DOCSLIB.ORG

Evoked Versus Auditory-Evoked Escape Swims in Larval Zebrafish

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evoked Versus Auditory-Evoked Escape Swims in Larval Zebrafish A COMPARISON OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SWIMMING PATHS DURING VISUALLY- EVOKED VERSUS AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS IN LARVAL ZEBRAFISH By Benjamin Bishop A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Psychology: Academic Research Committee Membership Dr. Ethan Gahtan, Committee Chair Dr. Christopher Aberson, Committee Member Dr. Andrew Kinziger, Committee Member Dr. Christopher Aberson, Graduate Coordinator May 2016 VISUAL AND AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS Abstract A COMPARISON OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SWIMMING PATHS DURING VISUALLY- EVOKED VERSUS AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS IN LARVAL ZEBRAFISH Benjamin Harper Bishop Escape behaviors have been studied in zebrafish and aquatic organisms by neuroscientists seeking cellular-level descriptions of neural circuits, but few studies have examined vertical swimming during escapes. I analyzed three-dimensional swimming paths of larval zebrafish during visually-evoked and auditory-evoked escapes while the fish were in a cubical tank with equal vertical and lateral range. A vertical component was found in both visually-evoked and auditory-evoked escapes. The initial 10 seconds of stimulation involved an equal amount of increased vertical and horizontal movement for both escape behaviors, followed by a decrease in total distance traveled below that of spontaneous swimming. These escapes differentiated only after the initial 10 seconds of stimulation, with visually-evoked escapes involving a greater amount of vertical distance travelled and greater decrease in horizontal movement when compared to that of auditory-evoked escapes. To determine how these reflexes develop across ages at which zebrafish larvae are commonly used in behavioral assays, I tested light dimming- evoked and tap-evoked escapes in groups of larvae at 4 different ages: 6, 8, 10, and 12 days post fertilization. Both behaviors were found to not change as the age of the zebrafish increased. A comparison of light dimming-evoked diving in zebrafish to similar behaviors of other aquatic animals suggests it is a protean defense reflex against specific predation threats. These results also imply that future studies of the neural mechanisms of visual behavior in zebrafish should consider vertical movement control elements. ii VISUAL AND AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vi A Comparison of Three-Dimensional Swimming Paths During Visually-Evoked Versus Auditory-Evoked Escape Swims in Larval Zebrafish .................................................................... 1 Neural Circuits for Escapes in Zebrafish .................................................................................... 2 Literature Review............................................................................................................................ 5 Increasing our Understanding of the Zebrafish Escape Response Repertoire ............................ 5 Development of Visual Escape Response .................................................................................. 8 Directionality of Light Dimming-Evoked Escape Responses .................................................... 9 Behaviors Associated with the nMLF ...................................................................................... 11 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................................. 16 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 16 Hypothesis 1. ......................................................................................................................... 16 Rational for Hypothesis 1. .................................................................................................... 16 Hypothesis 2a. ....................................................................................................................... 16 Hypothesis 2b. ....................................................................................................................... 16 Hypothesis 2b. ....................................................................................................................... 17 Rational for Hypothesis 2. .................................................................................................... 17 Hypothesis 3. ......................................................................................................................... 17 Rational for Hypothesis 3. .................................................................................................... 17 iii VISUAL AND AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS Summary of Research Purpose ................................................................................................. 17 Method .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 20 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Total Distance Traveled ............................................................................................................ 22 Total Vertical Distance Traveled .............................................................................................. 25 Total Horizontal Distance Traveled .......................................................................................... 29 Vertical Displacement ............................................................................................................... 32 Horizontal and Vertical Component of Dimming-evoked Dive Response .............................. 36 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Zebrafish Larvae Escape Swims Include a Negative Vertical Movement ............................... 37 Biphasic Activity Response to Startle Stimuli .......................................................................... 38 Ethological Interpretations of Vertical Escape Swimming ....................................................... 38 Age Effect on Total Distance Traveled .................................................................................... 39 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 39 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 40 References ..................................................................................................................................... 41 iv VISUAL AND AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS List of Tables Table 1. Stimulus effects on total swimming distance ................................................................. 23 Table 2. Stimulus effects on vertical swimming distance............................................................. 27 Table 3. Stimulus effects on horizontal swimming distance ........................................................ 30 Table 4. Stimulus effects on vertical displacement ...................................................................... 34 v VISUAL AND AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS Table of Figures Figure 1. Schematic of a 6 dpf zebrafish larvae highlighting the axonal and dendritic projections of the MeL and MeM neurons of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF) ..... 13 Figure 2. Photograph of behavior recording apparatus ................................................................. 19 Figure 3. Difference in total distance traveled between spontaneous and post-stimulus ............. 24 Figure 4. Difference in vertical distance traveled between spontaneous and post-stimulus ........ 28 Figure 5. Difference in horizontal distance traveled between spontaneous and post-stimulus .... 31 Figure 6. Difference in vertical displacement between spontaneous and post-stimulus .............. 35 vi VISUAL AND AUDITORY-EVOKED ESCAPE SWIMS 1 A Comparison of Three-Dimensional Swimming Paths During Visually-Evoked Versus Auditory-Evoked Escape Swims in Larval Zebrafish The microstructure of neural circuits, including the physical patterning of synaptic connections among neurons in the circuit, is essential to how neural circuit’s processes information. But neural circuit microstructure is difficult to study in complex animals because of the large number of neurons and connections and behavioral complexity, which complicates efforts to correlate circuit properties with behavioral functions. Neuroscientists have therefore long studied simple reflex behaviors, especially escapes,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary and Homeostatic Changes in Morphology of Visual Dendrites of Mauthner Cells in Astyanax Blind Cavefish
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.094680; this version posted May 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Research Article 2 Evolutionary and homeostatic changes in morphology of visual dendrites of 3 Mauthner cells in Astyanax blind cavefish 4 5 Zainab Tanvir1, Daihana Rivera1, Kristen E. Severi1, Gal Haspel1, Daphne Soares1* 6 7 1 Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark NJ 8 07102 9 10 11 12 Short Title: Astyanax Mauthner cell ventral dendrites 13 14 15 *Corresponding Author 16 Daphne Soares 17 Biological Sciences 18 New Jersey Institute of Technology 19 100 Summit street 20 Newark, NJ, 07102, USA 21 Tel: 973 596 6421 22 Fax: 23 E-mail: [email protected] 24 Keywords: Evolution, neuron, fish, homeostasis, adaptation 25 26 Abstract bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.094680; this version posted May 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 27 Mauthner cells are the largest neurons in the hindbrain of teleost fish and most amphibians. Each 28 cell has two major dendrites thought to receive segregated streams of sensory input: the lateral 29 dendrite receives mechanosensory input while the ventral dendrite receives visual input.
    [Show full text]
  • Portia Perceptions: the Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping Spider
    Portia Perceptions: The Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping 1 Spider Duane P. Harland and Robert R. Jackson The Personality of Portia Spiders are traditionally portrayed as simple, instinct-driven animals (Savory, 1928; Drees, 1952; Bristowe, 1958). Small brain size is perhaps the most compelling reason for expecting so little flexibility from our eight-legged neighbors. Fitting comfortably on the head of a pin, a spider brain seems to vanish into insignificance. Common sense tells us that compared with large-brained mammals, spiders have so little to work with that they must be restricted to a circumscribed set of rigid behaviors, flexibility being a luxury afforded only to those with much larger central nervous systems. In this chapter we review recent findings on an unusual group of spiders that seem to be arachnid enigmas. In a number of ways the behavior of the araneophagic jumping spiders is more comparable to that of birds and mammals than conventional wisdom would lead us to expect of an arthropod. The term araneophagic refers to these spiders’ preference for other spiders as prey, and jumping spider is the common English name for members of the family Saltici- dae. Although both their common and the scientific Latin names acknowledge their jumping behavior, it is really their unique, complex eyes that set this family of spiders apart from all others. Among spiders (many of which have very poor vision), salticids have eyes that are by far the most specialized for resolving fine spatial detail. We focus here on the most extensively studied genus, Portia. Before we discuss the interrelationship between the salticids’ uniquely acute vision, their predatory strategies, and their apparent cognitive abilities, we need to offer some sense of what kind of animal a jumping spider is; to do this, we attempt to offer some insight into what we might call Portia’s personality.
    [Show full text]
  • Command Neurons Are Often Defined As Neurons Which, When Stimulated by the Experimenter, Evoke Some Behavioral Response
    THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1978), 1,3-39 Printed in the United States of America The command neuron concept Irving Kupfermann Department of Psychiatry and Division of Neurobiologyand Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, N Y 10032 Klaudiusz R. Weiss Department of Psychiatry and Division of Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, N Y 10032 Abstract: The notion of the command cell has been highly influential in invertebrate neurobiology, and related notions have been increasingly used in research on the vertebrate nervous system. The term "command neuron" implies that the neuron has some critical function in the generation of a normally occurring behavior. Nevertheless, most authors either explicitly or implicitly use a strictly operational definition, independent of considerations of normal behavioral function. That is, command neurons are often defined as neurons which, when stimulated by the experimenter, evoke some behavioral response. Even when utilizing such an operational definition, investigators frequently differ on what they consider to be the exact characteristics that a neuron must have (or not have) to be considered a command cell. A few authors appear to treat command neurons in relation to normal function, but a precise be- haviorally relevant definition has not been specified. Because of the ambiguity in the definition of command neurons, the term can refer to a wide variety of neurons which may play divergent behavioral roles. In some ways the attempt to label a cell as a command neuron may interfere with the process of discovering the complex causal determinants of behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research
    THE ZEBRAFISH IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications Edited by Samuel C. Cartner Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, United States of America Judith S. Eisen Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, United States of America Susan C. Farmer University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America Karen J. Guillemin Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America; Humans and the Microbiome Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada Michael L. Kent Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, United States of America George E. Sanders Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, United States of America Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphorylation of Gephyrin in Zebrafish Mauthner Cells Governs
    Research Articles: Behavioral/Cognitive Phosphorylation of gephyrin in zebrafish Mauthner cells governs glycine receptor clustering and behavioral desensitization to sound https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1315-19.2019 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2019; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1315-19.2019 Received: 7 June 2019 Revised: 16 September 2019 Accepted: 20 September 2019 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2019 the authors 㻌 㻝㻌 Title: Phosphorylation of gephyrin in zebrafish Mauthner cells governs glycine receptor clustering 㻞㻌 and behavioral desensitization to sound (16/50 words) 㻟㻌 㻠㻌 Abbreviated title: GlyR clustering governs behavioral desensitization (46/50 characters) 㻡㻌 㻢㻌 Authors: Kazutoyo Ogino1, Kenta Yamada2, Tomoki Nishioka3, Yoichi Oda4, Kozo Kaibuchi3 and 㻣㻌 Hiromi Hirata1,* 㻤㻌 1Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama 㻥㻌 Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan; 2Center for Frontier Research, 㻝㻜㻌 National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan; 3Department of Cell 㻝㻝㻌 Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8650, Japan; 㻝㻞㻌 4Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 㻝㻟㻌 464-8602, Japan. 㻝㻠㻌 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 㻝㻡㻌 㻝㻢㻌 Number of pages: 31 㻝㻣㻌 Number of figures and tables: 7 and 1, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • 5G-Risk-The-Scientific-Perspecitve
    5GCRISIS the5Gsummit.com 1 5G Risk: The Scientific Perspective Compelling Evidence for Eight Distinct Types of Great Harm Caused by Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposures and the Mechanism that Causes Them Written and Compiled by Martin L. Pall, PhD Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences Washington State University BA degree in Physics, Phi Beta Kappa, with honors, Johns Hopkins University; PhD in Biochemistry & Genetics, Caltech. [email protected] 503-232-3883 5GCRISIS the5Gsummit.com 2 CONTENTS Chapter 1 < Pg 8 Eight Extremely Well-Documented Effects of Non-Thermal EMF Exposures: Role of Pulsations, Other Factors that Influence EMF Effects Chapter 2 < Pg 24 How Each Such EMF Effect Is Directly Produced via Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Activation: Role of the Voltage Sensor in Producing the Extraordinary Sensitivity to EMF Effects Chapter 3 < Pg 32 Strong Evidence for Cumulative and Irreversible EMF Effects Chapter 4 < Pg 39 EMFs Including Wi-Fi May Be Particularly Damaging to Young People Chapter 5 < Pg 41 The Importance of the SCENIHR 2015 Documentand the Many Omissions, Flaws and Falsehoods in That Document Chapter 6 < Pg 84 The U.S. Early Role in Recognizing Non-Thermal EMF Effects and How This Was Abandoned Starting in 1986: U.S. Failure to Research Health Impacts of Cell Phone Towers, Cell Phones, Wi-Fi, Smart Meters and Now 5G. What Is the Current Position of U.S. Government Agencies? Chapter 7 < Pg 113 The Great Risks of 5G: What We Know and What We Don’t Know 5GCRISIS the5Gsummit.com 3 SUMMARY We know that there is a massive literature, providing a high level of scientific certainty, for each of eight pathophysiological effects caused by non-thermal microwave frequency EMF exposures.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals
    Jelle Atema Richard R. Fay Arthur N. Popper William N. Tavolga Editors Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo JELLE ATEMA, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Richard R. Fay, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois 60626, USA ARTHUR N. POPPER, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA WILLIAM N. TAVOLGA, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 33577, USA The cover Illustration is a reproduction of Figure 13.3, p. 343 of this volume Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Papers based on presentations given at an International Conference on the Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals held, June 24-28, 1985, at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Fla. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Aquatic animals—Physiology—Congresses. 2. Senses and Sensation—Congresses. I. Atema, Jelle. II. International Conference on the Sensory Biology - . of Aquatic Animals (1985 : Sarasota, Fla.) QL120.S46 1987 591.92 87-9632 © 1988 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. x —• All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, U.S.A.), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of Information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, Computer Software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Learning and Memory: Memory Systems of the Brain, Long Term Potentiation
    Salud Mental ISSN: 0185-3325 [email protected] Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz México Leff, Philippe; Romo, Héctor; Matus, Maura; Hernández, Adriana; Calva, Juan Carlos; Acevedo, Rodolfo; Torner, Carlos; Gutiérrez, Rafael; Anton, Benito Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of learning and memory: Memory systems of the brain, long term potentiation and synaptic... Salud Mental, vol. 25, núm. 4, agosto, 2002, pp. 78-94 Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=58242508 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY: MEMORY SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN, LONG TERM POTENTIATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY PART III B Philippe Leff1, Héctor Romo2, Maura Matus1, Adriana Hernández1, Juan Carlos Calva1, Rodolfo Acevedo1, Carlos Torner3, Rafael Gutiérrez2, Benito Anton1. SUMMARY RESUMEN One of the central issues in neuroscience is concerned with the El fenómeno de LTP es una forma de plasticidad sináptica activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. ampliamente aceptado como un modelo de estabilización de In such context, changing the strength of synaptic activity sinapsis en procesos neurobiológicos como el desarrollo del between neurons has been widely accepted as the mechanism SNC y el fenómeno de aprendizaje y memoria. Desde su des- responsible by which memory traces are encoded and stored cubrimiento por Bliss y Lomo (1973), el fenómeno de in the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Expansion Microscopy of Zebrafish for Neuroscience and Developmental
    Expansion microscopy of zebrafish for neuroscience PNAS PLUS and developmental biology studies Limor Freifelda, Iris Odstrcilb, Dominique Försterc, Alyson Ramirezb, James A. Gagnonb, Owen Randlettb, Emma K. Costad, Shoh Asanoa, Orhan T. Celikere, Ruixuan Gaoa,f, Daniel A. Martin-Alarcong, Paul Reginatog,h, Cortni Dicka, Linlin Chena,i, David Schoppikj,k,l, Florian Engertb, Herwig Baierc, and Edward S. Boydena,d,e,f,m,1 aMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139; bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; cDepartment Genes–Circuits–Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany; dDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; eDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; fMcGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; gDepartment of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; hDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138; iNeuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481; jDepartment of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; kDepartment of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; lNeuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY 10016; and mCenter for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 Edited by Lalita Ramakrishnan, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved October 25, 2017 (received for review April 17, 2017) Expansion microscopy (ExM) allows scalable imaging of preserved nections in the intact brain, using circuitry responsible for the 3D biological specimens with nanoscale resolution on fast vestibulo-ocular reflex (11–13) and the escape response (14) as diffraction-limited microscopes.
    [Show full text]
  • QUIZZ QUESTIONS Will Be Simpler Than These Examples, but If You Can
    QUIZZ QUESTIONS will be simpler than these examples, but if you can answer theses you will be in good shape Chapter 1: The Biology of Behavior MC: Animals behave as if they are asking themselves what to do to maximize the lifetime reproductive success. MC: There was a significant intellectual shift to objectively consider the biology of animal behavior, led by Tinbergen, Von Frisch and Lorenz (recognized by a nobel prize), based initially on watching and categorizing behavior in order to form hypotheses that were testable by experimentation. MC: Tinbergen argued that to fully understand any behavioral TRAIT, one must address 4 domains, Causation (including mechanism and stimulus), Survival Value (ideally measured as how the behavior influences lifetime reproductive FITNESS), Ontogeny (as description of the impact of innate and environmental influences on the development of a behavior) and Evolution (understanding the evolutionary patterns and forces that have changed behavior over generations). Q: It appeared that the horse Clever Hans could count when in fact he was simply using subtle, unconscious cues, from the trainer. This demonstrates A) Animals can learn count B) Animals have a conscious C) Animals can act in simple ways that appear to maximize outcome D) Animals are capable of complex mathematical calculations Q: State which of Tinbergen’s 4 domains are addressed by each of the following statements. 1) Human laughter and most other primate laughter includes voicing on only the exhalation whereas chimpanzees voice on both inhalation and exhalation. This suggests that the ancestral state of laughter was to voice only on exhalation. 2) Laughter functions to show inclusion in a social group as animals and humans tend to produce a common rhythm and individuals that do not conform are often excluded from the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Induced Trafficking of AMPA Receptors in Embryonic Zebrafish Depends on NSF and PICK1
    PKC␥-induced trafficking of AMPA receptors in embryonic zebrafish depends on NSF and PICK1 Shunmoogum A. Pattena and Declan W. Alia,b,1 aDepartment of Biological Sciences, and bCentre for Neuroscience, Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9 Edited by Richard L. Huganir, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, and approved March 3, 2009 (received for review November 7, 2008) The trafficking of AMPA receptors (Rs) to and from synaptic We have been investigating the development of glutamate membranes is a key component underlying synaptic plasticity synapses associated with Mauthner cells in embryonic zebrafish. mechanisms such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term Zebrafish possess a single pair of Mauthner cells that are depression (LTD), and is likely important for synaptic development tonically inhibited via glycine, but are transiently activated in embryonic organisms. However, some of the key biochemical through glutamate excitatory synapses (16, 17). Our previous components required for receptor trafficking in embryos are still work suggested that Mauthner cells express GluR2 containing unknown. Here, we report that in embryonic zebrafish, the acti- AMPA receptors early in development (18). Also, they express vation of PKC␥ by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, strongly po- relatively high levels of PKC from early developmental stages tentiates the amplitude of AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory (19, 20). Therefore, we hypothesized that PKC might modulate postsynaptic currents (AMPA-mEPSCs) via a N-ethylmaleimide- AMPAR function in embryonic zebrafish. In this study, we show sensitive fusion (NSF) and protein interacting with C-kinase-1 that application of the PKC activators, phorbol 12-myristate (PICK1)-dependent process.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepisosteus Sp.)
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Functional morphology of the occipital and neck region and prey capture in gars (Lepisosteus sp.) verfasst von Michael Herke angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Naturwissenschaften (Mag.rer.nat.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 445 362 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: UF Biologie und Umweltkunde, UF Russisch Betreut von: Univ.- Prof. Dr. Jürgen Kriwet Table of Contents Abstract, Zusammenfassung………………………………………..3 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………5 1.1 Phylogeny of living and fossil gars……………………………..6 1.2 Feeding strategies……………………………………………….7 1.3 Fast starts………………………………………………………...8 1.4 Body curvature…………………………………………………...9 1.5 The Mauthner neurons………………………………………...10 1.6 Lepisosteid prey capture………………………………………10 2. Material and methods………………………………………………12 3. Results & Discussion……………………………………………….16 3.1 µCT-analysis……………………………………………………16 3.2 Film sequences…………………………………………………29 4. Conclusions………………………………………………………….31 5. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………34 6. References…………………………………………………………..35 7. Supplementary Materials…………………………………………..38 8. Curriculum vitae……………………………………………………..41 2 Abstract Lepisosteidae represent an ancient group of actinopterygian fishes (ray finned fishes), which have their origin, according to different sources, in a time span of 75-180 million years before today. They haven’t experienced many evolutional changes what gives reason to name them living fossils. Despite their very inflexible integument built by heavy ganoid scales they are able
    [Show full text]