What’s a ? ….and why should I care?

@gingerlabUW https://www.cei.washington.edu/ https://www.usa-perovskites.org/ Acknowledgements Current Group Members: Demi Liu Lucas Flagg Jiajie Guo Katie Guye Sarthak Jariwala Jake Precht Jessica Kong Jeff Harrison Erin Jedlicka Dr. Jian Wang Dr. Raj Giridharagopal Dr. Connor Bischak Dr. Franzizka Muckel Recent Alumni Dr. Giles Eperon Dr. Dane DeQuilettes Dr. Sarah Vorpahl Dr. Soumya Samai Dr. Susi Birkhold (Konstanz) Group Funding: Susanne Koch (Konstanz) AFOSR Prof. Jennifer I-Ling Chen ONR Prof. Cody Schlenker DOE BES EPSM Dr. Zhaoxia Qian DOE EERE SETO Dr. Hiro Nagaoka DOE EFRC Program Dr. Michael Salvador NSF DMR Prof. Zubao “Jerry” Yang (visiting professor) Prof. Hiroaki Benten (visiting professor) Prof. Fukashi Matsumoto (visiting professor) Collaborators Past & Present: Akshay Rao, , Eric Bittner, Chris Groves, Alex Jen, Younan Xia, G.Cao, Christine Luscombe, Dan Schwartz, Francois Baneyx, Sam Jenekhe, Guozhong Cao, Daniel Gamelin, Lee Park, Seth Marder, Jean-Luc Bredas, Neal Armstrong, Dean Waldow, Henry Snaith, Sam Stranks, Hugh Hillhouse, Stefan Weber, 1 mm Lukas Schmidt-Mende, Chang-Zhi Li CEI Mission

Accelerate a scalable clean energy future through scientific and technological advances in

+ +

solar storage grid

Funding: $3M/yr WA State + over $15M+ of additional donation and investment Education Overview

Sarah Vorpahl Dane DeQuilletes Science Policy Fellow Rising Stars Index, 2018 CEI Graduate CEI Graduate

We’re proud of you Sarah! What does the future of solar look like?

• Is there room for a disruptive new solar technology?

• Can we reestablish US manufacturing dominance of semiconductors for PV (and optoelectronics)?

By Deb Nystrom, Tatiana12 Creative commons license https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons What does the future of solar look like?

“It’s tough to make predictions, especially about the future” -Yogi Berra

Things “missed” by many past forecasts:

(1) fracking (2) dramatic cost reduction of silicon PV Urgency Urgency

original source unknown Urgency: Global Climate Challenge

Images: NASA Urgency

Inaction might cost $150-750T over the next 80 years

https://www.nature.c om/articles/s41467- 020-15453-z original source unknown Urgency: Global Health and Equity

Energy poverty deprives 1 billion of adequate healthcare

1 = http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

The policies society has used to promote adoption of renewable (and fossil) energy have not Young Guineans, without access to electricity, study always been the most just under carpark lights at G'bessi airport in Conakry, Guinea. Photograph: Rebecca Blackwell/AP https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/07/energy- poverty-deprives-billion-adequate-healthcare

“Studying the energy–health–justice nexus through the lens of acute and chronic energy insecurity presents a novel and innovative direction for public health research, advocacy, and policy that can be used to improve the health of people in the U.S. and around the world.” Front. Public Health, 12 December 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00357 Access: A Global Grand Challenge

Image: The Economist WSJ May 26, 2017 Renewables are Growing Rapidly!

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 So… are we done? Or do we have tons of work to do? https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2019-year-review So… are we done? Or do we have tons of work to do?

2018 actual 2.9%

2060

2040

2030

The exact dates may be off, but everything we do here matters! THINK BIG! Electricity: Renewables Aren’t Growing Fast Enough

WSJ Sept 3, 2018 Highlights from 2018

• Global power demand grew by 3.7%, the most in 20 years

• Renewables grew fastest, but coal grew (3%) as did natural gas (3.9%)

• The shares of non-fossil fuels (36%), and coal (38%) are unchanged from their level 20 years ago Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 U.S. Trails PV Module Production Worldwide

https://www.statista.com/statistics/668749/regional-distribution- of-solar-pv-module-manufacturing/ We still need to go faster

We’d like to manufacture locally

We’d like to manufacture with lower capex

We’d like to reduce the cost of energy What is a perovskite?

• “Perovskite” is the crystal structure of Calcium titanate (CaTiO₃) or any material with the same structure

Photo credit: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56247090 • Named after Russian minearologist “Perovski”

• Certain perovskite structures are direct gap semiconductors (e.g.

CH3NH3PbI3) Perovskite Semiconductors?

Direct-gap semiconductors are better at absorbing and emitting light than Si

Color tunable Color Pure Light

Kovalenko et al. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 6, 3692–3696 Jen et al. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 7, 1662–1669 Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite is the active layer converting light to charges

http://cei.washington.edu needs selective negative and positive electrodes

Many materials are used for those contact and the structure

https://phys.org/news/2018-04-perovskite-solar-cells- efficient.html Perovskite Solar

Si 26.1%

25.2% Perovskite Solar

29.1%!

25.2%! Perovskite Solar

29.1%!

25.2%! Efficiency Matters

Higher Efficiency = More Electricity per X (labor, permit, etc) Detailed breakdown of utility-scale solar PV cost by country

https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Articles/2017/Jul/Bonn-Uni-Lecture--True-costs-of- renewables.pdf?la=en&hash=B7DD1720455A1ED042094C007D8B8C74F274AAFC Other Factors?

We want to scale PV quickly

Efficiency

Module costs aren’t free (can perovskite lower these?)

Capex costs?

Energy Payback?

Environmental Impact?

Reduce Installation Costs? Perspective on Scale

U.S. Demand ~ 3 TW = We will need Really Big Renewables

~1 at 20% eff Daily Circulation4 USA + WSJ + NYT: ~3.1x106 < 250 days of newspaper

Cell Area ~ 2.3x1010 m2 rooftop capacity: 540 GW (18% of total energy)3 US Roadway:3 ~ 1010-1011 m2 25% of highway area = 100% of electricity3

1: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/data/browser/ (use uses ~100 Quads/year) 2: https://maps.nrel.gov/nsrdb-viewer/ (solar insolation data, take GHI = 5.8 kwhr/m2/day ) 3: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/set_myp_2007-2011_proof_1.pdf 4: http://www.wsj.com/articles/usa-today-remains-top-newspaper-by-circulation-1414511138 (assumed 30 m^2/copy) Unique Manufacturability Perovskite Semiconductors?

Can be processed from solution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crAugJXG3QA (~6:00 min) NREL Video (start at t= 33s)

https://youtu.be/9PhovLOOtfM Integrated R2R perovskite manufacturing at UW

High productivity Slot-die coating of high Scale-up and materials continuous grid electrode quality perovskite films research for full printed PPV printing Energy Payback Time

perovskite technologies

Wafer processing

Energy Environ. Sci., 2015,8, 1953-1968 Joule 2, 2018,1559–1572 Non-vacuum, additive processing Manufacturing cost Si PV

Monocrystalline Si: PV manufacturing capex and module cost

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ee/c9ee02452b Manufacturing cost Si and CdTe

Monocrystalline Si: PV manufacturing capex and module cost

DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2871858 Lifecycle Assessments of Environmental Impacts for PVs

new materials

Figure from Gong et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1953 Easy Deposition Allows Tandem Cells

https://cen.acs.org/energy/solar-power/Perovskite-progress- pushes-tandem-solar/96/i24 Easy Deposition Allows Tandem Cells

https://cen.acs.org/energy/solar-power/Perovskite-progress- https://www.pv- pushes-tandem-solar/96/i24 magazine.com/2020/01/30/tandems-cells- approaching-30-efficiency/ Why Else Might Printed/Flex Solar Be Interesting?

Figure Source: MIT Future of Solar Energy Study (https://mitei.mit.edu/futureofsolar)

Installation labor is one of the largest BOS costs in mature markets

“The federal PV R&D program should focus on new technologies, not — as has been the trend in recent years — on near-term reductions in the cost of .”1

1: MIT Future of Solar Energy Study (https://mitei.mit.edu/futureofsolar) May 2015 Are we there yet?

• Dozens of companies are commercializing perovskite PV worldwide

• European and Asian Nations have launched major investments

• U.S. DOE SETO is investing

• UW CEI and WCET along with NREL and other partners is helping stand up US-MAP (U.S. manufacturing of advanced perovskites consortium) Are we there yet?

Challenges:

• Lifetime – how do we ensure 25+ year lifetimes until we understand degradation mechanisms? Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3418−3451

• Lead – how much of an issue is lead? New strategies emerging, both lead free and lead encapsulation: (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2001-x)

• Manufacturing – how do we go from lab scale to production? (companies are already building pilot lines)

• Metrology – what tools support these activities Are we there yet?

https://www.usa-perovskites.org/