Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
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Ultrastructural Study of the Granule Cell Domain of the Cochlear Nucleus in Rats: Mossy Fiber Endings and Their Targets
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 369~345-360 ( 1996) Ultrastructural Study of the Granule Cell Domain of the Cochlear Nucleus in Rats: Mossy Fiber Endings and Their Targets DIANA L. WEEDMAN, TAN PONGSTAPORN, AND DAVID K. RYUGO Center for Hearing Sciences, Departments of Otolaryngoloby-Head and Neck Surgery and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 2 1205 ABSTRACT The principal projection neurons of the cochlear nucleus receive the bulk of their input from the auditory nerve. These projection neurons reside in the core of the nucleus and are surrounded by an external shell, which is called the granule cell domain. Interneurons of the cochlear granule cell domain are the target for nonprimary auditory inputs, including projections from the superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex. The granule cell domain also receives projections from the cuneate and trigeminal nuclei, which are first-order nuclei of the somatosensory system. The cellular targets of the nonprimary projections are mostly unknown due to a lack of information regarding postsynaptic profiles in the granule cell areas. In the present paper, we examined the synaptic relationships between a heterogeneous class of large synaptic terminals called mossy fibers and their targets within subdivisions of the granule cell domain known as the lamina and superficial layer. By using light and electron microscopic methods in these subdivisions, we provide evidence for three different neuron classes that receive input from the mossy fibers: granule cells, unipolar brush cells, and a previously undescribed class called chestnut cells. The distinct synaptic relations between mossy fibers and members of each neuron class further imply fundamentally separate roles for processing acoustic signals. -
Multisensory Integration in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus: Unit Responses to Acoustic and Trigeminal Ganglion Stimulation
European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 21, pp. 3334–3348, 2005 ª Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Multisensory integration in the dorsal cochlear nucleus: unit responses to acoustic and trigeminal ganglion stimulation S. E. Shore Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, 1301 East Ann Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Keywords: auditory, guinea pig, multisensory, neural pathways, somatosensory, trigeminal Abstract A necessary requirement for multisensory integration is the convergence of pathways from different senses. The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) receives auditory input directly via the VIIIth nerve and somatosensory input indirectly from the Vth nerve via granule cells. Multisensory integration may occur in DCN cells that receive both trigeminal and auditory nerve input, such as the fusiform cell. We investigated trigeminal system influences on guinea pig DCN cells by stimulating the trigeminal ganglion while recording spontaneous and sound-driven activity from DCN neurons. A bipolar stimulating electrode was placed into the trigeminal ganglion of anesthetized guinea pigs using stereotaxic co-ordinates. Electrical stimuli were applied as bipolar pulses (100 ls per phase) with amplitudes ranging from 10 to 100 lA. Responses from DCN units were obtained using a 16-channel, four-shank electrode. Current pulses were presented alone or preceding 100- or 200-ms broadband noise (BBN) bursts. Thirty percent of DCN units showed either excitatory, inhibitory or excitatory–inhibitory responses to trigeminal ganglion stimulation. When paired with BBN stimulation, trigeminal stimulation suppressed or facilitated the firing rate in response to BBN in 78% of units, reflecting multisensory integration. Pulses preceding the acoustic stimuli by as much as 95 ms were able to alter responses to BBN. -
Direct Projections from Cochlear Nuclear Complex to Auditory Thalamus in the Rat
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2002, 22(24):10891–10897 Direct Projections from Cochlear Nuclear Complex to Auditory Thalamus in the Rat Manuel S. Malmierca,1 Miguel A. Mercha´n,1 Craig K. Henkel,2 and Douglas L. Oliver3 1Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leo´ n and Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, 2Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, and 3University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Neuroscience, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401 It is known that the dorsal cochlear nucleus and medial genic- inferior colliculus and are widely distributed within the medial ulate body in the auditory system receive significant inputs from division of the medial geniculate, suggesting that the projection somatosensory and visual–motor sources, but the purpose of is not topographic. As a nonlemniscal auditory pathway that such inputs is not totally understood. Moreover, a direct con- parallels the conventional auditory lemniscal pathway, its func- nection of these structures has not been demonstrated, be- tions may be distinct from the perception of sound. Because cause it is generally accepted that the inferior colliculus is an this pathway links the parts of the auditory system with prom- obligatory relay for all ascending input. In the present study, we inent nonauditory, multimodal inputs, it may form a neural have used auditory neurophysiology, double labeling with an- network through which nonauditory sensory and visual–motor terograde tracers, and retrograde tracers to investigate the systems may modulate auditory information processing. -
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • to Learn the Functional
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems • To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize the site of a lesion • To begin to learn the vestibular pathways, as a prelude to studying motor pathways controlling balance in a later lab. Ch 7 Key Figs: 7-1; 7-2; 7-4; 7-5 Clinical Case #2 Hearing loss and dizziness; CC4-1 Self evaluation • Be able to identify all structures listed in key terms and describe briefly their principal functions • Use neuroanatomy on the web to test your understanding ************************************************************************************** List of media F-5 Vestibular efferent connections The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. The central processes of the bipolar cells constitute the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial) nerve. Most of these primary vestibular afferents enter the ipsilateral brain stem inferior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle to terminate in the vestibular nuclear complex, which is located in the medulla and caudal pons. The vestibular nuclear complex (NTA Figs, 7-2, 7-3), which lies in the floor of the fourth ventricle, contains four nuclei: 1) the superior vestibular nucleus; 2) the inferior vestibular nucleus; 3) the lateral vestibular nucleus; and 4) the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular nuclei give rise to secondary fibers that project to the cerebellum, certain motor cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, all spinal levels, and the thalamus. -
Selective Degeneration of Synapses in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus of Chinchilla Following Acoustic Trauma and Effects of Antioxidant Treatment
Hearing Research 283 (2012) 1e13 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Hearing Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/heares Research paper Selective degeneration of synapses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of chinchilla following acoustic trauma and effects of antioxidant treatment Xiaoping Du a, Kejian Chen a,1, Chul-Hee Choi a,2, Wei Li a, Weihua Cheng a, Charles Stewart a,b, Ning Hu a, Robert A. Floyd b, Richard D. Kopke a,c,d,* a Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma, OK 73112, USA b Experimental Therapeutic Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA c Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA d Department of Otolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA article info abstract Article history: The purpose of this study was to reveal synaptic plasticity within the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) as Received 31 May 2011 a result of noise trauma and to determine whether effective antioxidant protection to the cochlea can Received in revised form also impact plasticity changes in the DCN. Expression of synapse activity markers (synaptophysin and 18 November 2011 precerebellin) and ultrastructure of synapses were examined in the DCN of chinchilla 10 days after Accepted 30 November 2011 a 105 dB SPL octave-band noise (centered at 4 kHz, 6 h) exposure. One group of chinchilla was treated Available online 9 December 2011 with a combination of antioxidants (4-hydroxy phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and acetyl-L-carnitine) beginning 4 h after noise exposure. Down-regulated synaptophysin and precerebellin expression, as well as selective degeneration of nerve terminals surrounding cartwheel cells and their primary dendrites were found in the fusiform soma layer in the middle region of the DCN of the noise exposure group. -
Evolution of Mammalian Sound Localization Circuits: a Developmental Perspective
Progress in Neurobiology 141 (2016) 1–24 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Neurobiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pneurobio Review article Evolution of mammalian sound localization circuits: A developmental perspective a,b, Hans Gerd Nothwang * a Neurogenetics group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany b Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Localization of sound sources is a central aspect of auditory processing. A unique feature of mammals is Received 29 May 2015 the smooth, tonotopically organized extension of the hearing range to high frequencies (HF) above Received in revised form 27 February 2016 10 kHz, which likely induced positive selection for novel mechanisms of sound localization. How this Accepted 27 February 2016 change in the auditory periphery is accompanied by changes in the central auditory system is unresolved. Available online 28 March 2016 + I will argue that the major VGlut2 excitatory projection neurons of sound localization circuits (dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), lateral and medial superior olive (LSO and MSO)) represent serial homologs with Keywords: modifications, thus being paramorphs. This assumption is based on common embryonic origin from an Brainstem + + Atoh1 /Wnt1 cell lineage in the rhombic lip of r5, same cell birth, a fusiform cell morphology, shared Evolution Homology genetic components such as Lhx2 and Lhx9 transcription factors, and similar projection patterns. Such a Innovation parsimonious evolutionary mechanism likely accelerated the emergence of neurons for sound Rhombomere localization in all three dimensions. -
SYNAPTIC REGULATION of TWO INTERNEURON MICROCIRCUITS in CEREBELLUM-LIKE STRUCTURES by Hsin-Wei Lu a DISSERTA
PRE- AND POST- SYNAPTIC REGULATION OF TWO INTERNEURON MICROCIRCUITS IN CEREBELLUM-LIKE STRUCTURES By Hsin-Wei Lu A DISSERTATION Presented to the NeurosCience Graduate Program and the Oregon Health & ScienCe University School of MediCine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DoCtor of Philosophy June 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………... vii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPTER 1. SPONTANEOUS SPIKIG DEFINES CONVERGENT RATIOS IN AN INHIBITORY CIRCUIT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 AbstraCt …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 Significance Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….. 16 IntroduCtion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16 Methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 18 Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24 Rapid short-term depression at cartwheel cell synapse …………………………................. 24 Single-pool vesicle deletion model is unable to explain synaptic depression……….....25 Two-pool vesicle depletion model accounts for synaptic depression …………………... 26 Ca2+-dependent recovery dose not mediate transmission during depression ............. 30 Low-Pr pool dominates release during spontaneous activity……………………………… 31 Small convergence ratio in the cartwheel-fusiform circuit ………………………………… 32 Size of effective convergence -
Processing in the Cochlear Nucleus
Processing in The Cochlear Nucleus Alan R. Palmer Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK The Auditory Nervous System Cortex Cortex MGB Medial Geniculate Body Excitatory GABAergic IC Inferior Colliculus Glycinergic DNLL Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus Lateral Lemniscus Cochlear Nucleus DCN PVCN MSO Lateral Superior Olive AVCN Medial Superior Olive Cochlea MNTB Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body Superior Olive The cochlear nucleus is the site of termination of fibres of the auditory nerve Cochlear Nucleus Auditory Nerve Cochlea 1 Frequency Tonotopicity Basilar membrane Inner hair cell Auditory nerve Fibre To the brain Each auditory-nerve fibre responds only to a narrow range of frequencies Tuning curve Action potential Evans 1975 2 Palmer and Evans 1975 There are many overlapping single-fibre tuning curves in the auditory nerve Audiogram Palmer and Evans 1975 Tonotopic Organisation Lorente - 1933 3 Tonotopic Organisation Base Anterior Cochlea Characteristic Basilar Membrane Frequency Hair Cells Auditory Nerve Apex Cochlear Nucleus Spiral Ganglion Posterior Tonotopic projection of auditory-nerve fibers into the cochlear nucleus Ryugo and Parks, 2003 The cochlear nucleus: the first auditory nucleus in the CNS Best frequency Position along electrode track (mm) Evans 1975 4 stellate (DCN) Inhibitory Synapse Excitatory Synapse DAS to inferior colliculus cartwheel fusiform SUPERIOR OLIVARY giant COMPLEX INFERIOR COLLICULUS granule vertical vertical OCB AANN to CN & IC via TB golgi DORSAL -
Essential Role of Somatic Kv2 Channels in High-Frequency Firing in Cartwheel Cells of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
Research Article: New Research | Neuronal Excitability Essential Role of Somatic Kv2 Channels in High-Frequency Firing in Cartwheel Cells of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0515-20.2021 Cite as: eNeuro 2021; 10.1523/ENEURO.0515-20.2021 Received: 30 November 2020 Revised: 23 March 2021 Accepted: 24 March 2021 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.eneuro.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2021 Irie This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. 1 1. Manuscript Title 2 Essential Role of Somatic Kv2 Channels in High-Frequency Firing in Cartwheel Cells of the Dorsal 3 Cochlear Nucleus. 4 2. Abbreviated Title 5 Somatic Kv2-mediated Regulation of Excitability in DCN 6 7 3. Authors 8 Tomohiko Irie 9 10 Affiliation 11 Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, 12 Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan. 13 14 4. Author Contributions 15 TI Designed Research; TI Performed Research; TI Wrote the paper 16 17 5. Correspondence should be addressed to Tomohiko Irie, Tel.: +81 44 270 6600, E-mail: 18 [email protected] 19 20 6. -
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Which Project to the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 408:515–531 (1999) Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Which Project to the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus JOHN R. DOUCET,* ADAM T. ROSS, M. BOYD GILLESPIE, AND DAVID K. RYUGO Center for Hearing Sciences, Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 ABSTRACT Certain distinct populations of neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are inhibited by a neural source that is responsive to a wide range of acoustic frequencies. In this study, we examined the glycine immunoreactivity of two types of ventral cochlear nucleus neurons (planar and radiate) in the rat which project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and thus, might be responsible for this inhibition. Previously, we proposed that planar neurons provided a tonotopic and narrowly tuned input to the DCN, whereas radiate neurons provided a broadly tuned input and thus, were strong candidates as the source of broadband inhibition (Doucet and Ryugo [1997] J. Comp. Neurol. 385:245–264). We tested this idea by combining retrograde labeling and glycine immunohistochemical protocols. Planar and radiate neurons were first retrogradely labeled by injecting biotinylated dextran amine into a restricted region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The labeled cells were visualized using streptavidin conjugated to indocarbocyanine (Cy3), a fluorescent marker. Sections that contained planar or radiate neurons were then processed for glycine immunocytochemistry using diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Immunostaining of planar neurons was light, comparable to that of excitatory neurons (pyramidal neurons in the DCN), whereas immunostaining of radiate neurons was dark, comparable to that of glycinergic neurons (cartwheel cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body). -
The Long Adventurous Journey of Rhombic Lip Cells in Jawed Vertebrates: a Comparative Developmental Analysis
REVIEW ARTICLE published: 21 April 2011 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00027 The long adventurous journey of rhombic lip cells in jawed vertebrates: a comparative developmental analysis Mario F. Wullimann1*, Thomas Mueller 2, Martin Distel 3†, Andreas Babaryka 3, Benedikt Grothe1 and Reinhard W. Köster 3† 1 Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences and Department Biology II, Ludwig–Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg, Germany 2 Department Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 3 Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Edited by: This review summarizes vertebrate rhombic lip and early cerebellar development covering classic Agustín González, Universidad approaches up to modern developmental genetics which identifies the relevant differential Complutense de Madrid, Spain gene expression domains and their progeny. Most of this information is derived from amniotes. Reviewed by: Susan Dymecki, Harvard University, However, progress in anamniotes, particularly in the zebrafish, has recently been made. The USA current picture suggests that rhombic lip and cerebellar development in jawed vertebrates Rob Machold, New York University (gnathostomes) share many characteristics. Regarding cerebellar development, these include School of Medicine, USA a ptf1a expressing ventral cerebellar proliferation (VCP) giving rise to Purkinje cells and other Pilar Aroca, University of Murcia, Spain inhibitory cerebellar -
The Neuropeptide Cerebellin Is a Marker for Two Similar Neuronal
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 84, pp. 8692-8696, December 1987 Neurobiology The neuropeptide cerebellin is a marker for two similar neuronal circuits in rat brain (cartwheel neurons/cochlear nuclei/immunocytochemistry/radioimmunoassay/Purkinje cells) ENRICO MUGNAINI* AND JAMES 1. MORGANt *Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Box U-154, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268; and tDepartment of Neuroscience, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110 Communicated by Sanford L. Palay, August 7, 1987 (received for review October 9, 1986) ABSTRACT We report here that the neuropeptide To extend the study of these two structures, we have cerebellin, a known marker of cerebellar Purkinje cells, has examined and compared the expression and the localization only one substantial extracerebellar location, the dorsal of the recently discovered neuropeptide cerebellin (17) in the cochlear nucleus (DCoN). By reverse-phase high-performance DCoN and the cerebellum by radioimmunoassay (RIA) liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay, cerebellum combined with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chro- and DCoN in rat were found to contain similar concentrations matography (HPLC) and immunocytochemistry. Cerebellin ofthis hexadecapeptide. Immunocytochemistry with our rabbit has been demonstrated previously to be a marker of cere- antiserum C1, raised against synthetic cerebellin, revealed that bellar Purkinje cells (17, 18), although its mode ofdistribution cerebellin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum is localized throughout the cerebellum was not explored. exclusively to Purkinje cells, while in the DCoN, it is found primarily in cartwheel cells and in the basal dendrites of MATERIALS AND METHODS pyramidal neurons. Some displaced Purkinje cells were also stained. Although cerebellum and DCoN receive their inputs Biochemistry.