LaboratoryLaboratory VentilationVentilation SafetySafety

J.J. ScottScott WardWard LabconcoLabconco CorporationCorporation

In 1925, Construction Company was born. The first product was a Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination Apparatus. We may have shortened our name, but we’ve expanded our horizons. We offer 16 different product lines to universities, research centers, hospitals, general and governmental agencies around the world. LaboratoryLaboratory VentilationVentilation LaboratoryLaboratory VentilationVentilation ProductsProducts HistoryHistory ofof FumeFume HoodsHoods z Thomas Edison Laboratories z and z Shelves outside the window z “fume cupboard” University of Thomas Edison invented the Leads, England 1923 incandescent light bulb in 1879.

Thomas Edison, circa 1900 University of Leeds, England - 1923 EvolutionEvolution RevolutionRevolution

Fiberglass 28, circa 1960 First Labconco Hood 1936 Fiberglass 28, circa 1960

Protector Hood Line, 2002

Radioisotope, 1980’s Fiberglass Walk-In, 1970’s DefinitionDefinition ofof aa FumeFume HoodHood

A ventilated enclosure where harmful or toxic fumes or vapors can be safely handled while protecting the laboratory technician. PurposePurpose ofof aa FumeFume HoodHood

The primary function of a fume hood is to capture, Video 9 contain and remove airborne contaminants. PurposePurpose ofof aa FumeFume HoodHood

Fume hoods provide operator safety by drawing air away from CVideo 11 the operator and into the fume hood. FaceFace VelocityVelocity

Exhaust Air

Definition:Definition: Airflow into a hood is achieved by an exhaust blower which “pulls” air from the laboratory room into and through the hood and exhaust system. This “pull” at the opening of the hood is Room Air measured as face velocity.. AirAir VolumeVolume

Air volume passing through a fume hood is generally equal to the area of the sash opening multiplied by the average velocity desired. For example, if 100 feet per minute (fpm) is required and the hood has a sash opening of 7.5 square feet, then the hood’s air volume is 750 (7.5 x 100) cubic feet per minute (CFM). DesignDesign ComponentsComponents

AirAir FoilFoil

Aerodynamic sash opening directs airflow into hood and across work surface with minimum turbulence helping to ensure fume containment. DesignDesign ComponentsComponents

The SASH controls the area of the fume hood which is open. It protects the operator and controls hood face velocities. Glass options include tempered or laminated.

SashSash SafetySafety Sash:Sash: PhysicalPhysical BarrierBarrier

Vertical-rising Horizontal-sliding Combination sash sashes (vertical and horizontal sashes) DesignDesign ComponentsComponents

The BAFFLE controls the pattern of the air moving into and through the fume hood Baffles are either fixed (left photo) or adjustable (right photo).

Fixed Baffle Adjustable Baffle TypesTypes ofof FumeFume HoodsHoods

• Conventional • By-Pass • Auxiliary-Air • Reduced Air Volume • • High Performance ConventionalConventional FumeFume HoodHood

• Most basic hood design • Operates at constant exhaust volume • Face velocity increases as sash is lowered

Fiberglass 28 Hood on Acid Storage Cabinet ConventionalConventional FumeFume HoodHood

Exhaust Air By-Pass Block Exhaust Air

Room Air Room Air

With Sash Open With Sash Nearly Closed ByBy--PassPass FumeFume HoodHood

•• Relatively constant face velocity •• As sash is closed, hood draws air through bypass openings, maintaining excellent containment ByBy--PassPass FumeFume HoodHood

Exhaust Air Exhaust Air

By-Pass Openings

Room Air Room Air

With Sash Open With Sash Nearly Closed AuxiliaryAuxiliary--AirAir FumeFume HoodHood

•• BringsBrings inin betweenbetween 5050--70%70% ofof airair volumevolume fromfrom outsideoutside laboratorylaboratory •• MayMay bebe usedused toto augmentaugment insufficientinsufficient roomroom airair •• ReducesReduces consumptionconsumption ofof fullyfully temperedtempered roomroom airair ••Requires two and blower systems ••Balance between air systems essential AuxiliaryAuxiliary AirAir FumeFume HoodHood

•• Requires two remote blowers– one to Aux. Air exhaust and one to Blower supply air •• Bonnet directs Remote Blower uniform and continuous air flow •• Exhaust and Auxiliary Air blower systems must be I Bonnet nter-locked AuxiliaryAuxiliary AirAir FumeFume HoodHood

Auxiliary Auxiliary Outside Air Outside Air

Exhaust Air Exhaust Air

Bonnet

Room Air Room Air

With Sash Open With Sash Nearly Closed SpecialSpecial PurposePurpose HoodsHoods

• Perchloric Acid/Acid Digestion • Radioisotope • Floor-Mounted • Canopy • Educational • HOPEC IV StainlessStainless SteelSteel PerchloricPerchloric AcidAcid FumeFume HoodHood

Wash Down Requires dedicated System Control exhaust duct with wash down system

Seamless one piece Type Integral 316 stainless drain trough steel liner including work surface PVCPVC PerchloricPerchloric AcidAcid FumeFume HoodHood

Wash down Requires dedicated system control exhaust duct with wash down system

Type I PVC Seamless one liner piece liner including Integral drain work surface trough RadioisotopeRadioisotope FumeFume HoodHood

DedicatedDedicated exhaustexhaust systemsystem isis recommendedrecommended** TypeType 304304 stainlessstainless steelsteel interiorinterior

*Work*Work SurfaceSurface withwith integralintegral cupsinkcupsink

* Consult local regulatory agencies for usage recommendations CanopyCanopy HoodHood

• Vents non-toxic materials such as steam, heat and noxious odors • May be mounted on a wall or suspended from ceiling • Install less than 12" above equipment to be ventilated FloorFloor--MountedMounted FumeFume HoodsHoods

• By-pass airflow design • Mount on floor permitting roll-in loading of heavy or bulk apparatus • Additional interior height to accommodate large apparatus • Aerodynamic sash foil

* Operator should never stand inside hood while fumes are being generated. XVSXVS VentilationVentilation StationsStations Applications:Applications: • Student work station • Balance enclosure • Light duty fume hood • Solvent cleaning bay • Veterinary pathology/cytology hood • Forensics/ latent fingerprint hood

VS Station atop accessory work surface CarbonCarbon FilteredFiltered EnclosuresEnclosures

AA portable,portable, selfself--containedcontained enclosureenclosure forfor vaporsvapors andand fumes,fumes, whichwhich requiresrequires nono ducting.ducting. • Applications include processes involving odors and unsafe concentrations of: 9 Organic solvents 9 Formaldehyde 9 Acid gases 9 PlanningPlanning LaboratoryLaboratory SpaceSpace

• Location • Identify airflow configurations • Adequate supply air • Supply air diffuser location • Balanced HVAC system • Air changes (4-12 or 16 per hour for high risk) • varies geographically • * 300 CFM = 1 ton of or $4 to $7 dollars/CFM PlanningPlanning LaboratoryLaboratory SpaceSpace

Each hood affects a room’s Alternate Hood ventilation and traffic flow, so Location everything must be considered when planning lab space.

Air Supply Air Supply Register Register Corridor Airflow

Hood Casework

Block register opening facing hood MonitorsMonitors

Digital American National Analog Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Z9.5 requires the use of an airflow monitor, a device that gives warning (by a visible or audible signal, or both) when the airflow through the hood has deviated from a predetermined level. FumeFume HoodHood PerformancePerformance TestsTests

•• SmokeSmoke •• FaceFace VelocityVelocity •• ASHRAEASHRAE 110110--9595 •• SEFASEFA FaceFace VelocityVelocity

AverageAverage faceface velocityvelocity isis calculatedcalculated byby dividingdividing thethe sashsash openingopening intointo oneone--footfoot squares.squares. VelocityVelocity readingsreadings areare takentaken inin eacheach gridgrid areaarea andand averaged.averaged. ASHRAEASHRAE 110110--9595 ThreeThree partpart testtest –– notnot aa pass/failpass/fail

•• FaceFace velocityvelocity profileprofile •• SmokeSmoke generationgeneration -- TitaniumTitanium tetrachloridetetrachloride •• TracerTracer gasgas containmentcontainment -- SulfurSulfur hexafluoridehexafluoride (released(released atat 44 liters/min.)liters/min.)

ASHRAE Test on Floor Mounted Hood LaboratoryLaboratory VentilationVentilation StandardsStandards

FederalFederal RegisterRegister 2929 CFRCFR PartPart 19101910

Non-mandatory recommendation from “Prudent Practices”

•• FumeFume hoodshoods shouldshould havehave aa continuouscontinuous monitoringmonitoring devicedevice •• FaceFace velocitiesvelocities shouldshould bebe betweenbetween 6060--100100 linearlinear feetfeet perper minuteminute •• AverageAverage 2.52.5 linearlinear feetfeet ofof hoodhood spacespace perper personperson LaboratoryLaboratory VentilationVentilation StandardsStandards

IndustrialIndustrial VentilationVentilation -- ACGIHACGIH

•• FumeFume hoodhood faceface velocitiesvelocities betweenbetween 6060--100100 fpmfpm •• MaximumMaximum ofof 125125 fpmfpm forfor radioisotoperadioisotope hoodshoods •• DuctDuct velocitiesvelocities ofof 10001000--20002000 fpmfpm forfor vapors,vapors, gassesgasses andand smokesmoke •• StackStack dischargedischarge heightheight 1.31.3--2.02.0 xx buildingbuilding heightheight •• WellWell designeddesigned fumefume hoodhood containmentcontainment lossloss <0.10<0.10 ppmppm BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET OPERATION

Scott Ward LABCONCO CORP. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

PlanningPlanningPlanning

„ ThoroughlyThoroughly understandunderstand proceduresprocedures andand equipmentequipment requiredrequired beforebefore beginningbeginning work.work. ArrangeArrange forfor minimalminimal disruptions,disruptions, suchsuch asas traffictraffic inin thethe roomroom duringduring work.work.

„ HaveHave disinfectantdisinfectant andand spillspill cleanupcleanup materialsmaterials prepared.prepared. Biological Safety Cabinet

„ HEPAHEPA filteredfiltered

z Contains biohazardous aerosols

z Provides personnel protection z May also provide product protection (depends on class)

Class II Biological Safety Cabinet How Are Biological Safety Cabinets Classified?

1) Airflow velocities and patterns 2) Exhaust system 3) Construction

Class I Class II Class III

Defined by National Institutes of Health/Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (NIH/CDC) Theory of Operation Biological Safety Cabinets

MajorMajor components:components:

„ HEPAHEPA filtersfilters

„ Motor/blowerMotor/blower toto forceforce airair throughthrough thethe cabinetcabinet

„ SpeedSpeed controlcontrol forfor thethe motor/blowermotor/blower

„ AppropriateAppropriate airair intakes,intakes, ductwork,ductwork, andand airair balancebalance controlscontrols HEPA Filters

TheThe HEPAHEPA filterfilter isis thethe heartheart ofof thethe biologicalbiological safetysafety cabinet.cabinet. ItIt isis aa disposabledisposable drydry--typetype filter,filter, constructedconstructed ofof boronboron silicatesilicate microfibersmicrofibers castcast intointo aa thinthin sheet.sheet. TheThe filterfilter mediamedia isis foldedfolded toto increaseincrease itsits surfacesurface area.area. HEPA Filters

TheThe HEPAHEPA filterfilter isis 99.99 efficient at removing particles 0.3 micron or larger in size. GasesGases passpass freelyfreely throughthrough thethe filter.filter HEPA Filters

Filter Frame

Gasket Seal

Continuous sheet Adhesive bond of flat filter between filter medium pack and integral frame TheoryTheory ofof OperationOperation BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

MajorMajor principles:principles:

„ FiltrationFiltration andand retentionretention ofof particulatesparticulates byby thethe HEPAHEPA filter(sfilter(s))

„ DirectionalDirectional airflowairflow

„ LaminarLaminar airflowairflow Theory of Operation Directional Airflow

z Air is drawn in from the front of the cabinet. Directional airflow into the cabinet face prevents aerosols escaping from the face of the cabinet. Theory of Operation Laminar Airflow

z Vertical laminar airflow through the work area captures any aerosols generated in the work area of the cabinet.

z To be true laminar airflow, air velocities throughout the cabinet must be + or - 20% of overall average. Class I Biological Safety Cabinet

z Open front with directional airflow

z Operates under negative pressure

z Face velocity of 75-100 fpm

z HEPA filtered exhaust

z Provides personnel and environmental protection only z For work requiring Biosafety Level 1, 2, or 3 containment

Defined By NIH/CDC Class II Biological Safety Cabinet

z Open front with directional airflow for personnel protection

z HEPA-filtered laminar downflow for product protection

z HEPA-filtered exhaust

z Face velocity of 75-100 fpm

z For work requiring Biosafety Level 1, 2, or 3 containment

Defined By NIH/CDC Class III Biological Safety Cabinets

z Totally enclosed

z Gas tight construction

z Work through gloves

z Negative pressure of at least 0.5" H2O z Provides personnel, product and environmental protection

z Double HEPA filter exhaust z For work requiring Biosafety Level 1, 2, 3, or 4 containment

Defined By NIH/CDC Types of Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

Class II

Type A Types Type B

A1 B1 Subtypes A2 B2

Described by NSF Standard No. 49 Differences Between Type A and Type B Biological Safety Cabinets

Class II

Type A Type B

May have “exposed” contaminated No “exposed” contaminated positive pressure plenums (A1 only) positive pressure plenums allowed Minimum average face Minimum average face velocity of 75 FPM (A1) or 100 fpm (A2) velocity of 100 FPM

Exhaust into lab or Must exhaust outside the lab outside via canopy via dedicated exhaust system with alarm Type A or Type B - Which to choose?

Type A Type B

For routine Offers containment and microbiological work. direct removal of volatile toxic gases and fumes used in conjunction with biological research.

The critical factor in choosing Type A or B is not biological containment, but whether the user works with volatile toxic chemicals, and the volumes required. ExhaustExhaust OptionsOptions

„ ReRe--circulatecirculate intointo room,room, TypeType AA

„ Canopy/thimble,Canopy/thimble, TypeType A2A2

„ SealedSealed connection,connection, TypeType B1B1 oror B2B2 ExhaustExhaust OptionsOptions

z A canopy, also known as a thimble, air-gap, or loose connection allows some room air to be drawn into the exhaust system, along with the cabinet’s exhaust

z The sealed connection is an air-tight connection between the cabinet and the ductwork Installation Considerations

The major components of a biological safety cabinet exhaust system are:

z The connection to the cabinet - canopy or sealed

z A remote blower

z A backdraft

z A ductwork system

With gas tight damper Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

TypeType A1A1 Biosafety Levels 1, 2, & 3 without Canopy No radionuclides

No volatile toxic chemicals Minimum inflow 75 fpm Open flames not recommended

Defined by NSF Standard No. 49 Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

TypeType A1A1 Biosafety with Canopy Levels 1, 2, & 3 Connection

No radionuclides

No volatile toxic chemicals

Minimum Open flames not inflow 75 fpm recommended

Defined by NSF Standard No. 49 Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

TypeType A2A2 without Biosafety Canopy Levels 1, 2, & 3 Connection No radionuclides

No volatile toxic chemicals

Minimum Open flames not inflow 100 fpm recommended

Defined by NSF Standard No. 49 Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

TypeType A2A2 Biosafety with Canopy Levels 1, 2, & 3 Connection Suitable for trace amounts of radionuclides* Suitable for minute quantities of volatile toxic chemicals* Minimum Open flames not inflow 100 fpm recommended

* when used as an adjunct to microbiological research Defined by NSF Standard No. 49 Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

Minimum TypeType B1B1 inflow 100 fpm Biosafety Levels 1 , 2, & 3

Minute quantities of radio- nuclides may be used in the rear of the work area.

Minute quantities of volatile toxic chemicals may be used in the rear of the work area.

Open flames not recommended.

Defined by NSF Standard No. 49 Class II Biological Safety Cabinets

TypeType B2B2 Biosafety Total Exhaust Levels 1, 2, & 3

Suitable for radionuclides*

Suitable for volatile toxic Minimum chemicals* inflow 100 fpm Open flames not recommended

* when used as an adjunct to Defined by NSF Standard No. 49 microbiological research Labconco Biological Safety Cabinet Airflow Configurations

Without Canopy Canopy Connection Sealed Connection

Type A2 Type A2 Type B2 WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets StartStart UpUp

„ TurnTurn offoff UVUV light,light, openopen sashsash toto itsits properproper height,height, andand turnturn onon cabinetcabinet lightslights andand blower.blower.

„ CheckCheck allall grillesgrilles forfor obstructionsobstructions andand letlet thethe cabinetcabinet operateoperate forfor 55 minutes.minutes.

„ WashWash handshands andand armsarms thoroughlythoroughly withwith disinfectantdisinfectant soap;soap; wearwear aa longlong sleevedsleeved lablab coatcoat withwith knitknit cuffscuffs andand overover--thethe--cuffcuff gloves.gloves. UseUse eyeeye protection.protection. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

WipeWipe--DownDown

WipeWipe downdown allall interiorinterior surfacessurfaces ofof thethe workwork areaarea withwith aa solutionsolution ofof 70%70% ethanolethanol oror otherother suitablesuitable disinfectantdisinfectant.. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

Loading

„ LoadLoad onlyonly thethe materialsmaterials needed.needed. DoDo notnot overloadoverload thethe cabinetcabinet oror obstructobstruct thethe .grilles. KeepKeep largelarge objectsobjects separated.separated.

„ LowerLower thethe sashsash untiluntil itit isis inin itsits properproper position.position. AllowAllow thethe unitunit toto operateoperate forfor 22 toto 33 minutesminutes toto purgepurge anyany airborneairborne contaminants.contaminants. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets WorkWork TechniquesTechniques

„ KeepKeep allall materialsmaterials atat leastleast 4"4" insideinside thethe sashsash openingopening andand performperform allall contaminatedcontaminated operationsoperations asas farfar toto thethe rearrear ofof thethe workwork areaarea asas possible.possible.

„ SegregateSegregate cleanclean andand contaminatedcontaminated materials.materials. ArrangeArrange materialsmaterials toto minimizeminimize movementmovement ofof contaminatedcontaminated materialsmaterials intointo cleanclean areas.areas. KeepKeep allall contaminatedcontaminated materialmaterial inin thethe rearrear ofof thethe workwork area.area.

„ AvoidAvoid excessiveexcessive movementmovement ofof armsarms oror materialsmaterials throughthrough thethe frontfront openingopening duringduring operation.operation. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

WorkWork TechniquesTechniques

„ UseUse properproper asepticaseptic technique.technique.

„ AvoidAvoid techniquestechniques thatthat disruptdisrupt airflowairflow patternspatterns inin thethe cabinet,cabinet, suchsuch asas anan openopen flame.flame.

„ IfIf therethere isis aa spillspill oror splattersplatter duringduring use,use, allall objectsobjects mustmust bebe decontaminateddecontaminated beforebefore removal.removal. ThoroughlyThoroughly disinfectdisinfect thethe interiorinterior surfacessurfaces ofof thethe cabinetcabinet whilewhile itit isis stillstill inin operation.operation. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

FinalFinal PurgingPurging

AfterAfter completingcompleting work,work, allowallow thethe cabinetcabinet toto operateoperate forfor 22 toto 33 minutesminutes undisturbedundisturbed toto purgepurge airborneairborne contaminantscontaminants fromfrom thethe workwork area.area. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets WipeWipe--DownDown

„ PeriodicallyPeriodically liftlift thethe workwork surfacesurface andand cleanclean underneathunderneath it.it. CleanClean thethe toweltowel catch.catch.

„ DisposeDispose ofof rubberrubber glovesgloves andand havehave lablab coatcoat properlyproperly laundered.laundered. WashWash armsarms andand handshands thoroughlythoroughly withwith germicidalgermicidal soap.soap.

„ WipeWipe downdown allall interiorinterior surfacessurfaces ofof thethe workwork areaarea withwith aa solutionsolution ofof 70%70% ethanolethanol oror otherother suitablesuitable disinfectant.disinfectant. WorkingWorking inin BiologicalBiological SafetySafety CabinetsCabinets

ShutdownShutdown

TurnTurn offoff thethe fluorescentfluorescent lightlight andand cabinetcabinet blower,blower, closeclose thethe sashsash andand turnturn onon thethe UVUV lightlight ifif appropriate.appropriate. ErgonomicErgonomic ConsiderationsConsiderations

Feet,Feet, KneesKnees andand LegsLegs

„ MakeMake suresure feetfeet restrest solidlysolidly onon thethe floorfloor oror footrest.footrest. DonDon’’tt dangledangle feetfeet oror compresscompress thighs.thighs.

„ ProvideProvide enoughenough legleg roomroom underunder thethe cabinetcabinet toto sitsit comfortably.comfortably.

„ VaryVary legleg andand footfoot positionspositions throughoutthroughout thethe day.day.

„ GetGet upup periodicallyperiodically andand taketake briefbrief walks.walks. ErgonomicErgonomic ConsiderationsConsiderations

BackBack

„ UseUse chairchair toto fullyfully supportsupport youryour body.body. MakeMake suresure thethe lowerlower backback isis supported.supported. DonDon’’tt slouchslouch forward.forward.

„ IfIf chairchair isis adjustable,adjustable, experimentexperiment withwith thethe adjustmentsadjustments toto findfind severalseveral comfortablecomfortable positions.positions.

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