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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान का अधकार, जी का अधकार” “परा को छोड न तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 667 (1981): Methods for Identification of Textile Fibres [TXD 5: Chemical Methods of Test]

“ान एक न भारत का नमण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“ान एक ऐसा खजाना जो कभी चराया नह जा सकताह ै”ै Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

IS : 667 - 1981 Indian Standard METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TEXTILE FIBRES (First Revision )

Chemical Methods of Test Sectional Committee, TDC 5

Chairman Representing DR ( KUMARI) M. D BHAVSAR The & Mills’ Research Association, Bombay Members DR V. G. AGNIHOTRI National Peroxide Ltd, Bombay SHR~P. K. BASU Directorate Genera1 of Supplies & Disposals ( Inspection Wing ), New Delhi SHRI A. K. SAIGAL( Alternate I1 SHRIM.L. BEHRANI ’ Ministry of Defence ( R & D ) SHRI A. K. SINGH( Akernnte ) SHRI B. V. BHATT Ahmedabad Manufacturing & Calico Printing Co Ltd, Ahmadabad SHIU K. G. SHAH ( Alternate ) SHRIC. BHATTACHARYA Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, Vadodara SHRI S. H. GHANEKAR( Ahernate ) DR D. K. DAS National Test House, Calcutta SHRI M. D. DIXIT The Bombay Textile Research Association, Bombay DR A. S. DUTT Indian Industries’ Research Association, Calcutta SHKI S. B. HARDAS Research Association, Bombay SHRI K. B. KULKARNI Textile Auxiliaries Manufacturers’ Association, Bombay DR B. R. MANJUNATHA Textiles Committee, Bombay DR ( SHRIMATI) G. R. PHALGUMANI( Alternate ) SHRISUNIL S. MEHTA The Silk & Art Silk Mills’ Association, Bombay DR S. N. PANDEY Technological Research Laboratory ( ICAR ), Bombay KUMARII. G. BHATT( Alternate ) SHRI C. K. PHADKE Office of the Textile Commissioner, Bombay SHRIK. S. DESIKAN( Alternate ) SHRIR. S. PRAYA~ All India Handloom Board, Bombay SHRIN. S. SARAIYA The Bombay Textile Research Association, Bombay SHR~S. R. A. SETTY Binny Ltd, Madras DR M. G. MODAK ( Alternate ) SHRIK. S. SRINIVASAN Crescent Dyes & Chemicals Ltd, Calcutta SHRIR. S. BAJEKAL( Alternate ) SHRID. K. SRIVASTAVA Ministry of Defence ( DGI ) KUMARIL. C. PATEL( Alternate ) SHRIJAMNADAS K. SHAH The Arvind Mills Ltd, Ahmadabad SHRIK. M. SHAH The Bombay Millowners’ Association, Bombay SHRIR. C. SHAH Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association, Ahmadabad SHRIS. S. TRIVEDI Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association, Ahmadabad SHRIS. M. CHAKRABORTY, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-officio Member ) Director ( Tex )

Secretary SHRIG. S. ABHYANKAR Deputy Director ( Tex ), IS1

Identification and Analysis of Fibres and Fabrics Subcommittee, TDC 5 : I

Convener

SHRIN. S. SARAIYA The Bombay Textile Research Association, Bombay Members SHRIV. S. ANGADI Sandoz ( India ) Ltd, Bombay SHRI K. S. RINDANI( Alternate )

( Continued on page 2 )

@ Copyright 1982 INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and reproducti0.n in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the publisher shall be deemed to be an mfrmgement of copyright under the said Act.

IS : 667-1981

(Continuedfrom page 1 )

Members Representing SHRI R. H. BENGERI The Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co Ltd. Bombay SHRI A. V. CHINIWALLA ( AIternate ) SZ-IRIN. H. DESAI Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association, Ahmadabad DR S. N. GHOSH Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association, Calcutta SHRI S. B. HARDAS Wool Research Association, Bombay DR B. R. MANJUNATHA Textiles Committee, Bombay DR ( SHRIMATI) G. R. PHALGUMANI( Alterwate ) SHRI M. R. PARANJAPE The Silk & Art Silk Mills’ Research Association, Bombay SHRI JAMNADASK. SHAH The Arvind Mills Ltd, Ahmadabad SHRI I. M. PATEL ( Alternate) DR Y. N SHARMA Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd, Vadodara SHRI D. K. SRIVASTAVA Ministry of Defence ( DGI ) SHRIK. R. BHANDARI( Alternate)

2

IS : 667 - 1981 Indian Standard METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TEXTILE FIBRES

( First Revision ) 0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) ways such as by including varied amounts of was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution delusterants which appear as black specks in a on 14 August 1981, after the draft finalized by photomicrograph, by making filaments of uniform the Chemical Methods of Test Sectional Committee for varied sizes in a same yarn, by producing modi- had been approved by the Textile Division Council. fied shapes by the use of irregular shaped spinnera- ted holes or modified processing techniques. As a 0.2 The original standard was published in 1955. consequence fibres of one generic type may be found The committee responsible for the preparation of with more than one typical cross-section and this this standard decided that the scope of IS : 667-1955 may change from time to time. It should be noted be enlarged to include various synthetic fibres used also that generic types are marketed in varieties commercially in India. Microscopic analysis has showing radically different dyeing characteristics been included in this revised version as many but having the same cross-section; conversely, a of the important natural fibres, such as wool, silk, difference in cross-section does not necessarily imply cotton and bast fibres are identified with certainty any distinct difference in dyeing or other important in the longitudinal view. More information is chemical or physical characteristics. gained from a cross-section which is especially valuable for the differentiation of the man-made fibres. In a few cases purely microscopic test may 0.4 Considerable assistance has been derived from fail to give differentiation due to morphological the following publications: similarity. This applies particularly to a group of LUNIAK (B ). The identification of textile fibres. almost structureless man-made fibres with round 1953. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd, cross-section and to some extent also to the striated London. fibres For identification of all such fibres which do not give definite information by microscopic examination, chemical and staining methods are Identification of textile materials. 1977. 8 Ed. of great value. A considerable number of chemical The Textile Institute, Manchester. reactions and staining tests have been incorporated for practically every specific case of fibre differen- ASTM Designation : D276-62 Methods for tiation. identification of fibres in textiles. American Society for Testing and Materials. 0.2.1 Microphotographs are being published separately, till that time photographs available in AATCC Test Method 20-1973 Fibres in Textiles: the references given in 0.4 should be used. Identification, AATCC Technical Manual 0.3 Producers of man-made fibres intentionally 1975. American Association of Textile modify the appearance of cross-sections in several Chemists and Colourists.

1. SCOPE ii) High Lignin Content - .Tute, Mesta, Rosella, True and Sunn 1.1 This standard prescribes methods of tests for Hemp identification of textile fibres. Some of them which 3) Leaf Fibres - and are included in this standard are listed below: 4) Fruit or Nut Fibres - Group 1 - Natural Fibres b) Animal Fibres ( Natural Protein Fibres.) a) Vegetable Fibres 1) Wool and Chlorinated Wool 1) Seed Fibres - Cotton, Akund and Kapok 2) Silk 2) Bast Fibres : i) Cultivated Silk - raw, degummed and weighted i) Low Lignin Content - or ( raw and bleached ) - ii) Tasar or Tussah Silk

IS : 667 - 1981

c) Mineral Fibres needles, glass slides, cover glasses and a cross- 1) sectioning device. The microscope should be equipped to permit examination from 100X to Group 2 - Man-Made Fibres 500x.

a) Regenerated Fibres 4. REAGENTS 1) Cellulosic - Viscose, Cuprammonium, 4.0 Quality of Reagents - Unless specified other- Acetate ( secondary and triace- wise, pure chemicals shall be employed in tests and tate ), Polynosic, High-Wet Modulus Fibres distilled water ( see IS : 1070-1977” ) shall be used (HWM) where the use of water or distilled water as a rea- 2) Protein - Casein, Groundnut Fibre, Zein gent is intended.

b) Synthetic Fibres NOTE- ‘ Pure chemicals ’ shall mean chemicals that do not contain impurities which affect the experimental 1) - 66, Nylon 610, Nylon results. 6, etc 4.1 Zinc Chlor-iodide Solution - Dissolve 20 g of 2) - Terylene, Terene, Dacron, etc zinc chloride in 10 ml of water. To this solution, add a solution of 2.1 g of potassium iodide and 3) Polyvinyl Derivatives 0.1 g iodine in 5 ml of water. Filter or decant the i) Polyvinyl Chloride - Pe Ce, Rhovyl, mixture when settled and add a crystal of iodine etc before storing the mixture in a dark bottle. ii) Polyvinyl Chloride Acetate - Vinyon 4.2 Phloroglucinol and Hydrochloric Acid Solu- ST, Vinyon HH tion - Dissolve 2 g of phloroglucinol in 100 ml of alcohol. When required for use, mix with equal iii) Polyvinyl Chloride - Acrylonitrile - volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Vinyon N, Dyne1 iv) Polyvinylonitrile (Acrylic fibres) - 4.3 Cuprammonium Hydroxide Solution Orlon, Acrilan 4.3.1 Solution A - Dissolve 502 g of copper v) Polyvinyl Alcohol - , Kuralon sulphate ( analytical quality ) in 1 000 ml of hot distilled water and cool the solution until crystalli- vi) Polystyrene and Copolymers - Styro- zation begins. Add 250 g of ice and 450 ml of flex, Polyfil, etc ammonia of specific gravity 0.880. Make up the vii) Polyvinylidene Chloride and Copoly- volume to 2 700 ml. mers - Saran, Velon 4.3.2 Solution B - Prepare a solution of 7.5 ml of 76” TW caustic soda solution free from carbo- 4) Polyolefins nate and 72.5 ml of ammonia of specific gravity, 0 - Polythene 0.880. ii) Polypropylene - Reevon 4.3.3 When required for use, mix 150 ml of Solu- tion A and Solution B. Group 3 - Inorganic Fibres 4.4 Alkaline Lead Acetate Solution - Dissolve 2 g a) Glass of sodium hydroxide in 30 ml of water and add this b) Metal to a solution of 2 g of lead acetate in 50 ml of water. Boil the mixture until it becomes clear, cool, make 2. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN up the volume to 100 ml and filter, if necessary.

2.1 If the sample consists of more than one kind 4.5 Sulphuric Acid - 80 percent (m/m ). of fibres, separate by dissection the different kinds, 4.6 Sodium Hydroxide - (i) 5 percent ( m/m ), teasing them apart by dissecting needles. (ii) 15 percent ( m/m ). 2.2 In order to avoid interference with proper 4.7 Nitric Acid - (i) concentrated, (ii) 5 percent identification of fibres, remove the non-fibrous ( m/m ), (iii) 25 percent ( m/m ). matter by following the procedures recommended in IS : 906%1979*. 4.8 Hydrochloric Acid - concentrated.

3. APPARATUS 4.9 Acetone 3.1 The apparatus for microscopic examination 4.10 Phenol - 90 percent ( m/m ). shall consist of a compound microscope, dissecting 4.11 m-Cresol

*Recommendedmethods for removal of non-fibrous *Specification for water for general laboratory use matter prior to quantitative analysis of fibre mixtures. ( second revision ).

4

IS: 667-1981

4.12 Carbondisulphide 5.5 Microscopic Analysis 4.13 Tetrahydrofurane 5.5.1 For Longitudinal Examination - Place a 4.14 Dimethylformamide small number of fibres on a glass slide in a suitable mounting medium, cover the fibres with a covering 4.15 Benzene - glass. Examine the fibres at a specified magnifica- 4.16 Cyclohexanone tion under microscope ( see Fig.* ). 4.17 Hydrofluoric Acid 5.5.2 For Cross-Section Examination - Take a tuft of fibres and prepare the specimen with the 4.18 Calcium Hypochlorite Solution - 3.5 g/l cross-sectioning device, place it on a glass slide in available chlorine. a suitable mounting medium and cover it with a covering glass. Examine the fibres at a specified 4.19 Alcohol Solution - 92 percent ethyl alcohol magnification under microscope ( see Fig.* ). solution ( m/m ). 5.6 Staining Test - Dye a small of fibre with a 4.20 Ammonia Solution mixture of dyestuffs ( for example, Shirlastain A, 4.21 Methyl Salicylate Detex, Fibre Stain, etc ) for 3 to 5 minutes and wash thoroughly. The colour developed may be 4.22 Iodine-Potassium Iodide Solution - prepa- viewed carefully or compared with the known dyed red by dissolving 20 g iodine in 100 ml of saturated samples. potassium iodide solution ( about 150 g of potas- sium iodide in 100 ml of distilled water ). NOTE 1 -- The sample is immersed in Detex for about 5 minutes at room temperature with occasional stirring. 4.23 Sodium Hypochlorite - 5.25 percent. It is then rinsed several times in water at 50°C until the 4.24 Formic Acid - concentrated. water remains clear. 4.25 Methylene Chloride NOTE 2 - The sample is thoroughly wetted and washed free from wetting agent, if any and then immer- 4.26 Chlorobenzene sed in Shrilastain A at room temperature for one minute. 4.27 Toluene It is then thoroughly washed in cold water. 4.28 Glacial Acetic Acid NOTE 3 - The sample is wetted in alcohol, washed and immersed in Neocarmine W for 3 to 5 minutes at 4.29 Decalin room temperature. It is then thoroughly rinsed in running water, immersed in dilute ammonia and rinsed 5. TESTS again. NOTB4 - Various staining agents are marketed by 5.1 Burning Test - A small tuft of fibres is held various manufacturers. A list of few suppliers of by forceps in the frame of a micro-burner for about staining agents is given separately in Appendix E. For 10 seconds and is then removed. It is noted whe- the colours produced by the staining agents on various ther the tuft burns or not; whether it forms any fibres the literature given by the manufacturers should be seen. The list given in Appendix E is for information bead or whether the ash skeleton is retained; the and guidance only. type of smell emitted during burning is also noted. The test is carried out in daylight. 6. PROCEDURE

NOTE- The burner should be set up away from 6.1 For preliminary identification of fibres, follow draughts as far as possible, but no elaborate screening the scheme given in Appendix A. Also examine of the flame is necessary. the sample for staple length to distinguish conti- 5.2 Twist on Drying - One end of a single fibre is nuous filament silk and from staple fibres held between the fingers and the free end is directed such as viscose staple fibre. towards the observer. This free end is then mois- 6.2 For confirmation of the indication given by tened and the direction of twist during drying is tests as prescribed under 6.1, follow the scheme noted, that is, whether movement is in a clockwise prescribed for individual fibre in Appendices B, C or counter clockwise direction. or D. 5.3 Floatation Test -A small sample of the fibre after degreasing in benzene-methanol mixture ( 3:2 ) 6.3 For ultimate identification of the fibre under is placed in the test liquid and pushed below the test, repeat the relevant tests, side by side, on both, surface by means of a glass rod. The liquid should its specimen and on authentic specimen of the fibre be illuminated transversely and viewed against a indicated by 6.1 and 6.2. black background to observe whether the sample NOTE- It is necessary that before concluding the final floats on the surface or sinks. identity of the fibres, the inferences given on various 5.4 Swett’s Test - The sample is degreased and tests should be considered. immersed in nascent chlorine water for 30 seconds, *Figures of microphotographs for Longitudinal Sections washed in water and alcohol, and then exposed to and Cross-Sections of various fibres are under prepara- fumes from strong ammonia; the colour developed tion. Till such time figures available in various books is noted. mentioned in 0.4 may be used.

5

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS : 667 - 1981

APPENDIX A ( Clause6.1 )

PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF FIBRES Bunting Test I I I I I I I I Burns, Bead formed Melts and burns Burns, no bead Burns slowly, leaves black Burns, Ash Chars, Ash Do not burn I formed, burnt fluffy ash, smell of skeleton skeleton I POLYE&YLENE paper smell burnt hair Burnt hair smell I I I I I Round bard Melts and burns, Burns, black I ALGINATE GIOWS but Melts to clear bead, shrinks shrinks from tlame bead, smell of CELLULASIC FIBRES WOOL CHLORINATED WEIGH&ED SILK retains hard bead from flame irregular black bead acetic acid I WdOL, SILK ( RAW original form I FIoatation in alcohol DEGUMMED ), TUSSAH I GL!4SS NYLON TER?LENE CELL&LOSE ( 92 percent ) SILK, REGENERATED ASBESTOS DACRON’ ACETATE PROTEIN FIBRES Pe Ce, RHOVYL, I VINYON DYNEL, Alkaline lead acetale SARAN I I I I I S!nks FIAats No blackening possibly Blackening Light to dark I I ( k&t gw ) Wool and chlorinated greyish brown PhlorogIucinol and hydrochloric acid Shirlastain A SILK AND TUSSAH SILK wool and hat REGENERATED I I I PROTEIN -T Cold cone hydrochloric acid Appearance in FIBRES ColoLess Pink Red to Magenta Pidk Yellow to’ light methylmlicylate I I I AKUND brown I I Twist on Float&on in KAPOK Dissolves Doed not I T&If on drying methyl CULTIVATED dissolve Modulated NO MEDJLLA drying I salicylate SILK TUSSAH and Transparent wool I SILK Kempy Hairs Clockwise Adti- I RAW FLAX clockwise bloats Sihks Floaration in COIR JUTE, MESTA methyl- I I I I AND ROSELLAS salicylare No’twist Variable Clockwise Cupr&monium I VISCOSE twist I hydroxide Sidks CUPRAMMONIUM COlTON Mean sraple I Fldats RATON Iengrh of I ultimate fibres Diisolves Does ’ not Ploaloararionin Shir&ain A HEMP dissolve alcohol I ‘- I I I I I 30 km 12d mm Swert!s Test B!ight Briht Blue FLAX RAMIE I Fldats pink CUPRAMMONIUM (Bleached) I BLACK FACE ANGORA VISCOSE RAYON Brown Rdd WOOL RABBIT RAYON MANILA SISAL

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS : 667 _ 198,

APPENDIX B

( Clause 6.2 )

: NATURAL FIBRES

- Brown

APPENDIX C (Claws 6.2) MAN-MADEFmms

(14)

Does not Rho”“, - ilmoivc

-

do *a

do do

do

IS : 667 - 1981 APPENDIX D

( Clause 6.2 )

MINERAL AND GLASS FIBRES

SL FIBRE BURNINGTEST MICROSCOPICALEXAMINATION GTHBR No. ~--_-_.-h------7 TESTS Longitudinal Cross-Section (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) D-l. Asbestos Glows, does not Very-fine, - - burn fibre-like crystal, of varying diameter ( easily separated ), fairly regular over fibre length D-2. Glass do Cylindrical, Circular, Hydrofluoric structureless, edge smooth acid - dissolves transparent, very regular over length; normally very fine ( 0.5 micron or less )

APPENDIX E ( 4 5.6 ) Note under Clause LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF STAINING AGENTS

1) Texanlab ( Sales ) 6) National Aniline Division 323, Ashish Industrial Estate Allied Chemical & Dye Corporation Gokhale Road ( South ), Dadar 40, Rector Street, Bombay 400025 New York 6, N. Y. 2) E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company 7) Fesago Wilmington 98, Del. Chemische Fabrik Dr. Gossler GmbH, Heidelburg, 3) American Cyanamid Company Germany Calco Chemical Division Bound Brook, N. J. 8) Dr Herman Baumann United Piece Dye Works 4) Test Fibres, Inc. P. 0. Box 567 Lodi, N. J. Plainfield, N. J. 9) Fischer Scientific Company 5) General Dyestuffs Corporation 7 1l-723 Forbes Street 435, Hudson Street, Pittsburgh, Pa New York, N. Y.

13 INDIAN STANDARDS

ON

CHEMICAL METHODS OF TEST FOR QUANTITATIVE CHFMICAL ANALYSIS OF J?IBRE MIXTURES

IS:

1564-1962 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of and certain other fibres 1889 ( Part I)-1 976 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton : Part I Sodium zincate method (first revision ) 1889 ( Part II )-1976 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton : Part II Cadoxen solvent method 1889 ( Part III )-1979 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton : Part III Formic acid-zinc chloride 1889 ( Part IV )-1979 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton : Part IV Sulphuric acid method (first revision ) 2005-1962 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of fibres and certain other fibres 2006-l 978 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of protein fibres and certain other fibres( first revision ) 2176-1962 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of secondary and certain other fibres 2177-1962 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of mixtures of cellulose triacetate and secondary cellulose acetate fibres 2727-1964 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of manila and sisal fibres 3416-1966 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of mixture of polyester fibres with cotton or regenerated cellulose ‘3421-1966 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of acrylic and certain other fibres 6503-1972 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of ternary mixtures of protein fibres, nylon 6 or nylon 6’6, and certain other fibres 6504-1979 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of ternary mixtures of viscose rayon, cotton and protein fibres (first revision ) f 6570-1972 Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of jute and animal fibres 9068-1979 Recommended methods for the removal of non-fibrous matter prior to quantitative analysis of fibre mixtures

METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TEXTILE FIBRES (First Revision)

@ Cop)‘ribhr 1989 .I BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ,: MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC NEW DELHI 110002

Or 4 jruI~ 1989

.. IS : 667 - 1981 ( Supplement ) SUPPLEMENT TO Indian Standard METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TEXTILES FIBRES ( First Revision)

This supplement is intended to incorporate in this standard the microphotographs of cotton, flax, jute, silk, wool, acetate rayon, viscose rayon, acrylic, nylon and polyester fibres. The microphotographs included in this supplement give the cross-sectional and or longitudinal views of these fibres. Due to addition of this supplement, clause 02.1 may be reworded as under: ‘Microphotographs of some important fibres have been incorporated separately as a supplement to this standard. For further details, the references given in clause 0.4 may be used.’

1 As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS : 667 - 1981 ( Supplement )

FIG. l(a) RAW COTTON - LONGITUDINAL FIG. l(b) RAW COTTON - CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW VIEW ( x 500 ) ( x 750 )

FIG. 2(a) MERCERIZED COTTON - LONGITUDINAL FIG. 2(b) MEKCERIZED COTTON - CROSS- VIEW SECTIDNAL VIEW ( x 500) ( x 750 )

FIG. 3 FLAX - CROSS-SECTIONALVIEW (x 100) IS : 667. - 1981 ( Supplement )

FIG. 4(a) RAW JUTE FIBRE ( UNPURIFIED) - FIQ. 4(b) FRACTUREDRAW .JUTEFIBRE LONGITUDINALVIEW ( UNPURIFIED) CROSS- SECTIONALVIEW ( X 600 ) ( x 200)

FIG. -5(a) RAW SILK - LONOITUDINAL Fro. 5(b) RAW SILK - CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW VIEW ( x 250 ) ( X 500 )

FIG. 6(a) WOOL - LONGITUDINALVIEW FIG. 6(b) WOOL - CROSS-SECTIONALVIEW ( x 1 000 ) ( x 500 )

‘4 tS : 667’- 1981 ( Supplement )

FIG. 7 ACETATERAYON - CROSS-SECTIONALVIEW ( x 320)

FIG. 8(a) VISCOSE,NORMAL - LONGITUDINAL FIG 8(b) VISCOSE,NORMAL - CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW Vmw ( x 500 ) ( x 750 )

Fm. 8(c) HOLLOW VISCOSE- VISCOSEFIBRE Fxo. 8(d) TRILOBALVISCOSE - LONGITUDINALVIEW ( x 2 000) ( x 2 000 )

5 IS : 667 - 1981 ( Supplement )

FIG. 8(e) CRIMPEDVISCOSE - LONGITUDINAL FIG. 8(f) INFLATEDVISCOSE - LONGITUDINAL VIEW VIEW ( x 1 500 ) ( x 1 000 )

FIG. 8(g) VISCOSE,POLYNOSIC - LONGITUDINAL FIG. 8(h) VISCOSE, POLYNOSXC- CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW VIEW ( x 500) ( x 750 )

FIG. 9(a) ACRYLIC, BEAN SHAPE -- FIG. 9(b) ACRYLIC, BEAN SHAPE - CROSS- LONGITUDINALVIEW SECTIONALVIEW ( x 500 ) ( x 500 )

6 IS : 667 - 1981 ( Supplement )

,FIG. 10(a) NYLON 6 - LONGITUDINAL FIG. 10(b) NYLON 6 - CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW VIEW ( x 500 ) ( x 250 )

FIG. 10(c) NYLON, TRILOBAL - CROSS-SECTIONALVIEW. ( x 320 )

FIG. 1 l(a) POLYESTER,REGULAR ( CIRCULAR) FIG. 1 l(bj POLYESTER,REGULAR ( CIRCULAR! - LONGITUDINALVIEW - CROSS-SECTIONALVIEW ( x 500 ) (x500)

7 IS : 667 - 1981 ( Supplement )

FIG. 1 l(c) POLYESTER,HOLLOW - LONGITUDINAL FIG. 11 (cl) POLYESTER,HOLLOW - CROSS- VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW ( x 500 ) ( x 500 )

FIG. 11 (e) POLYESTER,TRILOBAL - FIG. I l(f ) POLY&STER,TRILOBAL - CROSS- LONGITUDINALVIEW SECTIONALVIEW ( x 500 ) ( x 500 )

8 :

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