DOCSLIB.ORG

Norm Norm-Vet 2007

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Norm Norm-Vet 2007 2007 NORM NORM-VET Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Norway ISSN: 1502-2307 Any use of data from NORM/NORM-VET 2007 should include specific reference to this report. Suggested citation: NORM/NORM-VET 2007. Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Norway. Tromsø / Oslo 2008. ISSN:1502-2307. This report is available at www.vetinst.no and www.antibiotikaresistens.no 1 NORM / NORM-VET 2007 CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS Editors: Madelaine Norström NORM-VET, Nat. Vet. Inst. Gunnar Skov Simonsen NORM, Univ. Hosp. of North Norway / Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Authors: Hege Salvesen Blix Usage in humans [email protected] Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Susanne Dudman Human clinical isolates [email protected] Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Kari Grave Usage in animals [email protected] Nat. Vet. Inst./ Norw. School of Vet. Sc. Olav Hungnes Human clinical isolates [email protected] Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Jørgen Lassen Enteropathogenic bacteria [email protected] Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Turid Mannsåker Human clinical isolates [email protected] Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Ingvild Nordøy Human clinical isolates [email protected] Rikshospitalet Univ. Hosp. Madelaine Norström Animal indicator bacteria and enteropathogenic bacteria [email protected] NORM-VET, Nat. Vet. Inst. Gunnar Skov Simonsen Human clinical isolates [email protected] NORM, Univ. Hosp. of North Norway Dagfinn Skaare Human clinical isolates [email protected] Telelab A/S Trine-Lise Stavnes Enteropathogenic bacteria [email protected] Norw. Inst. of Pub. Health Marianne Sunde Animal indicator bacteria [email protected] Nat. Vet. Inst. Institutions participating in NORM-VET: Norwegian Food Safety Authority National Veterinary Institute, Norwegian Zoonosis Centre Madelaine Norström / Merete Hofshagen National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology Marianne Sunde / Hanne Tharaldsen Norwegian Institute of Public Health Jørgen Lassen / Trine-Lise Stavnes Institutions participating in NORM: Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Department of Bacteriology Gorm Hansen / Bitten Rasmussen Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Department of Microbiology Martin Steinbakk / Marit Einvik Capio laboratoriemedisin, Oslo, Department of Microbiology Nina Clausen Buskerud Hospital, Drammen, Department of Microbiology Helvi Holm Samdal / Ellen Grimstad Haugesund Hospital, Department of Microbiology Liv Jorunn Sønsteby / Pirrko-Liisa Kellokumpu Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Department of Microbiology Liisa Mortensen / Siw Meløysund Levanger Hospital, Department of Microbiology Angela Kümmel/ Eldbjørg Berg Innlandet Hospital, Lillehammer, Department of Microbiology Viggo Hasseltvedt / Kari Ødegaard Østfold Hospital, Fredrikstad, Department of Microbiology Eivind Ragnhildstveit / Anne Cathrine Hollekim Vestfold Hospital, Tønsberg, Department of Microbiology Lumnije Dedi / Astrid Lia Molde Hospital, Department of Microbiology Einar Vik / Heidi Tomren Ålesund Hospital, Department of Microbiology Reidar Hide / Luisa Johansen Førde, Department of Microbiology Reidar Hjetland / Astrid Vedde Haukeland Univ. Hospital, Bergen, Dep. of Immunology and Microbiology Dag Harald Skutlaberg / Torunn Sneide Haukeland Asker & Bærum Hospital, Bærum, Department of Microbiology Bjørn Odd Johnsen / Merriam Sundberg National Cancer Hospital, Oslo, Laboratory of Microbiology Truls Leegaard / Merete R. Ueland National Reference Laboratory for Enteropathogenic Bacteria, Oslo Jørgen Lassen / Trine-Lise Stavnes Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Institute of Medical Microbiology Fredrik Müller / Magli Bøvre Stavanger University Hospital, Department of Microbiology Elisebet Haarr / Anita Løvås Brekken St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Department of Microbiology Raisa Hannula / Marianne Dorothea Wiig Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Department of Microbiology Ståle Tofteland / Torill S. Larsen Telelab A/S, Skien Yngvar Tveten / Monica Kollstrøm Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Department of Microbiology Gaute Syversen / Thea Bergheim University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Department of Microbiology Gunnar Skov Simonsen / Siv-Heidi Barkhald NORM reference group in 2007: Olav Natås Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger Eldbjørg Berg Levanger Hospital, Levanger E. Arne Høiby Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Peter Gaustad Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo Dag Berild Aker University Hospital, Oslo Ståle Tofteland Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand Mark Fagan Froland Community Health Center, Froland The NORM and NORM-VET programmes are part of the Norwegian Government’s Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance issued in 2000. 2 NORM / NORM-VET 2007 CONTENTS CONTENTS I. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………............. 5 II. Sammendrag (norsk) ……………………………………………………………………………….......... 6 III. Summary (English)…………………………………………………………………………………......... 9 IV. Population statistics.…………………………………………………………………………………....... 13 V. Usage of antimicrobial agents Usage in animals…………………………………………………………………………………..... 15 Usage in humans.………………………………………………………………………………….... 19 VI. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance Indicator bacteria from animals and food Escherichia coli from turkeys, swine and sheep .................................................. 29 Enterococcus spp. from turkey and swine..……………......................................... 32 Zoonotic and non-zoonotic enteropathogenic bacteria Salmonella spp. ……………………….........................……………….................. 37 Campylobacter spp. …………………………………. ........................................... 43 Yersinia enterocolitica ..……….........................…………………….................... 48 Shigella spp. .………………….............……….........................…….................... 49 Human clinical isolates Distribution of bacterial species in blood cultures .................................................. 51 Escherichia coli in blood cultures ………………….............................................. 53 Escherichia coli in urine ……………………………............................................. 55 Klebsiella spp. in blood cultures…………………….............................................. 56 Haemophilus influenzae in respiratory tract specimens............................................ 61 Staphylococcus aureus in blood cultures …………................................................ 64 Staphylococcus aureus in wound specimens ........................................................... 65 Enterococcus spp. in blood cultures ….…………….............................................. 71 Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood cultures ………................................................ 73 Streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory tract specimens .................................... 75 Mycobacterium tuberculosis …….……………...................................................... 77 Candida spp. in blood cultures ............................................................................... 78 Influenza virus in respiratory tract specimens ......................................................... 80 New guidelines for use of antibiotics in Norwegian primary health care, by K. E. Eliassen ......... 26 Changing habits of antibiotic prescription in general practice. The Rx-PAD study, by S. Gjelstad 27 gyrA and parC mutations and associated quinolone resistance in Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2b isolated from Norwegian farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), by D. J. Colquhoun ........... 35 Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs); two new mobile beta-lactamases emerging in Gram-negative bacteria – A problem in Norway or just a curiosity?, by Ø. Samuelsen ........................................................................................................... 59 MRSA infections in Norway, by P. Elstrøm ............................………………………………....... 67 MRSA strain typing methods in the context of epidemiological analysis, by T. Jacobsen, L. Marstein, A. K. Kilnes, J. Fossum, J. E. Afset and K. Bergh..................................................... 68 3 CONTENTS NORM / NORM-VET 2007 Appendix 1 Collection of data on usage of antimicrobial agents in animals ..……………….……….............. 81 Appendix 2 Collection of data on usage of antimicrobial agents in humans …………………………............. 82 Appendix 3 Sampling, microbiological methods and data processing in NORM-VET ..…………….............. 83 Appendix 4 Sampling, microbiological methods and data processing of zoonotic and non-zoonotic enteropathogenic bacteria in NORM and NORM-VET ..…………………………………........... 84 Appendix 5 Sampling, microbiological methods and data processing in NORM ......…………………........... 85 Appendix 6 Breakpoints NORM-VET...…….…………………………………………..………………........... 86 Appendix 7 Breakpoints NORM .....…………………………………………………………….….…............. 87 4 NORM / NORM-VET 2007 INTRODUCTION I. INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem antimicrobial resistance. The NORM and NORM-VET worldwide. It reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial programmes were consequently established in order to treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals provide and present microbiologically and thereby leading to increased morbidity and mortality, as epidemiologically valid data on the occurrence and well as higher costs. It is well established that there is a distribution of antimicrobial resistance over time. The strong association between the usage of antimicrobial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WO 2015/179249 Al 26 November 2015 (26.11.2015) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2015/179249 Al 26 November 2015 (26.11.2015) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12N 15/11 (2006.01) A61K 38/08 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, C12N 15/00 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, (21) Number: International Application DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/US2015/031213 HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (22) International Filing Date: KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, 15 May 2015 (15.05.2015) MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (25) Filing Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, (26) Publication Language: English TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/000,43 1 19 May 2014 (19.05.2014) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/129,746 6 March 2015 (06.03.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (72) Inventors; and TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, (71) Applicants : GELLER, Bruce, L.
    [Show full text]
  • CLINICAL USE of RIFABUTIN, a RIFAMYCIN-CLASS ANTIBIOTIC, for the TREATMENT of TUBERCULOSIS (A Supplement to the 2008 Revision Of“ Standards for Tuberculosis Care”)
    Kekkaku Vol. 86, No. 1: 43, 2011 43 CLINICAL USE OF RIFABUTIN, A RIFAMYCIN-CLASS ANTIBIOTIC, FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS (A supplement to the 2008 revision of“ Standards for tuberculosis care”) August, 2008 The Treatment Committee of the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis The Treatment Committee of the Japanese Society for [Dosage and administration of rifabutin] Tuberculosis published statements on the“ Standards for Rifabutin, 5 mg/kg in body weight/day, maximum 300 mg/ tuberculosis care” in April 2008. Therein we referred to day, once daily. rifampicin as follows“; Use of rifampicin requires attention The dosage of rifabutin can be increased up to the maximum because of the interactions with a number of other drugs. daily dose of 450 mg in cases where decreased rifabutin serum Particularly for HIV-infected patients who need antiviral levels are expected due to anti-HIV drugs such as efavirenz, drugs, the replacement of rifampicin by rifabutin should be and in other cases if necessary. considered”. Rifabutin, belonging to rifamycin-class antibiotics In non-HIV-infected patients, rifabutin can be used for like rifampicin, causes less significant drug-drug interactions intermittent treatment with a regimen of twice or three times a than rifampicin, and can be used in combination with antiviral week, with the same dosage as daily administration. drugs mentioned above. In July 2008, rifabutin was approved as antituberculous drug, and is expected to be added to the drug [Important points for use of rifabutin] price listing in the near future*. Therefore, to the published (1) Rifabutin causes drug interactions due to induction of opinions, we add new statements concerning the use of rifabutin hepatic enzyme though less significantly than rifampicin.
    [Show full text]
  • B-Lactams: Chemical Structure, Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance
    b-Lactams: chemical structure, mode of action and mechanisms of resistance Ru´ben Fernandes, Paula Amador and Cristina Prudeˆncio This synopsis summarizes the key chemical and bacteriological characteristics of b-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbanpenems, monobactams and others. Particular notice is given to first-generation to fifth-generation cephalosporins. This review also summarizes the main resistance mechanism to antibiotics, focusing particular attention to those conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins by means of production of emerging cephalosporinases (extended-spectrum b-lactamases and AmpC b-lactamases), target alteration (penicillin-binding proteins from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and membrane transporters that pump b-lactams out of the bacterial cell. Keywords: b-lactams, chemical structure, mechanisms of resistance, mode of action Historical perspective Alexander Fleming first noticed the antibacterial nature of penicillin in 1928. When working with Antimicrobials must be understood as any kind of agent another bacteriological problem, Fleming observed with inhibitory or killing properties to a microorganism. a contaminated culture of Staphylococcus aureus with Antibiotic is a more restrictive term, which implies the the mold Penicillium notatum. Fleming remarkably saw natural source of the antimicrobial agent. Similarly, under- the potential of this unfortunate event. He dis- lying the term chemotherapeutic is the artificial origin of continued the work that he was dealing with and was an antimicrobial agent by chemical synthesis [1]. Initially, able to describe the compound around the mold antibiotics were considered as small molecular weight and isolates it. He named it penicillin and published organic molecules or metabolites used in response of his findings along with some applications of penicillin some microorganisms against others that inhabit the same [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Rifabutin (Mycobutin) Reference Number: HIM.PA.12 Effective Date: 09.04.18 Last Review Date: 11.19 Revision Log Line of Business: HIM
    Clinical Policy: Rifabutin (Mycobutin) Reference Number: HIM.PA.12 Effective Date: 09.04.18 Last Review Date: 11.19 Revision Log Line of Business: HIM See Important Reminder at the end of this policy for important regulatory and legal information. Description Rifabutin (Mycobutin®) is a derivative of rifamycin, an antimycobacterial agent. FDA Approved Indication(s) Mycobutin is indicated for the prevention of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease in patients with advanced HIV infection. Policy/Criteria Provider must submit documentation (such as office chart notes, lab results or other clinical information) supporting that member has met all approval criteria. It is the policy of health plans affiliated with Centene Corporation® that Mycobutin is medically necessary when the following criteria are met: I. Initial Approval Criteria A. Mycobacterium avium Complex Prophylaxis (must meet all): 1. Prescribed by or in consultation with an HIV or infectious disease specialist; 2. Age ≥ 18 years; 3. Failure of azithromycin or clarithromycin, unless contraindicated or clinically significant adverse effects are experienced; 4. Dose does not exceed 300 mg per day. Approval duration: 12 months B. Tuberculosis (must meet all): 1. Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection; 2. Prescribed by or in consultation with an HIV or infectious disease specialist; 3. Documentation of current treatment with protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV infection; 4. Age ≥ 18 years; 5. Dose does not exceed 5 mg/kg per day. Approval duration: 12 months C. Other diagnoses/indications 1. Refer to the off-label use policy for the relevant line of business if diagnosis is NOT specifically listed under section III (Diagnoses/Indications for which coverage is NOT authorized): HIM.PHAR.21 for health insurance marketplace.
    [Show full text]
  • Penicillin Allergy Guidance Document
    Penicillin Allergy Guidance Document Key Points Background Careful evaluation of antibiotic allergy and prior tolerance history is essential to providing optimal treatment The true incidence of penicillin hypersensitivity amongst patients in the United States is less than 1% Alterations in antibiotic prescribing due to reported penicillin allergy has been shown to result in higher costs, increased risk of antibiotic resistance, and worse patient outcomes Cross-reactivity between truly penicillin allergic patients and later generation cephalosporins and/or carbapenems is rare Evaluation of Penicillin Allergy Obtain a detailed history of allergic reaction Classify the type and severity of the reaction paying particular attention to any IgE-mediated reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis, hives, angioedema, etc.) (Table 1) Evaluate prior tolerance of beta-lactam antibiotics utilizing patient interview or the electronic medical record Recommendations for Challenging Penicillin Allergic Patients See Figure 1 Follow-Up Document tolerance or intolerance in the patient’s allergy history Consider referring to allergy clinic for skin testing Created July 2017 by Macey Wolfe, PharmD; John Schoen, PharmD, BCPS; Scott Bergman, PharmD, BCPS; Sara May, MD; and Trevor Van Schooneveld, MD, FACP Disclaimer: This resource is intended for non-commercial educational and quality improvement purposes. Outside entities may utilize for these purposes, but must acknowledge the source. The guidance is intended to assist practitioners in managing a clinical situation but is not mandatory. The interprofessional group of authors have made considerable efforts to ensure the information upon which they are based is accurate and up to date. Any treatments have some inherent risk. Recommendations are meant to improve quality of patient care yet should not replace clinical judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • RIFABUTIN Rifabutin Must Be Taken Regularly to Higher Risk of Bacterial Infection), Or Be Effective and to Prevent the Anemia (A Reduced Number of Red
    RIFABUTIN Rifabutin must be taken regularly to higher risk of bacterial infection), or be effective and to prevent the anemia (a reduced number of red development of resistance. Take all blood cells that can make you feel Other NAMES: Mycobutin of your doses even if you begin to tired and short of breath). In rare feel better. cases it can also cause WHY is this drug prescribed? thrombocytopenia (a reduced What should you do if you number of platelets so that you bleed Rifabutin is an antibacterial drug used to FORGET a dose? or bruise more easily), or changes in prevent or treat Mycobacterium avium liver function . Blood tests will be complex (MAC) infection. When used If you miss a dose of rifabutin, take it done regularly to check for any to treat MAC, it is usually used in as soon as possible. However, if it is changes in these values. Inform combination with other agents. time for your next dose, do not your doctor or pharmacist if you have double the dose, just carry on with symptoms such as fever, chills, Rifabutin may also be used to treat other your regular schedule. shortness of breath, racing types of infections, including heartbeat, fatigue, bleeding or tuberculosis. What ADVERSE EFFECTS can this bruising. drug cause? What should you do HOW should this drug be taken? about them? Rifabutin may cause uveitis (an inflammation of the eye causing When used to prevent or treat MAC, the Most adverse effects of rifabutin are pain, redness and loss of vision). It usual dose is 300mg once daily.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Antibiotics Book
    Andrew V DeLong, Jared C Harris, Brittany S Larcart, Chandler B Massey, Chelsie D Northcutt, Somuayiro N Nwokike, Oscar A Otieno, Harsh M Patel, Mehulkumar P Patel, Pratik Pravin Patel, Eugene I Rowell, Brandon M Rush, Marc-Edwin G Saint-Louis, Amy M Vardeman, Felicia N Woods, Giso Abadi, Thomas J. Manning Computational Antibiotics Valdosta State University is located in South Georgia. Computational Antibiotics Index • Computational Details and Website Access (p. 8) • Acknowledgements (p. 9) • Dedications (p. 11) • Antibiotic Historical Introduction (p. 13) Introduction to Antibiotic groups • Penicillin’s (p. 21) • Carbapenems (p. 22) • Oxazolidines (p. 23) • Rifamycin (p. 24) • Lincosamides (p. 25) • Quinolones (p. 26) • Polypeptides antibiotics (p. 27) • Glycopeptide Antibiotics (p. 28) • Sulfonamides (p. 29) • Lipoglycopeptides (p. 30) • First Generation Cephalosporins (p. 31) • Cephalosporin Third Generation (p. 32) • Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins (p. 33) • Fifth Generation Cephalosporin’s (p. 34) • Tetracycline antibiotics (p. 35) Computational Antibiotics Antibiotics Covered (in alphabetical order) Amikacin (p. 36) Cefempidone (p. 98) Ceftizoxime (p. 159) Amoxicillin (p. 38) Cefepime (p. 100) Ceftobiprole (p. 161) Ampicillin (p. 40) Cefetamet (p. 102) Ceftoxide (p. 163) Arsphenamine (p. 42) Cefetrizole (p. 104) Ceftriaxone (p. 165) Azithromycin (p.44) Cefivitril (p. 106) Cefuracetime (p. 167) Aziocillin (p. 46) Cefixime (p. 108) Cefuroxime (p. 169) Aztreonam (p.48) Cefmatilen ( p. 110) Cefuzonam (p. 171) Bacampicillin (p. 50) Cefmetazole (p. 112) Cefalexin (p. 173) Bacitracin (p. 52) Cefodizime (p. 114) Chloramphenicol (p.175) Balofloxacin (p. 54) Cefonicid (p. 116) Cilastatin (p. 177) Carbenicillin (p. 56) Cefoperazone (p. 118) Ciprofloxacin (p. 179) Cefacetrile (p. 58) Cefoselis (p. 120) Clarithromycin (p. 181) Cefaclor (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Penicillin and Beta-Lactam Allergy
    Management of Penicillin and Beta-Lactam Allergy (NB Provincial Health Authorities Anti-Infective Stewardship Committee, September 2017) Key Points • Beta-lactams are generally safe; allergic and adverse drug reactions are over diagnosed and over reported • Nonpruritic, nonurticarial rashes occur in up to 10% of patients receiving penicillins. These rashes are usually not allergic and are not a contraindication to the use of a different beta-lactam • The frequently cited risk of 8 to 10% cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is an overestimate based on studies from the 1970’s that are now considered flawed • Expect new intolerances (i.e. any allergy or adverse reaction reported in a drug allergy field) to be reported after 0.5 to 4% of all antimicrobial courses depending on the gender and specific antimicrobial. Expect a higher incidence of new intolerances in patients with three or more prior medication intolerances1 • For type-1 immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IgE-mediated), cross-reactivity among penicillins (table 1) is expected due to similar core structure and/or major/minor antigenic determinants, use not recommended without desensitization • For type-1 immediate hypersensitivity reactions, cross-reactivity between penicillins (table 1) and cephalosporins is due to similarities in the side chains; risk of cross-reactivity will only be significant between penicillins and cephalosporins with similar side chains • Only type-1 immediate hypersensitivity to a penicillin manifesting as anaphylaxis, bronchospasm,
    [Show full text]
  • EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use
    Ref. Ares(2019)6843167 - 05/11/2019 31 October 2019 EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on implementing measures under Article 37(4) of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products – Criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction On 6 February 2019, the European Commission sent a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a report on the criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for the treatment of certain infections in humans in order to preserve the efficacy of those antimicrobials. The Agency was requested to provide a report by 31 October 2019 containing recommendations to the Commission as to which criteria should be used to determine those antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans (this is also referred to as ‘criteria for designating antimicrobials for human use’, ‘restricting antimicrobials to human use’, or ‘reserved for human use only’). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) formed an expert group to prepare the scientific report. The group was composed of seven experts selected from the European network of experts, on the basis of recommendations from the national competent authorities, one expert nominated from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one expert nominated by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), one expert with expertise on human infectious diseases, and two Agency staff members with expertise on development of antimicrobial resistance .
    [Show full text]
  • E3 Appendix 1 (Part 1 of 2): Search Strategy Used in MEDLINE
    This single copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. For permission to reprint multiple copies or to order presentation-ready copies for distribution, contact CJHP at [email protected] Appendix 1 (part 1 of 2): Search strategy used in MEDLINE # Searches 1 exp *anti-bacterial agents/ or (antimicrobial* or antibacterial* or antibiotic* or antiinfective* or anti-microbial* or anti-bacterial* or anti-biotic* or anti- infective* or “ß-lactam*” or b-Lactam* or beta-Lactam* or ampicillin* or carbapenem* or cephalosporin* or clindamycin or erythromycin or fluconazole* or methicillin or multidrug or multi-drug or penicillin* or tetracycline* or vancomycin).kf,kw,ti. or (antimicrobial or antibacterial or antiinfective or anti-microbial or anti-bacterial or anti-infective or “ß-lactam*” or b-Lactam* or beta-Lactam* or ampicillin* or carbapenem* or cephalosporin* or c lindamycin or erythromycin or fluconazole* or methicillin or multidrug or multi-drug or penicillin* or tetracycline* or vancomycin).ab. /freq=2 2 alamethicin/ or amdinocillin/ or amdinocillin pivoxil/ or amikacin/ or amoxicillin/ or amphotericin b/ or ampicillin/ or anisomycin/ or antimycin a/ or aurodox/ or azithromycin/ or azlocillin/ or aztreonam/ or bacitracin/ or bacteriocins/ or bambermycins/ or bongkrekic acid/ or brefeldin a/ or butirosin sulfate/ or calcimycin/ or candicidin/ or capreomycin/ or carbenicillin/ or carfecillin/ or cefaclor/ or cefadroxil/ or cefamandole/ or cefatrizine/ or cefazolin/ or cefixime/ or cefmenoxime/ or cefmetazole/ or cefonicid/ or cefoperazone/
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Natural Product Substrates for the Synthesis of Libraries of Biologically Active, New Chemical Entities
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Graduate School Professional Papers 2010 The seU of Natural Product Substrates for the Synthesis of Libraries of Biologically Active, New Chemical Entities Joshua Bryant Phillips The University of Montana Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Recommended Citation Phillips, Joshua Bryant, "The sU e of Natural Product Substrates for the Synthesis of Libraries of Biologically Active, New Chemical Entities" (2010). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1100. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1100 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE USE OF NATURAL PRODUCT SUBSTRATES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF LIBRARIES OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE, NEW CHEMICAL ENTITIES by Joshua Bryant Phillips B.S. Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, 2002 B.S. Microbiology (health pre-professional), Northern Arizona University, 2002 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Chemistry The University of Montana June 2010 Phillips, Joshua Bryant Ph.D., June 2010 Chemistry THE USE OF NATURAL PRODUCT SUBSTRATES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF LIBRARIES OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE, NEW CHEMICAL ENTITIES Advisor: Dr. Nigel D. Priestley Chairperson: Dr. Bruce Bowler ABSTRACT Since Alexander Fleming first noted the killing of a bacterial culture by a mold, antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, being able to treat, and often cure life-threatening illnesses and making surgical procedures possible by eliminating the possibility of opportunistic infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Anew Drug Design Strategy in the Liht of Molecular Hybridization Concept
    www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 12 December 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 “Drug Design strategy and chemical process maximization in the light of Molecular Hybridization Concept.” Subhasis Basu, Ph D Registration No: VB 1198 of 2018-2019. Department Of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University A Draft Thesis is submitted for the partial fulfilment of PhD in Chemistry Thesis/Degree proceeding. DECLARATION I Certify that a. The Work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by me under the guidance of my supervisor. b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma. c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the thesis. d. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute. e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary. IJCRT2012039 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 284 www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 12 December 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 f. Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources I have put them under quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving required details in the references. (Subhasis Basu) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This preface is to extend an appreciation to all those individuals who with their generous co- operation guided us in every aspect to make this design and drawing successful.
    [Show full text]