2000

COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L'EUROPE

CEMAT (2000) 7 European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT) Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

adopted at the 12th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning on 7-8 September 2000 in Hanover

CEMAT (2000) 7 European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT) Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

adopted at the 12th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning on 7-8 September 2000 in Hanover

A 10-point programme for greater cohesion among the regions of Europe*

We, the ministers of the states of the Council of Europe attending the 12th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning in Hanover on 7 and 8 September 2000, have discussed, the contribution that spatial develop-ment policy can make towards achieving the goal of social cohesion in Europe'

We wish to thank the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe for their participation and for their contribution, in particular for the work carried out concerning the mountain regions'

• We believe that social cohesion in Europe, which was defined as one of the main objectives of the Council of Europe by the heads of state and government of our Member States at their second summit on 10/11 October 1997, has to be accompanied by sustainable spatial development policies that bring the social as well as the economic requirements to be met by the territory into line with its ecological and cultural functions;

• We consider that one of the aims of the Council of Europe is to strengthen local and regional democracy in Europe by means of a territorially more balanced development of our continent;

•We consider the Council of Europe as the European organization in which all the states of Europe can cooperate on the basis of equal rights and consider the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning and its Committee to be a suitable political body to contribute to the coordination of common, Europe-wide territorial development goals and strategies;

• We are convinced that the trans-European, interregional and transfrontier cooperation between states, regional authorities and local authorities in the sphere of spatial development has to be strengthened, especially between the countries of West Europe and Central and East Europe in order to ensure the social and territorial cohesion of the European continent as a whole'

* adopted at the 12th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning on 7-8 September 2000 in Hanover The results of our conference are as follows:

1 We consider the adopted document entitled ”Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent” to be:

• a major contribution for implementation of the strategy of social cohesion adopted at the second summit of heads of state and government in 1997;

• a policy framework document which takes into account relevant activities of the Council of Europe and its bodies, and in particular the work of its Parliamentary Assembly and its Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, in the field of continental spatial development policy; and which could contribute to strengthen the European integration process by means of transfrontier, inter-regional and transnational cooperation;

• a coherent strategy for the integrated and regionally balanced development of our continent, while based on the principles of subsidiarity and reciprocity, strengthens competitiveness, cooperation and solidarity among local and regional authorities across borders, thereby making a contribution to the democratic stability of Europe;

• common guidelines that will help to strengthen the process of European integration through transfrontier, inter-regional and transnational cooperation'

2 We recommend to our national and regional authorities that

• the ”Guiding Principles” be used as a basis for national regional planning and spatial development measures;

• the Guiding Principles be implemented in national and international spatial development projects as appropriate;

• the cooperation with the Central, Eastern and South-eastern European states undergoing reforms to help them establish regional governmental and administrative bodies be continued and intensified in order to facilitate better spatial integration of the various regions of Europe'

3 We welcome

• the progress made in coordinating common spatial development goals and strategies in the European Union (ESDP) as well as regional cooperation mechanisms, the Baltic Sea region (VASAB 2010), the North Sea region (NorVision) and in Central and South-eastern Europe (VISION PLANET) and the Mediterranean region (MED-OCC and ARCHIMED) as well as the regional cooperation mechanisms (e'g' Central European Initiative, Black Sea Economic Cooperation Council, Baltic States Council)' 4 We agree

• to cooperate in concrete spatial development projects in the INTERREG III B cooperation areas and call for all member states of the Council of Europe, regardless of whether they wish to accede to the European Union or not, to be included in the spatial development cooperation among EU Member States' This also applies to cooperation in the sphere of spatial research;

• to continue the project forum launched by Germany within the framework of the INTERREG activities'

5 We call on

• the European Union to revise the current regulations governing project cooperation between the INTERREG initiatives and the PHARE and TACIS programmes in order to facilitate cooperation that is better coordinated,

• the non Member States of the EU explore, at the same time, their own possibilities of achieving better cooperation between the programme concerned'

6 We suggest

• that the states on the Black Sea and in the Euro-Mediterranean region should cooperate on appropriate future-oriented spatial development visions, based on the Guiding Principles document'

7 We stress

• that the speedy development and implementation of the pan- European transport network (especially the 10 Pan-European Transport Corridors), as an indispensable prerequisite for good accessibility of large areas across the entire continent, has to be expedited, and point out that the agreements reached on the shape of the networks should, if necessary, be reviewed and augmented taking sustainable spatial development and environmental aspects into account,

• that the dialogue between the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT) and European institutions, especially the European Commission, and international organizations such as the OECD and the UN institutions (ECE/CSD) on spatial development issues should be intensified, both within Europe and beyond its borders, and that the division of responsibilities among these institutions should be defined more clearly in order to avoid a duplication of activities' 8 We request

• the European funding institutions to apply the Guiding Principles document as a wider basis of information when taking decisions on the provision of assistance to spatial development projects'

9 We invite the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe

• to contribute to the implementation of the Guiding Principles, in particular through the Council of Europe instruments,

• to take into account the Guiding Principles document and its integrated approach for decision-making in discussions and votes in the Committee of Ministers on projects with a spatial impact,

• to maintain in the inter-governmental programme of the Organisation the activities of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT),

• to start immediately a training programme in order to help regional and local planning authorities in the new member states of the Council of Europe, perform as well as possible the tasks under their competence,

• to convert the Committee of Senior Officials into a steering committee'

10 We call on the local and regional authorities of Europe

• to support the efforts being made by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning to achieve regionally balanced sustainable development in Europe, applying the principles of partnership and subsidiarity'

We will forward the results of our conference to our governments and parliaments and make them available to the public' Organisation of the 13th session of the European Conference of Ministers Responsible for Regional Planning*

The Ministers taking part in the 12th session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning express their heartfelt thanks to the German Government for having organised the 12th session and for its kind hospitality; consider that it is desirable, from an operational and rational point of view, for the same plenary Committee to be responsible both for preparing the ministerial sessions and for implementing any intergovernmental programme of activities relating to sustainable regional development across Europe; consider that no spatial development regional planning and country side cohesion can be promoted and implemented without the active involvement of national, regional and local representations; are pleased to accept the offer from the Slovenian Government to host the 13th session of their Conference in Ljubljana in 2003; decide that the theme of their 13th session will be:

Implementation of strategies and visions for sustainable spatial development of the European continent instruct the Committee of Senior Officials:

1' to make the necessary arrangements to prepare the 13th session and to ensure implementation of the resolutions adopted at the 12th session;

2' to organise before the next ministerial Conference a Forum with the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe in order to have the views of elected national, regional and local representatives on the implementation of the decisions taken at the 12th session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning and on the main topics of the theme to be discussed at the next session; 3' to continue to formulate on the basis of the “Guiding principles” concrete and sustainable solutions and policies aimed at a better balanced development and territorial cohesion of the European continent'

* Resolution No 2 adopted at the 12th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning on 7-8 September 2000 in Hanover 4' to foster transnational and interregional cooperation by carrying out development projects supported by EU instruments and international financial institutes and to pay special attention to rural regions, mountain areas and river catchment areas and Mediterranean regions' We ask the Committee of Senior Officials to present concrete results or evaluations at the next CEMAT Conference' ask the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to continue providing the Conference secretariat with the resources needed in order to organise the next session and do the work required between session' Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

Contents

Foreword 1

I Contribution of the Guiding Principles to the implementation of the social cohesion policy of the Council of Europe 2

II Spatial development policies in Europe: new continent-wide challenges and prospects 3

III Specific role of the private sector in spatial development 7

IV Principles of a planning policy for sustainable development in Europe 9

V Spatial development measures for different types of European regions 12

VI Strengthening of co-operation between the member states of the Council of Europe and participation of the regions, municipalities and citizens 18

Outlook 21

Appendix 23

Tables and maps

Map 1 Member states of the Council of Europe 3 Map 2 Paneuropean transport network 6 Map 3 Social cohesion in Europe 8

Table 1 Europe compared to other world regions 25 Table 2 Gross Domestic Product per head in $ expressed in purchase power parity 1997 25

Maps EU Community Initiative INTERREG III B Cooperation Areas 26

Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 1

Foreword (1) The past decade has witnessed has gained a continental significance" The decisive and historic steps for European “Guiding Principles” aim to ensure that all integration; new tasks and priorities for the regions and municipalities can actively Council of Europe result from this" In participate in this process of European presenting the “Guiding Principles for integration and democratisation" In this Sustainable Spatial Development of the respect, the gap between the “two European Continent”, the European Europes”, i"e" between the old and the Conference of Ministers responsible for new members including their regions and Regional Planning (CEMAT) is making municipalities, should be rapidly bridged" its contribution to a strategy of social (4) The European continent is cohesion" The “Guiding Principles” stress characterised by diversity" The imple- the territorial dimension of human rights mentation of sustainable development and democracy" Their objective is to define principles valid at Europe-wide level, must measures of spatial development policy be organised equally at the national, by which people in all the member states of regional and local levels" The “Guiding the Council of Europe can achieve an Principles” advocate the subsidiarity and acceptable standard of living" This is an reciprocity principles as a prerequisite for essential precondition for the stabilisation democracy and also as a means of of democratic structures in Europe’s preserving the “unity in diversity” regions and municipalities" bequeathed to Europe by its history and (2) The “Guiding Principles” are based on geography" the European Charter for Regional/Spatial (5) The “Guiding Principles for Sus- Planning (Torremolinos Charter, 1983)"1 tainable Spatial Development of the This Charter sets out principles for national European Continent” offer to the member and European policies designed to improve states of the Council of Europe – including the spatial organisation of the then 22 their regions and municipalities – a member states of the Council of Europe and flexible and forward-looking framework to resolve problems extending beyond for co-operation" They represent a vision national frontiers" or concept for sustainable development (3) The Council of Europe now includes aimed at the various political and societal 41 member states and covers – with a few bodies working at the various levels exceptions – the European continent as well inside and outside governments and as northern parts of the continent of Asia" administrations, preparing our future For the first time, almost all European states through their activities" Acceptance of these are united in supporting human rights policy guidelines is based on voluntary co- and democracy; the Council of Europe operation" They are not legally binding" 2 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

I Contribution of the Guiding Principles to the implementation of the social cohesion policy of the Council of Europe

(6) In 1989 Europe emerged from several compromising the fundamental rights decades of political division, in which not and development prospects of future only economic systems but the whole way generations" They aim in particular at society was organised totally diverged" bringing the economic and social Since then, democratic Europe has grown requirements to be met by the territory into from 22 to 41 countries (see Map 1), so that harmony with its ecological and cultural the area of the Council of Europe now has functions and at contributing in this way to 770 million inhabitants representing nearly long-term, large-scale and balanced spatial 14% of world population (see Appendix, development" The implementation of the Table 1)" With the accession of new states, “Guiding Principles” therefore requires economic disparities between the member close co-operation between spatial states of the Council of Europe have planning and sectoral policies, which increased" The GDP/head (measured in influence through their measures the purchasing power parity) is above 20,000 spatial structures in Europe (spatial US $ in 14 old member states while it is development policy)" The Guiding below 5,000 US $ in 11 new member states Principles also take account of (see Appendix, Table 2)" Considered in international co-operation at global level, absolute and worldwide terms, Europe’s as for instance in the context of the UN GDP which amounts to 9"9 trillion US $ Commission on Sustainable Development" (1995) is higher than that of the states (9) The Guiding Principles draw belonging to the North American Free conclusions from a variety of documents of Trade Agreement NAFTA (7"9 trillion US $)" the Council of Europe" These are in However, when expressed in relation to particular the European Outline population, it amounts to 12,000 US $ Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation which is clearly below the level of NAFTA between local communities or authorities4, (20,000)" It is however higher than that of the Torremolinos Charter, the analytical MERCOSUR (5,000), the Latin American work for a European Regional Planning free trade zone" Strategy5, the European Charter of Local (7) In response to these differences in Self-Government6 and the Draft Charter of social conditions, the Heads of State and Regional Self-Government7" The document Government declared at the second also takes account of the European Union’s Summit of the Council of Europe in European Spatial Development Perspective Strasbourg in October 1997 that “social (ESDP)8, the Baltic Agenda 219 and existing cohesion is one of the foremost needs of the regional development strategies for wider Europe”2" They instructed the individual areas of Europe, such as the Committee of Ministers “to define a social Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea cohesion strategy to respond to the (VASAB10 – 11 co-operating countries), the challenges in society”3" The European Structure Scheme for Benelux11 (three co- Conference of Ministers responsible for operating countries) and the Strategy for Regional Planning (CEMAT) should also Integrated Spatial Development in Central, make its contribution to the attainment of Adriatic and Danubian Europe (VISION this objective, promoting sustainable and PLANET12 – twelve co-operating countries regionally balanced development of all at present)" European regions" This should contribute to the reinforcement of democratic structures in the Council of Europe’s regions and municipalities and to the improvement of Europe’s international competitiveness" (8) The “Guiding Principles for Sus- tainable Spatial Development of the European Continent” take account, in accordance with the concept of sustainability, of the needs of all inhabitants of Europe’s regions, without Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 3

Map 1 Member states of the Council of Europe

Reykjavik Iceland

Norway Sweden Russian Federation Ireland Oslo Finland Dublin Stockholm Helsinki United Kingdom Tallinn Denmark Estonia London Riga Netherlands Copenhagen Amsterdam Latvia Belgium Lithuania Berlin Moscow Paris Brussels Vilnius 3 Germany Poland Minsk Luxembourg Prague Belarus France Warsaw Berne Czech Portugal Republic Switzer- 2 Kiev Madrid Austria Slovakia Lisbon 1 land Vienna Bratislava Ukraine Ljubljana Budapest Spain 5 Hungary Moldova 4 6 Zagreb Chisinau Romania Italy 7 Sarajevo Belgrade Rome 9 Bucharest Tirana Sofia Skopje Bulgaria Albania 8 Georgia Tbilisi Baku Greece Ankara Armenia Yerevan Azerbaijan Malta Athens Turkey 10

Nicosia Cyprus

1 Andorra 5 Slovenia 9 Yugoslavia Member States of the Council of Europe 2 Liechtenstein 6 Croatia 10 Azerbaijan 3 Luxembourg 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina States which have applied for full Membership 4 San Marino 8 "The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM) Other Countries

Islands and overseas regions of the Member States are not completely illustrated or are not illustrated at all.

II Spatial development policies in Europe: new continent-wide challenges and prospects (10) Recognising the continental European continent, which should be more dimension of the Council of Europe opens fully exploited, may be seen in the range of up new prospects for spatial planning landscapes and cultures that have shaped policy, and at the same time exposes it to Europe, the development of mutual new challenges" In a world subject to support and co-operation in the different growing globalisation, the European areas of the continent and in the growing continent must maintain its economic integration of western, eastern, southern position" Specific potentialities of the and northern Europe" 4 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

1 Intercontinental relationships balanced, sustainable and integrated as strategic elements for European development of the Euro-Mediterranean spatial development policy region to take place, economic and social (11) Particular development opport- development in the European part of the unities of the European continent result Mediterranean region should be accom- from its geographical situation" This is panied by a corresponding spatial development policy" In the field of co- characterised by an increasingly permeable operation programmes, efficient synergies link with Asia and by nearly 100,000 km of and co-ordination between appropriate EU coastline" assistance programmes (INTERREG and (12) Since Asia is the most densely MEDA) should be made possible (cf populated continent in the world and its Para72)" economic growth rate is generally high, the (15) Moreover, with 290 million visitors opportunity arises to promote the potential from outside Europe in 1992, Europe is the offered by the land bridge between the world’s leading international tourist Council of Europe’s eastern member destination and available forecasts indicate countries (particularly the Russian a doubling of the number up to 2020" Federation, those bordering the Black Sea With its opportunities and its risks, and Greece) and the Middle and Far East, the international tourism economy is especially through the development of new therefore an important strategic element in trading corridors" The eastern fringe of Europe’s spatial development" Tourism Europe could then become a focus for trade development focuses on the most and co-operation between Europe and attractive, but also the most environ- Asia" The development and organisation of mentally and culturally sensitive areas in energy and transport networks are Europe" This applies particularly to coastal particularly significant in this context" areas, above all the Mediterranean, islands, (13) Trade flows between Europe and certain valleys, the Alps and other the emerging new economic blocs on other mountain ranges, many natural areas and continents such as MERCOSUR, NAFTA various historic towns and other valuable and ASEAN, are steadily growing in the sites from the standpoint of the history of context of economic globalisation" The civilization" oceans are considered as an important resource for the future and sea transport is 2The multiplicity of cultures increasingly competitive" Many coastal (16) Europe is characterised by a regions and islands should benefit from multiplicity of cultures, with a regional, the development of a modern maritime national and transnational impact, of economy, which goes well beyond shipping which the roughly 60 languages spoken are activities to include, for example, simply one indication" The diversity of specific new technologies, the exploitation cultures has influenced the ways of of marine resources and sustainable expression (languages, music, painting, international tourism" A prerequisite is the architecture, etc") as well as the specificity presence in the coastal areas of the of economic activities, housing, leisure and continent of dynamic ports with efficient mobility" These cultures have shaped to a hinterland connections" considerable extent the diversity of (14) Europe’s proximity to North Africa landscapes, towns and settlement patterns which is increasing thanks to new means of as well as the architectural heritage of communication and transport and the Europe" This cultural diversity, which has rapid population growth on the southern been in the past a source of tensions shore of the Mediterranean make closer and conflicts, represents nowadays an co-operation between all European inestimable potential for sustainable and African countries bordering the spatial development" Modern forms of Mediterranean necessary" This concerns in socio-economic and technological particular a more intensive co-operation in development should not level down the economic and tourism field as well as a cultural identities" The Granada greater use of the natural and cultural Convention on the conservation of heritage in urban and regional devel- Europe’s architectural heritage (Council of opment" In order to enable a more Europe, 1985), the La Valette Convention Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 5

on the protection of the archaeological would be equally damaging for the centre heritage (Council of Europe, 1992) as well as and for the periphery and would not the Florence Charter on the protection of correspond to the historical development historic parks and gardens (ICOMOS-IFLA, of the continent’s settlement pattern" 1981) contain important principles for the Greater integration of settlement areas conservation and enhancement of the within and between Europe’s large regions cultural heritage in the context of is essential for the establishment of new sustainable spatial development" growth processes in the outlying parts of Europe, which can lead to the long-term 3 Large European regions as a basis for strengthening of its urban structure and mutual support and co-operation make it more competitive" (17) Europe’s social cohesion is (19) In addition to the metropolitan strengthened by transnational co- areas, the gateway cities through which operation within large European regions" communications and trade with other One of them, among others, is the continents flow (for instance cities with European Union, for which the European ports, airports, trade fairs, cultural centres) Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) represent a step towards a polycentric defines spatial development principles and continent-wide growth model" While co-operation objectives" Within the gateway-cities developed in the past in European Union there are, in turn, several Europe’s western and southern coastal areas of international co-operation such as regions, opportunities for the development the Alps and the North Sea region" For of gateway-cities in Europe’s eastern several years, these regions have been the periphery result nowadays from the focus of numerous co-operation projects emergence of new transport and energy aimed at strengthening balanced regional corridors towards Asia" development" Outside the Union or (20) The European Union’s Trans- overlapping with it, transnational co- European Transport Network, the Pan- operation is taking place at present in the European Corridors and Areas and the Baltic Sea Region, in south-east Europe and TINA network in the associate countries in the Danubian region as well as in the (the spine of which is provided by the pan- Barents Sea region and the region of the European corridors) together provide a Northern Dimension Initiative (cf" Para 71)" framework for Europe’s transport (18) In the context of economic infrastructure" Their priority is to link up integration and globalisation, in addition to the metropolitan areas" Map 2 “Pan- the desired economic growth impetus, European transport network” illustrates negative impacts for instance on Europe’s transport policy priorities, as it environmental conditions and social represents the decisions of the EU, the cohesion are also found" There is a risk, in results of the three Pan-European particular in the new member states, that Conferences of Transport Ministers and of only isolated growth areas around the working group in charge of determining metropolitan regions are being developed the infrastructure needs in the associate and that other areas within the Council of countries - Transport Infrastructure Needs Europe with towns and cities of varying size Assessment (TINA)" The representation of and rural areas are being disconnected the pan-European transport network from the growth process" However, Europe constitutes, however, only the starting has the potential for achieving a polycentric point of a true pan-European transport development pattern, with a number of policy which is all the more urgent as significant growth areas, including ones on traffic congestion reaches unacceptable the periphery, organised as urban levels, the railway networks need urgent networks, which will create a dynamism modernisation in many European regions, and the necessary external economies of waterways, short-sea shipping and scale to attract further investment" maritime routes are under-utilised and pressure on the environment does not seem Polycentric development also contributes to decrease" to the lowering of environmental pressures and social tension and helps to stabilize (21) In this respect, the growth in trade democratic structures" Simply reproducing between areas that are geographically a centre-periphery model across Europe remote from each other makes a review of 6 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

Reykjavik

Helsinki IX St.Petersburg Oslo Stockholm Nizhnij Novgorod Tallinn

II I IX Goteborg Moskva Glasgow Riga

Kobenhavn IX Dublin Kaliningrad I Vilnius II

Gdansk Minsk

Hamburg I Amsterdam VI IX London Berlin II Warszawa Bruxelles Köln Dresden VI III Kyjiv IV Wroclaw III Luxembourg

Praha VI Lviv Paris Nürnberg IX V Bratislava Wien München Chisinau X Odessa Bern VII Salzburg Budapest X Graz V Lyon Ljubljana T'Bilisi Milano X Zagreb IV Venezia Beograd V V Bucuresti Yerevan Sarajevo Porto Marseille VII Sofia VIII X Madrid Barcelona Lisboa Roma Skopje Istanbul Ankara Tiranë IV X Napoli VIII Thessaloniki X

Athinai Nicosia

The Trans-European Transport Network, Pan-European Transport Corridors and Areas

Member States of the Council of Europe VI Gdansk-Katowice-Zilina and States which have applied for full membership Branch A: Grudziadz-Poznan Branch B: Katowice-Ostrova - Corridor IV Other countries VII Danube

Trans-European Transport Network VIII Durres-Tiranë-Skopje-Sofija-Plovdiv-Burgas-Varna Existing Planned IX Helsinki-St.Petersburg-Moskva/Pskov-Kyjiv -Ljubasevka-Chisinau-Bucuresti-Dimitrovgrad Road -Alexandroupoli Rail Branch A: Ljubasevka-Odessa Branch B: Kyjiv-Minsk-Vilnius-Kaunas Pan-European Transport Corridors -Klaipeda/Kaliningrad X Salzburg-Villach-Ljubljana-Zagreb-Beograd-Nis-Skopje I Helsinki-Tallinn-Riga-Kaunas-Warszawa -Thessaloniki Branch A: Riga-Kaliningrad-Gdansk Branch A: Graz-Maribor-Zagreb Branch B: Beograd-Novi Sad-Budapest II Berlin-Warszawa-Minsk-Moskva-Nizhnij Novgorod Branch C: Nis-Sofija - Corridor IV Branch D: Bitola-Florina-Via Egnatia-Igoumenitsa III Berlin/Dresden-Wroclaw-Katowice-Krakow-Lviv-Kyjiv Pan-European Transport Areas IV Dresden/Nürnberg-Praha-Wien/Bratislava-Györ -Budapest-Bucuresti-Arad-Craiova/Constanta Barents Euro-Arctic -Sofija-Thessaloniki/Plovdiv-Istanbul Black Sea Basin V Venezia-Trieste/Koper-Ljubljana-Maribor -Slowenian/Hungarian border-Budapest Mediterranean Basin -Hungarian/Ukrainian border-Uzgorod-Lviv(Kyjiv) Branch A: Bratislava-Zilina-Kosice-Uzgorod Branch B: Rijeka-Zagreb-Croatian/Hungarian border Adriatic/Ionian Seas -Budapest Branch C: Ploce-Sarajevo-Osijek-Budapest

Sources: Decisions of the Pan-European Conferences of Ministers responsible for Transport; European Union; Working Group “Transport Infrastructure Needs Assessment (TINA)” in the associate countries.

Islands and overseas regions of the Member States are not completely illustrated or are not illustrated at all. Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 7

Map 2 Pan-European Transport Network

the organisation of transport systems standards (see Map 3)" Most effort has to be necessary" When all the options are devoted to improving the infrastructure, considered from a continental point of developing border, rural and backward view, alternative routes, particularly in regions and strengthening small and conjunction with currently less-used medium-sized towns" Policy must be modes of transport, could turn out to be directed towards growth, based on competitive over long distances" closer integration with regional and transport policy and on more co-operation 4" Integration of the old and the new with the private sector and should take member states into account the requirements of (22) The economic integration of the old environmental protection through and the new member states of the Council appropriate environmental impact of Europe is progressing rapidly" In spite of assessments" The development of new significant progress already achieved communications technologies is also likely in moving closer together, significant to contribute significantly to the integration challenges still remain on the way towards of old and new member states of the social cohesion in Europe, resulting mainly Council of Europe through increasing from East-West differences in living exchange of information and know-how"

III Specific role of the private sector in spatial development

(23) Private investments are among the development" The respective admini- driving forces of social and therefore of strative authorities have to ensure that the spatial development" One of the most multiplier effects of large development significant tasks of spatial planning policy projects benefit the cities and consists in providing private investors, in municipalities in the surrounding areas" accordance with the objectives of planning Spatial development policy can also policy, with forward-looking development contribute in this way to reducing perspectives and planning security" damaging competition between local Together with the relevant sectoral policies, authorities, which in turn has positive spatial development policy should also effects on the investment climate" contribute to increasing the attractiveness (25) The attractiveness of many of municipalities and regions for private European regions for foreign direct investments at regional and local level in a investments should be increased" The manner compatible with public interests" trends of the past decade show that foreign (24) Privately financed large-scale direct investments were unequally projects should be harmonized with the distributed over the European continent" development perspectives of “their” region Their total in the 1994-96 period was seven at an early stage" In this way, large projects times higher in the old than in the new such as high-speed railways together with member states, which are facing significant their nodal points, freight centres, airports, investment requirements for the congress and conference centres, etc", modernisation of their spatial and when based on appropriate long-term settlement structure (see Table 2)" spatial planning, can produce significant (26) Because there is insufficient public dynamism in the field of economic finance available to cover society’s needs, development in the surrounding areas particularly for technical and social and contribute to spatially balanced infrastructure, and their associated 8 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

Map 3 Social Cohesion in Europe

Reykjavik

Helsinki Oslo Tallinn Stockholm

Moskva Glasgow Riga

Dublin Kobenhavn Vilnius Minsk

Amsterdam London Berlin Warszawa

Bruxelles Kijev Luxembourg Praha Paris Wien Bratislava Chisinau Bern Budapest

Baku Ljubljana T'Bilisi Zagreb Beograd Bucuresti Yerevan Sarajevo

Madrid Sofia Roma Skopje Lisboa Tiranë Ankara

Athinai Nicosia

Social cohesion in Europe is represented here by the “Human Areas with a low indicator are generally those with low life Development Index” drawn up for all Member states of the expectancy, weak participation in education and low income United Nations in the context of the UN Development per capita. As opposed to other world regions, the differences Programme.This index is composed of the following three in development in Europe result mainly from different income indicators, each having an equal weight: levels and partly from lower life expectancy. ! Life expectancy below 0.73 ! Participation in education from 0.73 up to 0.80 ! Income from 0.80 up to 0.87 higher than 0.87 Its value ranges between 0 and 1. No data available for the member states of the Council of Europe or for applicant countries

Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Human Development Report 1999

Islands and overseas regions of the Member States are not completely illustrated or are not illustrated at all. Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 9

services, private investment will be (28) In the context of regionally required to make a greater contribution in balanced and sustainable development, the the coming years to achieving the housing sector has a particular part to play objectives of regional development" because of its societal function, its Support must be given to public-private quantitative significance and its multiplier partnerships that are developing in areas effects on the economy and employment" formerly confined to the public sector" Economic growth and demographic This applies in particular to various changes result together in changing infrastructure and service fields (transport, housing demand in quantitative, telecommunications, water supply, health, qualitative and locational terms" education, etc") – and the field of local (29) Housing construction is – together development" Together with private capital, with the renewal and modernisation of the the experience of the market economy in existing housing stock – one of the most the field of project management, should important investment sectors in the also be more intensively used" Public- economy and is largely financed by the private partnerships should be considered private sector" The promotion of rented in all European regions as complementing housing and home ownership result in a public services, which will continue to have mobilisation of private capital several times important functions to fulfil" higher than the amount of subsidies" (27) One key to the success of public- Promoting housing is important not only in private partnerships is an effective terms of housing and regional policy, but administrative structure not only at also in terms of ownership policy" This last national, but also at regional and local level" aspect is increasingly important in It must be capable of establishing a relation to the necessity, resulting from framework for private investors and demographic changes for people to meet efficiently monitoring the implementation their financial needs in older age to a of projects" The contractual rules must greater extent themselves" therefore be clearly laid down"

IV Principles of a planning policy for sustainable development in Europe

(30) The development of a sustainable Europe’s metropolitan areas and gateway spatial development policy for the territory cities should be further developed and that of the Council of Europe should be based on the attractiveness of structurally weak the following principles of a regionally regions for economic investment should be more balanced development: strengthened" This is particularly important in the case of old industrial regions and rural areas" To achieve this, regional and 1 Promoting territorial cohesion through local authorities should be in a position to a more balanced social and economic actively implement spatial development development of regions and improved policy" This requires the existence of competitiveness democratically legitimized territorial (31) Spatially relevant decisions and authorities, a high standard of investments should be based on a administrative practice and applied policy, polycentric development model both at as well as increased involvement of citizen European and at national and regional and societal groups in spatial development level" This means that the attractiveness of planning" 10 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

2Encouraging development generated by 4 Developing access to information and urban functions and improving the knowledge relationship between town and (36) The emergence of the information countryside society is currently one of the most (32) Urban systems and functions, significant phenomena reshaping society including those of small and medium-sized and its territorial structure" Particular regional centres, should be developed so attention should be paid to all regions to as to facilitate country dwellers’ access make sure that access to information is not to them" The establishment and restricted by physical and other constraints" strengthening of networks of towns Telecommunications networks should be increases the complementarity of these improved and extended to cover the whole towns and creates synergy and economies area" Tariffs should not be prohibitive" of scale, encourages specialisation and Encouragement should be given to creates benefits for economic competition national and regional interfaces between while avoiding the associated pitfalls" information suppliers and potential users, such as technology parks, technology (33) Urban-rural partnerships have an transfer institutes and research and increasingly important part to play, in training centres, and to the establishment particular in the development of public of on-line data banks, covering areas such transport networks, the revitalisation and as products, skills and tourism, to enable all diversification of rural economies, the regions to market themselves and increase increase in the productivity of their links with the global economy" infrastructures, the development of recreation areas for urban dwellers and the protection and enhancement of the natural 5 Reducing environmental damage and cultural heritage" A condition for (37) Environmental problems that may efficient urban-rural partnerships is good result from inadequate co-ordination of co-operation on a basis of equity between sectoral policies or local decisions have to local authorities" be prevented" Spatial planning policy must give support to preventing or mitigating 3 Promoting more balanced accessibility different kinds of environmental harm, e"g" by promoting less damaging agricultural (34) The Pan-European Transport or forestry practices, encouraging more Network has to be rapidly completed, as a environmentally friendly forms of prerequisite for ensuring good accessibility transport and energy systems, regenerating anywhere in Europe (cf Para20)" derelict urban areas and rehabilitating their Agreements already concluded on the environment, preventing industrial shaping of networks may have to be accidents, regenerating areas damaged by scrutinized and complemented from the industrial pollution and former military point of view of spatial development" activities as well as by containing (35) In the interests of achieving a suburbanisation" regionally more balanced development, links between small and medium-sized towns as well as rural and island areas and 6 Enhancing and protecting natural the trans-European networks and transport resources and the natural heritage centres (railways, motorways, navigable waterways and ports, airports or (38) Natural resources contribute not intermodal centres) should be improved" only to properly balanced ecosystems but Regional accessibility must also be also to the attractiveness of regions, increased through the elimination of recreational value and general quality of missing intra-regional links" Considering life" They must be protected" The the on-going growth of traffic flows, Convention on the Conservation of integrated strategies taking into account European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 13 the various transport modes and – on (1979) and the Pan-European Biological 14 an equal basis – spatial planning policy and Landscape Diversity Strategy must requirements, are necessary" The lower also be taken into account in a sustainable environmental impact of railways, spatial planning policy" waterways and maritime transportation (39) Integrated strategies for managing should be taken into account in doing this" water resources15 should include, among Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 11

other things, the protection of surface and development of common approaches to ground water, monitoring farmers’ use of conservation, restoration and use should fertilisers and irrigation, sewage treatment be the subject of a great cultural routes and so on" Inter-regional transfers of water programme" In the same way, valuable should only be considered when the local heritage forming part of European resources are insufficient or cannot be used industrial and social history could be at an economically reasonable price" In included in the cultural routes and so be order to protect the quality of drinking preserved for the benefit of future water from underground sources, it is generations" Not only conservation of the essential to ensure that any expansion in past is at stake, but also harmony and water supply networks is matched by an creativity in the spatial relationship equivalent increase in drainage and sewage between modern architecture and urban treatment and disposal facilities" design and the traditional heritage" (40) Spatial planning policy is concerned (42) In many member states, there are with re-establisihing and conserving aspects of the cultural and historical ecosystems including ecological networks heritage which, on account of historical as well as wetlands, which form part of such changes, events and changing frontiers, networks" In order to achieve this objective, belong not just to one but to several various ecological elements, such as semi- nations, language communities and natural areas, water resources, healthy religious groups, some of whom no longer climates and derelict industrial sites even live in the regions concerned" Spatial needing restoration, or buffer zones must development policy has to preserve and be identified" The establishment of a respect the memory of every nationality, coherent network of special protection language community and religious group areas within the European Union and the which has created a specific aspect of applicant countries, called Natura 200016, is cultural heritage" one of the measures contributing to this goal" Appropriate measures are needed to deal with them" In conjunction with the 8 Developing energy resources while European Conference of Ministers of the maintaining safety Environment (“An Environment for Europe“), the development of these (43) Spatial development policy networks should be developed on a encourages the promotion of renewable Europe-wide scale" energy sources as coherent, environ- mentally friendly systems and the completion of energy networks at pan- European level" Particular attention should 7 Enhancing the cultural heritage as a be paid to developing the transport of oil factor for development and gas from the North Sea, the Caspian Sea (41) Increasing the appeal of localities region and the Russian Federation" and regions for investors, tourists and the (44) In view of the high level of energy general public by enhancing the cultural consumption in some economies priority heritage makes an important contribution must be given to more efficient use of the to economic development and to energy and facilities already available" The strengthening regional identity" Spatial energy efficiency of conventional power development policy should contribute to stations should be improved and air integrated management of the cultural heritage conceived as an evolutionary pollution reduced" This also contributes to process protecting and conserving the reducing global warming" heritage and taking into account the needs (45) The security of older nuclear power of modern society" Many countries contain plants should be increased" In addition, monuments to and bear traces of various there are on the European continent artistic schools and trends, reflected, for numerous nuclear power plants whose example, in the Renaissance Route, the service life will come to an end in the coming Routes of the Reformation and Counter- decades" The sites where they are located Reformation, the Venetian, Byzantine and will have to be rehabilitated" This will result Ottoman routes, Hanseatic and Viking in new tasks for spatial development policy" routes, “Art Nouveau” and modern art routes" Their identification and the 12 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

9 Encouraging high quality, sustainable 10 Limitation of the impacts tourism of natural disasters (46) Spatial development policy aims at (47) Natural disasters such as using the development opportunities earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding, provided by tourism, in particular in the avalanches, forest fires and mudslides are case of disadvantaged regions" Priority causing considerable damage in Europe should be given to developing forms of high every year with serious consequences for quality and sustainable tourism" Generally, people’s lives and health, for the economy, what is needed is a thorough understanding for the settlement structure and for of ecosystems and of the number of visitors landscapes" Preventive measures should be an area can support, as well as new control taken in the context of spatial development instruments (regional impact assessments)" policies aimed at limiting the extent of Forms of soft tourism that are carefully damage and at making the settlement adapted to local and regional structure less vulnerable" This should circumstances such as ecotourism can offer include for example measures in the field of many regions a vital opportunity for land use and building" development which should be exploited in the future"

V Spatial development measures for different types of European regions

(48) In addition to the principles related of cultural landscape, especially those that to a sustainable spatial development policy, are an essential component of the urban more detailed spatial development environment" measures for European cultural landscapes (50) Spatial development policy can as well as specific measures aimed at contribute to protecting, managing and achieving a more regionally balanced and enhancing landscapes by adopting sustainable development in the individual appropriate measures, in particular by regions of Europe are proposed" These organising better interactions between areas are characterised by their very nature various sectoral policies with regard to their by a high degree of diversity and partly territorial impacts" Appropriate measures overlap" The actors concerned have to in the field of landscape protection include: decide which of the proposed measures – the integration of landscape develop- should be taken with which level of priority ment into spatial planning as well as into in spatial development policy" sectoral policies such as those related to the economy, agriculture, infrastructure 1 Cultural landscapes and urban development, culture, (49) Europe is composed of a plurality of environment, social development, cultural landscapes" They are a significant which all have direct or indirect effects part of European heritage and a witness of on the development of landscapes; the past and present relationships between – the examination and general assessment man and his natural and built of landscapes, the analysis of their environments" Developments in the characteristics, of their ecosystems and production techniques in agriculture, of the forces and pressures transforming forestry and industry and changes in town them; the definition and use of landscape planning, transport, other types of quality objectives; infrastructure, tourism and leisure-time – the implementation of integrated behaviour are accelerating the policies aimed at simultaneously transformation of European cultural protecting, managing and planning landscapes and can also have a negative landscapes; impact on their quality and use" This not – the consideration of landscape only concerns valuable semi-natural development in international pro- landscapes but applies generally to all types grammes; Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 13

– stronger cross-border, transnational individual towns and communes to and interregional co-operation in the co-ordinate the planning and fields of landscape development, implementation of measures; exchange of experience and research – conservation and enhancement of the projects involving in particular local and cultural heritage; regional authorities; – development of networks of towns" – the strengthening of the awareness of (52) The towns and cities in the new people, private organisations and member states face special challenges, such territorial authorities of the value of as how to finance the construction of landscapes, their economic significance, dwellings and how to maintain and improve their evolution and the possibilities of the housing stock, especially the conserving and improving them; reconstruction and the adjustment to new – stronger integration of landscape needs (increased car ownership, demand development into training programmes for architectural quality and increasing in various disciplines; interdisciplinary energy efficiency)" New trends towards 17 training programmes" suburbanisation and segregation resulting from the backlog demand for home 2Urban areas ownership can be countered by increasing the supply of building land in the (51) In order to achieve the objective of agglomerations" polycentric development of the European settlement structure, further measures, in addition to strengthening economic 3 Rural areas potential, are proposed for achieving (53) In order to achieve the independent sustainable development in towns and development of the countryside as areas for cities" These include: living, carrying on economic and – developing strategies adapted to the recreational activities and as physical local context and aimed at overcoming regions, the following measures are the effects of economic restructuring; proposed in addition to respecting the – controlling the expansion of urban areas relevant principles: (urban sprawl): limiting trends towards – strengthening the spatial planning suburbanisation by increasing the policy aimed at preserving a balance in supply of building land in towns and the diversity of developments affecting cities, activation of gap sites and use rural areas (diversification of of space-saving building methods, employment opportunities, changes in developing building land near traffic agricultural production, afforestation, nodes and railway stations, promoting tourism, nature protection); inner urban development, raising the – conserving and improving endogenous quality of living and housing conditions resources in rural areas with a view to in urban areas, which includes the diversifying the economic base and conservation of existing ecosystems and mobilising the local population and the creation of new green areas and those involved in the economy; biotopes; – encouraging small and medium-sized – regenerating deprived neighbourhoods towns as well as large villages to act as and producing a mix of activities and service suppliers for their rural social groups within the urban structure, hinterlands and as suitable locations for particularly in cities where areas of social establishing small and medium-sized exclusion are developing; enterprises; – carefully managing the urban – increasing rural areas’ accessibility, in ecosystem, particularly with regard to particular of small and medium-sized open and green spaces, water, energy, towns and large villages; waste and noise; – improving the living conditions of the – developing effective but at the same inhabitants of rural areas and increasing time environmentally-friendly public their attractiveness for all population transport designed to contribute to groups, as for instance young persons sustainable mobility" and retired people" This requires – establishing planning bodies across agricultural, forestry and mining local authority boundaries between enterprises to play an active role; 14 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

conserving and further developing the valid for mountain regions" An integrated natural and cultural heritage; repairing policy for mountain regions should, damage to the environment and however, be an autonomous part of a establishing an adequate infrastructure Europe-wide spatial development policy and new services, in particular in the field which should include measures of of tourism; economic and social development, the – improving the supply and marketing of protection and management of natural high quality regional agricultural, resources and the respecting of local forestry and craft products from the traditions and cultures" It should take countryside; account of the fact that mountain regions, – encouraging farmers and foresters to in spite of their diversity, which should be adapt their land-use practices to local preserved and promoted, experience circumstances and contribute to common economic, social and preserving and restoring biological environmental problems because of their diversity and traditional landscapes; altitude, topography and climate" It should compensation may be paid where the also consider the fact that the needs of agriculture or forestry differ environmental conditions of the mountain from those of nature protection and the regions represent not only a constraint, but conservation of the landscape; also an opportunity for the populations – encouraging the creation of highly living there and that it is necessary to find qualified job opportunities as part of the the right balance between their economic economic diversification process, in and social development and the protection particular in developing employment of the environment" Spatial development opportunities outside agriculture policy for mountain regions should take through the use of new information and into account the transfrontier character of communications technologies" some mountain regions and the need to implement a coherent policy on both sides (54) In quite a number of member states of the border" The Salzburg Convention of of the Council of Europe a high proportion 1991 on the Protection of the Alps and the of the population still lives in the European Biological and Landscape countryside" Effective rural development Diversity Strategy contain important policies are required to prevent undesirable principles for spatial development policies large-scale outward migration from these in mountain regions" areas" The aim should be to diversify rural employment and establish new urban-rural (57) Spatial development policy as a co- partnerships" To this end, processing ordinating activity should draw the industries and other employment attention of various sectoral policies to the generators, for example tourism, should be special conditions of mountain regions" developed in the private sector" Lake These include: districts and archipelago regions are – economic policies, which should confronted with similar problems and also promote diversification and multiple require co-operation and the exchange of job-holding, crafts and SMEs as well as experience"18 co-operation between small enterprises; – agriculture and forestry where marketing activities should be strengthened and 4 Mountains development policy based on quality (55) Mountain regions represent an products" Agricultural and forestry exceptional potential for Europe and fulfil initiatives contributing to the protection numerous ecological, economic, social, and management of the environment cultural and agricultural functions" Spatial should be supported" The protection, development policy should give special and development and sustainable use of suitable consideration to the preservation forests should be encouraged; and development of mountain regions" The – initiatives contributing to the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress development of quality tourism, of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe respectful of the natural, economic, pay great attention to mountain regions19 in social and cultural environments of the context of the social cohesion strategy" mountain regions, should be fostered and supported; (56) Various spatial development policy – the provision of public services, with no measures for urban and rural areas are also Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 15

discrimination against mountain regions – diversification of employment oppor- as compared with the rest of the tunities through the enhancement of territory; endogenous resources and the – the promotion of rail transport, in development of services, in particular in particular for international and islands too dependent on tourism" interregional traffic; Particular attention should be paid to – the protection, sustainable management permanent jobs in this context" and rehabilitation of land, water, air, and – improvement of the environmental landscapes, the conservation of fauna quality as a strategic element of local and flora and their habitats; identity and of regional and – the maintenance and promotion of the international competitiveness" In this identity of mountain populations and context, attention has to be paid to the diversity and richness of their industrial activities in coastal states, cultural heritage" whose cross-border impacts may affect the environmental quality of islands, in particular in the Mediterranean; 5 Coastal and island regions – development of innovative systems in (58) Europe’s coastal regions are not the field of water, energy and waste only sensitive natural heritage areas but management, taking into account the also important focuses of economic and scarcity of local resources as well as the commercial activities, locations for sensitivity of the environment; industry and energy conversion, a starting – improvement of transport connections point for the exploitation of maritime and to the mainland as well as between the under-water resources and particularly islands" attractive areas for tourism"

(59) Since such a range of activities in 6 Eurocorridors coastal strips can generate numerous conflicts, an integrated and sustainable (61) The impetus given to local and spatial development policy, covering not regional economies by transport only the coastal strip but also the investment in the Eurocorridors is of great hinterland, is essential for such regions" importance (“regional incentives”)" From a The concept of the integrated management spatial development policy standpoint, the of coastal areas is intended to take into latter must not be viewed solely as elements account the interaction between economic of the overall provision of transport activities and social and environmental infrastructure" Their interaction with the requirements when making use of natural settlement structure, regional economy, resources in coastal areas and hence regional transport networks and the needs facilitate the decision-making process in of environmental and landscape protection assessing investments" Integrated coastal must also be taken into account" Major management should be a systematic transport projects should not therefore be component of regional planning at the undertaken without assessing their direct various levels concerned" Cross-border and and indirect territorial impact" Structural transnational co-operation beyond the sea planning measures must be taken to reduce are of particular importance in this respect" any negative effects and highlight their positive impact at local and regional level" (60) Most island regions in Europe, Such measures should include spatial and although very different in terms of environmental impact assessments for geographical situation and development plans, programmes and projects, the co- level, will experience additional ordination of regional and inter-regional development pressure on account of their infrastructure, large-scale landscape limited resources and accessibility" There is planning, securing protected areas or the a close relationship between the concentration of roads, railway lines and sustainable development of island regions navigable waterways in a single corridor" and strategies to integrate them into international and European markets while (62) Major transport nodal points, such at the same time protecting local identities as motorway intersections, important and maintaining a balance between stations, freight distribution centres, economic efficiency, social justice and airports or inland ports can have a environmental protection" The following particular significance for spatial policy aspects are of particular significance: development" Their impact extends beyond 16 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

their immediate environment to include management for the whole catchment their entire region" The Eurocorridors area into spatial planning at the various should be considered as more than simply levels; transport corridors" In future, – preventing flooding and water pollution consideration must be given to the by encouraging co-operation on the interaction between transport facilities and integrated and sustainable management settlement development with a view to of trans-frontier and transnational river integrating spatial development and basins; transport policies" If comprehensive plans – limiting the expansion of towns in take account of the impact of Eurocorridors environmentally valuable areas and on spatial development, i"e" on those with a potential flood risk; urbanization, population and economic – drawing up programmes to preserve the trends, this could generate substantial small number of natural or semi-natural added value in the social, environmental river courses, which still exist in Europe, and economic spheres" particularly in the new member states"

7 Flood plains and water meadows 8 Redundant industrial and military sites (63) Flood plains and water meadows (65) The globalisation of the economy is present a particular challenge to spatial leading to the rapid obsolescence of many planning, as they are concentrated on industrial plants in Europe and to the relatively narrow strips of land" They are dereliction of the areas concerned" The characterised by significant and highly development of a security strategy and the valuable natural elements (water courses, reduction of military forces are resulting in wetlands with rich and sensitive the abandonment of military areas all over ecosystems and high quality landscapes, Europe which need to be put to new use" etc") and by intensive and diverse human The task of spatial development policy is to activities such as industrial production and rehabilitate the former industrial and urban settlement, transport infrastructure military sites and their surroundings and to and traffic flows, energy production, make them available for other uses, in order including hydroelectric and nuclear power to limit the development of new land which stations, sand and gravel quarries, regulated water courses, drainage, leisure- is less acceptable from an environmental time activities and recreational facilities" point of view" Spatial development policy They are quite often cultural landscapes measures for urban areas should also be shaped in the course of centuries and applied here to create an attractive possessing a high economic and ecological environment for investors" Economic potential" The contribution of spatial diversification should be promoted planning to the reduction of periodic particularly by: flooding affecting many European rivers – regenerating the environment of areas systems, is not yet adequately recognized" damaged by industrially polluting The whole catchment area of the river activities; should be taken into account in this context" – regenerating towns and cities in Economic damage could be reduced in this industrial regions, particularly by way" providing services, cleaning up (64) Conflicts between the different contaminated industrial sites and functions of flood plains are assessed and improving the urban environment; reduced in integrated spatial development – retraining and further education of policy" The following elements are of unemployed workers; particular importance: – developing technopoles and technology – protecting particularly vulnerable centres concerned with technology ecosystems; transfer and the creation of new – more sustainable management of the businesses using advanced water system in the whole catchment technologies; area, paying particular attention to water – improving accessibility and developing quantity, which should be related to information and telecommunications retention, infiltration and the resistance technology; of the river bed, of the main river and of – organising interregional and trans- its tributaries; national co-operation to reduce isolation – integration of the water system and generate new initiatives and a new impetus for growth" Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 17

9 Border regions (67) Spatial development policy in (66) Transfrontier co-operation in the border regions and transfrontier co- field of spatial development has developed operation involve the adoption of a joint considerably between the old member approach to development in the form of states of the Council of Europe in recent transfrontier structure schemes and joint decades thanks to the action of the states, plans" Particular attention should be paid regions and local authorities" Transfrontier to: co-operation now represents a particular – developing transfrontier transport and challenge to the new member states, given telecommunications infrastructure and that their frontiers were closed for several services ; decades, new borders were created and the – the transfrontier conservation and border regions were generally very sustainable use of natural resources marginalised" The development of trans- (particularly in the case of mountain and frontier co-operation is an essential coastal regions, forests and wetlands, precondition for the economic develop- etc") and of water resources; ment of border regions and their political – taking the cross-border dimension of and social cohesion, especially since supplying public and private services numerous minorities live on either side of into account; their respective frontiers" About 140 – the coherent planning of transfrontier Euroregions have been set up in the conurbations, cities, and settlement meantime throughout the continent which areas of ethnic communities; are doing pioneering work in transfrontier – the organisation of transfrontier co-operation" employment catchment areas; – combating the cross-border impact of pollution" 18 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

VI Strengthening of co-operation between the member states of the Council of Europe and participation of regions, municipalities and citizens

1 Possibilities created by a development the region" In this way, priorities are being orientated spatial planning defined for the INTERREG IIIB Community (68) Spatial development is a political task Initiative programme for the period 2000- of co-operation and participation" The 2006 and key projects are being prepared" “Guiding Principles” are a basis for the Close co-operation in the field of spatial assessment of projects and measures planning is also starting in the Central, which are important from a spatial Adriatic, Danubian and South-Eastern development policy point of view and European Space (CADSES)" The reference which affect several states" The great document in this context is the report diversity of structural and spatial measures “Strategies for an integrated spatial in the context of spatial development policy development”(VISION PLANET) presented requires inter-disciplinary integration and by a group of experts" In the medium-term, co-operation between the relevant political all member states of the Council of Europe, bodies and authorities" Their function such as the states bordering the Black Sea consists of creating a framework for and the states of the Caucasus regions well transnational, interregional and as other regions of the Russian Federation, intercommunal decisions" Contradictions should be involved in this co-operation" should be avoided and synergies increased" (70) Co-operation in the spatial Long-term and large-scale planning development field between international concepts transcending national borders organisations, particularly the institutions should offer a comprehensive and forward- of the Council of Europe and the European looking development perspective for the Union, must now be intensified" At the region that can serve as a frame of reference Meeting of the EU Ministers responsible for for individual projects and measures" This is spatial development in Tampere (Finland, particularly important in the case of the October 1999), the EU Member States and new member states, where development is the European Commission proposed to currently often based on projects promoted strengthen political and technical co- at local level by international and national operation with the applicant countries and bodies, although such projects have not yet with neighbouring non-Member States" been integrated into a larger development Positive reaction should be given to this framework and are not accompanied by proposal" sufficient consultation of citizens and local authorities" (71) In accordance with the existing bodies of spatial development co- operation, it is advisable to proceed step by 2Developing Europe-wide co-operation step in developing future co-operation activities on the basis of the Guiding activities and to rely on existing co- Principles operation structures and experience and to (69) Some European areas have already exploit their specific potential" gained initial experience of co-operation in Transnational co-operation areas have the field of spatial development" The developed in the context of the EU adoption of the European Spatial INTERREG programme (see maps in 20 Development Perspective (ESDP) was an Appendix) ; they include most member important step taken by the EU Member states of the Council of Europe" The selected States for their future co-operation" In the projects are intended to facilitate the Baltic region, the Conference of Ministers implementation not only of the European responsible for Spatial Planning has Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) proposed a series of measures aimed at but also of the Guiding Principles" implementing the spatial vision for the (72) The European Union also provides Baltic Sea region (VASAB 2010)" In carrying specific support to spatial development in out the VASAB 2010 Plus project, the spatial third countries through the PHARE, TACIS, vision is being updated on the basis of MEDA, SAPARD, and ISPA programmes" experience and of new information and The EU should present appropriate transformed into a revised action proposals for co-ordinating the INTERREG programme for the spatial development of programme with the support programmes, Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 19

in order to facilitate transnational, (76) Horizontal co-operation is, however, interregional and cross-border co- not confined to sectoral policies related to operation between regions of the EU and the infrastructure sector" It also concerns areas in third countries" economic, financial and social policies as a (73) The preparation of regionalised whole" The various spatial conditions and comparable spatial information, in the territorial impacts to be expected from particular in the new member states of the their programmes and measures should be Council of Europe, is particularly important taken into account from the outset when as a first step in transnational and cross- decisions in these sectors are being border co-operation" This could form the prepared" basis for comparative analyses of trends in spatial development (spatial monitoring) in 4 Vertical co-operation all the Council of Europe’s member states" (77) Co-operation between the various The spatial monitoring should be administrative levels is of particular concerned not just with quantitative importance for European spatial devel- indicators but also with qualitative opment policy" It should be organised in information, particularly relating to the such a way as to enable local and regional endogenous resources and potential of authorities to adapt their spatial regions" The approach should be as development objectives to measures pragmatic as possible, with a technical decided on at a higher level, while the organisation or a small group of experts national authorities in turn take the from each member country" Trend analyses objectives, plans and projects proposed at should be carried out every year on a regional and local level into consideration limited number of topics, accompanied by in their decisions (reciprocity principle)" a comparative synthesis of the findings" The (78) While national authorities focus ECE and OECD have already produced mainly on general issues of transnational, important contributions which should be national and inter-regional significance, the further developed" regional tier is responsible, in conjunction (74) In addition, projects relevant to with local authorities and the public, for spatial development policy can be ensuring the sustainability and coherence supported by international financial of spatial development" All levels are institutions: the World Bank, the Council of required to work together in order to ensure Europe Development Bank, the European sustainable spatial development" Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank should (79) The subsidiarity and reciprocity be more closely involved in European co- principles in spatial development policy operation activities in the field of spatial can only function if appropriate powers are development" devolved to the regional level" Regional and local authorities have, in accordance with the European Charter of Local Self- 3 Horizontal co-operation government and the draft European Charter of Regional Self-government, a (75) In preparing spatial development particular responsibility for spatial projects, horizontal co-operation with development policies" sectoral policies having significant geographical impacts (for example: (80) The correct application of the transport, agricultural and environmental subsidiarity and reciprocity principles is policies), is particularly important" In order therefore particularly important for all to be able to assess large-scale impacts of member states of the Council of Europe" sectoral decisions better at an early stage, Although regionalisation has made procedures such as the “regional impact significant advances in recent decades in assessment” of large infrastructure projects the majority of the older Council of Europe will be applied in various member states" A member states, the new member countries particularly important task of horizontal are only starting to establish regional co-operation is the cross-border co- bodies" In view of the geographical ordination of development projects among polarisation of economic development and the member states of the Council of Europe the growing regional disparities in many including their regional and local new member states, a strengthening of authorities" the regional tier of the political and 20 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

administrative system is essential if a more 5 Broadly-based participation of society sustainable and regionally balanced form of in the spatial planning process regional development is to be achieved" (82) As early as 1983, the European (81) Increased co-operation, particu-larly Regional/Spatial Planning Charter drew between regions and cities of the old and attention to the need for active public new member states of the Council of participation in the spatial planning Europe, for instance in the form of regional process" The intervening years have twinning arrangements, is extremely confirmed this need" Apart from such useful" The new member states have participation in local, regional and supra- considerable experience of spatial planning regional projects, the involvement of and development" However, their European society and socio-economic experience is still limited in relation to the actors, for example through non- way market forces influence spatial governmental organizations has become development processes, the challenges necessary" Their involvement at an early posed by transnational spatial planning stage of the process makes a significant and associated procedures for co- contribution not only to increasing the ordinating activities" Providing know-how planning process’s chances of success but and technical assistance to spatial planning also to avoiding unproductive investments" authorities should be a systematic and Societal consensus is very important not integral part of co-operation between old only for the success of local and regional and new member states" A training initiatives; it also creates a dynamic programme in this field should be environment for outside investors and established without delay" economic actors" The involvement of the younger generation in the planning process increases the chances of interesting the public in the long-term planning of their home region and in efficient and innovative participation" This is essential in gaining wider acceptance of the “European idea”" Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 21

Outlook (83) Europe’s spatial integration is the Ministers responsible for Regional Planning result of an on-going process of small steps, (CEMAT) within the Council of Europe in which co-operation transcending establish an important basis for Europe’s national boundaries among the member harmonious integration by drawing states of the Council of Europe, and attention to the territorial dimension of especially among European regions and democracy and social cohesion" Adopting municipalities, plays an essential part" As a the Guiding Principles for the sustainable vision of an integrated Europe, the Guiding spatial development of the European Principles represent the policy reference continent and taking them into document for numerous spatial devel- consideration in spatial development policy opment measures and initiatives taken on decisions will significantly facilitate the European continent and in particular for Europe-wide co-operation aimed at transnational and international co- creating a regionally balanced and operation" The spatial development sustainable Europe" activities of the European Conference of 22 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent

Observations

(1) (12) Council of Europe, European Conference of Ministers “Strategies for integrated Spatial Development of the responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): “European Central European, Adriatic and Danubian Area” adopted Charter for Regional/Spatial Planning” adopted on May at the 4th Seminar of the Project Panel, Vienna, January 20th 1983 in Torremolinos, Spain* 2000*

(2) (13) Summit of Heads of State and Government of “Convention on the conservation of European wildlife the Council of Europe’s member states, Strasbourg, and natural habitats”, Bern Convention, 1979* 10–11 October 1997, Final Declaration (14) (3) “The Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Idem: Action plan Strategy” adopted by the Conference of Ministers “Environment for Europe”* Sofia, October 1995 (4) European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co- (15) operation between Territorial Communities and Implementation of Resolution N°2 of 11th CEMAT in Authorities* 21 May 1980* Cyprus, 1997*

(5) (16) European Regional Planning Strategy, adopted at the “Flora, fauna, habitats” directive* Council Directive 92/ sixth CEMAT Conference in 1988 in Lausanne* 43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on conservation of natural Strasbourg 1992* habitats and wildlife species* O*B* L206/7 of 22 July 1992 (6) European Charter of Local Self-Government* (17) Strasbourg, 15 October 1985 Cf* European Landscape Convention, CM (2000) 98 revised 2, adopted by the Committee of Ministers’ (7) Deputies at its 718th meeting on 19 July 2000 See Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe: Recommendation 34 (1997) on the draft (18) European Charter of Regional Self-Government of The decision on further procedure related to the 5 June 1997* Recommendation 1296(1996) of the Parliamentary Assembly on a “European Charter for Rural Areas” will (8) be taken after the 12th CEMAT 7/8 September 2000) in “European Spatial Development Perspective” adopted accordance with the decision of the Committee of at the informal Council of Ministers responsible for ministerial representatives taken on 1–2 July 1999* spatial development in Postdam, Germany, May 1999* (19) (9) See Recommendations 14 (1995) and 75 (2000) of the “Baltic Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region” adopted at Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe as the 7th Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Baltic Sea well as Recommendation 1274 (1995) of the Council in Nyborg, Denmark, June 1998* Parliamentary Assembly* The decision on further action (10) relating to these recommendations will be taken in “Vision and strategies around the Baltic Sea 2010“ accordance with the decision of the Committee of Towards a framework for spatial development in the ministerial representatives of 1–2 July 1999 following the Baltic sea region”* Third Conference of Ministers 12th CEMAT (7/8 September 2000) responsible for spatial development of the Baltic Sea (20) States, Tallin, December 1994* Communication from the Commission to the member “From Concept to Action”, Fourth Conference of states of 28 April 2000 laying down guidelines for a Ministers responsible for spatial development of the Community Initiative concerning trans-European co- Baltic Sea States, Stockholm, October 1996* operation intended to encourage harmonious and (11) balanced development of the European territory Deuxième Esquisse de Structure du Benelux; INTERREG III (OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN Bruxelles 1998* COMMUNITIES, 2000/C 143/08 of 23 May 2000, pp* 6–29) Appendix

Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent 25

Table 1 Europe compared with other world regions

Population Share of world GDP at 1995 Share of world GDP at market Direct foreign Share of the Direct foreign in thousands population market prices in production prices/head investments total investments 1995 1995 1000 billions 1995 1995 1994–1996 investment 1994–1996 dollars at in dollars at (in million volume in US-Dollars current prices current prices US-dollars) per head

Europe 807 246 14,2 9 852,4 35,2 12 205 340 994 39,7 422,4

of which: Accession to the Council 445711 7,9 9052,7 32,3 20311 306249 35,6 687,1 of Europe before 1990

Accession to the Council 325532 5,7 756,5 2,7 2324 33754 3,9 103,7 of Europe since 1990

Applicant countries 36003 0,6 43,2 0,2 1199 991 0,1 27,5

Japan and Republic of Korea 169 434 3,0 5 590,7 20,0 32 996 6 061 0,7 35,8

of which: Japan 124439 2,2 5134,3 18,3 41260 1151 0,1 9,2

ASEAN 470 686 8,3 749,6 2,7 1 593 67 854 7,9 144,2

MERCOSUR 202 002 3,6 995,6 3,6 4 929 30 419 3,5 150,6

NAFTA 384 111 6,8 7 875,9 28,1 20 504 243 975 28,4 635,2

of which: Canada and Mexico 121221 2,1 846,3 3,0 6982 53815 6,3 443,9

United States 262890 4,6 7029,6 25,1 26740 190160 22,1 723,3

World 5 674 432 100,0 28 012,3 100,0 4 937 859 912

Source: Worldbank: World Development Indicators 1998; Untited Nations: Statistical Yearbook 42nd Issue 1995

Table 2 Real GDP/head in PPP terms ($ 1997)

Real GDP Real GDP per head (PPP$) per head (PPP$) 1997 1997

Albania 2 120 Moldova 1 500 Belgium 22 750 Netherlands 21 110 Bulgaria 4 010 Norway 24 450 Denmark 23 690 Austria 22 070 Germany 21 260 Poland 6 520 Estonia 5 240 Portugal 14 270 Finland 20 150 Romania 4 310 France 22 030 Russian Federation 4 370 Georgia 1 960 Sweden 19 790 Greece 12 769 Switzerland 25 240 Ireland 20 710 Slovak Republic 7 910 Iceland 22 497 Slovenia 11 800 Italy 20 290 Spain 15 930 Croatia 4 895 Czech Republic 10 510 Latvia 3 940 Turkey 6350 Lithuania 4 220 Ukraine 2 190 Luxembourg 30 863 Hungary 7 200 Malta 13 180 United Kingdom 20 730 “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia“ 3 210 Cyprus 14 201

No data available for Andorra, Monaco, San Marino Source: UNDP World Development Report 1999