Indonesian’s Convivial Society Products

Kumara Sadana Putra, S.Ds.,M.A Design and Management Product University of Surabaya (DMP-UBAYA) [email protected]

Abstract— has an endless diversity of Vernacular design is influenced by a large variety of natural resources and human craftmenship different aspects of human behavior and the expertise resources, saving a million potential to environment, which leads to the shape of the building be developed. Many products are functional and / different products for different contexts almost aesthetic have been produced a long time ago, every, even the neighboring villages may have a such as carts, gendongan jamu, kentongan, bedug, slightly different approach to the construction and use becak, delman, angklung, etc. Those products are of their residence, even if they at first appear similar. appear without the participation of product Despite this variation, any building or product is designer which earned formal education in the subject to the same laws of physics, and therefore modern era. These genius product design appear will show significant similarities in structural forms. without known the history, product concept. Vernacular product is a term used to categorize Suddenly, the product has been attending in methods of construction which use locally available community since ancient times. resources and traditions to address local needs and Ivan Illich, an Austrian Design Sociology expert, circumstances. Vernacular product tends to evolve wrote a theory in Tools for Conviviality (1973). over time to reflect the environmental, cultural and Illich saw one other alternative to posti ndustrial historical context in which it exists. It has often been society, namely the implementation and dismissed as crude and unrefined, but also has development of technology convivial form of proponents who highlight its importance in current integration of ethics, morality, and social change design. that is more humane. Illich assess, design science It can be contrasted against polite architecture which of nature can also be used to simplify the tools to is characterised by stylistic elements of design enable ordinary people to build their own intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes environment. which go beyond a building's functional Convivial society is a society that has freedom in requirements. running their daily life. They are built with the possibility of each of its members to run its system of social life independently without the help of others. Designs that living in such a society, must be the designs that are actually understated, easy to use, the material there is around and the community to create their own. This theory underlying the exploration from the writer to open the eyes more clearly and make observations of products around us that have emerged, which still continues to use modern society. So we can more proud to use products made by our own people.

Index Terms— convivial society, vernacular design, design sociology, craftmenship, Indonesian’s cultural heritage

I. INTRODUCTION Fig 1. (Up-left to bottom-right), Bedug-pikulan- angklung-becak, Indonesian’s convivial society product When talking about the convivial society, can not be (Source:http://images.djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com) separated from the theory of Vernacular Design. Architecture Without Architects is a book written by II. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY Bernard Rudofsky was published in 1964. This book provides an overview of the wealth of artistic, functional, and culture of vernacular architecture ..

Sociology of design as a new study area1 discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his The three figures below are the authors assessed the influence declined after the 1981 election of François pioneering studies of sociology of design, although Mitterrand as he was considered too pessimistic at a less so popular in the social sciences, but among the time when the French Left took control of the designers, many of the ideas that inspired the design government. In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled of various policies. extensively, mainly splitting his time between the 1. Nigel Cross United States, Mexico, and Germany. He held an • Design is not like a crossword puzzle or guessing appointment as a Visiting Professor of Philosophy, game. Science, Technology and Society at Penn State. He • Problems contain design aspects of the problem of also taught at the University of Bremen. overlapping and complex. Concepts : • Designers usually work in a “dark” situation and 1. Counterproductivity design issues is a 'hard' matter. The main notion of Ivan Illich is the concept of • Prickly all social problems is a designer’s 'crime'. counterproductivity: when institutions of modern 2. Victor Papanek industrial impede their purported aims. For example, • The designers are required to consider social Ivan Illich calculated that, in America in the 1970s, if behavior. you add the time spent to work to earn the money to • Desigenr must have a social responsibility, provide buy a car, the time spent in the car (including traffic alternative designs for the handicapped and the poor jam), the time spent in the health care industry in the world. because of a car crash, the time spent in the oil • Papanek give attention to social inequality. industry to fuel cars ...etc., and you divide the number of kilometres traveled per year by that, you 3. Ivan Illich obtain the following calculation: 10000 km per year • Implementation and development of technology and per person divided by 1600 hours per year per the concept of convivial society. American equals 6 km per hour. So the real speed of • Science is used to simplify the design of tools to a car would be about 3.7 miles per hour. enable the cloud to be easy to use, completely unpretentious and can be made by the public. 2. Radical monopoly He invented the concept of radical monopoly: when a Ivan Illich profile2 technical medium is or appears to be more effective, Illich was born in Vienna to a Croatian father— it creates a monopoly which denies access to other engineer Ivan Peter Illich and Sephardic Jewish media. The mandatory consumption of a medium mother—Ellen née Regenstreif-Ortlieb and had which uses a lot of energy (for example motorised Italian, Spanish, French and German as native transportation) narrows the fruition of use value languages. He later learned Serbian, the language of (innate transit ability). his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in By "radical monopoly" I mean the dominance of one addition to Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, English, and type of product rather than the dominance of one other languages. Thereafter, he studied histology and brand. I speak about radical monopoly when one crystallography at the University of Florence (Italy) industrial production process exercises an exclusive as well as theology and philosophy at the Pontifical control over the satisfaction of a pressing need, and Gregorian University in the Vatican (from 1942 to excludes nonindustrial activities from competition. 1946), and medieval history in Salzburg. 3. Conviviality In 1961, Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Illich worked to open new possibilities. He argued Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural that we need convivial tools as opposed to machines. Documentation Center) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, Tools accept more than one utilisation, sometime ostensibly a research center offering language even distant from its original means, so a tool accepts courses to missionaries from North America and expression from its user. On the contrary, with a volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program machine, humans become servants, their role initiated by John F. Kennedy. His real intent was to consisting only of running the machine in a unique document the participation of the Vatican in the purpose. "modern development" of the so-called Third World. Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development. In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been

1 Sachari, Agus, 2002, Sosiologi Desain 2 www.wikipedia.com

Fig 2. Indonesian (left) and European (right) convivial society Source:(http://siswa.univpancasila.ac.id& http://www.winesongfestival.hu) Fig 3. Vernacular product (up-left to bottom-right), superfolk furniture, scotish furniture, Mexican house, Vernacular Design3 bentley 1990 The term vernacular is derived from the Latin (Source: http://autopolis.wordpress.com) vernaculus, meaning "domestic, native, indigenous"; The Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the from verna, meaning "native slave" or "home-born World defines vernacular architecture as: slave". The word probably derives from an older ...comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of Etruscan word. the people. Related to their environmental contexts In linguistics, vernacular refers to language use and available resources they are customarily owner- particular to a time, place or group. In architecture, it or community-built, utilizing traditional technologies. refers to that type of architecture which is indigenous All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet to a specific time or place (not imported or copied specific needs, accommodating the values, economies from elsewhere). It is most often applied to and ways of life of the cultures that produce them. residential buildings. Ronald Brunskill has defined the ultimate in vernacular architecture as: ...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic Fig 4. Vernacular product as a support for Indonesian’s considerations, though present to some small degree, convivial society (Source:http://images.djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com) being quite minimal. Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally. III. METHODS The purpose of this study are as follows: 1. To mapping Indonesian’s convivial society products 2. To know the history of the concept-development- products 3. As an initial study of this type of product diversity in Indonesia, which will be poured in the bank book uniquely Indonesia’s product design data The study will use descriptive method that is the exposure of some literature and a study excursion to observe related products: 1. Visits to the cities that has a specific social and cultural life such as Jogjakarta, Bali, Aceh. also areas that have unique geographical contours such as mountains, beaches, islands region such as Bromo, Karimun, Lombok, Batu-Malang 3 www.wikipedia.com

2. Reviewing these data are based on the theory of 08 Tools & Hardware Traditional convivial society and vernacular design as a basic Tools & implements for drilling, milling knives, or digging, Hammers, Cutting tools & traditional theory implements, Screwdrivers, Handles, weapon 3. Compare with products in the modern era and post knobs & hinges, Locking or closing modern. devices, Fastening, Metal fittings & 4. Analyzing the concept of convivial society product mountings for doors, windows & furniture, Bicycle racks Gloves design 09 Packages & Containers for the Cart, pikulan, 5. Recorded the findings of these case studies as a Transport or Handling of Goods pedati, typical Indonesia’s product design data bank Bottles, flasks, pots, carboys, demijohns, anyaman & containers with dynamic dispensing rotan, sabuk means, Storage cans, drums & casks, kelapa ropes, IV. RESULT Boxes, cases, containers, tins or cans, legen bamboo Hampers, crates & baskets, Bags, containers Vernacular product is influenced by a great range of sachets, tubes & capsules, Ropes & different aspects of human behaviour and hooping materials, Pallets & platforms environment, leading to differing product forms for for forklifts, Refuse & trash containers & almost every different context. Despite these 10 Clocks & Watches & Other Bedug Measuring Instruments, Checking & variations, every product is subject to the same laws Signalling Instruments of physics, and hence will demonstrate significant Clocks & alarm clocks, Watches & wrist similarities in structural forms. watches, apparatus & devices Instruments, Signalling, Casings, dials There are hughes amount of vernacular product in 11 Articles of Adornment Traditional Indonesia, from Locarno Agreement about Industrial Jewellery Trinkets, table, mantel & jewelry, design, we will classified the product on to 31 wall ornaments, flower vases & pots, clothes, Medals & badges, Artificial flowers, sekaten,ngaben categories, then we can map the Indonesian’s fruit & plants, Flags, festive decorations convivial society product into it as we can see on 12 Means of Transport or Hoisting Andong, stair Table 1 below Vehicles drawn by animals, Handcarts, for harvesting wheelbarrows, Locomotives & rolling enau, phinisi, Tab. 1 Convivial society product based on Locarno stock for railways, chair lifts & ski lifts, becak, karapan agreement Elevators, Ships & boats, Aircraft & sapi, sepeda space vehicles, Motor cars, buses & kebo, Class Categories Convivial lorries, Tractors, Cycles & motorcycles, tambangan Society prod. Special-purpose vehicles, Tyres & anti- boat 01 Foodstuffs Categories as skid chains for vehicles, Parts service product 13 Equipment for Production, Traditional 02 & Haberdashery Setagen, Distribution or Transformation of windmill Lingerie, corsets, brassieres, nightwear, Kopiah, Electricity Garments, Headwear, Footwear, socks & , Generators & motors, Power stockings, Neckties, scarves cultural clothes transformers, rectifiers, batteries 03 Travel Goods, Cases, Parasols & Kain sewek 14 Recording, Communication or Tin can Personal Belongings Information Retrieval Equipment Trunks, suitcases, briefcases, bags, Equipment for the recording or keyholders, cases specially designed for reproduction of sounds or pictures, their contents, wallets, Umbrellas, Communications equipment, wireless parasols, sunshades & walking sticks, remote controls & radio amplifiers 04 Brushware Sapu ijuk 15 Machines maker, Brushes & brooms for cleaning, Toilet Engines, Pumps & compressors, canting, bajak, brushes, clothes brushes & brushes, Agricultural, Construction, Washing, bebegig Brushes for machines, Paintbrushes cleaning & drying machines, Textile, 05 Textile Piecegoods, Artificial & Songket, , sewing, knitting & embroidering, Natural Sheet Material Refrigeration & apparatus Spun articles, Lace Embroidery 16 Photographic, Cinematographic & Layar tancep, Ribbons, braids & decorative trimmings Optical Apparatus layar Textile fabrics, or natural sheet material Photographic cameras & film cameras, 06 Furnishing Amben, tikar Projectors & viewers, Photocopying Beds & seats, Tables & similar furniture, anyaman, apparatus & enlargers, Accessories Storage furniture, Composite furniture kasur 17 Musical Instruments Angklung, Other furniture & furniture parts samarinda, Keyboard, Wind instruments, Stringed, gamelan, Mirrors & frames, Clothes hangers traditional Percussion, Mechanical bedug,sasando Mattresses & cushions Curtains & tapestry , kulintang indoor blinds Carpets, mats & rugs 18 Printing & Office Machinery Sempoa Tapestries Blankets & other covering Typewriters & calculating machines, materials, household linen & napery Printing machines, Bookbinding 07 Household Goods Alu padi, machines, printers stapling machines China, glassware, dishes & other articles kapak 19 Stationery & Office Equipment, Batu bertulis of a similar nature, Cooking appliances, perimbas, Artists' & Teaching Materials utensils & containers, Tables knives, washing wood, Writing paper, cards for correspondence forks & spoons, Appliances & utensils, & announcements, Office equipment, hand-manipulated, for preparing food or Calendars, Books, Materials & drink, Flatirons & washing, cleaning & instruments for writing by hand, for drying equipment, Fireplace implements drawing, for painting, for sculpture, for

engraving & for other artistic techniques openings in the fabric of the building. Teaching materials, Other printed matter 20 Sales & Advertising Equipment, Signs Traditional Products for a continental climate must be able to Automatic vending machines, Display & gate, kampung cope with significant variations in temperature, and sales equipment, Signs signage, leaves may even be altered by their occupants according to map 21 Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods Patil lele, the seasons. Games & toys, Gymnastics & sports lompat tali apparatus, Other amusement & karet, bakiak, 2. Culture entertainment articles, Tents batok kelapa, The way of life of building occupants, and the way traditionalsport 22 Arms, Pyrotechnic Articles, Articles Rat trapper, they use their shelters, is of great influence on for Hunting, Fishing & Pest Killing ketapel, tulup. building forms. The size of family units, who shares Projectile weapons, Other weapons Fish stick which spaces, how food is prepared and eaten, how Ammunition, rockets, Targets & people interact and many other cultural Hunting & fishing equipment, Traps 23 Fluid Distribution Equipment, Api unggun considerations will affect the layout and size of Sanitary, Heating, Ventilation & Air- dwellings. conditioning Equipment, Solid Fuel Fluid distribution equipment, Sanitary Culture also has a great influence on the appearance appliances, Heating equipment of vernacular products, as occupants often decorate 24 Medical & Laboratory Equipment Mini alu, products in accordance with local customs and Apparatus & equipment for doctors, gerobak jamu beliefs. hospitals & laboratories, Medical instruments, instruments & tools for laboratory use, nursing & medical care 25 Building Units & Construction Bamboo Elements scaffolds, Building materials, Prefabricated or pre- traditional assembled building parts, Houses, house, garages, Steps, ladders & scaffolds 26 Lighting Apparatus Petromak, Candlesticks & candelabra, Torches & obor hand lamps & lanterns, Public lighting fixtures, Luminous sources, electrical or Fig 5. (Left) Andong, a transportation product which not, Lamps, standard lamps, chandeliers, adopt climate matter for cabin wind circulation; (Right) wall & ceiling fixtures, lampshades, Alu padi, a rice pestle, beside function there’s a cultural 27 Tobacco & Smokers' Supplies Traditional matter to celebrate harvest, the magnificent thing is Tobacco, cigars & cigarettes Pipes, tobacco maker they play music using mortar & pestle) cigar & cigarette holders Ashtrays (Source:http://planetmole.org) Matches Lighters Cigar cases, cigarette cases, tobacco jars & pouches 3. Permanent dwellings 28 Pharmaceutical & Cosmetic Products, River toilet Toilet Articles & Apparatus The type of structure and materials used for a Pharmaceutical products Cosmetic dwelling vary depending on how permanent it is. products, Toilet articles & beauty parlor equipment, Wigs, false hairpieces Frequently moved nomadic structures will be 29 Devices & Equipment Against Fire Kentongan lightweight and simple, more permanent ones will be Hazards, for Accident Prevention & less so. When people settle somewhere permanently, for Rescue the architecture of their dwellings will change to Devices & equipment against fire hazards Devices & equipment for reflect that. accident prevention & for rescue Materials used will become heavier, more solid and 30 Articles for the Care & Handling of Traditional Animals birdcages, more durable. They may also become more Animal clothing, Pens, cages, kennels & seller, tools for complicated and more expensive, as the capital and similar shelters Feeders & waterers topeng monyet labour required to construct them is a one-time cost. Saddlery, Whips & prods Beds & nests Permanent dwellings often offer a greater degree of 31 Machines & Applicances for Teapot Preparing Food or Drink protection and shelter from the elements. In some cases however, where dwellings are subjected to Based on the convivial society product before, we severe weather conditions such as frequent flooding can see there are some factors we can recognize or high winds, buildings may be deliberately about the product existence "designed" to fail and be replaced, rather than requiring the uneconomical or even impossible 1. Climate structures needed to withstand them. The collapse of One of the most significant influences on vernacular a relatively flimsy, lightweight structure is also less product is the macro climate of the area in which the likely to cause serious injury than a heavy structure. product is made. Products in cold climates invariably Over time, dwellings' architecture / product may have high thermal mass. Products in warm climates, come to reflect a very specific geographical locale. by contrast, tend to be constructed of lighter materials Bedug is one of the example, sometime can be and to allow significant cross-ventilation through hanging or having a leg holder, the purpose is to stick

in some place V. CONCLUSION 4. Environment and materials Indonesia has a noble culture, our spirit to creating The local environment and the construction materials something based on our highly craftmenship skill it can provide governs many aspect of vernacular lead us became a country which has a good creativity architecture. Areas rich in trees will develop a skills. An abudance of natural resources also support wooden vernacular, while areas without much wood it. Many products are functional and aesthetic have may use mud or stone. In the Far East it is common been produced a long time ago, such as carts, to use bamboo, as it is both plentiful and versatile. gendongan jamu, kentongan, bedug, becak, delman, Vernacular, almost by definition, is sustainable, and angklung, etc. Are product design without product will not exhaust the local resources. If it is not designer which earned formal education in the sustainable, it is not suitable for its local context, and modern era. Vernacular product tends to evolve over cannot be vernacular. time to reflect the environmental, cultural and historical context in which it exists. It has often been dismissed as crude and unrefined, but also has proponents who highlight its importance in current design to enhance Indonesian’s future design.

REFERENCE

[1] Sachari, Agus, 1986, Seni, Desain dan Teknologi, Vol.1 .Bandung : Balai Pustaka. [2] Sachari, Agus, 2002, Sosiologi Desain, Bandung : Penerbit Fig 6. (Left) Pikulan dawet, a handcarry product to sell ITB. dawet, using rattan which we can found a lot in [3] Rudofsky, Bernard, 1964, Architecture Without Architects, Indonesia; (Right) Kentongan, long-distance product University of Mexico Press. for communication use which is made from [4] Illich, Ivan, 1973, Tools for Conviviality, Marion Boyars hollow bamboo or wood Publishers. (Source: http://v-images2.antarafoto.com) [5] Papanek, Victor, 2005, Design For The Real World, Academy Chicago Publishers [6] http://wikipedia.com