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Single Neuron Control Over a Complex Motor Program (Central Pattern Generator/Mollusc/Command Neuron/Tritonia)

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Single Neuron Control Over a Complex Motor Program (Central Pattern Generator/Mollusc/Command Neuron/Tritonia) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 422-426, January 1996 Neurobiology Single neuron control over a complex motor program (central pattern generator/mollusc/command neuron/Tritonia) WILLIAM N. FROST* AND PAUL S. KATZ Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, P.O. Box 207t)8, Houston, TX 77225 Communicated by Eric R. Kandel, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, October 6, 1995 ABSTRACT While there are many instances of single (25, 26). The Tritonia swim CPG is a network oscillator; its neurons that can drive rhythmic stimulus-elicited motor rhythmic output (Fig. 1C) arises entirely from the synaptic programs, such neurons have seldom been found to be nec- connectivity of the neurons, with no cells having intrinsic essary for motor program function. In the isolated central bursting properties of their own (27). This network also nervous system of the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea, brief operates with little or no need for sensory feedback and thus stimulation (1 sec) of a peripheral nerve activates an inter- can be studied in isolated brain preparations (14). neuronal central pattern generator that produces the long- A key missing element in the Tritonia swim network has been lasting (-30-60 sec) motor program underlying the animal's the hypothesized interneurons that transform the brief activity rhythmic escape swim. Here, we identify a single interneuron, of the sensory neurons into the long-lasting, declining "ramp" DRI (for dorsal ramp interneuron), that (i) conveys the depolarization in the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) of the sensory information from this stimulus to the swim central CPG (28, 29). This depolarization serves as the main extrinsic pattern generator, (ii) elicits the swim motor program when excitatory drive for the swim motor program. Because of the driven with intracellular stimulation, and (iii) blocks the strategic position of these neurons in the swim circuit, both in depolarizing "ramp" input to the central pattern generator, terms of their role in driving the motor program as well as their and consequently the motor program itself, when hyperpo- potential role as storage sites for learned information (30), we larized during the nerve stimulus. Because most of the sensory sought to locate them. We here identify a "ramp" interneuron information appears to be funneled through this one neuron in swim DRI, and find it to have an as it enters the pattern generator, DRI presents a striking the Tritonia circuit, example of single neuron control over a complex motor circuit. unusually prominent role for an individual neuron in the activation of a complex motor program. Over 30 yr ago, Wiersma and Ikeda (1) introduced the term "command neuron" to describe single interneurons in the MATERIALS AND METHODS crayfish that could drive coordinated movements of the ani- All experiments used an isolated central nervous system mal's swimmerets. In its most restricted form, a command preparation, consisting of the left and right cerebral, pleural, neuron is currently defined as a single interneuron, situated and pedal ganglia. After removal from the animal the ganglia between sensory neurons and the motor pattern-generating circuitry, whose activity is both necessary and sufficient for were pinned dorsal side up on the Sylgard floor of a recording sensory activation of the motor program (2). Many cells have chamber perfused with normal saline at 2°C. The connective now been described that can drive stimulus-elicited motor tissue over the cerebral and pleural ganglia was then dissected programs (3-13), but only rarely have such neurons been away to expose the underlying neurons. Suction electrodes for shown to also be necessary for circuit operation. Instead, in extracellular recording and stimulation were made from poly- most cases these neurons have been found to operate in ethylene tubing and attached to the left and right pedal nerve parallel with other circuit elements that fill-in when the cell in 3 (PdN3), two of the many nerves that can be used to elicit the question is removed from the network (7-13). These and other swim motor program (see Fig. 1A and ref. 25 for nomencla- findings have given rise in recent years to the view that, in most ture). The preparation was then warmed to 10°C and rested for systems, command properties are distributed across broad a minimum of 3 hr before beginning recordings. Swim motor interneuronal networks, with single neurons having only minor programs were elicited with a brief stimulation of PdN3 roles. We here describe a newly found interneuron in the (2-msec pulses, 10 Hz, 1 sec). This stimulus typically elicited a Tritonia escape swim neural circuit that fulfills the strict four to seven cycle swim motor program lasting 30-60 sec. definition of a command neuron (see also Discussion). The Intracellular recordings were made with glass microelectrodes properties of this neuron, the dorsal ramp interneuron (DRI), (10-40 Mfl) filled with either 3 M potassium chloride or 4 M provide further support for the original idea that the command potassium acetate. The CPG neurons were identified on the function can be highly localized within a circuit, in this case, by basis of soma location and coloration, synaptic interactions, funneling sensory information to the swim central pattern and activity pattern during the swim motor program (20-23). generator (CPG) and thereby controlling whether or not the DRI was labeled by iontophoretic injection of 5% carboxy- swim motor program will be activated. fluorescein (Molecular Probes) in 0.1 M potassium acetate. When the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea encounters the Normal saline composition was as follows: 420 mM NaCl, 10 tube feet of certain predatory sea stars, it responds with a mM KCl, 10 mM CaC12, 50 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.6), vigorous rhythmic escape swim, consisting of a series of and 11 mM D-glucose. High divalent-cation saline composition alternating ventral and dorsal whole-body flexions (14, 15). was as follows: 285 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 25 mM CaC12, 125 The neural circuit generating this behavior has been well- mM MgCl2, 10 mM Hepes, (pH 7.6), and 11 mM D-glucose. studied and consists of identified populations of afferent Animals were collected from Bellingham Bay, Washington. neurons (16, 17), CPG neurons (18-24), and efferent neurons Abbreviations: CPG, central pattern generator; DRI, dorsal ramp The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge interneuron; PdN3, pedal nerve 3; DSI, dorsal swim interneuron; payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential. accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. *To whom reprint requests should be addressed. 422 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 Neurobiology: Frost and Katz Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 423 C C2 A Ce DSI-1 DSI-2 02 DRI -- 0 DSI 50 msec SDRI Suction Electrode on PdN3 C2 ^ U 8 I B DSI-1 DSI-2 ,,S1 ll 20mV DRI .J, A-- t Nerve Stim. 20 sec FIG. 1. Location, morphology, and firing behavior of DRI. (A) The soma of DRI is 20-30 tm in diameter and is located in the pleural ganglion, one or two cell body layers below the dorsal surface, medial and slightly caudal to the statocyst. All but two of our recordings were made from the DRI on the left side of the brain. (B) A photomicrograph showing a DRI (arrow) that was iontophoretically injected with carboxyfluorescein and illuminated with UV light. (A low level of transmitted light was used to visualize the rest of the tissue.) DRI has a major axon that travels toward the central commissure, which then gives off a minor branch extending rostrally near the region of the DSI somata. S, statocyst, Pd, pedal ganglion, P1, pleural ganglion, Ce, cerebral ganglion. (C) Simultaneous intracellular recordings of DRI, two DSIs, and C2 during a swim motor program elicited by a 1-sec, 10-Hz stimulus to PdN3. The initial portion of the response to the nerve stimulus is expanded above and shows that DRI fired before the DSIs and C2. (Bars = 20 mV.) RESULTS EPSPs appeared to be monosynaptic because (i) they occurred one-for-one with DRI spikes, (ii) they began at a constant This study began with an attempt to find "ramp" interneurons, latency after the DRI spikes, (iii) they persisted in high- previously hypothesized to provide the major excitatory input divalent cation saline (Fig. 2A2), and (iv) their amplitude was to the Tritonia swim CPG (28, 29). We were specifically dependent on the DRI membrane potential (see refs. 21 and looking for neurons that produced strong excitatory input to 32 for a discussion of these criteria). DRI made no direct the DSIs and that could perhaps even drive the swim motor connections to the other CPG neurons [C2, ventral swim program when driven directly. After probing with a micro- interneuron A (VSI-A), or ventral swim interneuron B (VSI- electrode in and around the central commissure, the axon of B)] although it indirectly excited C2 via its powerful recruit- such a neuron was encountered. In two subsequent prepara- ment of the DSIs (data not shown). tions, a similar axon was found in the same area and filled with The strong monosynaptic connection of DRI to the DSIs, carboxyfluorescein which, each time, labeled a cell body together with its sustained firing throughout the swim motor located in the dorsal pleural ganglion, near the statocyst (Fig. program, suggested that it might contribute importantly to the I A and B). Thereafter, recordings were made from the cell ramp depolarization in the DSIs produced by PdN3 stimula- body itself.
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