Sham Invest of Venus

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sham Invest of Venus :::::;::::::;:::::. :::::;:::::;:;:- -:-:-:.:.:.:.:--.- -.:.: :::::::.:.: :.:._:..:.::::;:;:: :- : - -..• An Introduction To Shamanic Astrology are.if!em)ifhiC xe2ena¢tmentofcosmological However, I was puzzled by the 15 year Mars Since a Mt. Shastavision quest experience phenomena. The i<underIYing-principleof cycle? inAugust of 1981, I have been involvedwith mythic) expressi()n.......is•·..··th~.i dramatic Experientially, for myself and others, I an approach to astrology caliedShamanic recenactrne!ltofcosmologicalphenome~a."*4 found Jupiter and Saturn returns to be highly Astrology. It's important to explain what is OVer\tim<''''tile~~ltura~.se~~m()ni7siard~i9mficantHowever, I have never been a big meant by the use of this phrase. mytffic >.s·...i.t;S(cr~ted ;bY.the..various· fani?fsolar.feturns; a judgment made as.part One definition of shamanism describes it civiHZ<itionsar~idrapi!doIIIDtfie. actual.. ofp1ygjmeralantiP~thy towards any Sun sign as the process of "death by intenf'.*1 This is physical!y ob~ervedcycl~sof the planets and orSun£enter~dappro~ch to astrology. Nor, not accidental death and coming back into paitefilsottheconsteJlations. .• had·Ihadrriuchpositive experiencewith the body, but a conscious choice to die and be 4.Thedeathandrebirth-motif of shamanism return cydes oLthe other relevant inner reborn back into the same body, many times. inspiresShalTlanic Astrology in two basic planets, Venus,Mars,and Mercury. I beganto This "death", can be emotional, psychical, ways: suspect that the planetary periods of Venus, spiritual, or a literal physical death and 1) The understanding and experience of Mars, and Mercury were connected to some rebirth. the natural rhythm and cycles of the planetary sort of return cycle. But what and how? I do not consider myself a shaman. I am bodies are linked to the initiatory process in Over the years, I have closely tracked and neither of blood lineage nor on a formal path human beings. The universe is supportive of, ceremonially honored my Jupiter return with of shamanic initiation. However,certain basic and power is accessedby, human beings who amazing results. For me, the Jupiter return tenants of the Shamanic Astrology approach consciously participate with the initiation are extremely relevant to this inquiry into the cycles. PLANETARY PERODS mysteries of Venus and Mars. These 2) Planets (especially Venus,Mercury, and Project Hindsight Planetary Periods principals include: Mars) disappearing below the horizon, are Saturn 30years 1.The foundational philosophical truth of seen as entering the underworld, dying and Ju piter 12years Shamanic Astrology (and arguably of later being reborn when they rise above the everything) is from the opening lines of the horizon. Mars 15years Emerald Tablets of Hermes, "As Above, So 50Shamanic Astrology links to modern Venus 08 years Below, As Without, So Within.-012 This is psychologythrough the use of archetypes. An Mercury 20years considered to be literal, kinesthetic, organic ancient shamanism using gods, goddesses, Babyloniari Planetary Periods reality, .not an intellectual or spiritual spirits and animal essences, can now be Saturn 59years abstraction. expressed through· a comprehensive, cross The patterns of the constellations and the cultural, full spectrum approach to Jupiter 83years cycles of the Sun,<Moonand planets are the archetypes. Note the elucldatlon- ot- the 24 Mars 79years same as the patterns and cycles of the human prime archetypes of the masculine and Venus 08 years psyche and the seasons of our lives. The feminine with this article. (See chart one.) Mercury ? relationshipisillitcause and effect. GENESIS OF THE INVESTIGATION Hipparchus (120 Be) Planetary Tclbles 2.Shamanic Astrology is experiential and The beginning of the irivestigative journey earth-centered. The sky that can be directly that led to this article dates from Project From Ptolemy (Almagest IX) experiencedwithout telescopic or cybernetiC Hindsight I in August of 1994. My interest Saturn 59years enhancementhasthe greatest importance and was aroused with the material on planetary Jupiter 71 years power: Therefore; Shamanic Astrology would periods. (See Plarietary Periods in next Mars 79 years be as effective in a non-technological age. column) While immediately aware of the Venus 08 years This view can be termed Neo-Ptolemaic, an significance and value of 30 years for Saturn astrology for terrestrial. humans experiencing and twelve years for Jupiter, corresponding to Mercury 46years the ···sky, perceivable with unaided vision the number of years for the planet to circuit Medieval PlanetaryT abies without light pollution." The modern the zodiac, it was the periods given for Venus, From The Alfonsine Tables scientific reality of the heliocentric, Mars, and Mercurythat intrigued me most." Saturn 59years Copernicanworld view is essentially irrelevant Because of my experiential interest in the Jupiter 83years to this approach. night sky, I Quickly surmised that the eight 3.Shamanic Astrology is ceremonial and year Venus cycle was related to the Venus Mars 79years participatory, and operates from a mythic synodic cycle of 584 days multiplied by five Venus 08yea~ perspective. Jade Wah'oo, an American cycles equated to almost exactly eight years. Mercury 46 Shaman,states "All true shamanic ceremonies 'symbolizes. a renewal of vision ando~ena ....•.After Venus riseshel.i45allYintheeast, just or low in theisky~1Br.u~9~rthe horizon at total change of direction and understanding before sunriseitberIi~1>aj~urneyof' about interior orexteri(){'(;qnjunctiQllwith the Sun, connected.to my spiritual path.'Ded 5;1995 260 days as am()rning'star ..;.Astronomical etc. "'jit . ~ marked my exact .. Jupiter,Return texts describe the number ofg~ys as exactly THE EIGHTYEARCYClE (23SagittariuS32),.~nd >a.spartof 'my 263 days, .butloc~t.h~rifO~?59Q,qitions may The next thingto·7g()nsi~~LiS. the ceremonialexperienseJdecided tocl imb to greatly alter thenunl~~LotdaYsivenus is relationship of the 584daj~yn9gip>~y.cle to the top of a,nearbyhilL',(We had recently visible asa 010rnitl!lstar.g~r2eremonial the Venus eight yearplanetaryperi.~~. It-turns moved to a rural arealnSouthwestern New reasons,' I use 260days.*9YAstrpnomers out that five synodiccycl~s allTlost exactly Mexico:}lwas astorished and delighted to routinely measurejhe b~ginni~gofthevisible equal eight years. (See table:l.lelo~)The discover,.an.,ancientNative American night rnorning.star>,rerioQ'i<andi~yering), when nearly circular orbit of Venus.contriblJtes to sky,•.,."cale,ndric, .solstice, ceremonial site, Venus attains at.~ndegn:le di~t~nce;from the the remarkable regularity of the Venus cycle. complete. withpetroglyphs, standing stones, Sun. .:.: ..··i/</. There is a difference of only 2.34 days every ceremonial mixing bowls, horizon calendar, About two Week~~fterW.lliaCarrising,eight years. In other worlds ifany point in and a site line to the north point of around Venus resumes directl)1()yqn,.puringth.e.262 • the. synodic cycle is chos;en, for example, SOOA.D.The site was undisturbed and intact days, Venus prominentlyc()njur~tsthe·· Moon . heliacal rising, interior conjunction, or any and became a living laboratory for me to at least seven times in the/morning sky, personal natal chart Venus position, in almost explore and research the Venus-Mars Saga sometimes with an eighth .. conjunction exaCtlyeighty~ars (minus 2.34 days) a Venus described in these articles, since the marginally visible. During this time, Venus returnresults,,!/hemer t~e world or personal dominantpliinetary event at the time was a reaches maximum elongation from the Sun of Venus cycle,jt'salmost exactly recapitulated beautiful conjunction of Venus and Mars in 45-48 degrees, rising as much as three hours every eight years. the evening sky. For me, this event was before sunrise. played out on 1:heclear, dark desert skies of After nearly.nine months,.Venus sinks back the New Mexico,Mimbres River Valley. to the easternhorizonand:finaHy disappears Venus Return THE VENUS STORY under the horizon, moving 'towards'eXterior /n Shamanic Astrology, Venus symbolizes the conjunction with the Sun. Astronomer's 1 synodic cycle: 583.92 days female principle, not to be confused with the measure this disappearance as 50 days.*lo 8 years 2,921.94 days ·2.34days less than birthday female gender.*6 By sign, Veriussymbolizes a Because of the aforementioned ambiguity of 5 synodic cycles 2,919.60 days specific archetype of the feminine (See chart horizonal conditions, the exact value varies. 13 siderial 2,921.11 days one). The sign position of Venus for a woman For reasons to be explored later, a figure of 65 synodic cycles = 104 years represents her current life statement of intent 60 days is suggested. for her specific version of the feminine she is Venus, next rises in the west at sunset, 780 synodic cycles = 1247 years developing. Venus by sign, for a man, beginning another nearly nine month stint (or indicates his connection to his feminine side, 260 days), now as an evening star. A truly amazing feature of this eight year his "anima: or what is projected onto external Amazingly, the astronomers actual observable cycle is seen in figure one on page 7. Five 584 partners. Ultimately, this is his "sacred average is also listed as 263 days. Venus as day synodic cycles projeotedanto an abstract marriage" where he takes responsibility for an evening star closely resembles her horoscope (or seasonal cycle) creates an his own feminine side. When considering the morning star
Recommended publications
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Dynamics of the Venus Atmosphere at the Cloud Top Level As Observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera
    Morphology and dynamics of the Venus atmosphere at the cloud top level as observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informationstechnik, Physik der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Richard Moissl aus Grünstadt Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. 1. Referentin oder Referent: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Blum 2. Referentin oder Referent: Dr. Horst-Uwe Keller eingereicht am: 24. April 2008 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 9. Juli 2008 ISBN 978-3-936586-86-2 Copernicus Publications, Katlenburg-Lindau Druck: Schaltungsdienst Lange, Berlin Printed in Germany Contents Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Historical observations of Venus . .9 1.2 The atmosphere and climate of Venus . .9 1.2.1 Basic composition and structure of the Venus atmosphere . .9 1.2.2 The clouds of Venus . 11 1.2.3 Atmospheric dynamics at the cloud level . 12 1.3 Venus Express . 16 1.4 Goals and structure of the thesis . 19 2 The Venus Monitoring Camera experiment 21 2.1 Scientific objectives of the VMC in the context of this thesis . 21 2.1.1 UV Channel . 21 2.1.1.1 Morphology of the unknown UV absorber . 21 2.1.1.2 Atmospheric dynamics of the cloud tops . 21 2.1.2 The two IR channels . 22 2.1.2.1 Water vapor abundance and cloud opacity . 22 2.1.2.2 Surface and lower atmosphere .
    [Show full text]
  • Dsc Pub Edited
    Deep Space Chronicle: Foreword Foreword From the 1950s to the present, to some and asteroids, have been visited. We have Americans, space has represented prestige placed spacecraft in orbit around our Moon and a positive image for the United States on and the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter; we the world stage. To others, it has signified have landed on Venus, Mars, and our Moon. the quest for national security. Some view it NASA’s stunning missions to explore the as a place to station telecommunications outer Solar System have yielded a treasure of satellites and little else. To still others, space knowledge about our universe, how it origi- is, or should be, about gaining greater knowl- nated, and how it works. NASA’s exploration edge of the universe. It represents, for them, of Mars—coupled with the efforts of the pure science and the exploration of the Soviet Union/Russia—has powerfully shown unknown. Even so, the history of space sci- the prospect of past life on the Red Planet. ence and technology is one of the largely neg- Missions to Venus (including some that lected aspects in the history of the space landed on it) and Mercury have increased our program. This important monograph by Asif understanding of the inner planets. Lunar A. Siddiqi chronicles the many space probes exploration has exponentially advanced that have been sent from Earth to explore human knowledge about the origins and evo- other bodies of the solar system. It provides lution of the solar system. Most importantly, a chronological discussion of all space we have learned that, like Goldilocks and the probes, both those developed by the United three bears, Earth is a place in which every- States and those developed by the Soviet thing necessary to sustain life is “just right,” Union/Russia and other nations; basic data while all the other planets of our system about them; their findings; and their status seem exceptionally hostile.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science Return from Venus Express the Science Return From
    The Science Return from Venus Express Venus Express Science Håkan Svedhem & Olivier Witasse Research and Scientific Support Department, ESA Directorate of Scientific Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Dmitri V. Titov Max Planck Institute for Solar System Studies, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany (on leave from IKI, Moscow) ince the beginning of the space era, Venus has been an attractive target for Splanetary scientists. Our nearest planetary neighbour and, in size at least, the Earth’s twin sister, Venus was expected to be very similar to our planet. However, the first phase of Venus spacecraft exploration (1962-1985) discovered an entirely different, exotic world hidden behind a curtain of dense cloud. The earlier exploration of Venus included a set of Soviet orbiters and descent probes, the Veneras 4 to14, the US Pioneer Venus mission, the Soviet Vega balloons and the Venera 15, 16 and Magellan radar-mapping orbiters, the Galileo and Cassini flybys, and a variety of ground-based observations. But despite all of this exploration by more than 20 spacecraft, the so-called ‘morning star’ remains a mysterious world! Introduction All of these earlier studies of Venus have given us a basic knowledge of the conditions prevailing on the planet, but have generated many more questions than they have answered concerning its atmospheric composition, chemistry, structure, dynamics, surface-atmosphere interactions, atmospheric and geological evolution, and plasma environment. It is now high time that we proceed from the discovery phase to a thorough
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultimate Guide to the Solar System
    FOCUS MAGAZINE Collection VOL.12 THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM How the Solar System The most mysterious How humans will began and how it will end objects in space colonise Mars Mission into the Sun Back to the Moon Dodging an asteroid The ice volcanoes The new gold rush: Searching for life in of Saturn’s moon Titan mining Mercury Europa’s oceans a big impact in any room Spectacular wall art from astro photographer Chris Baker. See the exciting new pricing and images! Available as frameless acrylic or framed and backlit up to 1.2 metres wide. All limited editions. www.galaxyonglass.com | [email protected] Or call Chris now on 07814 181647 EDITORIAL Editor Daniel Bennett Neighbourhood watch Managing editor Alice Lipscombe-Southwell Production editor Jheni Osman Commissioning editor Jason Goodyer How well do you know your neighbours? They Staff writer James Lloyd might only be next door, a little further down the Editorial assistant Helen Glenny street or just around the corner; you might see Additional editing Rob Banino Additional editing Iain Todd them passing by most days, you may even pop in for a cuppa and a chat now and then. But however ART & PICTURES familiar your neighbours may be, there’s probably Art editor Joe Eden Deputy art editor Steve Boswell still a lot you don’t know about them – enough Designer Jenny Price that they can still surprise you from time to time. Additional design Dean Purnell Picture editor James Cutmore The same can be said for our celestial neighbours spinning around the Solar System.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 21: Venus
    Lecture 21: Venus 1 Venus Terrestrial Planets Animation Venus •The orbit of Venus is almost circular, with eccentricity e = 0.0068 •The average Sun-Venus distance is 0.72 AU (108,491,000 km) •Like Mercury, Venus always appears close to the Sun in the sky Venus 0.72 AU 47o 1 AU Sun Earth 2 Venus •Venus is visible for no more than about three hours •The Earth rotates 360o in 24 hours, or o o 360 = 15 24 hr hr •Since the maximum elongation of Venus is 47o, the maximum time for the Sun to rise after Venus is 47o ∆ t = ≈ 3 hours 15o / hr Venus •The albedo of an object is the fraction of the incident light that is reflected Albedo = 0.1 for Mercury Albedo = 0.1 for Moon Albedo = 0.4 for Earth Albedo = 0.7 for Venus •Venus is the third brightest object in the sky (Sun, Moon, Venus) •It is very bright because it is Close to the Sun Fairly large (about Earth size) Highly reflective (large albedo) Venus •Where in its orbit does Venus appears brightest as viewed from Earth? •There are two competing effects: Venus appears larger when closer The phase of Venus changes along its orbit •Maximum brightness occurs at elongation angle 39o 3 Venus •Since Venus is closer to the Sun than the Earth is, it’s apparent motion can be retrograde •Transits occur when Venus passes in front of the solar disk as viewed from Earth •This happens about once every 100 years (next one is in 2004) Venus (2 hour increments) Orbit of Venus •The semi-major axis of the orbit of Venus is a = 0.72 AU Venus Sun a •Kepler’s third law relates the semi-major axis to the orbital period
    [Show full text]
  • Towards the 2012 Transit of Venus Report on a Talk by Darren Bellingham, Section Director ASV Solar Section
    Towards the 2012 Transit of Venus Report on a Talk by Darren Bellingham, Section Director ASV Solar Section A Venus Transit, we call when we can see the planet Venus passing directly in front of the Sun. That is, when the Sun, Venus and Earth are exactly in line. This is similar to when the Moon passes in front of the Sun on a solar eclipse. But unlike the Moon, which covers most of the Sun, Venus does not eclipse the Sun because it is so much further away. It appears only as a small dot, slowly crossing the face of the Sun. A transit (sometime called a passage) can only occur with the inner planets – Mercury and Venus – because they are the only planets that during their orbits can pass between the Earth and Sun. The astronomical term for it is ‘inferior conjunction’. Transits of Venus are amongst the rarest of solar-system alignments, a rare, once in a life time event. Only seven have occurred since Galileo first pointed his telescope towards the heaven. Because the orbit of Venus is tilted 4.3 degrees with respect to the Ecliptic (Earth’s orbit), alignment occurs only when both meet at the nodes (the up and down crossing points) of the two orbits. Usually the alignment lasts for two successive meets at that point, 8 years apart. The current 2004 - 2012 pair occurs at the descending node. The previous Venus transit (pair) occurred at the upward node 129.5 years ago in 1874 and 1882. The next pair will start 113.5 years from now, in 2117 and 2125, again at the ascending node.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Planets
    Lecture 11 Terrestrial Planets Jiong Qiu, MSU Physics Department Guiding Questions 1. What makes Mercury a difficult planet to see? 2. Why Venus is a bright morning and evening star? 3. What are special about orbital and rotation motions of Mercury? 4. What are special about orbital and rotation motions of Venus? 5. How and why atmosphere of Venus is drastically different from Earth’s? 6. What effect does it have on the planet’s temperature? 7. How do surface features and geological activities compare in terrestrial planets and the Moon? 11.1 Overview the terrestrial (inner) planet • Terrestrial planets Mercury has a Moon-like surface but Earth-like interior. It also has its own unique properties. elliptical orbit coupled spin-orbit dense, magnetic field dry, airless, heavily cratered Mercury is small and closest to the Sun. Venus might be thought as the twin sister of the Earth with many similarities, yet differences abound. slow retrograde rotation highly reflective extreme temperatures throttling air Venus has a very thick atmosphere and is hotter than should. • observation of terrestrial planets: their positions in the sky and their phases. • orbital and rotation motions Kepler s third law: a3=P2 ’ role of gravitation spin-rotation coupling • atmospheres and energy balance greenhouse and icehouse effects • surface, interior, geological activity, and magnetism Gravity and distance to the Sun account for many important properties. 7.2 Position in the sky Mercury and Venus are inferior planets with smaller orbits than Earth’s. They are always on the same side with the Sun and only seen in the daytime.
    [Show full text]
  • 78. Don't Miss the Transit of Venus in 2012: It's Your Last Chance Until
    © 2011, Astronomical Society of the Pacific No. 78 • Fall 2011 www.astrosociety.org/uitc 390 Ashton Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94112 Don’t Miss the Transit of Venus in 2012: It’s Your Last Chance Until 2117 by Chuck Bueter (www.transitofvenus.org) The Travails of Le Gentil Imagine your country is sending you on a quest to resolve one of the era’s biggest questions in science. At this moment in history, the solution, the technology, and the alignment of planets have come together. For your part of the mission, all you have to do is record the instant when the edge of one small circle touches the edge of a second larger circle. Such were the fortunate circumstances of Guilliame Hyacinthe Jean Baptiste Le Gentil. The French astronomer eagerly set sail for India to witness the 1761 transit of Venus, a rare celestial alignment in which the silhouette of Venus appears to pass directly across the sun. A fleet of astronomers spread out across the globe in response to Edmund Halley’s call to time the event from diverse locations, from which the distance to the sun—the highly valuable Astronomical Unit—could be mathematically derived. Expeditions were sent around the world to observe the transit of Venus. Image courtesy of Chuck Bueter Upon Le Gentil’s arrival, the intended destination was occupied by hostile English troops, so his ship turned Johannes Kepler showed the relationship between a planet’s back to sea, where he could not effectively use a telescope. orbital period and its distance from the sun.
    [Show full text]
  • A Treatise on Astronomy Theoretical and Practical by Robert
    NAPOLI Digitized by Google Digitized Google A TREATISE ov ASTRONOMY THEORETICAL and PRACTICAL. BY ROBERT WOODHOUSE, A M. F.R.S. FELLOW OF GONVILLK AND CAIUS COLLEGE, AND PLUMIAN PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. Part II. Vol. I. CONTAINING THE THEORIES OF THE SUN, PLANETS, AND MOON. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY 3 . SMITH, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY ; FOR J. DEIGHTON & SONS, AND O. & W. B. WHITTAKER, LONDON. 1823 Digitized by Google Digitized by Google : ; —; CHAP. XVII. ON THE SOLAR THEORY Inequable Motions of the Sun in Right Ascension and Longi- tude.— The Obliquity of the Ecliptic determined from Ob- servations made near to the Solstices . — The Reduction of Zenith Distances near to the Solstices, to the Solstitial Zenith Distance.—Formula of such Reduction.—Its Application . Investigation of the Form of the Solar Orbit. — Kepler’s Discoveries.— The Computation of the relative Values of the Sun’s Distances and of the Angles described round the Earth.— The Solar Orbit an Ellipse. — The Objects of the Elliptical Theory. In giving a denomination to the preceding part of this Volume, we have stated it to contain the Theories of the fixed Stars such theories are, indeed, its essential subjects ; but they are not exclusively so. In several parts we have been obliged to encroach on, or to borrow from, the Solar Theory and, in so doing, have been obliged to establish certain points in that theory, or to act as if they had been established. To go no farther than the terms Right Ascension, Latitude, and Longitude. The right ascension of a star is measured from the first point of Aries, which is the technical denomination of the intersection of the equator and ecliptic, the latter term de- signating the plane of the Sun’s orbit the latitude of a star is its angular distance from the last mentioned plane ; and the longitude of a star is its distance from the first point of Aries measured along the ecliptic.
    [Show full text]
  • Venus Express: Highlights of the Nominal Mission1 D
    ISSN 0038-0946, Solar System Research, 2009, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 185–209. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2009. Original Russian Text © D.V. Titov, H. Svedhem, F.W. Taylor, S. Barabash, J.-L. Bertaux, P. Drossart, V. Formisano, B. Häusler, O. Korablev, W.J. Markiewicz, D. Nevejans, M. Pätzold, G. Piccioni, J.-A. Sauvaud, T.L. Zhang, O. Witasse, J.-C. Gerard, A. Fedorov, A. Sanchez-Lavega, J. Helbert, R. Hoofs, 2009, published in Astronomicheskii Vestnik, 2009, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 195–217. Venus Express: Highlights of the Nominal Mission1 D. V. Titova,b, H. Svedhemc, F. W. Taylord, S. Barabashe, J.-L. Bertauxf, P. Drossartg, V. Formisanoh, B. Häusleri, O. Korablevb, W. J. Markiewicza, D. Nevejansj, M. Pätzoldk, G. Piccionil, J.-A. Sauvaudm, T. L. Zhangn, O. Witassec, J.-C. Gerardo, A. Fedorovp, A. Sanchez-Lavegaq, J. Helbertr, and R. Hoofss a Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany b Space Research Institute (IKI), Moscow, Russia c ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands d Oxford University, UK e IRF, Kiruna, Sweden f Service d’Aeronomie, CNRS, France g LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France h IFSI/INAF, Rome, Italy i Universitute der Bundeswehr, München, Germany j Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgium k Rheinean Institute for Environmental research, Universitute zu Küln, Cologne, Germany l IASF/CNR, Rome, Italy m Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, Tolouse, France n Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria o LPAP, Universite de Liege, Belgium p CESR, Toulouse, France q Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao, Spain r Institute for Planetary Research, DLR, Berlin, Germany s ESA/ESAC, Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Received October 7, 2008 Abstract—Venus Express is the first European (ESA) mission to the planet Venus.
    [Show full text]
  • Asteroid 2013 ND15: Trojan Companion to Venus, PHA to the Earth
    Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 000–000 (2014) Printed 21 August 2018 (MN LATEX style file v2.2) Asteroid 2013 ND15: Trojan companion to Venus, PHA to the Earth C. de la Fuente Marcos⋆ and R. de la Fuente Marcos Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain Accepted 2014 January 20. Received 2014 January 19; in original form 2013 October 18 ABSTRACT Venus has three known co-orbitals: (322756) 2001 CK32, 2002 VE68 and 2012 XE133. The first two have absolute magnitudes 18 <H < 21. The third one, significantly smaller at H = 23.4 mag, is a recent discovery that signals the probable presence of many other sim- ilar objects: small transient companions to Venus that are also potentially hazardous aster- oids (PHAs). Here, we study the dynamical evolution of the recently discovered asteroid 2013 ND15. At H = 24.1 mag, this minor body is yet another small Venus co-orbital and PHA, currently close to the Lagrangian point L4 and following the most eccentric path found so far for objects in this group. This transient Trojan will leave the 1:1 mean motion resonance within a few hundred years although it could be a recurrent librator. Due to its high eccen- tricity (0.6), its dynamics is different from that of the other three known Venus co-orbitals even if they all are near-Earth objects (NEOs). A Monte Carlo simulation that uses the or- bital data and discovery circumstances of the four objects as proxies to estimate the current size of this population, indicates that the number of high-eccentricity, low-inclination Venus co-orbital NEOs may have been greatly underestimated by current models.
    [Show full text]