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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation MAGNETOELECTRIC COMPOSITE NANOMATERIALS FOR THE STIMULATION OF NEURONAL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION By AMANDA MAE UHL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Amanda Mae Uhl To my Dad ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my family for constantly encouraging me to learn and to follow my dreams. I would like to thank both of my parents for instilling in me a sense of perseverance that can only come from facing hardship. To my father (may he rest in peace), for constantly being there and for teaching me that math, science and building things with your own two hands can be both fun and extremely rewarding. And to my mother, for being an inspiration to be both kind and patient. To my little sister, Julie, for being a built in best friend and support system. I would like to thank the teachers I have had who encouraged me to follow my passion for math, science, and engineering. Without them, I would not have had the courage to pursue a bachelor’s degree in engineering. I would also like to thank my undergraduate research advisor, Dr. Lara Estroff, for taking me under her wing and enabling me to discover my passion for research. Without her generosity and advice I would never have considered pursuing a Ph.D. I would also like to thank my friends Moniek and Stephanie who grounded me throughout my undergraduate studies and have greatly influenced the person I am today. Finally, I would like to thank those people whom have supported me through the whole graduate school process. Firstly, I would like to thank my friends from the Andrew Research Group: Emilie, Maeve, Sara, Stefan, Matt, and Prabal for creating a lab environment that fosters discussion, creativity, and team work. To Emilie, thank you for being an amazing mentor and helping me realize my strengths and grow into them. Thank you also for being a friend and source of sanity throughout our time in the lab. To Maeve, thank you for being there and supporting me through the difficulties of lab work and graduate school. To Sara, thank you for joining me in the occasional insanity that is the lab and making the last two years of graduate school infinitely better. I would also like to thank the undergraduates that I have had the pleasure 4 of mentoring: Camille, Maria, Camilla, Juan, Austin and Alejandra. Having had all of you in the lab has made it feel much more like a family rather than just colleagues. Beyond the Andrew lab, I would also like to thank my friends Abigail Casey, Zach Weinrich and Catherine Sahi, without whom I would not have survived graduate school. To Abigail, thank you for being one of my favorite people and best friends. No matter where we are, location or life-wise, I know I can count on you. I am infinitely glad you came to UF, if only briefly. To Zach, thank you for always being there when I need you, for a laugh, a hug, or mere camaraderie. Thank you for accepting me as I am but also pushing me to be a better, more positive person. To Catherine, thank you for taking me in as a friend at a time when I needed it the most. Thank you for being there to help me get through everything, constantly accepting me and just being there providing friendship and distractions and adding a little whimsy to my life. I would also like to thank Krista Dulany for being a writing buddy and keeping me motivated to write this document. I’m so glad to have been fortunate enough to gain a good friend through this dissertation writing process. I’m not sure either one of us would have maintained our sanity through this process without someone to go through it with. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Carlos Rinaldi, Dr. David Arnold, Dr. Josephine Allen, and Dr. Jon Dobson for their guidance. Thank you also to Dr. Christine Schmidt and Dr. Sahba Mobini for all of their help and knowledge for the cell work components of this dissertation. Gratitude is also extended to Dr. Thomas Angelini and Tori Ellison for their assistance with the confocal microscopy of PC12 cells. Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Jennifer Andrew for her support, advice, encouragement, and overall mentorship. Your leadership through the course of my Ph.D. has constantly inspired me to strive to be the best engineer and person that I can be. 5 Under you advisement, I have become much more resilient, creative, and confident than I was at the start of my time at UF. Thank you. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................16 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .......................................................................................19 1.1 The Role of Electric Fields in the Peripheral Nervous System ........................................19 1.2 Multiferroic Materials .......................................................................................................21 1.3 Materials for Neuronal Stimulation ..................................................................................24 1.3.1 Conducting Polymers for Neuronal Stimulation ....................................................24 1.3.2 Piezoelectric Materials for Neuronal Stimulation ..................................................26 1.3.3 Benefits of Magnetoelectric Materials Over Electronic Materials .........................28 1.4 Ceramic Electrospinning and Electrospraying Routes for Magnetoelectric Composites ..........................................................................................................................29 1.4.1 Electrospinning .......................................................................................................31 1.4.2 Electrospraying .......................................................................................................35 1.4.3 Sol-Gel Chemistry ..................................................................................................38 1.5 Objective and Summary of Dissertation ...........................................................................40 2 SOL-GEL ELECTROSPINNING OF JANUS TYPE MAGNETOELECTRIC NANOFIBERS .......................................................................................................................46 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................46 2.2 Experimental Methods ......................................................................................................48 2.2.1 Materials .................................................................................................................48 2.2.2 Sol-Gel Precursor Solutions ...................................................................................48 2.2.3 Nanofiber Synthesis via Electrospinning ...............................................................49 2.2.4 Nanofiber Characterization ....................................................................................49 2.3 Results and Discussion .....................................................................................................50 2.3.1 Single-Phase Barium Titanate Fibers .....................................................................50 2.3.2 Single-Phase Cobalt Ferrite Fibers .........................................................................52 2.3.3 Bi-phasic Barium Titanate-Cobalt Ferrite Janus Fibers .........................................55 2.4 Summary ...........................................................................................................................57 3 SYNTHESIS OF BARIUM TITANATE PARTICLES VIA SOL-GEL ELECTROSPRAYING ..........................................................................................................67 7 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................67 3.2 Experimental Methods ......................................................................................................68 3.2.1 Materials .................................................................................................................68 3.2.2 Sol-Gel Precursor Solutions ...................................................................................68 3.2.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis ...........................................................................................69 3.2.4 Nanoparticle Characterization ................................................................................70 3.3 Results and Discussion .....................................................................................................70 3.4 Summary ...........................................................................................................................76 4 SYNTHESIS OF COBALT FERRITE PARTICLES VIA SOL-GEL
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