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Assessment of a Peat Core from Clogwynygarreg

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Assessment of a Peat Core from Clogwynygarreg ASSESSMENT OF A PEAT CORE FROM CLOGWYNYGARREG, NORTH WALES F.R.GRANT ASSESSMENT OF A PEAT CORE FROM CLOGWYNYGARREG, NORTH WALES F.R.GRANT REPORT NO: 02/12 PRODUCED FOR ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF WALES CONTENTS 1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 1 3. SITE SELECTION 1 4. LOCATION, GEOLOGY, TOPOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION 5 5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND METAL MINING BACKGROUND 7 6. PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND 8 7. METHODS 9 8. RESULTS 11 9. INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 18 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 24 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 24 12. REFERENCES 25 APPENDIX I: C14 data APPENDIX II: Geochemical Analysis Assessment of a Peat Core from Clogwynygarreg, Snowdonia, North Wales 1. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY A 2m core was extracted from the mire adjacent to Clowynygarreg, North Wales, and subjected to radiocarbon dating, pollen, microscopic charcoal, and geochemical analysis. The results showed that the core contained a palaeoenvironmental record from the early Mesolithic (8525 +/- 27 C14 years BP), until present day. Pollen and microscopic charcoal evidence suggested that the area was predominantly wooded during the Mesolithic, with initially a mixed birch-pine-oak in the upland region and oak-elm-hazel cover on the deeper soils. Throughout the Mesolithic the area remained generally wooded, but with variations in the composition, and some indications of disturbance by burning. An alder carr began to develop on the valley bottom during the Mesolithic. The Neolithic is marked by the disappearance of elm from the record, and an increase in open, grassland species, and slight evidence for cultivation in the form of a cereal-type pollen grain. Open areas increase into the Bronze Age with increased evidence for pastoralism, burning activity and cultivation. However, heath conditions do not seem to form here until the later Bronze Age at the earliest, and no direct evidence for prehistoric mining could be identified from this assessment. Evidence for increased lead deposition during the Roman period is tentatively suggested by the geochemical record, but this appears to be of low-level or regional origin. Increased industrial activity in the area during the Medieval period is suggested by increased levels of heavy metal deposition. Similarly, the pattern of lead deposition for the post-Medieval period follows that for other industrialised areas, and increases in copper demonstrate the known period of exploitation of the copper resources at Drws y Coed mine. 2. INTRODUCTION In January 2012 the author was invited by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) to undertake a palaeoenvironmental and geochemical study of a peat core from an area of Snowdonia, North Wales, formerly affected by metal mining. The resulting information would contribute to both the RCAHMW Uplands Initiative, and the Metal Links Project. A programme of desktop work was initiated during January 2012, with follow-up field visits to identify a suitable site. Coring took place in May 2012. The results of the subsequent palaeoenvironmental, geochemical and radiocarbon analysis form the basis of this report. 3. SITE SELECTION Metal Mining in Snowdonia The exploitation of metalliferous ores has a long heritage in North Wales in general. Relatively large-scale Bronze Age mining of the copper deposits has been identified at Mynydd Parys and Pant y Gaseg in Anglesey, the Great Orme near Llandudno, Corbet Dovey and Pant Eidel mines in southern Gwynedd, and Trecastell in Aberconwy (Gwyn 1998). Further afield, the copper mines in Cwmystwyth in Ceredigion, and Nantyreira in Powys, are also known to have prehistoric origins (Timberlake 2003; Timberlake 2009). Whether less intensive exploitation of smaller deposits of ore in the uplands of Snowdonia formed part of a mixed agricultural and industrial economy during this period is not known, but is undoubtedly possible. Certainly the intensification of settlement and exploitation of the 1 Assessment of a Peat Core from Clogwynygarreg, Snowdonia, North Wales upland area during the Bronze Age is well attested to by the wealth of archaeological monuments dating to this period. Roman exploitation of the copper ores at Mynydd Parys is also suggested by the finds of copper cakes bearing Latin inscriptions. The locations of Roman forts close to the sources of known lead and copper ores, such as that near Sygun at Beddgelert, and in the Gwydir area of Snowdonia, imply further exploitation during this period, (Kelly 1976). Evidence for Medieval exploitation is based mainly upon historical references rather than archaeological evidence. However, during the post-Medieval and Industrial periods exploitation increased dramatically. The Gwynedd Metal Mines Survey (Gwyn 1998) identified over 300 sites exploiting lead, and over 160 exploiting copper during this period in Gwynedd as a whole. Owing to the abundance of known metal mining sites within the study area, the broad remit of the original specification was therefore narrowed somewhat, in order to facilitate identifying a suitable site for analysis. To maximize the potential of the deposits to retain a record of mining activity, only those within a 5km radius of known former mining sites were considered. Other considerations included the type of mire, other archaeological sites in the immediate area, the proximity and nature of previous palaeoenvironmental studies, accessibility, and any special status to either the mire or the archaeology which could prove problematical for sampling. The primary sources of information for the desk-top study were the Gwynedd Metal Mines Survey (Gwyn 1998), Gwynedd Archaeological Trust’s Historic Environment Record (HER), COFLEIN, and the Welsh Lowland Peatland Survey (Ratcliffe and Hattey 1982). Cartographic material and aerial photography were also utilised. Consultation with the Snowdonia National Park’s archaeologist, and the RCAHMW provided an additional list of potential mire sites. Figure 1 details those sites considered for assessment. 2 Assessment of a Peat Core from Clogwynygarreg, Snowdonia, North Wales SITE NAME GRID MIRE CLOSEST METAL OTHER REF TYPE & MINING EVIDENCE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPTH (WITHIN 5KM) EVIDENCE Cwm Ciprwth SH5223 Blanket and C19th copper mine PRN Prehistoric, medieval and 4803 basin: 20515 post-medieval settlement c.1.5m 250m adjacent to mire NW of mine workings Coed Mawr – SH7830 Lake & fen: C17th-C19th lead mine, ?pre AD1697 mining activity Llyn Pencraig 5840 2m+ PRN 21678 Roman fort of Bryn y adjacent to Gefeiliau. mine Clogwynygarreg SH560539 Basin: 2m+ Drws y Coed C19th copper Prehistoric settlement and mine. Historical evidence funerary/ritual evidence. for possible medieval Medieval settlement. Post exploitation. PRN 20535 medieval settlement (abandoned) Mire West of SH538 535 Valley: 2m+ Drws y Coed C19th copper Prehistoric settlement and Drws y Coed mine. Historical evidence funerary/ritual evidence. (Mire 2) for possible medieval Medieval settlement. Post exploitation. PRN 20535 medieval settlement (abandoned) Mire on valley SH547 536 Blanket: Drws y Coed C19th copper Prehistoric settlement and side above Drws c0.75m mine. Historical evidence funerary/ritual evidence. y Coed mine for possible medieval Post medieval settlement (Mire 3) exploitation. PRN 20535 (abandoned) Muriau’r Dre SH65 54 Blanket: None – Cu and Fe Late prehistoric settlement. <1m bog on smelting slags recovered Medieval settlement site from area. Coed Cilcennus Fen: 0.75m Small C18th-C19th lead Roman palstave find site. on site mine. PRN 21116 Clogwyn Coch SH60292 Blanket: Clogwyn Coch C19th Medieval settlement 55900 0.70m max copper mine PRN 20798 Basin: 0.90m max Penygyrd SH66590 Blanket: None Bronze Age funerary and 55035 0.75m (Fyfe ritual forthcoming) Gwaun Gynfi SH6064 Not tested Ceunant Mine PRN 20807 Very limited copper and arsenic mining Llyn Arenig Fach SH8241 Not tested PRN 21852 Moel Bronze Age funerary and Llechowgryn Manganese ritual mine Mochowgryn, SH8040 Not tested PRN 21852 Moel Bronze Age funerary and Arenig Fach Llechowgryn Manganese ritual mine Llyn SH6556 Blanket: PRN 20789 Britannia Cu Cwmffynnon 1m+ Mine Llyn Gwythwrch SH570579 Basin: 1m+ PRN21587 Llanberis Cu Prehistoric funerary and mine settlement Llyn Ffynnon-y- SH5955 Blanket: Clogwyn Coch C19th gwas <1m copper mine PRN 20798 Basin: c.1m Figure 1: Potential Assessment Sites 3 Assessment of a Peat Core from Clogwynygarreg, Snowdonia, North Wales A range of sites were assessed, all of which fulfilled some of the criteria required. After consultation with RCAHMW it was decided to take a sample from the basin mire at Clogwynygarreg. The reasons for this decision are discussed below. The mire is located close to an area of extensive 18th and 19th-century copper mining and processing at Drws y Coed, and should potentially have been in receipt of airborne pollutants related to the exploitation there. Historical records refer to mining there in the Medieval period, and potential prehistoric mining activity has also been suggested (Gwyn 1998, 55). Archaeological field survey has identified probable Bronze Age activity around the mire, with Medieval and post-Medieval settlement also recorded (Oxford Archaeology North 2006). Previous palaeoenvironmental analyses (Ince 1996) have identified the suitability of the deposits as an important archive of palaeoenvironmental information. The work would complement the earlier analysis by Ince, adding further to the record of vegetation development, and
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