). ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ را ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻓــﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣــﯽآورد ﺑــﺎ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑــﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ و درك ﭼﮕــﻮﻧﮕﯽ اﻣﺘﯿﺎزاﺗﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎه ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﯿــﺎه را ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻏﻨﺎي ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد(33). ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ

www.SID.ir 198 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

ﻃﯿــﻒ وﺳــﯿﻌﯽ از ﻓﯿﺘﻮﻫﻮرﻣــﻮنﻫــﺎ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت ﻣﻔﯿــﺪي ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠــﺮ ﺑــﻪ رﺷــﺪ، ﺣﻔﺎﻇــﺖ و اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل ﮔﯿــﺎه ﻫﻤﭽــﻮن ﺳــﯿﺪروﻓﻮرﻫﺎ، ﺗﺜﺒﯿــﺖ ﻧﯿﺘــﺮوژن و ﺟــﺬب ﻣــﻮاد ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ(35). ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﺲﻫــﺎي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫــﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ را ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎه ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺟﺪاﺷــﺪه از ﮔﯿﺎﻫــﺎن ﺑــﻪ ﻫﻤــﺮاه ﻣﯿﺰﺑــﺎن و ﻣﺤــﻞ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏﻫــﺎ و ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫــﺎي ﻫﯿــﺪروﻟﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪه، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ آنﻫﺎ، ﻃــﯽ ﭘــﻨﺞ ﺳــﺎل اﺧﯿــﺮ، در ﺟــﺪول ﺷــﻤﺎره1 دﯾﻮاره ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ و ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﯾﺰا را ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره 1: ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻃﯽ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل اﺧﯿﺮ

ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺟﺰء ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ Sonchus oleraceus L. Micromonosporaceae Plantactinospora sonchi ﺑﺮگ ﭼﯿﻦ [39] Veratrum nigrum L. Micromonosporaceae Plantactinospora veratri رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [40] Tripterygium wilfordii Glycomycetaceae Stackebrandtia endophytica ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [41] Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. Jiangellaceae Phytoactinopolyspora endophytica رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [42] Costus speciosus Micromonosporaceae Micromonospora costi ﺑﺮگ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [43] halophyte Cellulomonadaceae Actinotalea suaedae ﺳﺎﻗﻪ/رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [44] Halimione portulacoides Microbacterium proteolyticum رﯾﺸﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎل [45] Dianthus chinensis L Streptosporangiaceae Sphaerisporangium dianthi رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [46] Jambolan plum Streptosporangiaceae Nonomuraea syzygii رﯾﺸﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [47] Jambolan plum Thermomonosporaceae Actinomadura syzygii رﯾﺸﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [48] Salsola affinis C. Microbacteriaceae Okibacterium endophyticum رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [49] Anabasis elatior Microbacteriaceae Labedella endophytica ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [50] Salsola ferganica Drob Nocardiopsaceae Marinactinospora endophytica ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [51] Tamarix taklamakanensis Pseudonocardiaceae Prauserella endophytica ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [52] Oryza sativa L. Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces oryzae ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [53] Bryophyta Thermomonosporaceae Actinoallomurus bryophytorum - ﭼﯿﻦ [54] Oryza sativa Micromonosporaceae Micromonospora endophytica ﺑﺮگ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [55] Bryophyta Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces bryophytorum - ﭼﯿﻦ (56) Glycine max Micromonosporaceae Plantactinospora soyae رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [57] Phyllanthus amarus Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces phyllanthi ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ (58) Polygonatum odoratum Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces polygonati رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ (59) Pittosporum angustifolium Nocardioidaceae Kribbella pittospori ﺳﺎﻗﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ (60) Prosopis laegivata Micrococcaceae Kocuria arsenatis رﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﮑﺰﯾﮏ [61] Ocimum basilicum Propionibacteriaceae Mariniluteicoccus endophyticus رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [62] Kandelia candel Nakamurellaceae Nakamurella endophytica ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ [63] Boesenbergia rotunda Micromonosporaceae Asanoa endophytica رﯾﺰوم ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [64] Bruguiera gymnorhiza Intrasporangiaceae Phycicoccus endophyticus ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ [65] Ginkgo biloba L. Nocardioidaceae Nocardioides ginkgobilobae رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [66] Sweet Basil Dermacoccaceae Flexivirga endophytica ﺑﺮگ ﭼﯿﻦ [67] Paris polyphylla Dermacoccaceae Yimella radicis رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [68] Huperzia serrata Frankiaceae Jatrophihabitans huperziae ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ [69] Halimione portulacoides Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium diaminobutyricum رﯾﺸﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎل [70] Sonchus oleraceus Micromonosporaceae Verrucosispora sonchi ﺑﺮگ ﭼﯿﻦ [71] Sonneratia apetala Nocardioidaceae Nocardioides sonneratiae ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [72] Stahlianthus campanulatus Streptosporangiaceae Nonomuraea stahlianthi ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [73] Terminalia mucronata Micromonosporaceae Micromonospora terminaliae ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ (74) Oryza sativa Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces roietensis ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ (75) Capparis spinosa L. Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces capparidis ﻣﯿﻮه ﭼﯿﻦ (76) Psammosilene tunicoides Streptomycetaceae Allostreptomyces psammosilenae رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [77] Parathelypteris beddomei Micromonosporaceae Micromonospora parathelypteridis رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [78] Zea mays Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium zeae ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [79] Huperzia serrata Propionibacteriaceae Naumannella huperziae - ﭼﯿﻦ [80] Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Thespesia populnea Nocardioidaceae Marmoricola endophyticus ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [81] Aegiceras corniculatum Microbacteriaceae Amnibacterium endophyticum ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [82] Anabasis aphylla L. Glycomycetaceae Glycomyces anabasis رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [83] Podocarpus latifolius Nocardioidaceae Kribbella podocarpi ﺑﺮگ آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ [84] Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. Micrococcaceae Nesterenkonia endophytica رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [85] Podochilus microphyllus Pseudonocardiaceae Actinomycetospora endophytica رﯾﺸﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [86] Lindl. Populus adenopoda Thermomonosporaceae Actinocorallia populi رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ (87) Populus adenopoda Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces populi ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ (88) Dioscorea bulbifera L. Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces dioscori ﭘﯿﺎز ﭼﯿﻦ (89) Sophora alopecuroides Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces carminius رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [90] halophytes Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium halophytorum - ﭼﯿﻦ (91) Solanum lycopersicum Micromonosporaceae Plantactinospora solaniradicis رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [92] Geranium carolinianum L Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces geranii رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ (93) Scutellaria baicalensis Dermabacteraceae Brachybacterium endophyticum ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ [94] Nerium indicum Mill Microbacteriaceae Amnibacterium flavum ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ [95] Suaeda aralocaspica Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium suaedae - ﭼﯿﻦ [96] Oryza sativa L. Kineosporiaceae Quadrisphaera oryzae ﺑﺮگ ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [97] Kaempferia elegans Jiangellaceae Jiangella endophytica رﯾﺰوم ﺗﺎﯾﻠﻨﺪ [98] Ferula songorica Nocardioidaceae Nocardioides ferulae رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [99] Kandelia candel Nocardioidaceae Marmoricola mangrovicus ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ [100] Triticum aestivum Streptosporangiaceae Microbispora tritici رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [101] Triticum aestivum Streptosporangiaceae Sphaerimonospora triticiradicis رﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ [102] Callitris preissii Pseudonocardiaceae Actinomycetospora callitridis رﯾﺸﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ (103)

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 199 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

ﺗــﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﺟﻨﺲﻫــﺎي ﻣﻬﻤــﯽ ﮐــﻪ داراي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴــﯿﻞﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪه اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺮاي 10 ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ در اﺗــﺎﻧﻮل 96 ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻃﺒﯿﻌــﯽ ﺑــﻮده اﻧــﺪ درﺻــﺪ و ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺑــﻪ ﻣــﺪت 3 دﻗﯿﻘــﻪ در ﻣﺤﻠــﻮل ﺳــﺪﯾﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮐﻠﺮات 2 درﺻﺪ ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﺷﺪه و در اﻧﺘﻬﺎ 3 ﺑــﺎر و ﻫــﺮ و داروﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ(37،36). ﺑﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﯾﮏ دﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ آبﻣﻘﻄﺮ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ، ﺗﺎ اﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ(105). در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ Wei و ﻫﻤﮑﺎراﻧﺶ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ را ﺗﻮﺳـــﻂ اﻣـــﻮاج اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳـــﻮﻧﯿﮏ ﺑـــﻪ ﻣـــﺪت 15 دﻗﯿﻘـــﻪ ﺟﺪا ﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ و ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻــﺎً ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮداده و ﺧﺸﮏ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ را در NaOCl ﺟﻨﺲ اﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﯾﺴﺲ از ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎن دور ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴــﯿﻞﻫﺎي 5درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 6 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﻏﻮﻃــﻪ ور ﮐﺮدﻧــﺪ. در اداﻣــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي آنﻫﺎ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آﻧﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ. ﻣــﺪت 10 دﻗﯿﻘــﻪ در Na2S2O3 2,5 درﺻــﺪ و 5 دﻗﯿﻘــﻪ در اوﻟــﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ در ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﻫــﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑــﯽ، اﺗﺎﻧﻮل 70 درﺻــﺪ ﺑــﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿــﺐ ﺷﺴﺘﺸــﻮ دادﻧــﺪ. ﺑﻌــﺪ از آن، ﺣﺬف ﺗﻤﺎم آﻟﻮدﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، اﻋــﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ را 5 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ در آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ اﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸــﻮداده و در از ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك، ﺷﻦ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺮاب ﺷــﺪه و ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﻣــﺪت 10 دﻗﯿﻘــﻪ در NaHCO3 10 درﺻــﺪ ﻗــﺮار در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺣــﺬف ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎي اﭘــﯽ ﻓﯿــﺖ و دادﻧﺪ ﺗــﺎ اﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﮔــﺮدد(106). ﺟﻬــﺖ اﻃﻤﯿﻨــﺎن از اﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ رﯾﺰوﺳﻔﺮ ﺧﺎك اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤــﺮاه ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎ ﺑــﻪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎه ﺷــﺪن ﺳــﻄﻮح ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺄﯾﯿــﺪ ﻣﺮاﺣــﻞ اﻧﺠــﺎم ﺷــﺪه آورده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ اﯾــﻦ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨــﺪ، اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳــﯿﻮن ﺳــﻄﺤﯽ (اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن)، آﺧﺮﯾﻦ آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﺷــﺪه ﺑــﺮاي (Surface sterilization) ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺑﻨــﺎﺑﺮﯾﻦ ﭘــﺲ از ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ را ﮐﺸﺖ داد و رﺷﺪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮي را ردﯾــﺎﺑﯽ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸــﮕﺎه، اوﻟــﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ، ﺷﺴﺘﺸــﻮي ﮐﺮد(38). ﻋﺪم رﺷﺪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه آن اﺳﺖ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن آب ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺬف آﻟﻮدﮔﯽﻫــﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳــﯿﻮن ﺳــﻄﺤﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر و ﻣﯽﺗــﻮان اﻃﻤﯿﻨــﺎن ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﮐــﺮد ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎﯾﯽ ﮐــﻪ در ﺣﺬف آﻟﻮدﮔﯽﻫــﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑــﯽ ﻏﯿــﺮ اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﻣــﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻣﺮاﺣــﻞ ﺑﻌــﺪي از ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﺟــﺪا ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﻘــﻂ اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿــﺮ ﺑــﻪﮐــﺎر ﺑــﺮده ﺷــﺪه ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ روشﻫﺎي آﻣــﺎده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻟﮑﻞ و ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮐﻠﺮﯾﺖ ﺳــﺪﯾﻢ ﺳــﺎزي ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوﺗﯽ اﻧﺠــﺎم ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد. ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﻗﻄﻌــﺎت ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ و ﺛﺎﺑﺖ آن اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪاي ﮐــﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ 1 ﺗﺎ 2 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘــﺮي ﺑــﺮش داده ﺷــﺪه و ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً اﺧﯿﺮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎ ﭘــﺲ از ﺷﺴﺘﺸــﻮ ﺑــﺎ آب ﺑﺮروي ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮور زﻣﺎن Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 ﻣﻘﻄﺮ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺮاي 30 ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ در ﺗﻮﯾﯿﻦ 1/0 درﺻﺪ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ وارد ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮاي 5 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ در اﺗﺎﻧﻮل 75 درﺻﺪ و ﺑﻌــﺪ از آن 5 ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷــﺪه و ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﮐﻠــﻮﻧﯽ دﻫﻨــﺪ(107). در اﯾــﻦ روش دﻗﯿﻘﻪ در ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮐﻠﺮات 2 درﺻﺪ ﻏﻮﻃــﻪور ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ. در ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺤﺪودي از ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺧــﻮد ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻬﺎر رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 10 دﻗﯿﻘــﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸــﺖ رﺳــﺎﻧﺪه و رﺷــﺪ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ. ﻋــﻼوه ﺑــﺮ اﯾــﻦ در ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 10 درﺻــﺪ ﺷﺴــﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ. در اﺣﺘﻤﺎل رﺷﺪ اﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾــﺎﯾﯽ ﮐــﻪ درون ﺑﺎﻓــﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ذﮐﺮ ﺷﺪه، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫــﺎ را ﺳــﻪ ﺑــﺎر ﺑــﺎ آب ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و دور از ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ ﮐﺸــﺖ ﻗــﺮار دارﻧــﺪ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻣﯽدادﻧﺪ(Mondal .(38 و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران ﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻪ و ﺑــﻪ ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻌــﺪاد ﻣﺤــﺪودي از از روش ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻬﯽ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮدﻧــﺪ ﺑﺠــﺰ اﯾــﻦﮐــﻪ در ﺑــﯿﻦ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺧﺮد ﮐﺮدن، ﻟﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ذﮐﺮ ﺷﺪه، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ را دوﺑﺎر ﺑﺎ آب ﻣﻘﻄــﺮ اﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﻫﺎون و ﺣﻞ ﮐﺮدن آنﻫﺎ در ﺑﺎﻓﺮ (ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﻓﺴــﻔﺎت) و ﺗﻬﯿــﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸــﻮ ﻣــﯽدادﻧــﺪ(104). در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ دﯾﮕــﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎي رﻗﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ روش دﯾﮕﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ

www.SID.ir 200 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

اﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ و ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎﯾـﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾـــﺮ اﻧﺪﮐـــﯽ از آنﻫــﺎ در دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺠﺰ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﮔﯿــﺎه وﺟــﻮد دارد، اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد(109،108). در اﯾــﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ رﺷﺪ آنﻫﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً از ﻧﯿﺴــﺘﺎﺗﯿﻦ روش ﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ از ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴــﯿﻮنﻫــﺎ را ﺑــﻪ (μg/mL 100 -10)، آﻣﻔﻮﺗﺮﯾﺴــــﯿﻦ μg/mL) B 75-25) و ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣــﯽدﻫﻨــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺷــﺎﻧﺲ ﺳــﯿﮑﻠﻮﻫﮕﺰاﻣﯿﺪ (μg/mL 100 -50) ﺑــﺮ ﻋﻠﯿــﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫــﺎ و از ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﺑــﺪ. اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب و ﻧﺎﻟﯿﺪﯾﮑﺴﯿﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ (μg/mL 50-25) ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي آﻣﺎدهﺳــﺎزي ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ ﮐﺸــﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﻣﻬــﻢﺗــﺮﯾﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷــﻮد(110). ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ در ﺑﺮﺧــﯽ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫــﺎ اﺳــﺖ. ﺗــﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎت از ﺑﻨﻮﻣﯿــﻞ (Benomyl 50 µg/mL) ﺟﻬــﺖ ﮐﺸــﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨــﻮﻋﯽ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﺎن ﺑــﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ(111). رﺷــﺪ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﮐــﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﮐﺸــﺖ و ﺗﺸــﮑﯿﻞ ﮐﻠــﻮﻧﯽ (ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره 2). ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي زﻣﺎﻧﺒﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از 2 ﺗﺎ 4 ﻫﻔﺘﻪ و ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺗــﺎ در ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ از آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏﻫــﺎي 16 ﻫﻔﺘﻪ در دﻣﺎي 28 ﺗﺎ 30 درﺟــﻪ ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔــﺮاد ﺑــﻪ ﻃــﻮل ﺿﺪﻗﺎرﭼﯽ و ﺿﺪﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎﯾﯽﮐــﻪ ﺑﺮﻋﻠﯿــﻪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﯽاﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ(30).

ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره 2: اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه و ﻧﺎم ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ اﺟﺰاء ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ( ﯾﮏ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ) ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﻮﺗﯿﺘﻮ دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز آﮔﺎر (PDA) ﭘﻮﺗﯿﺘﻮ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 4 ﮔﺮم، دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز 20 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 20 ﮔﺮم (112)

ﺗﺎپ واﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ (TWYE) ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 0,25 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 0,5 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 18ﮔﺮم (113)

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ S- آﮔﺎر دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز 10 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﺎزﺋﯿﻦ ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺰ ﺷﺪه 4 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,2 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ دو آﺑﻪ 0,1 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺘﺮات 10 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ (114) ﮔﺮم، ﮐﺒﺎﻟﺖ( ) ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم، ﻣﺲ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﭘﻨﺞ آﺑﻪ 0,1 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم، ﺑﻮرﯾﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ 1,5 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﯾﮏ آﺑﻪ 0,8 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم، آﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ﻣﻮﻟﯿﺒﺪات ﭼﻬﺎر آﺑﻪ 0,2 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم، روي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,6 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم

Gause’s synthetic agar ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل 20 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات 1 ﮔﺮم، دي- ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت ﺳﻪ آﺑﻪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮوس ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 (115) ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 -20 ﮔﺮم

YMG آﮔﺎر ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ 10 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﺎﻟﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 4 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 4 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 -20ﮔﺮم (115)

Low-Nutrient Mineral Salts-agar (LNMS) ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 0,1 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت2 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 0,2ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,005 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 0,05 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮوس ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 (116) ﮔﺮم، ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل 0,1ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 20 ﮔﺮم

ﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ وﯾﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦ آﮔﺎر (HVA) ﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 1,71 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,05 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮوس ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 0,02 ﮔﺮم، (117،116) ﮐﻤﭙﻠﮑﺲ وﯾﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦ B، ﺳﯿﮑﻠﻮﻫﮕﺰاﻣﯿﺪ 50 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 18 ﮔﺮم

ﮐﯿﺘﯿﻦ آﮔﺎر ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 6 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، آﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 0,05 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﮐﻠﻮﺋﯿﺪي 1%، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم (116)

Reasoner’s 2A ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 5 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﭙﺘﻮن 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﺎزاﻣﯿﻨﻮ اﺳﯿﺪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﭘﯿﺮوات 0,3ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 0,3 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 0,05 (19) ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم

T5 اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 2 ﮔﺮم، ﺗﺮﯾﭙﺘﻮن 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﻮدر ﻧﯿﻠﻮﻓﺮ آﺑﯽ 1 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم (19)

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 R3A آﮔﺎر ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﺎز -ﭘﭙﺘﻮن 1 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﺎزاﻣﯿﻨﻮ اﺳﯿﺪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﭘﯿﺮوات 0,5 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 0,6ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ (118) آﺑﻪ 1 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 18 ﮔﺮم

واﺗﺮ ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ آﮔﺎر (WPA) ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ 10 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم (111)

CMC آﮔﺎر ﮐﺮﺑﻮﮐﺴﯽ ﻣﺘﯿﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ 10 ﮔﺮم، L -آﺳﭙﺎرژﯾﻨﺎز 1 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮوس ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,001 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ( ) ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﭼﻬﺎر آﺑﻪ 0,001 ﮔﺮم، (111) روي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,001 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم

ﻣﺎﻟﺖ ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ (MYG) ﻣﺎﻟﺖ 10 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 4 ﮔﺮم، ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ 10 ﮔﺮم (119)

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ATCC 172 آﮔﺎر ﮔﻠﻮﮐﺰ 10 ﮔﺮم، ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل 20 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 5 ﮔﺮم، N-Z Amine ﻧﻮع ﯾﮏ 5 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15ﮔﺮم (119)

اﺳﺘﺎرچ - ﮔﻠﯿﺴﺮول - ﻧﯿﺘﺮات آﮔﺎر (SGN) ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل 10 ﮔﺮم، ﮔﻠﯿﺴﺮول 5 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 5 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات 2 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 0,05 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 3 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮو (119) ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 0,01 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 22 ﮔﺮم - ﺳﻮﮐﺴﯿﻨﺎت - آرژﻧﯿﻦ آﮔﺎر (SAA) (119) ﻧﻮﺗﺮﯾﻨﺖ آﮔﺎر (NA) ﭘﭙﺘﻮن 5 ﮔﺮم، ﻋﺼﺎره ﮔﻮﺷﺖ 3 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 5 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 20 ﮔﺮم (106)

ﺗﺮﯾﭙﺘﯿﮏ ﺳﻮي آﮔﺎر (TSA) ﮐﺎزﺋﯿﻦ 17 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻨﺠﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻮﯾﺎ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺷﺪه 3 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 5 ﮔﺮم، دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز 2,5 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 2,5 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم (106)

اﺳﺘﺎرچ ﮐﺎزﺋﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات آﮔﺎر (SGN) ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل 10 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﺎزﺋﯿﻦ 0,3 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 2 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات 2 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 2 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,05 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 0,02 ﮔﺮم، (120) ﻓﺮوس ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 17 ﮔﺮم

راﻓﯿﻨﻮز -ﻫﯿﺴﺘﯿﺪﯾﻦ آﮔﺎر (RH) راﻓﯿﻨﻮز 10 ﮔﺮم، L -ﻫﯿﺴﺘﯿﺪﯾﻦ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮوس ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 17 ﮔﺮم (120)

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 201 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎ و ﻧﺮماﻓﺰارﻫــﺎﯾﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾـﯽ اوﻟﯿــﻪ و ﺗﺄﯾﯿــﺪ ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي ﺟﺪاﺷــﺪه ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ رواﺑــﻂ ﻓﯿﻠــﻮژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي اﺑﺘﺪا ﺗﻮﺳﻂ وﯾﮋﮔــﯽﻫــﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧــﺪ، آﻧــﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﺷــﺪه و ﻧﺘــﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ اﻧﺠــﺎم ﺻﻮرت درﺧﺖ ﻓﯿﻠﻮژﻧﺘﯿﮏ اراﺋــﻪ ﻣــﯽﮔــﺮدد. ﺑــﯿﺶﺗــﺮﯾﻦ و ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. از آنﺟﺎﯾﯽﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔـﺎده در ﻣﻄـﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣـــﯽ ﺑــﺮ آﻣﺪه از اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺲﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺣﺎوي ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﯾــﺎﺑﯽ ژن EzBioCloud ،16S rRNA و Silva ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﮐﻠﻮﻧﯽ از ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ، ﺑــﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(125،124). ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘــﻪ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ داﺷــﺖ ﮐــﻪ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ، اﺑﺘــﺪا ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ از ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦﮐــﻪ از ﮐــﺪام اﻟﮕــﻮرﯾﺘﻢ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﺷــﻮد، ﻧﺤــﻮه آنﻫﺎ ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﮐﺮد. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﻫﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧــﺪ ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوت ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮ ﮐﻠــﻮﻧﯽﻫــﺎ از ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻــﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎً ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺼﻮل ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــﯽ ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد. اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد(121) ﮐــﻪ در ﺟــﺪول MEGA7 ﻧﯿﺰ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﺮي از ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. MEGA اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ واﺳــﻄﻪ ﻣﯿﺴــﻠﯿﻮمﻫــﺎي روﯾﺸــﯽ و و رﺳﻢ درﺧﺖ ﻓﯿﻠﻮژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﺑﺮﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﻫــﺎي 16S rRNA زاﯾﺸــﯽ، ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎر، ﺗﻌــﺪاد و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿــﺖ اﺳــﭙﻮرﻫﺎ از دﯾﮕــﺮ ﻣــﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﯽﮔﯿــﺮد. ﺑــﯿﺶ از 10000 ﺗــﻮاﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ(122). در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺗﺄﯾﯿــﺪ ﺷــﺪه rRNA رﯾﺒــﻮزوﻣﯽ در اﯾــﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﮕــﺎه ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﻟﮑــﻮﻟﯽ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﺷــﺪه اﺑﺘــﺪا ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ اﺳﺖ(126). ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺰﯾﺖﻫــﺎ، ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫــﺎي DNA ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎ را اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج و ﺳﭙﺲ از آن ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﻫﺎي ژﻧﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺮز ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﮐــﺮد(123). روشﻫــﺎي ﻣﺘﻌــﺪدي ﺑــﺮاي و ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨــﺪ درﺻــﺪ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﺗــﻮاﻟﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ DNA اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد ﺑــﺮاي ﻣــﺮز ﺑــﯿﻦ دوﮔﻮﻧــﻪ در ﻧﻈــﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺷــﻮد. ﭼــﺎﻟﺶ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮﯾﻦ آنﻫﺎ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ﺗــﻮاﻟﯽﯾــﺎﺑﯽ ژن دﯾﮕﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوت 16S rRNA ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ(122). ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﻫﺎي آﻏــﺎزﮔﺮ (ﭘﺮاﯾﻤــﺮ) درﺻــﺪ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﺗــﻮاﻟﯽﻫــﺎي 16S rRNA ﺑــﻪ ﺑــﯿﺶ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮاي ژن 16S rRNA ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده 99 درﺻﺪ ﻣــﯽرﺳــﺪ، از اﯾــﻦ رو آﯾــﺎ ﺻــﺮﻓﺎً ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ اﯾــﻦ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد. ﭘﺲ از ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ ژن 16S rRNA، ﻗﻄﻌﻪاي ﺑــﻪ ژن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺣــﺪ و ﻣــﺮز ﺑــﯿﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوﮐــﺎرﯾﻮﺗﯽ ﻃﻮل ﺣﺪود Kb 5/1 ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روش اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻓﻮرز ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ؟ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺸــﮑﻼت روشﻫــﺎﯾﯽ Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﯽﮔﯿــﺮد. دادهﻫــﺎي ﭼــــــــــــﻮن (DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH و

ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره 3: ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل (Production) ﻧﺎم ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ اﺟﺰاء ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ(ﯾﮏ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ) ﺗﺮﯾﭙﺘﻮن ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ آﮔﺎر(International Streptomyces Project 1) ﮐﺎزﺋﯿﻦ ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺰ ﺷﺪه 5 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 3 ﮔﺮم

ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز آﮔﺎر(ISP2) ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 3 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﺎﻟﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 10 ﮔﺮم، دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز 4 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 20ﮔﺮم

اوت ﻣﯿﻞ آﮔﺎر(ISP3) اوت ﻣﯿﻞ 20 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 18 ﮔﺮم

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺣﺎوي ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ و ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ آﮔﺎر(ISP4) ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 1 ﮔﺮم، آﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 2 ﮔﺮم، ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺑﻨﺎت 2 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻤﮏ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﯿﺎب 1 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ، آﮔﺎر 20ﮔﺮم

ﮔﻠﯿﺴﺮول -آﺳﭙﺎرژﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﺖ آﮔﺎر(L (ISP5 -آﺳﭙﺎرژﯾﻨﺎز 1 ﮔﺮم، ﮔﻠﯿﺴﺮول 10 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت1 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻤﮏ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﯿﺎب 1 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ، آﮔﺎر 20 ﮔﺮم

ﭘﭙﺘﻮن ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ آﻫﻦ آﮔﺎر(ISP7) ﭘﭙﺘﻮن 15 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻮز 5 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮﯾﮏ آﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ﺳﯿﺘﺮات 0,5 ﮔﺮم، دي -ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 1 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﯿﻮﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 0,08 ﮔﺮم، ﯾﺴﺖ اﮐﺴﺘﺮﮐﺖ 1 ﮔﺮم، آﮔﺎر 15ﮔﺮم

ﺗﯿﺮوزﯾﻦ آﮔﺎر(ISP7) ﮔﻠﯿﺴﺮول 15 ﮔﺮم، L -ﺗﯿﺮوزﯾﻦ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، L -آﺳﭙﺎرژﯾﻨﺎز 1 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ 0,5 ﮔﺮم، ﻓﺮو ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 0,01 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻤﮏ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﯿﺎب 1 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ، آﮔﺎر 20ﮔﺮم

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺣﺎوي ﮐﺮﺑﻦ(ISP9) آﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت 2,64 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت 2,38 ﮔﺮم، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروژن ﻓﺴﻔﺎت ﺳﻪ آﺑﻪ 5,65 ﮔﺮم، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻫﻔﺖ آﺑﻪ 1 ﮔﺮم، ﻧﻤﮏ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﯿﺎب Pridham و Cottlieb، ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ 1%، آﮔﺎر 15 ﮔﺮم

www.SID.ir 202 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

(Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI ﮐــﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل و ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺗـــﻮاﻟﯽﯾـــﺎﺑﯽ ﮐـــﻞ ژﻧـــﻮم ﺻـــﻮرت ﻣـــﯽﮔﯿـــﺮد، ﺑـــﺮاي در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿــﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘــﺎت ﺑﺴــﯿﺎر ﭼﺸــﻤﮕﯿﺮي در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﯿﻠﻮژﻧﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧــﺪ. راﺑﻄــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي، ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴــﯿﻞﻫﺎي Kim و ﻫﻤﮑــﺎران(127) ﭘﯿﺸــﻨﻬﺎد ﻣــﯽﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﮐــﻪ 96-95 ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، ﺑــﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮐﺸــﻒ درﺻــﺪ ﺷــﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ANI و 65/98درﺻــﺪ ﺷــﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ داروﯾﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘــﺎت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس 16S rRNA ﻣــﯽﺗﻮاﻧــﺪ ﻣــﺮز ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﯽ ﺑــﺮاي ﺑــﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻨﺲﻫــﺎ و ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾــﺪي ﻫﻤــﺮاه ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوﮐــﺎرﯾﻮﺗﯽ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. ﺑــﺮ ﻫﻤــﯿﻦ اﺳــﺎس ﭘﺎﯾﮕــﺎه ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ داراي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاﺻﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﻫﻤﭽﻮن (Microbial Genomes Atlas (MiGA ﺑــﺮ ﭘﺎﯾــﻪ ANI و ﺧــﻮاص ﺿــﺪ ﺳــﺮﻃﺎﻧﯽ، ﺿــﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ، ﺿﺪوﯾﺮوﺳــﯽ و (Amino Acid Identity (AAI ﺑـــﻪ ﮐﻼﺳـــﻪﺑﻨـــﺪي ﺿﺪاﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ. ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮنﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻣــﯽﭘــﺮدازد(128). ﯾﮑــﯽ دﯾﮕــﺮ از ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه از اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ در ﭘــﻨﺞ ﺳــﺎل ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻣﻬﻢ در ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿــﺖ ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ در (ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﻤﺎره 1) ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎ، اﺣﺘﻤــﺎل از دﺳــﺖ رﻓــﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر از ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ رﺷــﺪ در ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ زﻧﺪه ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺟﻬــﺖ آزﻣﻮنﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــﯽ ﮐﺸﺖ و ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻧﺪك ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ و ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﮐﺸــﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ، ﺧــﻮاص ﺿــﺪ ﺳــﺮﻃﺎﻧﯽ، ﺧــﻮاص ﺧﺎﻟﺺ از آنﻫﺎ، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ. از اﯾﻦرو در ﺳــﺎلﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎﯾﯽ، ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ، ﺿﺪوﯾﺮوﺳــﯽ و ﻏﯿــﺮه ﻣــﻮرد اﺧﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫــﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾــﺎﯾﯽ ﺑــﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل Gos و ﻫﻤﮑﺎراﻧﺶ در اﺳﺎس روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از ﮐﺸــﺖ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧــﺪ(129). ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪاي ﺑﺮ روي ﺟﻤﻌﯿــﺖ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﻣﺎﯾﺴــﺖﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(DGGE ﮔﯿــﺎه Vochysia divergens در ﺳــﺎل 2017 در ﺑﺮزﯾــﻞ ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﭘﺮﮐــﺎرﺑﺮدﺗﺮﯾﻦ روشﻫــﺎي ﺑﺮﭘﺎﯾــﻪ PCR اﺳــﺖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴــﺘﻨﺪ 10 ﺳــﻮﯾﻪ اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ را ﺑــﺮ اﺳــﺎس ﻣﺸﺨﺼــﺎت ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﻠــﯽ ﻣﻮرﻓﯿﺴـــﻢ ژنﻫــﺎ، ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـــﺎً ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﯾﺎﺑﯽ ژن 16S rRNA ﺟﺪا ﮐﻨﻨﺪ(133). 16S rRNA در ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫــــﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾــــﺎﯾﯽ، اﺳــــﺘﻔﺎده ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽﻫﺎي ﺿﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮد(130). در ﻣــﻮرد ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺳﻮﯾﻪ LGMB491 ﺷــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿــﺖﻫــﺎي آن اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، DNA ﻣــﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﺑــﺮاي اﯾــﻦ ﺗﮑﻨﯿــﮏ داراي Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﯿﻢ از ﺑﺎﻓــﺖ ﮔﯿــﺎﻫﯽ اﺳــﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﺷــﺪه ﺑــﻪدﺳــﺖ 04mg/mL ﻋﻠﯿﻪ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 ﻣﯽآﯾــﺪ و در اداﻣــﻪ ژن 16S rRNA ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭘﺮاﯾﻤﺮﻫــﺎي (aureus (MRSA ﺑﻮدﻧـــﺪ. اﯾـــﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿـــﺖﻫـــﺎ ﺷـــﺎﻣﻞ: ﻣﺨﺼــﻮص ﺗﮑﺜﯿــﺮ ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد. ﺳــﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻻت Indole-3-carbaldehyde ، 1-acetyl-b-carboline PCR، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ژل اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻓﻮرز ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﺷﯿﺒﯽ از ﻣﺎده اﺣﯿﺎ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه hydroxyacetyl)-indole ،Tryptophol)3-، اﺳﺖ، از ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪا ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ(27). اﯾﻦ ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe) ، Brevianamide F ، ﺗﻔـــﺎوت در ﻣﯿـــﺰان ﺑﺎزﻫـــﺎي G+C و ﺣـــﺬف ﺑﺎﻧـــﺪﻫﺎي (Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Leu) ،Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr و ﻫﯿﺪروژﻧﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن آنﻫﺎ در ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫــﺎي ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوﺗﯽ از ﺷــﯿﺐ، (Cyclo-(L-Val-L-Phe ﺑﻮدﻧــــــــــــــﺪ. Alshaibani و ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ اﯾﺠــﺎد ﺗﻔــﺎوت ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﮐــﺖ آنﻫــﺎ در ژل ﻫﻤﮑـــﺎراﻧﺶ ﻧﯿـــﺰ ﺑـــﺎ ارزﯾـــﺎﺑﯽ اﺛـــﺮات ﺿـــﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، اﻧﺠــﺎم ﻣﯽﮔــﯽJرد. بJراي اﻃﻼﻋــﺎت ﺑــﯿﺶﺗــﺮ Streptomyces SUK 25، ﺗﻮاﻧﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﻬــﺎر ﺗﺮﮐﯿـــﺐ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﯿــﺪ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎت آﻗﺎﯾــﺎن Strathdee و Diketopiperazine (DKP) Muyzer و ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﺐ از ﻣﺸــﺘﻘﺎت رﺟﻮع ﮐﻨﯿﺪ(132،131). اﺳﺘﺎﻣﯿﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﺿﺪﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 203 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

...... Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020

......

ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﻤﺎره 1: ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه از اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ www.SID.ir 204 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً از ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﺐ دو Klebsiella pneumoniae ،Proteus vulgaris و ﻫﻤﯿﻦﻃﻮر اﺳﯿﺪآﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎي آﻣﯿــﺪي ﺑــﻪ وﺟــﻮد آﻣــﺪه و داراي ﻗﺎرچﻫــﺎي Candida albicans و Aspergillus niger ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴــﯿﻞﻫﺎي داروﯾــﯽ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﻣــﯽﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ. ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮐﺮده و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻗﺎﺑــﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ از آنﻫــﺎ ﺟﺪاﺷـــﺪه ﻋﺒـــﺎرت ﺑﻮدﻧـــﺪ از: (Cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro، ﮔﺰارش ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ(12). ﺧﻼﺻﻪاي از ﺟﺪﯾــﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت (Cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Pro) ،Cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Pro، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺘﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ در ﻃﯽ 5 (Cyclo-(L-Val-L-Phe و(N-(7-hydroxy-6-methyl-octyl ﺳﺎل اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آنﻫــﺎ در ﺟــﺪول (Chandrakar .(134 و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران در ﺳﺎل 2018 ﺗﻮاﻧﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎره 4 آوره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. از Streptomyces sp. Av-R5 ﺟﺪاﺷــﺪه از ﮔﯿــﺎه آﻟﻮﺋــﻪ ورا، اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﻣﺎﯾﺴﯿﻦﻫﺎي D و X0β را ﺟﺪا و ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏﻫﺎي روش ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ اﺳﭙﮑﺘﻮﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮي، HPLC وNMR ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎزي و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻋــﻼوه ﺑــﺮ روش ﺟﺪاﺳـﺎزي ﺳـﻮﯾﻪﻫـــﺎي ﺟـﺪﯾـــﺪ آنﻫــﺎ را ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ. آنﻫــﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳــﺎزي از ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﮐــﻢﺗــﺮ ﻣــﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﻗــﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪاﻧــﺪ، ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﺮ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻧﺒــﻮه اﯾــﻦ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺑــﺎزدﻫﯽ و راﻧــﺪﻣﺎن ﺑــﺎﻻ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ اﯾــﻦ دو ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﯽ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ. از اﯾــﻦ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏ در ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮔــﺮوه ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ روش ﮐﺸﺖ ﻫﻤﺰﻣــﺎن (Co-culture)، ﯾــﮏ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎ را ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻃﯿﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي از ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي ﺳﻮﯾﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﺐ (One strain many compounds) و ﮔـــﺮم ﻣﺜﺒـــﺖ و ﻣﻨﻔـــﯽ ازﺟﻤﻠـــﻪ Escherichia coli، ﮐﺸــﺖ در ﻣﺤــﻞ (in situ cultivation) اﺷــﺎره ﮐــﺮد. در Bacillus cereus ،Staphylococcus epidermidis، ﮐﺸﺖ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن دو ﺳﻮﯾﻪ (ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻗــﺎرچ ﯾــﺎ ﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮي Pseudomonas aeruginosa ،Staphylococcus aureus، ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)، ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿــﻞ رﻗﺎﺑﺘــﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿـﻦ آنﻫﺎ ﺷﮑـﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﯿـﺮد

ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره 4: ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه از اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ در ﻃﯽ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل اﺧﯿﺮ

ﻧﺎم ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺳﻮﯾﻪ اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ Cinnamomum cassia Streptomyces cavourensis YBQ59 1-monolinolein(15) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ (135) Bafilomycin D(16) Nonactic acid(17) Daidzein(18) 3′-hydroxydaidzein(19) 5,11-epoxy-10-cadinanol(20) Prelactone B(21) Daucosterol(22)

Musa Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae SKH1-2 Chartreusin(23) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ (136) Lumichrome(24)

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Dysophylla stellate Streptomyces sp. YIM 67086 2-amino-3, 4- dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzamide(25) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ، ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ و آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﺖ (137) Soybean Streptomyces sp. Neau-D50 3-acetonylidene-7-prenylindolin-2-one(26) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﮏ و ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ (138)

Xylocarpus granatum Jishengella endophytica 161111 2-(furan-2-yl)-6-(2S,3S,4- ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ وﯾﺮوﺳﯽ (139) trihydroxybutyl)pyrazine(27) Lychnophora ericoides Streptomyces albospinus RLe7 (2R*,4S*)-2-((1′S*)-hydroxy-4′- methylpentyl)-4- (140) (hydroxymethyl)butanolide(28) (3R*,4S*,5R*,6S*)- tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-3,5,6- trimethyl-2-pyranone(29) 1-O-(phenylacetyl)glycerol(30)

Artemisia annua Streptomyces diastaticus Diastaphenazine(31) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﮏ (141)

Oryza sativa Streptomyces sp. BCC72023 Efomycins M(32) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ، ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﮏ [142] Clinacanthus siamensis Bremek Sphaerimonospora mesophila Linfuranone B(33) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰزاﯾﯽ (143) Linfuranone C(34) Camellia sinensis Streptomyces sp. KIB-H033 Rubrolone B(35) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﮏ [144] Betula mandshuric Streptomyces KIB-H1289 Lorneic acid E-J(36-41) ﻣﻬﺎر ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﯿﺮوزﯾﻨﺎز [145]

Capsicum frutescens Actinoallomurus fulvus MK10-036 Actinoallolide A-E(42-46) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ اﻧﮕﻠﯽ [146]

Vochysia divergens Microbacterium sp. LGMB471 7-O-β-Dglucosyl- genistein(47) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ [147] 7-O-β-D-glucosyl-daidzein(48) Isodon eriocalyx Streptomyces sp. YIM66403 Misamycin(49) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﮏ [148]

Lychnophora ericoides Streptomyces sp. 3-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzamide(50) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯽ، ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴﯿﮏ و ﺿﺪ اﻧﮕﻠﯽ [149] 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-quinazolinone(51)

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 205 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

ﻣﯽﺗﻮان اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫــﺎ رﺷــﺪ ﮐﻨــﺪ. اﯾــﻦ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫــﺎ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺑــﺎ و آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﮐــﻪ در ﺷــﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮل روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺪه وﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ(155). آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ رخ ﻧﻤﯽدﻫﺪ. ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎرﺗﯽ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣــﺪه ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ روش ﮐﺸــﺖ در ﻣﺤــﻞ ﺗﻨــﻮع ﮔﺴــﺘﺮدهﺗــﺮي از ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ژنﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﺳﻨﺘﺘﯿﮏ ﺧﻮد ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ را ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ را ﻓﻌــﺎل ﮐــﺮده و ﺷــﺮوع ﺑــﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮريﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان اﻣﯿﺪوار ﺑﻮد ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫــﺎﯾﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﺠــﺎد ﺑﺮﺗــﺮي ﺑــﺮ رﻗﯿــﺐ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ، اﯾــﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿــﺖ را ﭘﯿــﺪا ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺧﻮد ﮐﻨــﺪ. ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﻣﺜــﺎل در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪاي ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر ﺑﺘﻮان آنﻫﺎ را در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﮐﺸﺖ داد(156). ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻨــﻮع ﻣﺘــﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺘﯽ ﻗــﺎرچ Aspergillus versicolor KU258497 اﻧﺠــﺎم ﺷــﺪ، از روش ﮐﺸــﺖ ﻫﻤﺰﻣــﺎن ﺑــﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ Bacillus subtilis 168 ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣــﺮگ و ﻣﯿﺮﻫــﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺳﺎﯾﺘﻮﺗﻮﮐﺴــﯿﮏ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾــﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﻣﻌﻀــﻼت ﺑــﺰرگ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ(151،150). ﺑﻪﻋﻼوه، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﯿﺪه ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﻣــﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي ﺳــﻨﺘﯽ ﻏﻠﺒـﻪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ و ﺗﻬﯿـﻪ آﻧﺘـــﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿـــﮏﻫــﺎي ﻣــﺆﺛﺮ و ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ را ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﺮده و ﮐﺎرا، ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻣﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﻗــﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧــﺪ. اﮐﺘﯿﻨــﻮ از اﯾﻦرو ﺑﺴﯿﺎري ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت آنﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧــﺪ. روش ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ و ﺑــﻪ ﻃﺒــﻊ ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺟﺪﯾــﺪي ﮐــﻪ در اﯾــﻦ ﺧﺼــﻮص ﺑــﻪﮐﺎرﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد، ﺗﺮﯾﻦ، ﻣﺘﻨﻮعﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﺟﺬابﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮﯾﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﺐ اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ در آن ﺳــﻌﯽ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮐﺸﻒ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ آﻧﺘﯽ ﺑﯿــﻮ ﺗﯿــﮏ ﻫــﺎي ﻧﺎﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ

ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد ﺑــﺎ ﺑﻬﯿﻨــﻪ ﮐــﺮدن ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫــﺎي ﻣــﻮﺛﺮ در رﺷــﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﯿﻦ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺟﻠﺐ ﮐﺮده اﺳــﺖ. ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿــﺖﻫــﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾــﻪ، ﺗﻨــﻮع ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺎد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه از اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ

ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﺳــﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷــﺪه از ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢ را و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاوان آنﻫــﺎ، در اﯾــﻦ

اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ دﻫــﺪ(152). اﯾــﻦ روش ﮐــﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼــﺮاً ﺑــﺎ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﮐﺸــﺖ One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻــﯽ ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي (Isolation) و ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت

ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮد ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ اﺳــﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫــﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﺐ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ (Production) اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺴــﺘﺮده pH ﻣﺤــﯿﻂ ﮐﺸــﺖ، دﻣــﺎ، ، ﻣﻨﺒــﻊ ﮐــﺮﺑﻦ و ﻧﯿﺘــﺮوژن و ﯾــﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار دادﯾﻢ. در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه، Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ(154). ﯾﮑــﯽ دﯾﮕــﺮ از اﻟﮑﻞ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻮاد اﺻﻠﯽ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫﺎ راه ﺣﻞﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫــﺎ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ در ﺗﻬﯿﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روشﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اراﺋــﻪ ﺷــﺪه، ﮐﺸــﺖ در ﻣﺤــﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣــﺎً از in situ cultivation ( ) ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ(154). ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﺷــﯿﻮهﻫــﺎي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪﻋﻼوه روشﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ روش، اﯾﻦ اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢ را درون ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟــﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﻣﻮﻟﮑــﻮﻟﯽ ﭘﯿﺸــﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﻫــﺎ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﯿﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧــﻮد ﻗــﺮار داده و ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗــﺮار ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﻣــﯽﺗــﻮان ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر رﯾﺰ ﮐــﻪ ﺗﻨﻬــﺎ ﯾــﮏ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﮐﺸــﺖ (Culturable) و ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﮐﺸــﺖ ﺳﻠﻮل را در ﺑﺮﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ،ﮔﯿﺮ اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻪ وﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ اﺟﺎزه (Non-Culturable Bacteria) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻋــﻼوه ﺑــﺮ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ درون ﻏﺸﺎءﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﯾﺮي ازﺟﻨﺲ آﮔﺎر ﮐــﻪ ﻣــﻮارد ذﮐــﺮ ﺷــﺪه در اﯾــﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ، ﻋﻮاﻣــﻞ ﻣﺘﻌــﺪدي در در اﻃﺮاف ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺑــﺪون رﻗﺎﺑــﺖ ﺑــﺎ دﯾﮕــﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳـــﺎزي اﻧـــﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫـــﺎ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫـــﺎن از ﺟﻤﻠـــﻪ: ﻧـــﻮع www.SID.ir 206 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

ﻣﯿﺰﺑــﺎن، ﻓﺼــﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﮔﯿــﺮي و ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿــﺎﯾﯽ دﺧﯿــﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻢﺗﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(110) ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮي دارﻧﺪ. ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي، ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ارزﺷــﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﺎت زﯾﺴــﺖ ﻓﻌــﺎل آن ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨـــﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـــﻖ و ﺑﻬﺒـــﻮد ﻓﺮاﯾﻨـــﺪﻫﺎ ﺑـــﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒـــﻮد اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﺑﺎ ﮔﯿﺎﻫــﺎن داروﯾــﯽ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨــﺪي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻓﺮاواﻧــﯽ و ﺗﻨــﻮع ﺳــﻮﯾﻪﻫــﺎي ﻣﻬــﻢ درﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎت داروﯾــﯽ ﻣــﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﻣﻮﻟﮑــﻮﻟﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑـــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫـــﺎي اﻧـــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ ﮐـــﻪ ﻣﻨﺠـــﺮ ﺑـــﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿـــﺪ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺴﻤﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮوهﻫــﺎي ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾــﻪ ﻣﺘﻨــﻮﻋﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ژﻧﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﺳﻨﺘﺘﯿﮏ (Biosynthetic Gene Clusters) ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﻟــﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮد ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوت ﻣــﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ، ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﻬﺎرﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﯾــﺎ ﯾﮑــﯽ از ﻣﻬــﻢﺗــﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ دﺳــﺘﺮس ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﮏ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪه آنﻫــﺎ ﻧﯿــﺰ از دﯾﮕــﺮ ﺣﻮزهﻫــﺎي ﺟــﺬاب ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐــﻪ درﯾﭽــﻪاي ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑــﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨــﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ، ﮐﺸﻒ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻓﺮاوردﻫﺎي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ- داروﯾــﯽ ﮔﺴـــﺘﺮدهاي ﻣـــﯽﺑﺎﺷـــﺪ(157). ﺟﺪاﺳـــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺸﺮي ﺑﺎز ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﻧﺪوﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﺑﻪﮐﺎر ﮔﯿــﺮي روشﻫــﺎي ﻧــﻮﯾﻦ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ و ﻓﻌﺎلﺳﺎزي ژنﻫــﺎي ﺧــﺎﻣﻮش ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري آنﻫﺎ، اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﮐﺸﻒ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿــﮏﻫــﺎي ﺟﺪﯾــﺪ از ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت و ﻓﻨﺎوري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﺮاي درﻣﺎن ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ، ﺑﯿﻤــﺎري ﻫــﺎي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ﺑﺮاي ﻓــﺮاﻫﻢ آوردن اﻣﮑﺎﻧــﺎت اﻧﺠــﺎم و ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮر و ﺳﺮﻃﺎن را اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﻫﺪ. ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫــﺎي اﻧــﺪوﻓﯿﺖ، ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺗﺸﮑﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

References 1. Bérdy J. Thoughts and facts about antibiotics: 6. Kemung HM, Tan LTH, Khan TM, Chan where we are now and where we are heading. KG, Pusparajah P, et al. Streptomyces as a J Antibiot Res 2012; 65(8): 385. prominent resource of future anti-MRSA 2. Islam S, Aldstadt J, Aga D. Global drugs. Folia Microbiol 2018; 9: 2221 antimicrobial resistance: A complex and dire 7. Genilloud O. Actinomycetes: still a source of threat with few definite answers. Tropi Med novel antibiotics. Natural Product Reports Int Health 2019; 24(6): 658-662. 2017; 34(10): 1203-1232. Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 3. Docquier JD, Mangani S. An update on β- 8. Rateb ME, Ebel R, Jaspars M. Natural lactamase inhibitor discovery and development. product diversity of actinobacteria in the Drug Resist Updat 2018; 36:13-29. Atacama Desert. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 4. Rigali S Anderssen S, Naômé A, van Wezel 2018; 111(8):1467-1477. GP. Cracking the regulatory code of 9. Masand M, Jose PA, Menghani E, Jebakumar biosynthetic gene clusters as a strategy for SRD. Continuing hunt for endophytic natural product discovery. Biochem Pharmacol actinomycetes as a source of novel biologically 2018; 153: 24-34. active metabolites. World J Microbiol 5. Radlinski L, Conlon B. Antibiotic efficacy in Biotechnol 2015; 31(12): 1863-1875. the complex infection environment. Curr 10. Vurukonda SSK, Giovanardi D, Stefani E. Opin Microbiol 2018; 42: 19-24. Plant growth promoting and biocontrol

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 207 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

activity of Streptomyces spp. as endophytes. biosynthetic gene profiles. Microb Ecol Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19(4): 952. 2016; 72(1): 150-162. 11. Nalini M, Prakash H. Diversity and 20. Panda AK, Bisht SS, Rana M, De Mandal S, bioprospecting of actinomycete endophytes Kumar NS. Biotechnological Potential of from the medicinal plants. Lett Appl Thermophilic Actinobacteria Associated Microbiol 2017; 64(4): 261-270. With Hot Springs. In New and Future 12. Chandrakar S, Gupta AK. Actinomycin- Developments in Microbial Biotechnology Producing Endophytic Streptomyces parvulus and Bioengineering (pp. 155-164): Elsevier; Associated with Root of Aloe vera and 2018. Optimization of Conditions for Antibiotic 21. Meena B, Anburajan L, Vinithkumar NV, Production. Probiotics Antimicro 2018; 11(3): Kirubagaran R, Dharani G. Biodiversity and 1055-1069 antibacterial potential of cultivable halophilic 13. Barka EA, Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Gaveau- actinobacteria from the deep sea sediments of Vaillant N, Jacquard C, Klenk H-P, et al. active volcanic Barren Island. Microb Pathog Taxonomy, physiology, and natural products 2019; 132: 129-136. of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 22. Dholakiya RN, Kumar R, Mishra A, Mody 2016; 80(1): 1-43. KH, Jha B. Antibacterial and Antioxidant 14. Fernández-Cabezón L, Galán B, García JL. Activities of Novel Actinobacteria Strain New insights on steroid biotechnology. Folia Isolated from Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat. Microbiol 2018; 9: 958. Front Microbiol 2017; 8: 2420. 15. Viana Marques D, Machado S, Ebinuma V, 23. Jiang Z, Tuo L, Huang D, Il’yaA PO, Tyurin Duarte C, Converti A,Porto A. Production of A, Liu S, et al. Diversity, Novelty and β-lactamase inhibitors by Streptomyces Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic species. Antibiotics 2018; 7(3):61. Actinobacteria from Mangrove Plants in 16. Anteneh YS, Franco CM M. Whole Cell Beilun Estuary National Nature Reserve of Actinobacteria as Biocatalysts. Front Guangxi, China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9: Microbiol 2019; 10: 77. 868. 17. Vázquez Boland JA, Meijer WG. The 24. Law JWF, Ser HL, Ab Mutalib NS, Saokaew

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 pathogenic actinobacterium Rhodococcus S, Duangjai A, Khan TM, et al. Streptomyces equi: What's in a name? Mol Microbiol 2019; monashensis sp. nov., a novel mangrove soil 112(1): 1-15. actinobacterium from East Malaysia with 18. Dhakal D, Pokhrel AR, Shrestha B, Sohng antioxidative potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): JK. Marine rare actinobacteria: Isolation, 3056. characterization, and strategies for harnessing 25. Demain AL, Gómez-Ortiz B, Ruiz-Villafán bioactive compounds. Front Microbiol 2017; B, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S. Recent 8: 1106. findings of molecules with anti-infective 19. Liu L, Salam N, Jiao JY, Jiang HC, Zhou activity: screening of non-conventional sources. EM, Yin YR, et al. Diversity of culturable Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 48: 40-47. thermophilic Actinobacteria in hot springs in 26. Goodfellow M, Nouioui I, Sanderson R, Xie Tengchong, China and studies of their F, Bull AT. Rare taxa and dark microbial www.SID.ir 208 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

matter: novel bioactive actinobacteria abound Ochoa G, Tamez-Guerra P. Bioactive Products in Atacama Desert soils. Anton Van Leeuw From Plant-Endophytic Gram-Positive Bacteria. JG 2018; 111(8): 1315-1332. Folia Microbiol 2019; 10: 463. 27. Purushotham N, Jones E, Monk J, Ridgway 35. Passari AK, MishraVK, Gupta VK, Yadav H. Community Structure of Endophytic MK, Saikia R, Singh BP. In vitro and in vivo Actinobacteria in a New Zealand Native plant growth promoting activities and DNA Medicinal Plant Pseudowintera colorata fingerprinting of antagonistic endophytic (Horopito) and Their Influence on Plant actinomycetes associates with medicinal Growth. Microb Ecol 2018; 76(3): 729-740. plants. PLoS one 2015; 10(9): e0139468. 28. Vijayabharathi R, Gopalakrishnan S, Sathya 36. Sahur A, Ala A, Patandjengi B, Syam’un A, Srinivas V, Sharma M. Deciphering E. Effect of Seed Inoculation with the tri-dimensional effect of endophytic Actinomycetes and Rhizobium Isolated from Streptomyces sp. on chickpea for plant growth Indigenous Soybean and Rhizosphere on promotion, helper effect with Mesorhizobium Nitrogen Fixation, Growth, and Yield of ciceri and host-plant resistance induction Soybean. Int J Agronomy 2018; 8: 1-7. against Botrytis cinerea. Microb pathog 37. Zhao K, Li J, Zhang X, Chen Q, Liu M, Ao 2018; 122: 98-107. X, et al. Actinobacteria associated with 29. Schulz B, Boyle C. What are endophytes? Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. are diverse and have Microbial root endophytes. New York: plant growth promoting and antimicrobial Springer, 2006. activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1):13661. 30. Golinska P, Wypij M, Agarkar G, Rathod D, 38. Zhao H, Yang A, Zhang N, Li S, Yuan T, Dahm H, Rai M. Endophytic actinobacteria Ding N, et al. Insecticidal endostemonines A- of medicinal plants: diversity and bioactivity. J produced by endophytic streptomyces from Anton Van Leeuw JG 2015; 108(2): 267-289. Stemona sessilifolia. J Agric Food Chem 31. Monggoot S, Pichaitam T, Tanapichatsakul 2020; 68(6): 1588-1595. C, Pripdeevech P. Antibacterial potential of 39. Ma Z, Liu C, Fan J, He H, Li C, Li J, et al. secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus Plantactinospora sonchi sp. nov., an sp., an endophyte of Mitrephora wangii. Arch actinobacterium isolated from the leaves of

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Microbiol 2018; 200(6): 951-959. common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.). 32. de Medeiros AG, Savi D C, Mitra P, Shaaban Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65(12): KA, Jha AK, Thorson JS, Glienke C. 4895-4901. Bioprospecting of Diaporthe terebinthifolii 40. Xing H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Li C, Liu LGMF907 for antimicrobial compounds. H., et al. Plantactinospora veratri sp. nov., an Folia Microbiol 2018; 63(4): 499-505. actinomycete isolated from black false 33. Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, van Elsas hellebore root (Veratrum nigrum L.). Int J JD. Properties of bacterial endophytes and Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65(6): 1799-1804. their proposed role in plant growth. Trends 41. Xiong ZJ,Miao CP, Zheng YK, Liu K, Li WJ, Microbiol 2008; 16(10): 463-471. Liu WH, et al. Stackebrandtia endophytica sp 34. Ek-Ramos MJ, Gomez-Flores R, Orozco- nov., an actinobacterium isolated from Flores AA, Rodriguez-Padilla C, Gonzalez- Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Syst Evol www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 209 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

Microbiol 2015; 65(Pt 6): 1709-1713. endophyticum sp. nov., a novel endophytic 42. Li L, Ma JB, Mohamad OA, Li SH, Osman actinobacterium isolated from roots of G, Li YQ, et al. Phytoactinopolyspora Salsola affinis CA Mey. Antonie Van endophytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a halotolerant Leeuwenhoek 2015; 107(3): 835-843. filamentous actinomycete isolated from the 50. Wang HF, Zhang YG, Cheng J, Hozzein WN, roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. Int J Syst Liu WH, Li L, et al. Labedella endophytica Evol Microbiol 2015; 65(8): 2671-2677. sp. nov ,.a novel endophytic actinobacterium 43. Thawai C. Micromonospora costi sp. nov., isolated from stem of Anabasis elatior (C.A. isolated from a leaf of Costus speciosus. Int J Mey.) Schischk. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65(5): 1456-1461. 2014; 107(1): 95-102. 44. Zhao S, Li L, Li SH, Wang HF, Hozzein 51. Liu MJ, Khieu TN, Gao R, Hozzein WN, WN, Zhang YG, et al. Actinotalea suaedae Wang HF, Yang W, et al. Marinactinospora sp. nov., isolated from the halophyte Suaeda endophytica sp. nov., isolated from a physophora in Xinjiang, Northwest China. medicinal plant. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 107(1):1-7. 2015; 107(6): 1577-1582. 45. Alves A, Riesco R, Correia A, Trujillo M E. 52. Liu JM, Habden X, Guo L, Tuo L, Jiang ZK, Microbacterium proteolyticum sp. nov. isolated Liu SW, et al. Prauserellaendophytica sp. from roots of Halimione portulacoides. Int J nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65(6): 1794-1798. from Tamarix taklamakanensis. Anton Van 46. Xing J, Liu C, Zhang Y, He H, Zhou Y, Li L, Leeuw JG 2015; 107(6): 1401-1409. et al. Sphaerisporangium dianthi sp .nov., an 53. Mingma R, Duangmal K, Thamchaipenet A, endophytic actinomycete isolated from a Trakulnaleamsai S, Matsumoto A, Takahashi root of Dianthuschinensis L. Antonie Van Y. Streptomyces oryzae sp. nov., an endophytic Leeuwenhoek 2015; 107(1): 9-14. actinomycete isolated from stems of rice 47. Rachniyom H, Matsumoto A, Indananda C, plant. J Antibiot Res 2015; 68(6): 368. Duangmal K, Takahashi Y, Thamchaipenet A. 54. Li C, Wang H, Jin P, Zheng W, Chu L, Liu Nonomuraea syzygii sp. nov., an endophytic C, et al. Actinoallomurusbryophytorum sp. actinomycete isolated from the roots of a nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. from moss (Bryophyta). Anton Van Leeuw Skeels). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; JG 2015; 108(2): 453-459. 65(4): 1234-1240. 55. Thanaboripat D, Thawai C, Kittiwongwattana 48. Rachniyom H, Matsumoto A, Indananda C, C, Laosinwattana C, Koohakan P, Parinthawong Duangmal K, Takahashi Y, Thamchaipenet N. Micromonospora endophytica sp. nov., an A. Actinomadura syzygii sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacteria of Thai upland rice endophytic actinomycete isolated from the (Oryza sativa). J Antibiot 2015; 68(11): 680-684. roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium 56. Li C, Jin P, Liu C, Ma Z, Zhao J, Li J, et al. cumini L. Skeels). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol Streptomyces bryophytorum sp. nov., an 2015; 65(6): 1946-1949. endophytic actinomycete isolated from moss 49. Wang HF, Zhang YG, Li L, Liu WH, (Bryophyta). Anton Van Leeuw JG 2016; Hozzein WN, Chen JY, et al. Okibacterium 109(9): 1209-1215. www.SID.ir 210 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

57. Guo X, Guan X, Liu C, Jia F, Li J, Jin P, et al. 64. Niemhom N, Chutrakul C, Suriyachadkun C, Plantactinosporasoyae sp. nov., an endophytic Thawai C. Asanoa endophytica sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from soybean root endophytic actinomycete isolated from the [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Int J Syst Evol rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda. Int J Microbiol 2016; 66(7): 2578-2584. System Evol Microbiol 2016; 66(3): 1377- 58. Klykleung N, Phongsopitanun W, 1382. Pittayakhajonwut P, Ohkuma M, Kudo T, 65. Liu SW, Xu M, Tuo L, Li XJ, Hu L, Chen L, Tanasupawat S. Streptomyces phyllanthi sp. et al. Phycicoccus endophyticus sp. nov., an nov., isolated from the stem of Phyllanthus endophytic actinobacterium isolated from amarus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Int J Syst Evol 66(10): 3923-3928. Microbiol 2016; 66(3): 1105-1111. 59. Guo S, Liu C, Liu S, Guan X, Guo L, Jia F, 66. Xu H, Zhang S, Cheng J, Asem MD, Zhang et al. Streptomyces polygonati sp. nov ,.an MY, Manikprabhu D, et al. Nocardioides endophytic actinomycete isolated from a root ginkgobilobae sp. nov., an endophytic of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.). Int J Syst actinobacterium isolated from the root of the Evol Microbiol 2016; 66(3): 1488-1493. living fossil Ginkgo biloba L. Int J Syst Evol 60. Kaewkla O, Franco CMM. Kribbella pittospori Microbiol 2015; 66(5): 2013-2018. sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium 67. Gao R, Liu B-B, Yang W, Song P-F, Chen isolated from the surface-sterilized stem of W, Salam N, Li W-J. Flexivirga endophytica an Australian native apricot tree, Pittosporum sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium angustifolium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol isolated from a leaf of Sweet Basil. Int J Syst 2016; 66(6): 2284-2290. Evol Micr 2016; 66(9): 3388-3392. 61. Roman-Ponce B, Wang D, Vásquez-Murrieta 68. Yang LL, Jiang Z, Tang SK, Chu X, Xu LH, MS, Chen WF, Estrada-de los Santos P, Sui Zhi XY. Yimella radicis sp. nov., an XH, Wang ET. Kocuria arsenatis sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from arsenic-resistant endophytic actinobacterium the root of Paris polyphylla Smith var. associated with Prosopis laegivata grown on yunnanensis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; high-arsenic-polluted mine tailing. Int J Syst 66(10): 4191-4196.

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Evol Microbiol 2016; 66(2): 1027-1033. 69. Gong ZL, Ai MJ, Sun HM, Liu HY, Yu LY, 62. Liu BB, Chen W, Chu X, Yang Y, Salam N, Zhang YQ. Jatrophihabitans huperziae sp. Hu WY, et al. Mariniluteicoccus endophyticus Nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium from surface-sterilized tissue of the isolated from root of Ocimum basilicum. Int medicinal plant Huperzia serrata (Thunb.). J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66(3): 1306- Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66(10): 1310. 3972-3977. 63. Tuo L, Li FN, Pan Z, Lou I, Guo M, Lee S 70. Fidalgo C, Riesco R, Henriques I, Trujillo ME, MY, et al. Nakamurella endophytica sp. nov., Alves A. Microbacterium diaminobutyricum a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated sp. nov., isolated from Halimione from the bark of Kandelia candel. Int J Syst portulacoides, which contains diaminobutyric Evol Microbiol 2016; 66(3):1577-1582. acid in its cell wall, and emended description www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 211 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

of the genus Microbacterium. Int J Syst Evol roots of Psammosilene tunicoides and emended Micr 2016; 66(11): 4492-4500. description of the family Streptomycetaceae 71. Ma Z, Zhao S, Cao T, Liu C, Huang Y, Gao [Waksman and Henrici (1943) AL] emend. Y, et al. Verrucosispora sonchi sp. nov., a Rainey et al. 1997, emend. Kim et al. 2003, novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated emend. Zhi et al. 2009. Int J Syst Evol from the leaves of common sowthistle Microbiol 2017; 67(2): 288-293. (Sonchus oleraceus L.). Int J Syst Evol 78. Zhao S, Liu C, Zheng W, Ma Z, Cao T, Zhao Microbiol 2016; 66(12): 5430-5436. J, et al. Micromonospora parathelypteridis 72. Li F, Tuo L, Su ZW, Wei XQ, Zhang XY, sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete with Gao CH, et al. Nocardioides sonneratiae sp. antifungal activity isolated from the root of nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated Parathelypteris beddomei (Bak.) Ching. Int J from a branch of Sonneratia apetala. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67(2): 268-274. Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67(8): 2592-2597. 79. Gao J, Sun P, Wang XM, Lv FY, Sun JG. 73. Niemhom N, Chutrakul C, Suriyachadkun Microbacterium zeae sp. nov., an endophytic C,Thawai C. Nonomuraea stahlianthi sp. bacterium isolated from maize stem. Anton nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated Van Leeuw JG 2017; 110(5): 697-704. from the stem of Stahlianthus campanulatus. 80. Sun Y, Chen HH, Sun HM, Ai MJ, Su J, Yu Int J System Evol Microbiol 2017; 67(8): LY, Zhang YQ. Naumannella huperziae sp. 2879-2884. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated 74. Kaewkla O, Thamchaipinet A, Franco CMM. from Huperzia serrata (Thunb.)Int J Syst

Micromonospora terminaliae sp. nov., an Evol Microbiol 2017; 67(6):1867-1872. endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the 81. Jiang ZK, Pan Z, Li FN, Li XJ, Liu SW, Tuo surface-sterilized stem of the medicinal plant L, et al. Marmoricola endophyticus sp. nov., Terminalia mucronata. Int J Syst Evol an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from Microbiol 2017; 67(2): 225-230. Thespesia populnea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 75. Kaewkla O, Franco CMM. Streptomyces 2017; 67(11): 4379-4384. roietensis sp. nov., an endophytic 82. Walitang DI, Kim CG, Kim K, Kang Y, Kim actinobacterium isolated from the surface- YK, Sa T. The influence of host genotype Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 sterilized stem of jasmine rice, Oryza sativa and salt stress on the seed endophytic KDML 105. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; community of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant 67(11): 4868-4872. rice cultivars. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18(1): 51. 76. Wang HF, Li QL, Xiao M, Zhang YG, Zhou 83. Zhang YG, Wang HF, Alkhalifah DHM, Xiao XK, Rao MPN, et al. Streptomyces capparidis M, Zhou XK, Liu YH, et al. Glycomyces sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium anabasis sp. nov., a novel endophytic isolated from fruits of Capparis spinosa L. Int actinobacterium isolated from roots of J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67(1): 133-137. Anabasis aphylla L. Int J Syst Evol 77. Huang MJ, Rao MPN, Salam N, Xiao M, Microbiol 2018; 68(4): 1285-1290. Huang HQ, Li WJ. Allostreptomyces 84. Curtis SM, Norton I, Everest GJ, Meyers PR. psammosilenae gen. nov., sp. nov., an Kribbella podocarpi sp. nov., isolated from endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the the leaves of a yellowwood tree (Podocarpus www.SID.ir 212 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

latifolius). Anton Van Leeuw JG 2018; 111 J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68(12): 3928- (6): 875-882. 3934. 85. Li L, Li YQ, Fu YS, Zhang H, Alkhalifah 92. Li W, Guo X, Shi L, Zhao J, Yan L, Zhong D HM, Salam N, et al. Nesterenkonia X, et al. Plantactinospora solaniradicis sp. endophytica sp. nov., isolated from roots of nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Int J Syst Evol root of a tomato plant (Solanum

Microbiol 2018; 68(8): 2659-2663. lycopersicum L.). Anton Van Leeuw JG 86. Sakdapetsiri C, Ngaemthao W, Suriyachadkun 2018; 111(2): 227-235. C, Duangmal K, Kitpreechavanich V. 93. Li X, Lai X, Gan L, Long X, Hou Y, Zhang Actinomycetospora endophytica sp. nov., Y, et al. Streptomyces geranii sp. nov., a isolated from wild orchid (Podochilus novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated microphyllus Lindl.) in Thailand. Int J Syst from root of Geranium carolinianum L. Int J Evol Microbiol 2018; 68(9): 3017-3021. Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68(8):2562-2567. 87. Li X, Wang Z, Lu F, Zhang H, Tian J, He L, 94. Tuo L, Yan XR, Li FN, Bao YX, Shi HC, Tian Y. Actinocorallia populi sp. nov., an Li HY, Sun CH. Brachybacterium endophytic actinomycete isolated from a root endophyticum sp. nov., a novel endophytic of Populus adenopoda (Maxim.). Int J Syst actinobacterium isolated from bark of

Evol Microbiol 2018; 68(7): 2325-2330. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Int J Syst Evol 88. Wang Z, Jiang B, Li X, Gan L, Long X, Microbiol 2018; 68(11): 3563-3568. Zhang Y, Tian Y. Streptomyces populi sp. 95. Tuo L, Yan XR, Li FN, Yang C, An MB, nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium Sun CH. Amnibacterium flavum sp. nov., a isolated from stem of Populus adenopoda novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated Maxim. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; from bark of Nerium indicum Mill. Int J Syst 68(8): 2568-2573. Evol Microbiol 2018; 69(1): 285-290. 89. Wang Z, Tian J, Li X, Gan L, He L, Chu 96. Zhu ZN, Li YR, Li YQ, Xiao M, Han MX, Y,Tian Y. Streptomyces dioscori sp. nov., a Wadaan MA, et al. Microbacterium suaedae Novel Endophytic Actinobacterium Isolated sp. nov., isolated from Suaeda aralocaspica. Int from Bulbil of Dioscorea bulbifera L. Curr J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 69(2): 411-416.

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Microbiol 2018;75(10):1384-1390. 97. Muangham S, Lipun K, Matsumoto A, 90. Wang Y, Xia Z, Liu Z, Wan C, Luo X, Inahashi Y, Duangmal K. Quadrisphaera Zhang L. Streptomyces carminius sp. nov., a oryzae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete novel actinomycete isolated from Sophora isolated from leaves of rice plant (Oryza alopecuroides in Xinjiang, China. Antonie sativa L.). J Antibiot 2019; 72(2): 93-98. Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111(10): 1807- 98. Niemhom N, Chutrakul C, Suriyachadkun C, 1814. Tadtong S, Thawai C. Jiangella endophytica 91. Li YR, Zhu ZN, Li Y Q, Xiao M, Han sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated MX, Wadaan MA, et al. Microbacterium from the rhizome of Kaempferia elegans. Int halophytorum sp. nov., a novel endophytic J System Evol Microbiol 2018; 69(2): 454- actinobacterium isolated from halophytes. Int 459.

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 213 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

99. Liu YH, Fang BZ, Mohamad OAA, Zhang Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory YG, Jiao JY, Dong ZY, et al. Nocardioides Activities of Endophytic Actinobacteria ferulae sp. nov., isolated from root of an From Tea Cultivars Zijuan and Yunkang-10 endangered medicinal plant Ferula songorica (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Front Pall. ex Spreng. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol Microbiol 2018; 9: 1304. ,Qin S, Li J, Chen HH, Zhao GZ, Zhu WY .107 .1253-1258 :(5)69 ;٢٠١٩ 100. Li FN, Jiang ZK, Liu SW, Tuo L, Lee SMY, Jiang CL, et al. Isolation, diversity, and Sun CH. Marmoricola mangrovicus sp. nov., antimicrobial activity of rare actinobacteria an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from from medicinal plants of tropical rain forests Kandelia candel. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol in Xishuangbanna, China. Appl Environ 2019; 69(5): 1343-1345. Microbiol 2009; 75(19):6176-6186. 101. Han C, Zhao J, Yu B, Shi H, Zhang C, Guo 108. Hallmann J, Quadt-Hallmann A, Mahaffee W, X, Wang X. Microbispora tritici sp. nov., a Kloepper J. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural novel actinomycete isolated from a root of crops. Can J Microbiol 1997; 43(10): 895-914. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Anton Van 109. Gohain A, Gogoi A, Debnath R, Yadav A, Leeuw JG 2019; 112(8): 1137-1145. Singh BP, Gupta VK, et al. Antimicrobial 102. Han C, Hu J, Zhao J, Tian Y, Jiang S, Guo X, biosynthetic potential and genetic diversity of Wang X. Sphaerimonospora triticiradicis sp. endophytic actinomycetes associated with nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a medicinal plants. FEMS Microbiol Lett root of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Anton 2015; 362(19): 158. Van Leeuw JG 2019; 112(3): 401-407. 110. Passari A K, Mishra VK, Gupta V K, Singh 103. Kaewkla O, Franco CMM. Actinomycetospora BP. Methods Used for the Recovery of callitridis sp. nov., an endophytic Culturable Endophytic Actinobacteria: An actinobacterium isolated from the surface- Overview. In New and Future Developments sterilised root of an Australian native pine in Microbial Biotechnology and tree. Anton Van Leeuw JG 2019; 112(3): Bioengineering (pp. 1-11): Elsevier; 2018. 331-337. 111. Matsumoto A, Takahashi Y. Endophytic 104. Mondal S, Rai RV. Molecular Profiling of actinomycetes: promising source of novel

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Endophytic Streptomyces Cavourensis MH16 bioactive compounds. J Antibiot 2017; 70(5): Inhabiting Millingtonia Hortensis Linn. And 514. Influence of Different Culture Media on 112. Castillo UF, Strobel GA, Ford EJ, Hess WM, Biosynthesis of Antimicrobial Metabolites. Porter H, Jensen JB, Teplow DB. Munumbicins, Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106(9-10): 51. wide-spectrum antibiotics produced by 105. Wicaksono WA, Jones EE, Monk J, Ridgway Streptomyces NRRL 30562, endophytic on HJ. The bacterial signature of Leptospermum Kennedia nigriscansa. Microbiology 2002; scoparium (Manuka) reveals core and 148(9): 2675-2685. accessory communities with bioactive properties. 113. Coombs JT, Franco CM. Isolation and PLoS ONE 2016; 11(9): e0163717. identification of actinobacteria from surface- 106. Wei W, Zhou Y, Chen F, Yan X, Lai Y, Wei sterilized wheat roots. Appl Environ C, et al. Isolation, Diversity, and Microbiol 2003; 69(9): 5603-5608. www.SID.ir 214 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

114. Verma VC, Gond SK, Kumar A, Mishra A, Profiling of Plant Associated Endophytic Kharwar RN, Gange AC. Endophytic Actinobacteria. In New and Future actinomycetes from Azadirachta indica A. Developments in Microbial Biotechnology Juss.: isolation, diversity, and anti-microbial and Bioengineering. Elsevier; 2018. p:43-65. activity. Microbial Ecology 2008; 57(4): 123. Arasu MV, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. 749-756. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of 115. Wu Y, Lu C, Qian X, Huang Y, Shen Y. polyketide metabolite from marine Streptomyces Diversities within genotypes, bioactivity sp. AP-123 and its cytotoxic effect. and biosynthetic genes of endophytic Chemosphere 2013; 90(2): 479-487. actinomycetes isolated from three 124. Park SC, Won S. Evaluation of 16S rRNA pharmaceutical plants. Curr Microbiol 2009; Databases for Taxonomic Assignments Using 59(4): 475-482. Mock Community .Genomics Inform 2018; 116. Zhao K, Penttinen P, Guan T, Xiao J, 16(4): e24. Chen Q, Xu J, et al. The diversity 125. Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, and anti-microbial activity of endophytic Schweer T, Yarza P et al. The SILVA actinomycetes isolated from medicinal plants ribosomal RNA gene database project: in Panxi plateau, China. Curr Microbiol improved data processing and web-based 2011; 62(1): 182-190. tools. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41(D1): 117. Hayakawa M, Nonomura H. Humic acid- D590-D596. vitamin agar, a new medium for the selective 126. Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: isolation of soil actinomycetes. J Ferment molecular evolutionary genetics analysis Technol 1987; 65(5): 501-509. version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol 118. Beiranvand M, Amin M, Hashemi-Shahraki Evol 2016; 33(7): 1870-1874. A, Romani B, Yaghoubi S, Sadeghi P. 127. Kim M, Oh HS, Park SC, Chun J. Towards a Antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacterial taxonomic coherence between average nucleotide populations isolated from medical plants of identity and 16S rRNA gene sequence Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2017; 9(1): 11-18. similarity for species demarcation of 119. Shan W, Zhou Y, Liu H, Yu X. Endophytic prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014;

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 Actinomycetes from Tea Plants (Camellia 64(2): 346-351. sinensis): Isolation, Abundance, Antimicrobial, 128. Rodriguez RL M, Gunturu S, Harvey WT, and Plant-Growth-Promoting Activities. Rosselló-Mora R, Tiedje JM, Cole JR. The Biomed Res Int 2018. Microbial Genomes Atlas (MiGA) webserver: 120. Girão M, Ribeiro I, Ribeiro T, Azevedo IC, taxonomic and gene diversity analysis of Pereira F, Urbatzka R, Carvalho MF. Archaea and Bacteria at the whole genome compounds. Folia Microbiol 2019; 10: 683. level. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46(W1): 121. Shirling E T, Gottlieb D. Methods for W282-W288. characterization of Streptomyces species. Int 129. Murdini L A, Solihin DD, Lestari Y. The J Syst Bacteriol 1966;6(3):313-340. Existence of Endophytic Actinobacteria from 122. Passari AK, Mishra VK, Singh BP. Molecular Rhododendron zoelerri Revealed by Culture- Markers Used for Identification and Genomic www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 215 ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ اﮐﺘﯿﻨﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﻫﺎ Archive of SID

Dependent and Culture-Independent Approaches. Streptomyces sp. SKH1-2 Isolated from HAYATI J Biosci 2018; 25(2): 54-62. Roots of Musa (ABB) cv.‘ Kluai Sao Kratuep 130. Janatiningrum I, Solihin DD, Meryandini A, Ho’. Int Microbiol 2019; 22(4): 451-459. Lestari Y. Comparative study on the diversity 137. Yang X, Peng T, Yang Y, Li W, Xiong J, of endophytic actinobacteria communities Zhao L, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant from Ficus deltoidea using metagenomic and activities of a new benzamide from endophytic culture dependent approaches .Biodiversitas Streptomyces sp. YIM 67086. J Nat Prod Journal of Biological Diversity 2018; 19(4): 2015; 29(4): 331-335. 1514-1520. 138. Jin H, Yang XY, Yan ZQ, Liu Q, Li XZ, Chen 131. Strathdee F, Free A. Denaturing gradient gel JX, et al. Characterization of rhizosphere and electrophoresis (DGGE). DNA Electrophoresis endophytic bacterial communities from 2013; 1054: 145-147. leaves, stems and roots of medicinal Stellera 132. Muyzer G, Smalla K. Application of chamaejasme L. Syst Appl Microbiol 2014; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) 37(5): 376-385. and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis 139. Wang P, Kong F, Wei J, Wang Y, Wang W, (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie Van Hong K, Zhu W. Alkaloids from the Leeuwenhoek 1998; 73(1): 127-141. Mangrove-Derived Actinomycete Jishengella 133. Gos FM, Savi DC, Shaaban KA, Thorson JS, endophytica 161111. Mar Drugs 2014; 12(1): Aluizio R, Possiede YM, et al. Antibacterial 477-490. activity of endophytic actinomycetes isolated 140. Chagas FO, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Dorrestein from the medicinal plant Vochysia divergens PC, Pupo MT. Expanding the Chemical (Pantanal, Brazil). Folia Microbiol 2017; 8: Repertoire of the Endophyte Streptomyces 1642. albospinus RLe7 Reveals Amphotericin B as 134. Alshaibani M, Zin MN, Jalil J, Sidik NM, an Inducer of a Fungal Phenotype. J Nat Prod Ahmad SJ, Kamal N, et al. Isolation, purification, 2017; 80(5): 1302-1309. and characterization of five active 141. Li Y, Han L, Rong H, Li L, Zhao L, Wu L, et diketopiperazine derivatives from endophytic al. Diastaphenazine, a new dimeric phenazine Streptomyces SUK 25 with antimicrobial and from an endophytic Streptomyces diastaticus

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 cytotoxic activities. J Microbiol Biotechnol subsp. ardesiacus. J Antibiot 2015; 68(3): 2017; 27(7): 1249-1256. 210-212. 135. Vu HNT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen HQ, Chu HH, 142. Supong K, Thawai C, Choowong W, Chu SK,Van Chau M,Phi QT. Antimicrobial Kittiwongwattana C, Thanaboripat D, and Cytotoxic Properties of Bioactive Laosinwattana C, et al. Antimicrobial Metabolites Produced by Streptomyces compounds from endophytic Streptomyces cavourensis YBQ59 Isolated from Cinnamomum sp. BCC72023 isolated from rice (Oryza sativa cassia Prels in Yen Bai Province of Vietnam. L.). Res Microbiol 2016; 167(4): 290-298. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75(10): 1247-1255. 143. Akiyama H, Indananda C, Thamchaipenet 136. Kuncharoen N, Fukasawa W, Iwatsuki M, A, Motojima A, Oikawa T, Komaki H, Mori M, Shiomi K, Tanasupawat S. 2019. et al. Linfuranones B and C, furanone- Characterisation of Two Polyketides from containing polyketides from a plant- www.SID.ir 216 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399

ﻣــﺮوري ﯾﺎﺳﺮ دﻟﺒﺮي و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران Archive of SID

associated Sphaerimonospora mesophila. J metabolites from the endophytic fungus Nat Prod 2018; 81(7): 1561-1569. Aspergillus versicolor through bacterial co- 144. Yan Y, Ma YT, Yang J, Horsman GP, Luo culture and OSMAC approaches. Tetrahedron D, Ji X, et al. Tropolone ring construction Lett 2018; 59(27): 2647-2652. in the biosynthesis of rubrolone B, a 151. Ebada SS, El-Neketi M, Ebrahim W, Mándi cationic tropolone alkaloid from endophytic A, Kurtán T, Kalscheuer R, et al. Cytotoxic Streptomyces. Org Lett 2016; 18(6): 1254-1257. secondary metabolites from the endophytic 145. Yang R, Yang J, Wang L, Huang JP, Xiong fungus Aspergillus versicolor KU258497. Z, Luo J, et al. Lorneic acid analogues from Phytochemistry Lett 2018; 24: 88-93. an endophytic actinomycete. J Nat Prod 152. Bode HB, Walker M, Zeeck A. Structure and 2016; 80(10): 2615-2619. biosynthesis of mutolide, a novel macrolide 146. Inahashi Y, Iwatsuki M, Ishiyama A, from a UV mutant of the fungus F-24'707. Matsumoto A, Hirose T, Oshita J, et al. Eur J Org Chem 2000; (8):1451-1456. Actinoallolides A–E, new anti-trypanosomal 153. Wei H, Lin Z, Li D, Gu Q, Zhu T. OSMAC macrolides, produced by an endophytic (one strain many compounds) approach in actinomycete, Actinoallomurus fulvus MK10- the research of microbial metabolites--a 036. Org Lett 2015; 17(4): 864-867. review. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2010; 147. Savi DC, Shaaban KA, Gos FM, Thorson JS, 50(6): 701-709. Glienke C, Rohr J. Secondary metabolites 154. Nichols D, Cahoon N, Trakhtenberg EM, produced by Microbacterium sp. LGMB471 Pham L, Mehta A, Belanger A, et al. Use of with antifungal activity against the ichip for high-throughput in situ cultivation phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa. Folia of “uncultivable” microbial species. Appl Microbiol 2019; 64(3): 453-460. Environ Microbial 2010; 76(8): 2445-2450. 148. Li W, Yang X, Yang Y, Zhao L, Xu L, Ding 155. Gavrish E, Bollmann A, Epstein S, Lewis K. Z. A new anthracycline from endophytic A trap for in situ cultivation of filamentous Streptomyces sp. YIM66403. J Antibiot actinobacteria. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 2015; 68(3): 216. 72(3): 257-262. 149. Conti R, Chagas FO, Caraballo Rodriguez 156. Acuña JJ, Marileo LG, Araya MA, Rilling

Downloaded from jmums.mazums.ac.ir at 11:59 +0330 on Monday September 21st 2020 AM, Melo WGdP, do Nascimento AM, JI, Larama GA, Mora ML, et al. In Situ Cavalcanti B C, et al. Endophytic Cultivation Approach to Increase the actinobacteria from the Brazilian medicinal Culturable Bacterial Diversity in the plant Lychnophora ericoides Mart. and the Rhizobiome of Plants. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr biological potential of their secondary 2020:1-16. metabolites. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13(6), 157. Tyurin A, Alferova V, Korshun V. Chemical 727-736. Elicitors of Antibiotic Biosynthesis in 150. Abde wahab MF, Kurtán T, Mándi A, Müller Actinomycetes. Microorganisms 2018; 8(2): W E, Fouad M A, et al. Induced secondary 52.

www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران دوره ﺳﯽ ام، ﺷﻤﺎره 186 ، ﺗﯿﺮ 1399 217