901.1 REPTILIA: TESTUDINES: EMYDIDAE Graptemys gibbonsi

Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles.

Lovich, J.E. and J.R. Ennen. 2014. Graptemys gibbonsi.

Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy Pascagoula Map Turtle

Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy, 1992:293 (in part). Type-locality, “Chickasawhay River, Leakesville, Greene Figure 1. A male Graptemys gibbonsi from the County, Mississippi, USA.” Holotype, Chickasawhay River in Greene County, Mississip- Carnegie Museum 94979, adult male, pi. Photo by Jeff Lovich. collected by R. C. Vogt, M. Pappas, and P. S. Freed on 21 July 1978. Graptemys pulchra gibbonsi: Artner, 2003:ix third vertebrals. A broken black stripe, most and Artner, 2008:22 (both in part). pronounced anteriorly, marks the median Graptemys gibbousi: Obst, 2003:16 (in keel of the vertebrals, and pleural scutes 1– 3 part) Ex errore. have a network of intersecting yellow lines or G.[raptemys] gibbsoni: Lee, 2009:645. Ex circular yellow markings on the distal parts. errore. The plastron is pale yellow with dark pigment on some seams. Ground color of the head CONTENT. No subspecies are recognized. and limbs is brown to olive with light yellow or yellowish-green stripes and blotches. The DEFINITION. The Pascagoula Map Turtle, yellow pigment on the upper marginal scutes Graptemys gibbonsi, is a large riverine species is wide in comparison to other members of that exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, the pulchra clade. where females attain a maximum carapace Hatchling pigmentation patterns resemble length (CL) of 295 mm and males a maximum those of adults, but with more conspicuous of 141 mm (Lovich et al. 2009). Mean adult patterns on the pleural scutes. Similarly, the female CL (248 mm) can be well over twice plastron of hatchlings commonly has more the mean CL of adult males (104 mm; dark pigmentation along the seams than Gibbons and Lovich 1990, Lovich et al. 2009). adults. The shell is highly serrated along the In addition, females have conspicuously edge of the carapace and the vertebral keel is enlarged heads (37.9 mm, SD = 14.0 mm) more pronounced than in adults. with broad alveolar surfaces (12.1 mm, SD = 4.9) compared to males (head width – DIAGNOSIS. Key diagnostic features that 16.4 mm, SD = 1.1 mm; alveolar width – 4.3 distinguish individual species within the mm, SD = 0.40 mm; Lindeman, unpublished pulchra clade include presence/absence data). Males have longer tails with the vent of a connection between the interorbital posterior to the edge of the carapace. Both and postorbital blotches, nasal trident, sexes have relatively flat plastrons. Similar supraoccipital spots, and curved or transverse to other species within the pulchra clade, chin bar. The head pattern ofG. gibbonsi Graptemys gibbonsi possess a high-domed consists of a large interorbital blotch that is shell with a median keel. The median carapace connected to large postorbital blotches on keel is composed of prominent spines on either side of the head, a feature common the posterior portions of the second and in G. barbouri, G. pulchra and G. pearlensis 901.2

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Graptemys have been the focus of several studies (Lamb et al. 1994, Stephens and Wiens 2003, Wiens et al. 2010) but more are needed. Historically, species descriptions were based largely on pronounced morphological or pattern differences among species that supported a general pattern of drainage- specific endemism in Gulf Coast taxa. However, morphological differences often were not supported by molecular data because of the shallow lineages within Graptemys. This incongruence between morphology and molecular data has contributed to taxonomic uncertainties and poor phylogenetic resolution within the genus (see Ennen et al. 2010b). Additionally, discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear gene phylogenies only added to obfuscation of phylogenetic relationships within the genus, Map 1. The open circle marks the type-locality both at the species and clade level (Wiens for Graptemys gibbonsi. Other selected localities et al. 2010). Using only mtDNA, Lamb et are from Lindeman (2013). al. (1994) reported three distinct clades, pulchra, pseudogeographica, and geographica. However, nucDNA only resolved two clades, a but not G. ernsti. A three-pronged yellow sawback clade (G. flavimaculata, G. oculifera, blotch (nasal trident) is usually present on the and G. nigrinoda) and a Texas endemic clade dorsal head surface behind the nares, a more (G. versa and G. caglei), and failed to provide common feature in G. ernsti and G. pearlensis support for a basal geographica clade and but not G. pulchra or G. barbouri. Graptemys pulchra clade supported by mtDNA (Lamb gibbonsi does not possess supraoccipital spots et al. 1994, Wiens et al. 2010). A combined or a curved/transverse chin bar, which are analysis by Wiens et al. (2010) using mtDNA features unique to G. ernsti and G. barbouri, and nucDNA data produced a phylogenetic respectively. Additionally, the dorsal topology similar to that of Lamb et al (1994). paramedian neck stripes are not expanded The phylogenetic relationships within anteriorly as they are in many G. ernsti. Key the pulchra clade, which includes G. pulchra, features distinguishing G. gibbonsi from its G. barbouri, G. ernsti, G. gibbonsi, and sister taxa, G. pearlensis, are a wider vertical G. pearlensis, were poorly supported and yellow bar with concentric secondary rings topologies were mostly polytomies (Ennen of yellow pigmentation on the dorsal surface et al. 2010a, Lamb et al. 1994), thus making of each marginal scute, narrow black bars on inferences about relationships among the five the ventral surface of each marginal scute, species difficult. Although resolution above an incomplete black/brown stripe along the the species level were weak, the mtDNA median keel, and vertical yellow pigmentation data from Ennen et al. (2010a) provided bars on the 12th marginal scutes greater than strong support at the species level, including 50% of the scute length (Ennen et al. 2010a). support for the recently described species, G. 901.3 pearlensis, and support for G. gibbonsi being and Qualls 2009) and Alabama (Mount 1975). its sister taxon. To date, Ennen et al. (2010a) is Likewise, the species is absent from Big Creek the only study to include all five species within (Mount 1975) and Bluff Creek (Selman and the pulchra clade (including G. gibbonsi) in a Qualls 2009). For additional information molecular analysis. on distribution for G. gibbonsi within the Pascagoula River drainage see Selman and PUBLISHED DESCRIPTIONS. Composite Qualls (2009) and Lindeman (2013). modern descriptions are given in Bonin et al. (2006), Ernst et al. (1994), Ernst and Lovich FOSSIL RECORD. None. However, Ehret and (2009), Lovich and McCoy (1992, 1994), and Bourque (2011) described G. kerneri, from Lovich et al. (2009). However, these latter fossils found in the Suwannee River drainage descriptions were clouded by the fact that of north-central Florida. G. kerneri is in G. gibbonsi, as recognized at the time, also the pulchra clade but is more similar to G. included the yet undescribed G. pearlensis barbouri than others in the clade. from the Pearl River (Ennen et al. 2010a). Detailed descriptions of the differences PERTINENT LITERATURE. Prior to the between the two species are given in Ennen et description of Graptemys gibbonsi (Lovich and al. (2010a) and Lindeman (2013). McCoy 1992) as a separate species, literature pertaining to the species was considered ILLUSTRATIONS. Color photographs and part of that belonging to Graptemys pulchra illustrations of Graptemys gibbonsi are found as summarized by Lovich (1985). However, in Ashton and Ashton (1985), Dundee and this literature is clouded by the fact that the Rossman (1989), Ennen et al. (2010a), Ernst pertinent literature for G. gibbonsi included and Barbour (1972), Ernst and Lovich (2009), Graptemys pearlensis, a recently described Ernst et al. (1994), Lovich et al. (2009), Mara species from the Pearl River. Literature (1996), Lindeman (2013) and Vetter (2004). pertaining to turtles now recognized as or Black and white photographs and illustrations suspected to be Graptemys gibbonsi is listed are found in Ernst and Barbour (1972, 1989), by topic: scute morphology (Ennen et al. Ernst et al. (1994), Lovich and McCoy (1994), 2010a, Little 1973, Lovich and Ernst 1989, Powell et al. (1998, 2012), Lindeman (2013) and Tinkle 1962), natural history data on and Wahlquist (1970). reproduction, diet, habitat, behavior, and conservation (Bickham et al. 2007, Buhlmann DISTRIBUTION. Graptemys gibbonsi is found and Gibbons 1997, Buhlmann et al. 2008, in large rivers to medium-sized creeks in the 2009, Cheung and Dudgeon 2006, Ennen et Pascagoula River system, Mississippi (Lovich al. 2007, Ernst and Lovich 2009, Lee 2012, and McCoy 1994). The species is found in Lindeman 1998, 1999, 2000, 2013, Lindeman the Pascagoula, Leaf, and Chickasawhay and Sharkey 2001, Lovich and Ennen 2013, rivers, Red, Bowie, and Okatoma creeks Lovich et al. 2009, Moll and Moll 2004, Reed (Cliburn 1971); Chunky River, Black, and and Gibbons 2003, Selman and Qualls 2008a, Tallahala creeks (Lindeman, 1998); Bogue 2008b, Selman et al. 2008, Selman 2012, Homa, Bucatunna, Long, Gaines, Oakohay, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service Okatibbee, Souinlovey, Tallahoma, and 2005), geographic distribution (Cliburn Thompson creeks (Selman and Qualls 2009). 1971, Iverson 1992, Lindeman 1998, Lovich Graptemys gibbonsi is present at a single et al. 2009, and Selman and Qualls 2009), location in the lower reaches of the Escatawpa sexual size dimorphism (Gibbons and Lovich River, but absent from the upper portion of 1990, Lindeman 2008, and Lovich et al. the Escatawpa River in Mississippi (Selman 2009), systematics and taxonomy (Ennen 901.4 et al. 2010a, 2010b, Fritz and Havaš 2007, Artner, H. 2008. The world’s extant turtle Lamb et al. 1994 [although the latter did not species, Part 1. Emys 15(3):4–32. analyze samples of G. gibbonsi (sensu stricto)], Ashton, R. E., Jr. and P. S. Ashton. 1985. Lindeman (2013), Lovich and McCoy 1992, Handbook of the Reptiles and Amphibians McDowell 1964, McKown 1972, Rhodin et al. of Florida. Part Two. Lizards, Turtles & 2008, 2009, 2010, van Dijk et al. 2011, 2012, Crocodilians. Windward Publishing Inc., 2014, and Wiens et al. 2010), hematology Miami, Florida. 191 pp. (Perpinán et al. 2008), and zoogeography and Baur, G. 1893. Two new species of North biogeography (Stephens and Wiens 2003, American Testudinata. American 2004, 2009, Walker and Avise 1998). The Naturalist 27:675–677. species was included in a key of U. S. and Bickham, J. W., J. B. Iverson, J. F. Parham, Canadian herpetofauna (Powell et al. 2012). H.-D. Philippen, A. G. J. Rhodin, H. B. Shaffer, P. Q. Spinks, and P. P. van Dijk. ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithetgibbonsi is 2007. An annotated list of modern turtle a patronym honoring Dr. J. Whitfield Gibbons terminal taxa with comments on areas of of the University of Georgia, Savannah River taxonomic instability and recent change. Ecology Laboratory. Pp. 173-199 in Defining Turtle Diversity: Proceedings of a Workshop on Genetics, COMMENT. Broad-headed map turtles in Ethics, and Taxonomy of Freshwater the Pascagoula River were formerly thought Turtles and Tortoises (H. B. Shaffer, N. to belong to the species G. pulchra (Cagle N. FitzSimmons, A. Georges, and A. G. 1952). These turtles were later described as J. Rhodin, eds.). Chelonian Research the “Pascagoula Map Turtle,” G. gibbonsi Monographs 4. (sensu lato), by Lovich and McCoy (1992), Bonin, F., B. Devaux, and A. Dupré. 2006. who demonstrated that the species Graptemys Turtles of the World. (Translated by P. pulchra Baur (1893:675) was actually a C. H. Pritchard). The Johns Hopkins composite of three distinct, allopatric species. University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Lovich and McCoy (1994) summarized the 416 pp. literature under that arrangement. More Buhlmann, K. A. and J.W. Gibbons. 1997. recently, Ennen et al. (2010a) described Imperiled aquatic reptiles of the differences between the Pearl and Pascagoula southeastern United States: historical River populations of broad-headed Graptemys review and current conservation status, based on pattern, morphology and genetics. pp. 201–231. In G.W. Benz and D. E. Their analyses demonstrated that G. gibbonsi Collins (eds.), Aquatic Fauna in Peril: (sensu lato), as originally described by Lovich The Southeastern Perspective. Special and McCoy (1992), was also a composite Publication 1, Southeast Aquatic Research consisting of two distinct, allopatric species. Institute, Decatur, Georgia. With the recognition of the Pearl River turtles Buhlmann, K., T. Tuberville, and W. Gibbons. as a distinct species (G. pearlensis; Ennen et al. 2008. Turtles of the Southeast. The 2010a), Graptemys gibbonsi is now restricted University of Georgia Press, Athens, to the Pascagoula River drainage. Georgia. 252 pp. Buhlmann, K. A., T. S. B. Akre, J. B. Iverson, LITERATURE CITED D. Karapatakis, R. A. Mittermeier, A. Georges, A. G. J. Rhodin, P. P. van Artner, H. 2003. Nomenckatur aktuell die Dijk, and J. W. Gibbons. 2009. A global rezenten Schildkrötenarten der Erde. analysis of tortoises and freshwater Emys 10(6):iv–xxxviii. turtle distributions with identification of 901.5

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