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July 2012 OE Quick Guide: Saudi Arabia TRADOC G-2 Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA) Complex Operational Environment and Threat Integration Directorate (CTID) [Type the author name] United States Army 6/1/2012 Operational Environment Quick Guide Introduction Saudi Arabia is a Middle Eastern country bordered by the Red Sea, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirate, Oman, and Yemen. On 23 September 1932, after a 30-year campaign, Abd al-Aziz bin Abd al-Rahman al-Saud united the Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula to form the modern state of Saudi Arabia. Since its establishment, a descendent of al- Saud has ruled the monarchy, formally named the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia wields considerable political, religious, and economic power by virtue of its sizable petroleum reserves and its status as the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the cradle of Islam. A strong ally of the U.S., Saudi Arabia has adversarial neighbors, and is a critical resource supplier as well. Political Variable Manifestations in Saudi Arabia Centers of Political Power: King Abdallah bin Abd al-Aziz al-Saud has ruled the Kingdom since his coronation on 1 August 2005. Abdallah serves as both the king and prime minister and is also the head of state and government. Abdallah is assisted by Deputy Prime Minister Nayif bin Abd al-Aziz al-Saud. Every four years, the prime minister appoints members of the Saudi Cabinet, formally named the Council of Ministers. Most ministers are royal family members. The country’s legislative branch is named the Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura. The prime minister also appoints the 150 members of the shura and its chairman to four year terms. In October 2003, the Council of Ministers declared that it intended to hold elections for one third of the ministerial seats. When the first elections took place on 10 February 2005, only about 25% of potential voters cast ballots. This may have indicated voter dissatisfaction with the progress of reforms, disenfranchisement, or simply that people were satisfied and felt no need to vote. In October 2006 the king decreed that an Allegiance Commission would be established consisting of a committee of Saudi princes to participate in the selection of future Saudi kings instead of the traditional hereditary method, but this new system of selection was not to take effect until after Crown Prince Sultan was crowned king. Sultan died in 2011, and the Allegiance Commission named Prince Naif bin Abdulaziz as the new Crown Prince, who died 16 June 2012. Type of Government: Saudi Arabia is a monarchy. Based on its 1992 Basic Law, the king must be a male descendant of Abd al-Aziz bin Abd al-Rahman al-Saud, the first king of Saudi Arabia. 2 UNCLASSIFIED Operational Environment Quick Guide Key Governmental Leaders: King Abdallah has reformed the monarchy since taking power. He reorganized his cabinet in 2009 and appointed more moderates to ministerial and judicial positions. Abdallah also appointed the first female to a cabinet-level position. He stepped up his efforts during the “Arab Spring” uprisings across the Middle East between 2010 and 2011. Most incidents in the kingdom during this period were protests by the Shia minority calling for the release of Shia dissidents. The kingdom responded by deploying a strong police presence to control protesters. In March 2011, Abdallah announced several standard of living improvements including salary increases, unemployment benefits, and better access to affordable housing for Saudi citizens. In September 2011, the kingdom held elections for the first time for 285 municipal council member seats. During that same month, Abdallah decreed that women would be allowed to run for office and vote. In 2012, the kingdom’s top leaders were: o King: Abdallah bin Abd al-Aziz al-Saud o Crown Prince: Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud o Prime Minister: Abdallah bin Abd al-Aziz al-Saud o Deputy Prime Minister: Nayif bin Abd al-Aziz al-Saud o Ambassador to the United States: Adil al-Ahmad al-Jubayr Government Effectiveness and Legitimacy: The Saudi Monarchy is considered legitimate by the Saudi populace, yet minority Shia protests and clashes in the kingdom in 2009, 2010, and 2011, and regional public unrest, prompted increased attention to the reform movement. Liberal, moderate, and conservative unofficial political groups presented the king with advisory petitions containing suggested reforms. The issue is that many of these same reforms have previously been suggested and were ignored. Pubic confrontations with the kingdom’s security forces may occur in the future if these reforms are again ignored, as all public demonstrations are illegal. Domestic Political Issues: The most pressing political issues in the kingdom are the continued war on terror and minority Shia unrest. Al-Qaeda in the Arab Peninsula (AQAP) continues to subvert the government and conduct attacks against the nation’s oil industry. Protests and clashes between the kingdom’s security forces and the minority Saudi Shia population have highlighted the sectarian tensions that persist. A number of Shia activists and even a Shia cleric were arrested and several Shia mosques were closed between 2009 and 2011. Attitude toward the U.S.: The Saudi Monarchy views the U.S. as a key strategic ally and was the largest U.S. trading partner in the Middle East as of 2010. Political Parties: No formal political parties are officially recognized by the monarchy. Other Domestic Influential Groups: Ansar al Marah is an activist group that supports and petitions for women’s rights in the kingdom and strives to place women in key council member and ministry-level political positions. 3 UNCLASSIFIED Operational Environment Quick Guide International Organizations and NGOs: In December 2007, the Consultative Council presented the king with a draft law governing associations and foundations that would for the first time establish an official policy to allow nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to legally operate in the kingdom. The law currently awaits the approval and adoption of the king. Some of the key international organizations of which the kingdom is either a member or an observer are: o G-20 o G-77 o Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) o United Nations (UN) o Interpol o International Monetary Fund (IMF) o Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) o World Trade Organization (WTO) o World Health Organization (WHO) Military Variable Manifestations in Saudi Arabia Military Forces: Based on 2010 estimates, the Saudi Ministry of Defense commands a total of about 233,500 troops, when counting both active duty soldiers and active national guardsmen. The major military branches under the Ministry of Defense include the Royal Saudi Land Forces (RSLF), Royal Saudi Naval Forces (RSNF), Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF), Royal Saudi Air Defense Force (RSADF), Royal Saudi Strategic Rocket Forces (RSSRF), Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG), Saudi Royal Guard Brigade (SRB), and Saudi Emergency Force (SEF). o Military Service Age and Obligation: . No conscription . Eligible to serve at 18 years of age o Manpower Available for Military Service: (2010 estimate) . Total, 16-49: 15,246,507 . Males, 16-49: 8,644,522 . Females, 16-49: 6,601,985 o Personnel: (2010 and 2012 estimates, differing source data shown for comparison) . RSLF/SRB: Approximately 75,000 (not including SANG) Corps headquarters: 1 (no division headquarters) Armored brigades: 4 4 UNCLASSIFIED Operational Environment Quick Guide Mechanized infantry brigades: 5 Airborne brigade: 1 Artillery brigade: 1 Royal Guard Brigade/Regiment: 1 Aviation Command: 1 . RSAF, RSADF, and RSSRF: 34,000-36,000 . RSNF: 13,500-15,500 . SANG: 75,000 to 100,000 . Equipment and weapons table: ARMY Armored Equipment in Artillery Systems in Service Anti-Tank Weapons in Service Service M1A2 Main Battle Tank 373 203mm M-115 Howitzer, Unk TOW/TOW-2A 950 towed M-60A3 Main Battle Tank 450 155mm M109A 1/2 110 M-47 Dragon Anti-Tank 1,000 Howitzer, self-propelled Guided Missile AMX-30 Main Battle 290 155mm GCT 51 HOT Antitank Guided Unk Tank (Active) (storage) Howitzer, Missile Systems, crew self-propelled served Panhard M3 Armored 150 155mm M101/102 Unk 112mm APILAS Light 200 Personnel Carrier Howitzer, towed Antitank Weapon M-2A2 Bradley with 400 155mm M-198 Howitzer, 26 106mm M40A1 Recoilless 40 25mm Cannon Turret towed Rifle and twin TOW Launcher M113/A1 Armored 1,700 155mm FH-70 Howitzer, 38 84mm Carl Gustav 300 Personnel Carrier and towed Recoilless Rifle BMP-3 Oto Melera VCC-1 with 224 155mm M-114 Howitzer, 50 90mm M67 Rocket 100 TOW (upgraded M113) towed Launchers Fuchs-2 Nuclear, 36 ASTROS II Multiple Rocket 60 Biological, and Chemical Launcher Warfare Vehicle Piranhas VCC-1 499 81mm Mortar, mounted 70 (upgraded M113; many with TOW) LAV-AG 130 M-30, 4.2 inch Mortar, 150 mounted AML-60, Armored 110 81mm and 107mm 180 Reconnaissance Vehicle Mortar, towed AML-90, Armored 190 120mm Mortar, towed 48 Reconnaissance Vehicle AMX-10P 570 107mm M106 A1/A2 150 5 UNCLASSIFIED Operational Environment Quick Guide M88 Armored Recovery 92 M548 Ammunition Carrier 36 Vehicle M578 Armored 60 M992 Field Artillery 56 Recovery Vehicle Ammunition supply Vehicle AIR FORCE Fixed Wing Aircraft Rotary Wing Aircraft Air Defense in Service in Service Weapons in Service Eurofighter Typhoon 24 AH-64A Apache 12 FIM-92A Stinger 500 F-15S Eagle, Multirole 70 AH-64D Apache Longbow 70 FIM-43 Redeye 500 (Purchased) F-15 C Eagle, 60 AS-532 Super Puma 12 Crotale (Shahine
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