A MODERN MARTYR CHAMPIONED THE CATHOLIC PRESS

Brother John M. Samaha, S.M.

Blessed Gapp, S.M., may well be considered another patron of the Catholic press as well as a patron of justice and peace advocates. Because the condemned him for his unwavering adherence to the Catholic faith and his unabashed denunciation of National (), Father Jacob Gapp was guillotined by the Nazis in at the Ploetzensee Prison on August 13, 1943. John Paul II beatified him in1996. Before entering the Society of Mary in his native , this intrepid Marianist had served in the Austrian army in , was wounded and decorated for valor, and suffered as a in northern Italy. This experience taught him to loathe war, selfishness and greed, arrogant pride, political and social injustice. As a young Marianist religious and teacher of religion he was unstinting as a militant advocate for the poor, the needy, and the oppressed. This action made Father Gapp a serious irritant to the Nazis after they annexed Austria in 1938. For his own safety and for the welfare of the Marianist school where he was teaching in , his superiors moved him from place to place for parish work. The Nazi regime forbade him to teach. Some pupils in the told a school inspector in October 1938 that Father Gapp explained to them the Gospel message of brotherly love and their obligation to love and respect “Frenchmen, Czechs, Jews, and communists alike, as they were all human beings.” He insisted, “ is your God, not .” Realizing that the spoken word and the printed word clearly possessed a power lacking in the sword of militarism, he employed the Catholic press as a weapon of choice. And he read avidly to study the thorny problem of National Socialism and all its ramifications. Imbued with the message of Pope Pius XI’s encyclical and the statements of the Austrian bishops, Jacob Gapp had formed a lucid and sound judgment about the utter incompatibility of National Socialism and Christianity. In his preaching he emphasized this truth fearlessly, and he taught the uncompromising law of love for all people without reference to nationality or religion. In a fateful sermon in his home parish of St. Lawrence at in the Tyrol on December 11, 1938, this seasoned Marianist priest staunchly defended Pope Pius XI against the attacks of the Nazis, knowing that his words were being monitored by the Gestapo. He urged the faithful to read Catholic literature rather than Nazi propaganda, and to follow the lead of the Catholic press. This bold move forced him to leave his native country and escape to . A few months later his anti-Nazi audacity required that he flee and enter , where he assisted in several schools and parishes served by the Marianists. But in Spain, which had Nazi sympathies engendered during its Civil War, even among his fellow Marianists he stood alone and was misunderstood because of his rejection of the Nazi diatribe. Yet his zeal for the cause he so fervently espoused was not diminished.

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In the summer of 1942 the beleaguered Father Jacob Gapp visited the British consulate in to inquire about a visa to . He also wanted to learn what was really happening in Germany and in Nazi-occupied Europe, especially concerning the Church. The consulate staff gave him a stack of newspapers and magazines. Among them were copies of , a weekly journal edited by Catholic laity in London. The Tablet provided reports about the persecution of the Church, internment camps, pastoral letters like that of the Bishop of Calahorra in Spain criticizing the Nazi ideology, and objective reports from the war fronts. Shunning the biased propaganda material, Father Jacob began to distribute The Tablet, returning regularly to the consulate for new copies. Shadowed by the Nazis over the years, he was arrested through a deceptive trap that lured him across the border into occupied France, where the Gestapo arrested him and hustled him to prison in Berlin. In January 1943, for two long and intense days he was interrogated nonstop by the Gestapo. Jacob Gapp welcomed the opportunity to present his case. The Gestapo interrogators were particularly interested in his visits to the British consulate in Valencia, and in the “subversive propaganda against the Fatherland” he had repeatedly collected there and distributed. Calmly and firmly the prisoner explained that The Tablet was not propaganda: “It is a good, Catholic journal. The writing is sound, and I even intended to subscribe.” Willingly and vigorously the martyr-to-be not only admitted he consistently opposed the Nazi regime and all it represented, but explained when and why he had done so. He virtually flew in the face of the interrogators. His reasoning and candor stunned the Nazi agents. First and foremost he was a Marianist religious and Catholic priest, conscience-bound to place God before Caesar. Since the Nazis were bent on destroying the Church, he was convinced it was his duty to blaze a trail of resistance and opposition, to educate with truth, and to be a role model of fidelity. For his honesty and integrity Father Jacob Gapp was sentenced to death for treason and guillotined. His body was destroyed because the Gestapo feared the people would revere him as a martyr. Reportedly , the cunning manipulator of the Nazi leadership, expressed the opinion that Germany would win World War II without difficulty if there were a million party members as committed as Jacob Gapp. Even the enemy admired his tenacious and unstinting adherence to conviction. Today we honor Blessed Jacob Gapp as a modern-day champion of the Catholic press, which strives to be a source of truthful reporting. Because he respected the Catholic press as the vehicle the Church employs to reveal the Good News for our day, we are invited to call on him to help us to appreciate and promote a more effective Catholic press – print and electronic -- with a wider readership, and to use the Catholic press as he did for the cause of truth and justice. As the Church regards St. as patron of the Catholic press, who intercedes for writers and publishers, we can call on Blessed Jacob Gapp as a patron for readers of the Catholic press. We can request him to assist all who turn to the Catholic press for a reliable source of information.

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J.M.J.C.

MEMORABLE COMMENTS OF

BLESSED JAKOB GAPP, S.M.

“Shepherds must remain with their people when danger threatens.”

-- October 19, 1938

“Wherever I am, I would always like to be open and honest.”

-- April 22, 1939

“I know and I remind myself often: the most important thing is to be a religious person.”

-- December 4, 1937

“…but I said to myself that it is my duty as a priest of the to teach the truth and to fight against error.”

-- January 27, 1943

“Friendship with God is always the most important thing.”

-- March 15, 1939

“Everything passes; only heaven remains.”

-- August 13, 1943

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“If I did not have faith, I would not be able to guarantee my life.”

-- April 17, 1941

“Don’t forget to pray! We need the Lord particularly at this time, when everything seems to be wavering.”

-- April 10, 1939

“Let us entrust everything to God. Nothing is more important than being one with Him.”

-- December 14, 1941

“A human being, particularly a child or a young person, cannot bear sadness for too long a time. It is similar to a rain that lasts very long, too long. It brings cold and frost, and it causes harm.”

-- May 20, 1939

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J.M.J.

BLESSED JAKOB GAPP, S.M.

A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Jakob Gapp, the seventh child in the working-class family of Martin Gapp and Antonia Wach, was born July 26, 1897, in Wattens, a small village in the Austrian Tyrol. The following day Jakob was baptized in the Wattens parish church of St. Lawrence.

After completing elementary school in his native village in 1910, he entered the Franciscan-run high school in Hall, a neighboring town in the Tyrol.

Jakob was called to military service during World War I in May 1915, and served on the Italian front, where he was wounded on April 4, 1916. For this he received the Silver Medal of Courage Second Class. November 4, 1918, he was interned as a prisoner of war at Riva del Garda, and released August 18, 1919.

When Jakob returned home he learned about the Society of Mary (Marianists) from a relative. On August 13, 1920, he entered the Marianist formation program, and on September 26 he began the year of novitiate at Greisinghof, Upper Austria, and pronounced his first vows there on September 27, 1921.

The young religious was assigned to the Marian Institute at Graz, Styria, where he served as a teacher and sacristan for four years. At the same time he was preparing himself through private study for the seminary.

Brother Jakob made perpetual vows at Antony, a suburb of Paris, France, on August 27, 1925.

In September of 1925 he entered the Marianist international seminary at Fribourg, , which was then under the direction of the revered Father Emile Neubert, S.M. Bishop Marius Besson of Fribourg-Lausanne-Geneva ordained Jakob to the priesthood in the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Fribourg on April 5, 1930.

Upon returning to Austria, Father Jakob Gapp was involved as teacher, director of religious education, and chaplain in Marianist schools at Freistadt, Lanzenkirchen, and Graz. During a time of severe unemployment during the economic depression, while at Graz, Father Gapp’s deep concern for the poor surfaced in distinct ways. He gathered food and the necessities of life not only from his students, but also refused to heat his own bedroom in the winter, to be able to give aid and fuel to the poor.

At this time, as National Socialism (Nazism) began to grow strong, first in Germany and then in Austria, the young priest Jakob Gapp developed a clear judgment about the incompatibility of between National Socialism and Christianity by studying diligently the statements of the German and Austrian

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bishops and Pope Pius XI’s encyclical letter, Mit brennender Sorge. When teaching and preaching he continued to emphasize fearlessly this truth.

Consequently, when German troops arrived in Austria in March 1938, he was obliged to leave Graz. After a few months at Freistadt his superiors sent him to this hometown in Tyrol, since they recognized in his anti-Nazi preaching a threat to the very existence of those institutions whose elimination had already been decided by the Nazis. In Tyrol, with his relatives at Wattens, Erl, Terfans, Umlberg, and Vomp, he enjoyed the last period of peace in his earthly life. He had been an assistant pastor in Breitenwang-Reutte for only two months when the Gestapo, at the end of October 1938, forbade him to teach religion. Father Gapp had taught the uncompromising law of love for all men and women without reference to nationality or religion.

In a sermon on December 11, 1938, at his home parish of St. Lawrence in Wattens, he defended Pope Pius XI against the attacks of the Nazis, and directed the faithful to read Catholic literature rather than Nazi propaganda. After this sermon Father Jakob Gapp was advised to leave his hometown.

With the help of his religious superiors Father Gapp was able to escape in January 1939 to Bordeaux, France, where he served at the Chapel of the Madeleine, the cradle of the Society of Mary, as chaplain and librarian. In May 1939 he fled to Spain, where he labored in the Marianist communities at San Sebastian, Cadiz, and Valencia. For a time he was tutor for a family at Lequeitio while teaching at the school of the Mercedarian Fathers in that city. In Spain he stood alone and always misunderstood because of his rejection of Nazism, since Hitler had earlier offered aid to Franco.

Gestapo agents followed his journey from the time he left Austria, and took advantage of his inner isolation. Two individuals pretending to be Jews from Berlin told Father Gapp about their fictitious experience of flight from Nazi persecution. In Valencia they asked him to instruct them in the Catholic faith and prepare them for . After gaining his confidence, they invited him on a trip, and abducted him across the border into France, then occupied by the Germans. Within a few minutes they stopped in , France, where the Gestapo was waiting to arrest him and take him to Berlin as a prisoner.

On July 2, 1943, the feast of the Sacred heart of Jesus, a feast of special significance in Austria and in the life of Jakob Gapp, he was condemned to death by the President of the People’s Court, Dr. Roland Freisler. Any type of pardon or transfer of his remains to his relatives for a simple burial was denied for the reason that Father Jakob Gapp had “defended his conduct on expressly religious grounds. For an explicitly religious people Father Gapp would be considered a martyr for the faith, and his burial could be used by the Catholic population as an opportunity for a silent demonstration in support of an already judged traitor of his people who was pretending to die for his faith.”

At 1:00 p.m. on August 13, 1943, the anniversary of his entrance to the Marianist novitiate, Father Jakob Gapp was informed that his execution would take place that evening at 7:00 p.m. The two farewell

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letters he was permitted to write after this announcement are truly moving manifestations of his faith. At the appointed time Jakob Gapp was beheaded by guillotine in the Ploetzensee Prison, Berlin.

His remains were sent to the Anatomical-Biological Institute at the University of Berlin for study and research, and then destroyed.

The only relic remaining is the gold ring which Jakob received at his profession of perpetual vows. That ring is preserved and displayed at Haus Chaminade, the Marianist center at Greisinghof, near Tragwein, Austria.

On the feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in 1987, Archbishop Hans Hermann Groer of officially opened the cause for his . Father Enrique Torres, S.M., General, and Father Josef Leavit, S.M., Vice Postulator, directed the necessary research and documentation.

Blessed Jakob Gapp, S.M., Marianist martyr of World War II, was beatified by Pope John Paul II in St. Peter’s Basilica, , on November 24, 1996, feast of Christ the King.

Based on the original German of Father Josef Leavit, S.M.

Edited and expanded by Brother John Samaha, S.M.

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J.M.J.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE SPIRITUALITY OF

BLESSED JAKOB GAPP, S.M.

. Passionate love for the truth

Blessed Jakob did not accept anything as true only partially or simply because it was his duty. He searched for the truth, inquired, studied, reflected. Once he grasped the truth he embraced it with his whole being and tenaciously lived it. He saw truth as the way to eternal salvation, and vigorously proclaimed it to others.

. Ardent faith of the heart

This Marianist and Chaminadean trait is not merely an intellectual assent, but a loving and dedicated adherence to what he believed. He allowed the truth to permeate his entire person, and not remain only in the intellect. Blessed Jakob wanted what he believed to “penetrate my heart and really become mine.”

. Unconditional love for the Church

For Blessed Jakob the Catholic Church is the Mystical Body of Christ. This made loyalty to the Church loyalty to Jesus Christ. He had great confidence in the magisterium of the Church, a confidence that grew deeper as he saw that the teaching of the magisterium is the truth which frees people and leads to eternal salvation. Preaching in Wattens, he declared, “My ideal would be to pour out my blood for Christ and for the Church.”

. Presence of Mary

The presence of Mary in his life shines through each decision and difficulty. He recalled in stressful times that he was chosen by Mary, and this helped him to regain courage and generosity in carrying his cross. Several hours before he was executed he renewed his vows and offered himself to God through the hands of “our dear Mother in heaven.”

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-- Thoughts of Father Quentin Hakenewerth, S.M.,

edited by Brother John Samaha, S.M.

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