Fertility Status of Irrigated Soils of Jhotwara Panchayat Samiti of Jaipur District, India

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 88-96

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 88-96 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.009

Kamla Kumari Choudhary1*, B.L. Yadav2, K.K. Sharma2, R.D. Jat3 and S.K. Kakraliya4

1Department of Soil Science, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RS Pali Rajasthan, India 2SKN, Agricultural University- Jobner, Rajasthan, India 3International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, India 4CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hissar125004, India *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds The present investigation entitled “Fertility status of irrigated soils of Jhotwara

Fertility status, panchayat samiti of Jaipur district “was carried out during 2010-11. The soils Available were pH neutral to alkaline (pH 7.2–8.5) in reaction having electrical conductivity micronutrients, -1 Jhotwara Panchayat (EC) value in surface soil (0.53–2.51 dSm ). The data on nutrient showed that the

Samiti of Jaipur. soils are low in organic carbon and available nitrogen and low to medium in

available phosphorus and available sulphur whereas, medium to high in available Article Info potassium. Among the DTPA extractable micronutrient cations, manganese (Mn) Accepted: and copper (Cu) were found to be above critical limits, whereas the soils were 08 February 2017 Available Online: deficient in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) supply. 10 March 2017

Introduction

A systematic study of soils and water is nutrients may induce better germination of necessary for better utilization of land and seeds and hence subsequent better growth and water resources and to tackle soil and water stronger root development may make the problems. All detailed information is not yet plants more capable of tolerating salt stress available about soil fertility status and quality particularly at later stages of solution and of irrigation water of this tract which is adjust their leaf water potential and thereby essential for an effective land management. internal resistance against salinity/sodicity. Therefore, an urgent need was felt for The diagnosis of salinity, sodicity and fertility extensive and well planned investigation both status of the soil and water resources along in the field and laboratory for suggesting with their nutritional enrichment is of vital guidelines towards better utilization of soil significance. Potassium and calcium have and irrigation water of this tract. been reported to counteract the adverse effect Recommendation of fertilizer based on soil on sodium in soil. The most important and water analysis will be easy and more constituents in soil is organic matter, an appropriate for economic productivity. appreciable amount of it in soil tremendously Availability of N, P, K, secondary and micro increase soil fertility. Decay of organic matter 89

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 88-96 release nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral were collected from 86 villages of Jhotwara nutrients in forms available to plant. Organic panchayat samiti. Approximately 2 kg of soil carbon is also positively correlated with total was taken by khurpi in each cloth bags. and available nitrogen in all soil group Samples were air dried ground and passed (Verma et al., 1980). Micronutrients are also through 2 mm sieve and stored in properly essential for crop growth but are not regularly labeled plastic bottles. Soil samples were applied in the soil along with the common collected before Rabi crop season in the year fertilizer used by the farmers. Their removal 2010. The soil reaction (pH) and electrical from the soil had been for centuries without conductivity (EC) were determined in any systematic replenishment. Micronutrient saturation extract as per procedure described deficiencies were first reported at the end of by Jackson (1973). The soil organic carbon the 19th century and today it is well know that (OC) was estimated by wet digestion method the extensive areas of our soils are incapable of Walkley and Black (1934) and the of supplying plants with sufficient amount of available N of the soils was determining by micronutrients. The application of high Subbaiah and Asija (1956). The available P in analysis NPK fertilizers in the soil having the soil was extracted by employing Olsen only major nutrients, the loss of extractant (0.5 M NaHCO3) as described by micronutrients though plant uptake and Olsen et al., (1954) and available K in the leaching, the decreasing proportion of farm soils was extracted by using neutral yard manure (FYM) and other organic ammonium acetate and the content was manures in comparison with fertilizer and determine by aspirating the extract into flame several other factors collectively contribute photometer (Jackson, 1973). The available towards the deficiency of micronutrients in sulphur (S) in the soils was extracted with soils. Therefore, the data will help in 0.15% CaCl2. 2H2O solution as described by delineating the area of deficiency and Williams and Steninbergs (1959) and the sufficiency. content of DTPA extractable micronutrient viz., iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) Materials and Methods and zinc (Zn) in soil was estimated using 1:2 soil suspension to exttractants ratio (Lindsay The study area was undertaken in Jhotwara and Norvell, 1978). Panchayat samiti is located in Jaipur district and lies under zone III-A (semi arid eastern Results and Discussion plain) of Rajasthan. It is situated between 26023’ and 27051’North latitude and 74055’ Soil chemical properties and 75050 East longitude with an area of 11152 km2. The climate of the area is semi- The chemical properties of the soil revealed arid. In summer maximum temperature varies that it is neutral to alkaline, the pH range from from 38 to 450C whereas in winter generally 7.2 to 8.5 (surface) (Table 1). The highest minimum temperature lies between 5 and 18 value of pH 8.5) was recorded at Panchayat in 0C. The mean annual rainfall of the locality is Durjiniwas, Begus, Dhankiya, Chakbasdi and 450 mm, most of this is received during lowest value of (pH7.2) was observed at monsoon season. Main source of irrigation is Dhankiya Panchayat. pH of study area were tube well. A maximum 52 to 580C soil varied from normal to alkaline. Accumulation temperature has been recorded at surface of bases especially Na+ under low rainfall during summer months. Eighty six composite conditions seen to be the primary reason for surface (0-0.15 m depth) soil samples of alkaline soil reaction. The variation of ph cultivated fields irrigated with tube well water 90

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 88-96 from neutral to alkaline has also been reported maximum value (0.40 per cent) at Nemera by Mathur et al., (2006), Meena et al., (2006) Panchayat. All the soil samples fall under low in the soils of Rajasthan state. With the category of organic carbon. The low organic increasing of soil ph the availability of carbon content of these soils might be due to micronutrient decreased, which probably due the absence of stable aggregate (Jolivet et al., to alkaline nature of soils. This confirmed that 1997), sever wind erosion (Wu and Tiessen, the soil pH had a significant and negative 2002), high microbial decay scanty natural correlation with available Fe (r = -0.423**), vegetations and poor decomposition due to Mn (r = -0.477**), Cu (r = -0.461**) and Zn low rainfall and rapid oxidation due to high (r = -0.448**) (Table 2). The neutral to summer temperature. Available nitrogen of alkaline pH may be attributed to the reaction these soils varied between 122.07 to 198.71 of applied fertilizer material with soil kg/ha with a lowest value at Begus Panchayat colloids, which resulted in the retention of and highest at Nemera Panchayat. Soils basic cations on the exchangeable complex of having available nitrogen less than 250 kg/ha the soil. Similar trend was reported by could be classified as low in available Sharma et al., (2008). The electrical nitrogen (Subbaih and Asija, 1956). From the conductivity of surface soils was ranged data it is clear that all the soils were low in between 0.53 to 2.51 with the mean value of available nitrogen. Low available nitrogen 1.27. A perusal of data mentioned in table 1. might be due to presence of high sand The lowest values (0.53 dS/m) were recorded particles and low organic matter content. Soil in the soil of Chakbasdi Panchayat, whereas, available N had significant and positive the highest value (2.51 dS/m) was observed in correlation with OC (r = 0.989**). The soil of Sumel Panchayat. Majority of the soils available phosphorus content of surface soil (93.02%) have ECe less than 2 dS/m and samples varied between 15 to 47 kg/ha. The could be regarded as non-saline soils. Such maximum value (47 Kg P2O5/ha) of available results were also reported by Sumner (1995), phosphorus was observed in village Nemera Sharma et al., (2004) Panchayat while the minimum value (15 Kg P2O5/ha) was observed in Machwa Panchayat, Nutrient status respectively. Adopting the Muhr et al., (1965) classification, 25 samples (29.06%) were All the soil samples collected (surface soil) found low (<20 kg P2O5/ha) and 61 samples from different sites of the studied area were (70.93%) were found medium (20-50 kg analysed for organic carbon, available P2O5/ha) in available phosphorus and none of nitrogen, available phosphorus, available the sample was found high (>50 P2O5/ha), i.e. potassium, available sulphur, available zinc, soils were low to medium in available available iron, available copper and available phosphorus. The farmers are using only manganese are presented in table 1. The diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a source of organic carbon content not only plays an nutrients in adequate quantity. As a result, P important role in increasing cation exchange is available in low to medium range. The soils capacity, aggregation, water holding capacity are characterized by high fixation capacities and fertility status of soils but also contributes resulting mainly on account of calcareous to a great deal, both directly and indirectly in nature. Available P showed significant influencing many physico-chemical properties positive correlation with available K (r = of soils. Organic carbon varied from 0.10 to 0.915**). The available potassium in these 0.40 per cent with the minimum value (0.10 soils ranged between 205 and 360 kg K2O/ha. per cent) at Begus Panchayat and the

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 88-96

Table.1 Fertility status of soils of Jhotwar Panchayat Samiti of Jaipur district

S. Name of No.of pH EC OC (percent) Av. N Av. Av. Av. S Av. Zn Av. Fe Av. Cu Av. Cu No panchayat sample (dSm-1) (kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha) (mg kg-1 (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) 1 Pachar 3 7.50-7.80 1.20-1.81 150.25-191.20 23-43 255-339 2.60-2.87 3-4.42 0.24-0.38 6.85-10.85 0.28-0.56 0.28-0.51 (176.54) (35.33) (310.33) (2.75) (3.92) (7.63) (1.57) (0.33) (9.38) (0.45) (0.42)

2 Kalwar 4 0.14-0.38 20-43 225-338 7.50-8.30 0.85-2.00 130.93-190.52 4.80-10.57 0.30-0.54 1.50-2.82 0.20-0.49 1.58-4.40 (0.25) (29.85) (159.23) (159.23) (7.54) (0.37) (2.13) (0.33) (2.89) (7.8) (1.56) 3 Bhambhori 3 0.15-0.31 23-33 220-320 4.77-8.40 0.18-0.40 1.68-3.65 7.90-8.10 0.95-1.40 133.07-170.20 1.40-2.49 0.23-0.35 (0.2) (25) (254) (6.19) (0.26) (2.37) (144.72) (1.75) (0.27) (8) (1.11) 4 Machwa 5 7.90-8.30 0.92-1.90 0.11-0.18 15-22 0.17-0.20 125.43-140.10 205-230 3.53-5.20 1.30-1.42 0.21-0.25 1.67-1.71 (0.18) (22.4) (0.22) (8.06) (1.38) (140.03) (244.2) (6.12) (1.66) (0.27) (2.28)

5 Hathoj 3 7.90-8.00 1.09-1.39 0.15-0.27 135.16-160.98 20-27 225-203 6.25-8.20 0.19-0.34 1.75-2.40 0.24-0.35 1.87-2.95 (0.22) (7.97) (1.23) (148.08) (23.33) (276.33) (7.3) (0.28) (1.99) (0.30) (2.59)

6 Dhankiya 10 7.20-8.50 0.67-2.20 0.14-0.39 16-44 230-352 1.89-4.45 137.52-194.42 4.91-11.10 0.17-0.58 1.28-3.87 0.21-0.51 (0.27) (29.8) (293.9) (3.30) (7.89) (1.45) (166.19) (8.22) (0.37) (2.27) (0.36)

7 Chakbasdi 7 7.60-8.50 0.53-1.30 0.17-0.32 21-33 2.20-3.70 138.84-175.48 260-344 5.20-10.30 0.24-0.42 1.99-2.42 0.23-0.37 (0.27) (29) (3.09) (8.21) (0.90) (162.08) (305.57) (7.78) (0.35) (2.27) (0.31)

8 Niwarro 5 7.70-8.00 1.85-1.35 0.12-0.34 128.57-182.48 18-36 225-345 4.88-10.11 0.18-0.46 1.19-2.50 0.27-0.41 2.88-3.80 (7.86) (1.61) (0.27) (165.07) (29.6) (303.6) (8.17) (0.36) (2.07) (0.33) (3.24) 9 Maheshwas 4 7.80-8.20 0.78-1.08 0.15-0.20 134.52-147.52 18-23 225-268 0.18-0.22 1.75-1.87 0.22-0.27 2.10-2.25 4.80-6.30 (0.17) (139.84) (20.75) (243.75) (0.2) (1.81) (0.25) (2.19) (8.03) (1.12) (5.31)

10 Begus 8 8.10-8.50 0.55-1.05 0.10-0.24 122.07-150.50 16-23 212-255 0.17-0.30 1.19-2.47 0.20-0.31 1.10-2.75 3.53-7.10 (0.14) (133.03) (18.5) (238.75) (0.21) (1.54) (0.23) (1.72) (8.35) (0.80) (4.53)

11 Nemera 6 7.40-8.30 0.16-0.40 138.12-198.71 20-47 254-360 0.21-0.56 2.15-4.65 0.83-2.20 4.90-11.45 1.85-4.10 0.22-0.51 (7.88) (0.27) (161.74) (30.5) (305.83) (0.36) (3.26) (1.4) (7.9) (2.59) (0.34)

12 Mundiaramsar 11 7.50-8.30 0.85-1.88 0.14-0.35 137.98-185.34 0.17-0.52 1.29-3.61 2.10-4.39 16-40 225-346 4.95-10.45 0.20-0.45 (0.25) (159.70) (0.32) (2.30) (3.02) (7.96) (1.25) (27.27) (281.18) (7.52) (0.32)

13 Durjiniawas 8 7.50-8.50 0.55-2.10 0.14-0.37 135.02-190.20 0.18-0.56 20-43 225-349 4.60-10.85 1.50-2.90 0.23-0.51 2.05-4.75 (0.26) (162.39) (0.36) (8.11) (1.16) (29.5) (295.88) (7.66) (2.23) (0.35) (3.34)

14 Sumel 9 7.30-8.40 0.77-2.51 0.14-0.39 132.52-190.16 18-43 245-357 4.77-11.50 0.18-0.58 1.59-4.10 0.23-0.55 2.30-4.67 (7.94) (1.41) (0.28) (162.79) (30.56) (295.78) (7.93) (0.37) (2.61) (0.35) (3.57)

Range Overall - mean 8 1.27 0.24 156.76 27.40 282.63 7.39 0.32 2.17 0.32 2.96 Value in Parenthesis shows mean

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Table.2 Correlation matrix for various soil properties

pH EC Organic Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available

carbon N (P2O5) (K2O) S Zn Fe Cu Mn (percent) (kg/ha) kg/ha kg/ha (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) pH 1.000 - -0.435** -0.430** -0.449** -0.335** -0.434** -0.448** -0.423** -0.461** -0.477** 0.929** EC 1.000 0.437** 0.430** 0.467** 0.356** 0.451** 0.447** 0.395** 0.479** 0.492** OC 1.000** 0.989** 0.970** 0.920** 0.968** 0.965** 0.864** 0.924** 0.950** N 1.000 0.974** 0.924** 0.971** 0.971** 0.845** 0.931** 0.940**

P2O5 1.000 0.915** 0.960** 0.973** 0.849** 0.943** 0.938**

K2O 1.000 0.922** 0.929** 0.810** 0.853** 0.884** S 1.000 0.951** 0.830** 0.943** 0.932** Zn 1.000 0.848** 0.934** 0.927** Fe 1.000 0.825** 0.828** Cu 1.000 0.920** Mn 1.000

** significant at 0.01 per cent level of significance

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The lowest value of available potassium was Dhir (1983).The availability and supply of observed in the soils samples collected from manganese to soil plant system is governed by Machwa Panchayat, whereas the highest oxidation and reduction processes that are value was found in the sample of Nemera influenced by number of factors. A close Panchayat. As per criterion laid down by study of data pertaining to available Muhr et al., (1965), 40 soils are under manganese (Table 1) reveals that the available medium category (125 to 300 kg K2O/ha) and manganese content in soils ranged from 0.20 46 soils samples fall under high category to 0.55 mg kg-1 with mean value of 0.32mg -1 (above 300 kg K2O/ha) available potassium. kg . The minimum available manganese The average available S content in the surface (0.20mg kg-1) was recorded in soil sample of soil samples varied from 3.53 to 11.50 mg kg- Mundiaramsar and Kalwar Panchayat while 1with a mean value of 7.39mgkg- the maximum (4.75 mg kg-1) was found in the 1.Considering 10 mg kg-1 as critical limits for soil sample of Sumle. In general, soils of available S have been given by (Tandon, Jhotwara Panchyat samiti, 84.88 percent soils 1992). Among the 86 surface soil sample samples are sufficient in available manganese analyzed, the lowest value was observed in (as per critical limit suggested by Lindsay and Begus Panchayat and the highest value was Norvell, 1978). Such results were also found in Sumel Panchayat. Such results were reported by Sharma et al., (2003).The also reported by Jat and Yadav (2006).The available Fe content of surface soil samples availability of phosphorus also increased with varied from 1.19 to 2.87 mg kg-1 with a mean increase in organic carbon which might be value of 2.17 mg kg-1.The minimum available due to, (i) formation of phosphorus humic iron (1.19 mg kg-1) was recorded in soil complexes which are easily assimilated by sample of Begus and Niwaroo Panchayat plants, (ii) anions replacement of phosphate while the maximum iron content (4.10 mg kg- by humation and (iii) the coating of 1) was recorded in soil sample of Pachar sesquioxide by particles of humus to form a Panchayat. On the basis of critical limit of protective cover and thus reduce the available iron, suggested by Lindsay and phosphorus fixing capacity of the soils (Gharu Norvell (1978). Such results were also and Tarafdar, 2004). reported by Singh et al., (2008). The 97.67 per cent soils samples of Jhotwara Panchayat Available micronutrients Samiti were found deficient in available iron content. The average Zn content of surface The data presented in the table 1. The sample ranges from 0.17 to 0.58 mg kg-1 with available copper content of surface soils was a mean value of 0.32 mg kg-1. As a whole, the ranged between 1.10 to 4.75 mg kg-1 with lowest value was observed in Panchayat of mean value of 2.96 mg kg-1. The minimum Begus, Dhankiya and Mundiaramsar whereas, (1.10 mg kg-1) in Begus Panchayat and the the highest value was found in Sumel maximum (4.75 mg kg-1) contents of available Panchayat. Zinc was found to be deficient in copper were recorded in Durjiniwas the entire study area). Such results were also Panchayat, Kalwar, Chakmogia and reported by Jethra et al., (1993). The study Malpurachor, respectively. The soils of areas soils are general low in available N, low Jhotwara panchyat samiti were found 93.02 to medium in available P, high in available K per cent soils samples sufficient in available and low in available S. The soils of available copper content as per critical limit suggested micronutrient were found to be well supplied by Lindsay and Norvell (1978). Such findings with Mn and Cu and deficient in Fe and Zn for available copper of soils of Nagaur and supply. Jodhpur were also suggested by Joshi and 94

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In conclusion, the result of fertility status of forms of Mn and Fe in some arid soils irrigated soils of Jhotwara-panchayat samiti and their relation with soils properties. Jaipur district (Rajasthan) indicated that Annals of Arid Zone, 22: 7-14. among the 86 samples analyzed, soils were Lindsay, W.L. and Norvell, W.A. 1978. low in organic carbon (0.10 to 0.40 percent) Development of DTPA soil test for and available nitrogen (122.07 to 198.71 kg zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil ha-1),whereas low to medium in available Sci. Society America Proceeding, 42: -1 phosphorus (15 to 47 kg P2O5 ha ) and 421- 428. available sulphur (3.53 to 11.50 mg kg-1) and Meena, H.B., Sharma, P.R. and Rawat, U.S. medium to high in available potassium (205 2006. Status of macromicronutrients in -1 to 360 kg K2O ha ). The micronutrients are some soils of Tonk district of Rajasthan. mostelyzn and Fe deficient. J. Indian Society of Soil Sci., 54: 508 - 512. References Mathur, G.M., Ramdev and Yadav, B.S. 2006. Status of zinc in irrigated North- Gharu, A. and Tarafdar, J.C. 2004. Influence West plain soils of Rajasthan. J. Indian of organic acids on mobilization of Society of Soil Sci., 54: 359-361 inorganic and organic phosphorus in Muhr, G.R., Datta, N.P., Shankar Subramany, soil. J. Indian Society of Soil Sci., 24: N., Dever, F., Lecy, V.K. and Donahue, 248-253. R.R. 1965. Soil testing in India, USDA Gupta, K. 2003. Available micronutrient Publication., pp. 120. status and their effect on soil properties Olsen, S.R., Cole, R.V., Watanabe, F.S. and of Nagaur (Rajasthan. M.Sc. Ag.) Dean, L.A. 1954. Estimation of Thesis, Rajasthan Agricultural available phosphorus in soil by University, Bikaner. extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Jat, J.R. and Yadav, B.L. 2006. Different Circular USDA, No. 939. forms of S and their relationship with Sharma, R.P., Singh, M. and Sharma, J.P. properties of Entisols of Jaipur district 2003. Correlation studies on (Rajasthan) under mustard cultivation. micronutrients vis-à-vis soil properties J. Indian Society of Soil Sci., 54: 208- in some soils of Nagaur district in semi 212. arid region of Rajasthan. J. Indian Jethra, J.K., Khandelwal, R.B. and Musin, Society of Soil Sci., 51(4): 522-527. M.R. 1993. Available micronutrient Singh, M. and Singh, K.S. 1981. Zinc and status in semi-arid eastern plain zone of copper status of soils of Rajasthan. Rajasthan. 58th Annual convention of Annals of Arid Zone, 20: 77-85. ISSS held from October 8-12, 1993. J. Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. 1956. A rapid Indian Society of Soil Sci., 41: 156-158. procedure for the estimation of Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. available nitrogen in Soil, Curr. Sci., Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New 25: 259-260. Delhi. Summer, M.E. 1995. Sodic soils New Jolivet, C., Arrouays, D. Andreux, F. and perspective. In Australian sodic soils Leveque, J. 1997. Soil organic carbon distribution, properties and management dynamic in cleared temperate forest (R. Naidu. M.E. Summer and P. spodosols converted to maize cropping. Rengasamy Eds.) pp.1-34. CSIRO, Plant and Soil, 191: 225-231. Australian. Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. 1983. Available Sharma, S.S., Totawat, K.L. and Shyampura,

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How to cite this article:

Kamla Kumari Choudhary, B.L. Yadav, K.K. Sharma, R.D. Jat and Kakraliya, S.K. 2017. Fertility Status of Irrigated Soils of Jhotwara Panchayat Samiti of Jaipur District. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(3): 88-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.009