Extended Abstract Journal of Cognitive Neuropsychology 2021 Vol.5 No.1

Cognitive Neuroscience 2020: Clarifying the diagnosis of Acute flaccid - Anna Jarrett- University of Arkansas, USA Anna Jarrett University of Arkansas, USA

Introduction: nerve transfer procedures in upper and lower extremities using Statement of the Problem: Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is microsurgery techniques. This is an unfolding story with more a serious condition that primarily affects children. AFM is a to come if this disease cannot be controlled or eradicated. type of Acute flaccid , a global terms for AFM and No definitive cause; could be a variety of causes treatment is non-AFM etiologies. AFM is diagnosed by gray matter supportive. , which means most patients with abnormalities in the on MRI, or pleocytosis in the AFM will have sudden onset of limb weakness and loss of cerebral spinal fluid. AFM attacks spinal cord gray matter muscle tone and reflexes. Some, in addition to the limb resulting in lower motor neuron injury and flaccid weakness in weakness, may also experience one or more of the the extremities. Although the specific cause of most cases is following symptoms: facial paralysis, oculomotor unknown, viruses, toxins and genetic disorders have been dysfunction, dysphagia, dysarthria or upper lid ptosis. implicated. Stopping the spread of viral infections is crucial to (blepharoptosis – BLEE FAIR OP TOSIS) ectropion (lower lid preventing this potentially disabling disease. Simple prevention ptosis), Numbness or tingling (paresthesia) is rare in measures to stress to all patients are: a) hand hygiene by patients with AFM, though some patients do experience pain washing your hands, b) control respiratory droplets by in their arms or legs. Some patients may experience urinary coughing/sneezing into your sleeve and then wash your hands, retention. c) stay current with your immunizations, and d) stay away from The most severe symptom of AFM is respiratory failure those who are ill. Identifying patients with AFM is difficult. If which can occur when the diaphragm becomes weak. suspected, it is important to act quickly with the assistance of Prevention is crucial to stop disabilities rapid treatment local or state health departments in collaboration with the including screening, detection, and diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to determine the causative factor. The CDC provides up-to-date information. Results: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a serious condition Treatment has been unsuccessful using conservative measures, that primarily affects children. AFM is a type of Acute flaccid but there is hope for nerve transfer procedures in upper and paralysis, a global terms for AFM and non-AFM etiologies. lower extremities using microsurgery techniques. This is an AFM is diagnosed by gray matter abnormalities in the spinal unfolding story with more to come if this disease cannot be cord on MRI, or pleocytosis in the cerebral spinal fluid. AFM controlled or eradicated. attacks spinal cord gray matter resulting in lower motor neuron injury and flaccid weakness in the extremities. Although the Objectives: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a serious condition specific cause of most cases is unknown, viruses, toxins and that genetic disorders have been implicated. Stopping the spread of primarily affects children. AFM is a type of Acute flaccid viral infections is crucial to preventing this potentially disabling paralysis, a global terms for AFM and non-AFM etiologies. disease. Simple prevention measures to stress to all patients AFM is diagnosed by gray matter abnormalities in the spinal are: a) hand hygiene by washing your hands, b) control cord on MRI, or pleocytosis in the cerebral spinal fluid. AFM respiratory droplets by coughing/sneezing into your sleeve and attacks spinal cord gray matter resulting in lower motor neuron then wash your hands, c) stay current with your immunizations, injury and flaccid weakness in the extremities. Although the and d) stay away from those who are ill. Identifying patients specific cause of most cases is unknown, viruses, toxins and with AFM is difficult. If suspected, it is important to act genetic disorders have been implicated. Stopping the spread of quickly with the assistance of local or state health departments viral infections is crucial to preventing this potentially disabling in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and disease. Simple prevention measures to stress to all patients Prevention (CDC) to determine the causative factor. The CDC are: a) hand hygiene by washing your hands, b) control provides up-to-date information. Treatment has been respiratory droplets by coughing/sneezing into your sleeve and unsuccessful using conservative measures, but there is hope for then wash your hands, c) stay current with your immunizations, nerve transfer procedures in upper and lower extremities using and d) stay away from those who are ill. Identifying patients microsurgery techniques. This is an unfolding story with more with AFM is difficult. If suspected, it is important to act to come if this disease cannot be controlled or eradicated. quickly with the assistance of local or state health departments in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Conclusions: This review highlights clinical features of the Prevention (CDC) to determine the causative factor. The CDC increasing cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with provides up-to-date information. Treatment has been anterior myelitis noted in the United States from 2012 to 2015. unsuccessful using conservative measures, but there is hope for Acute flaccid myelitis refers to acute flaccid limb weakness

This work is partly presented at 30th International Conference on and Cognitive Neuroscience February 24-25, 2020 London, UK Extended Abstract Journal of Cognitive Neuropsychology 2021 Vol.5 No.1 with spinal cord gray matter lesions on imaging or evidence of spinal cord motor neuron injury on electrodiagnostic testing. Although some individuals demonstrated improvement in motor weakness and functional deficits, most have residual weakness a year or more after onset. Epidemiological evidence and biological plausibility support an association between D68 and the recent increase in acute flaccid myelitis cases in the United States.

This work is partly presented at 30th International Conference on Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience February 24-25, 2020 London, UK